General Notes on Parasitology FINAL.dof3ataltateb 2011

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GENERAL NOTES IN PARASITOLOGY

By

Professor/ Ibrahim Abolasaad

Professor/ Howaida Ismail

Infection by eating meat :

Taenia saginata

Taenia solium

Trichinella spiralis

Toxoplasma

Interstinal sarcocystis (S.bovihominis & S.suihominis)

Infection by eating fish and crabs :

Paragonimus westermani ( Crabs)

Metagonimus yokogawi

Heterophyes heterophyes

Clonorchis sinensis

Opisthorchis felineus & Opisthorchis viverini

Diphyllobothrium latum

Cappilaria phillipinensis

Infection by eating vegetables :

A) By eating encysted metacercaria on plants:

Fasciola gigantica , F. hepatica , Fasciolopsis buski

B) By eating plants contaminated with mature eggs or larvae of helminthes:

Hymenolepis nana

Taenia solium------ cysticercosis

Hydatid disease & coenurosis cerebralis

Ascaris lumbricoides

Enterobius vermicularis

Trichuris trichuira

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Trichostrongyloides columbriformis(Ingestion of filariform larva)

Ancylostoma duodenale (Ingestion of filariform larva)

-Toxocara canis & T.cati-------Visceral larva migrans

C) By eating plants contaminated with cysts and oocysts of protozoa:

Entamaeba histolytica, Balantidium coli, Giardia lamblia.

Toxoplasma , cryptosporidium

Parasites transmitted by Autoinfection

Taenia solium

Hymenolepis nana


Strongyloides stercoralis

Entamaeba histolytica

Balantidium coli

Giardia lamblia

Cryptosporidium

Leishmania tropica

Parasites found in lung :

Paragonimus westermani

Hydatid cyst

Cysticercus cellulosa

Visceral Larva Migrans(VLM)

Migrating larvae of Ascaris,Hookworms

Migrating larvae & free living adult of Strongyloides


Toxoplasma

Cryptosporidium

Parasites found in brain :

Coenurus cerebralis

Hydatid cyst

Cysticercous cellulosae

Sparagnum

VLM

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Entamaeba histolytica (Amoebic abcess)

Plasmodium falciparumn

Toxoplasma

Trypanosomes (African & American)

Free living amoebae( Naegleria& Acanthamaeba)

Eggs of Heterophyes heterophyes


Parasites found in eye :

Visceral Larva Migrans (VLM)

Loa Loa

Onchocerca volvulus

Acanthamaeba

Toxoplasma

P.falciparum

Sparagnum


Trichinella spiralis (extraocular ms)

Trypanosoma cruzi (Rornana's sign)

Ocular Miyasis

Phithirus pubis in eyelashes

Parasites found in skin & subcutaneous tissue :


Sparagnum


Loa Loa

Onchocerca volvulus

Cutaneous larva migrans

Medina worm

Entamaeba histolytica (Cutaneous amaebiasis)

Cutaneous&Mucocutaneous leishmaniasis

Visceral Leishmaniasis(leishmanioma,PKDL)

African trypanosoma (Trypanosome chancre)

American trypanosoma (Chagoma)

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Cutaneous myasis

Chigger disease( Tunga penetrans flea)

Sarcoptes scabii

Demodex folliculorum

Ecto-parasites : Bugs + Lice + fleas + Ticks

Bilharzial granuloma

Parasites found in muscles :



Sparaganum

Hydatid cyst

VLM

Trypanosoma cruzi (Leishmanoid form in heart muscle)

Toxoplasma

Sarcocystes lendemani

Parasites in which infection occurs through the skin :

Schistosomes

Swimmer's itch

Sparagnosis

Hook worms

Strongyloides

Cutaneous lava migrans

All members of family Filaridae (By the bite of its vector)

Cutaneous myasis

Sarcoptes scabiei

All diseases transmitted by mosquitoes : sand fly + Flies + Bugs + lice + fleas

+ Ticks ..... etc.

Parasites found in urine :

Schistosoma haematobium eggs

Hydatid sand

Eggs of Entrobius vermicularis in female patients

Microfilaria of Wuchereria bancrofti (Chyluria)

Trichomonas vaginalis

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Urinary myiasis

Sarcoptes scabii

Phthirus Pubies

Parasites affecting children :

All parasites can affect children , but the most common are :

Hymenolepis nana


Giardia lamblia

Infantile Kala-azar

Pediculosis

Myiasis

Scabies

Trypanosoma cruzi

Parasites of small intestine :

Fasciolepsis buski




Taenia saginata

Taenia solium

Hymenolepis nana

Hymenolepis diminuta

Dipyllidium caninum


Hookworms

Trichostrongylus columbriformis

Strngyloides stercoralis

Capillaria philippinensis

Trichinella spiralis (first week)

Giardia lamblia

Cryptosporidium

Parasites of large intestine :

Entrobius vermicularis

Trichuris tichuira

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Blantidium coli

Intestinal myiasis

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Parasites found in blood :

Schistosomes ( Not appear in blood film)

Filariae (W.bancrofti,W,malayi,Loa loa,M.ozzardi,M.perstans)

Plasmodium species

Babesia

Trypanosoma( African & American)

Leishmania donovani

Toxoplasma

Parasites in Reticulo-Endothelial system :

Visceral leishmaniasis (L. donovani complex)

Old World Cutaneous leishmaniasis (L. tropica & L.major & L.aethiopica)

New World Cutaneous and Mucocutaneous leishmaniasis (L.braziliensis &

L.mexicana)

Toxoplasma

Trypanosoma cruzi

Cestode larvae found in man :

Sparagnum

Cysticercus cellulose

Hydatid cyst

Cysticercoid in Hymenolepis nana

Parasites treated by surgical interference: Onchocerca tumour Hydatid cyst Sparganum Coenrus cerebralis Cysticercosis Schistosoma mansoni ( for treatment of splenomegally and oesophageal

varices in portal hypertension) Cutaneous leishmaniasis

Parasites treated with Ivermectin: Filaria ( especially Onchocerca volvulus) Sarcoptes scabii Cutaneous larva migrans Strongyloides stercoralis Trichostrongylus columbriformis

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PARASITES CAUSING DIFFERENT MANIFESTATIONS

Dysentry :

Schistosoma mansoni & japonicum

Trichuris trichuira

Entamoeba histolytica

Balatidium coli

Leishmania donovani

Plasmodium falciparum

Diarrhea:

Fasciolepsis buski



Hymenolepis nana

Taenia solium , T. saginata


Hook worms


Capillaria philippinensis

Trichinella spiralis ( In the first week)

Giardia lamblia

Cryptosporidium


Leishmania donovani

Lymphadenopathy :

Wuchereria bancrofti

W. malayi

Toxoplasma

Leishmania donovani

African Trypanosome

American Trypanosome

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Anaemia:

Schistosoma


Hookworms

Trichuris trichuira

Plasmodia

Visceral leishmaniasis

African trypanosome

Babesia

Eosinophilia:

Fasciola hepatica& F.gigantica

Clonorchis sinensis

Opischorchis felineus & O.viverini


Fasciolepsis buski

Hydatid cyst

VLM


Filariae

Medina worms


Hepatosplenomegally:

Schistosoma mansoni & S. japonicum

Visceral larva migrans

Plasmodia


American trypanosome

African trypanosome

Babesia

Hepatomegally:

Fasciola hepatica & F.gigantica

Clonorchis sinensis


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VLM


Hydatid cyst

Toxoplasma

Meningioencephalitis:

Toxoplasma


African trypanosome


Free living amaeba( Naegleria fowleri)


Appendicitis:



Trichuris trichuira


Rectal prolapse:

Trichuris trichuira

Scistosoma mansoni

Jaundice :

Fasciola hepatica & F.gigantica

Clonorchis sinensis



Giardia lamblia

Cryptosporidium(in immunosuppressed patients)

Plasmodia

Babesia

Toxoplasma gondii

Hydatid disease

Ascitis:

Scistosoma mansoni & S. japonicum

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Wuchereria bancrofti& W. malayi (chulous ascitis)

Clonorchis sinensis

Opisthorchis felineus & O.viverrini

Kala azar (rare)

Dysuria:

Scistosoma haematobium



Urinary myiasis

Leucorrhea:



Genitourinary myiasis

Perianal itching:


Taenia saginata


Cutaneous swelling:

Onchocerca volvulus tumour

Calabar swelling in Loa loa

Nodular cutaneous myiasis(by Dermatobia fly)

Chigger disease (by Tunga penetrans flea)

Trypanosomal chancre( in African Trypanosoma)

Chgoma (in American Trypanosoma)

Skin ulcer:

Cutaneous&Mucocutaneous Leishmaniasis

Cutaneous amaebiasis( in Entamaeba histolytica)

Medina worm

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PARASITES DIAGNOSED BY

NIH swab & Scotch adhesive tape method Enterobius vermicularis

Baerman technique Isolation of larvae of Strongyloides stercoralis (from stool & soil)

Isolation of larvae of Hookworms (from soil)

Duodenal aspiration Fasciola hepatica & F.gigantica

Clonorchis sinensis



Cappilaria philippinensis

Giardia lamblia

Cryptosporidium

Xenodiagnosis Trichinella spiralis


Urine examination Scistosoma haematobium



Urinary myiasis

Wuchereria bancrofti & B.malayi (Chyluria)

Mazotti test & Skin patch test Onchocerca volvulus

Bone marrow aspiration Plasmodium infection ( P.falciparum)


Toxoplasma

American trypanosoma

Stool culture Hookworms


Trichostrongylus colubriformis

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Sputum examination Paragonimus westermani

Migrating larvae of Ascaris lumbricoides, Hookworms,Strongyloides

stercoralis


Hydatd cyst

Cryptosporidium

Modified Zeihl Nelson stain : Cryptosporidium

Differentiation between eggs of Taenia solium &T. saginata

CSF examination African trypanosoma

Toxoplasma

Free living amaeba (Naegleria)

Larvae of Trichinella spiralis& Strongyloides

Corneal scraping

Acanthamaeba

Rectal biopsy & Bladder biopsy

Schistosomiasis (in light or chronic infection)

Role of dogs in transmission of parasitic diseases :

- I- act as Reservoir host in

Heteophyes heterophyes


Clonorchis sinensis

Opischorchis felineus & O. viverini


Dipyllidium caninum

Leishmania donovani

-II act as definitive host

Echinococcus granulosus (Hydatid disease)

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Multiceps multiceps ( Coenurus disease)

Diphyllobothrium mansoni ( Sparganosis)

Cut. larva migrans (Ancylostoma caninum)

Visceral larva migrans (Toxocara canis)

Role of pigs in transmission of parasitic diseases :

I- act as Intermediate host

Taenia solium


Toxoplasma

II -act as Reservoir host

Balantidium coli

Parasites transmitted by Arthropod vectors :

Anopheles: Plasmodium species

Wuchereria bancrofti& W.malayi

Culex : Wuchereria bancrofti

Aedes :Wuchereria bancrofti

Simulium : Onchocerca volvulus

Mansonia : Wuchereria malayi

Chrysops : Loa loa

Sand fly : Leishmaniasis ( Cut. & Mucocut. & Visc.)

Musca domestica: Mechanical transmission of Helminth ova and protozoal cysts and

oocysts .

Glossina : African trypanosoma

Flees : Hymenolepis nana (Indirect cycle)

Hymenolepis diminuta

Dipyllidium caninum

Triatoma megistus (Winged bug): American trypanosoma

Cyclops : Diphyllobothrium latum

D. mansoni

Medina worm

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Opportunistic parasites :

Toxoplasma

Cryptosporidium

Acanthamaema


Giardia lamblia

Babesia species

Leishmania aethiopica & L. mexicana

Hymenolepis nana

Strongyloides

Sarcoptes scabii (Norwegian scabies)

General Notes on Parasitology FINAL.dof3ataltateb 2011

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