General Introduction to Anatomy · Planes of the body • Anatomical descriptions are based on...
Transcript of General Introduction to Anatomy · Planes of the body • Anatomical descriptions are based on...
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General Introduction to Anatomy
AnatomyRHS 241Lecture 1
Dr. Einas Al-Eisa
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Definition
• Anatomy = the study of the structure & function of the body
• Antome (Greek word) = cutting up or taking part (dissect)
• 1st studied formally in Egypt (500 BC)
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“The nature of the body is the beginning of medical science”
Hippocrates
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History
• Earliest description on papyrus (3000-2500 BC)• Hippocrates (Greece 460-377 BC)• Aristotle (384-322 BC)
• Fabricius (1537-1619) discovered the valves of the veins
• Harvey (1628) discovered the circulation of blood• 17th century: human dissections formal practice in
European Med schools
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Anatomical terms
• Dorsal = posterior (back)• Ventral = anterior (belly)
• Cranium = skull• Cephalon = head• Cranial = cephalic = toward the head• Caudal = toward the tail
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Anatomical Position
• = person standing upright, facing straight ahead, feet parallel and close, and palms facing forward.
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Anatomical terms
• Superior = toward the head• Inferior = toward the feet
• Anterior (ventral) = toward the front • Posterior (dorsal) = toward the back
• Medial = closer to the midline• Lateral = farther from the midline
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Anatomical terms
• Proximal = closer to the trunk• Distal = farther from the trunk
• Superficial = closer to the surface• Deep = farther from the surface
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Directional Terms
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Planes of the body
• Anatomical descriptions are based on three imaginary planes that pass through the body in the anatomical position
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Plane Divides the body into:
Frontal (coronal) Front & back halves
Transverse (horizontal) Superior & inferior halves
Sagittal (median) Right & left halves
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Terms of movement
• Flexion (bending) = approximate two parts (decrease the angle between two parts)
• Extension = straighten out a bent part
• Abduction = moving away from the midline• Adduction = moving toward the midline
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Terms of movement
• Protraction = moving a part forward• Retraction = moving a part back
• Elevation = moving a part superiorly • Depression = moving a part inferiorly
• Rotation = twisting
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Flexion = movement away from the anatomical position
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Extension = bringing the body part back to the anatomical position and beyond
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Abduction = away from the midline
Adduction = toward the midline
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Lateral (external) rotation = when the bone rotates away from the midline
Medial (internal) rotation = when the bone rotates towards the midline
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Circumduction = flexion, abduction, extension, & adduction
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Types of Joints
SynovialDiarthroidal
Freely movable
CartilagenousAmphiarthroidalSlightly movable
FibrousSynarthroidalImmovable
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Fibrous(Synarthroidal) =Immovable joints
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Synchodroses =Fibrocatilagenous joint that allows very slight movement
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Fibrocartilagenous joint
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Syndesmosis = bones held together by strong ligaments that allow minimal movement
Inferior tibiofibular joint
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Synovial joint =Freely movable
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