General Guidelines for Science Labs

1. Lab Safety Procedures and Information Health and safety are paramount values in

science classrooms, laboratories and field activities. You are expected to conduct yourself

professionally with respect and courtesy to all. All safety policies and procedures apply to

scheduled lab classes as well as open labs. Consequences for not complying with safety

procedures:

You will not be able to participate in a lab activity if:

a. you are late for class and have missed safety training specifics for that day’s lab or field

activity;

b. you have forgotten your personal protective equipment;

c. you refuse to wear personal protective equipment;

d. you have not followed safety policies and procedures for that lab or field activity

2. You may be withdrawn from the class and not reinstated if:

a. you missed required safety training at the beginning of the semester;

b. you repeatedly fail to follow lab safety policies and procedures.

3. Emergencies if there is a life-threatening emergency (fire, major chemical spill, explosion,

injury): Report the situation and your specific location (campus, room) by using the

safety phone in a lab classroom; Evacuate if necessary:

a. take your personal belongings with you if possible;

b. on your way out, close but do not lock the classroom door;

c. go to the designated rally point for your campus and building. Directions to nearest exit

location of rally point Safety

4. Equipment and How to Use It:

5. Information about chemicals used in this laboratory can be found in Material Safety Data

Sheets (MSDSs) and in a chemical inventory located .The emergency gas shut-off for this

lab is located. Shut off the gas immediately if gas nozzles or valves are damaged or if

there is a fire. Fire extinguishers are located:

6. To use a fire extinguisher:

a. twist the pin and then pull it out of the handle

b. hold the end of the hose and point it at the base of the fire , squeeze the handle Fire

blankets are located . If you are on fire, stop, drop and roll. Let someone else to get the

fire blanket. A safety shower is located.

7. Chemical, especially an acid or base on yourself immediately stand under the shower and

pull the handle. Disrobe. The instructor will evacuate the room and close the doors for

your privacy. Someone of your gender will stay to help you. Stand under the shower for

at least 20 minutes. You will be given clothing after the shower.

8. An eyewash is located. If a chemical is splashed or rubbed into your eyes you must use an

eyewash for at least 20 minutes with your eyes held open. Someone will help you with this.

9. If a person is experiencing electrical shock from touching wires or equipment, use a belt

or other non-conducting material to pull them away from the electrical source.

10. First aid kits are located.

a. Only minor cuts and burns will be treated in the lab. Serious injuries must be treated in

a medical facility. Emergency Medical Services (EMS) will be called if you are injured

and are unable to take yourself to a medical facility.

b. The instructor must fill out a report describing your injury.

11. Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) 1. Required when biological, chemical or physical

hazards are present on the lab benches, open shelves or counters:

a. Safety Eyewear *You must wear non-tinted safety eyewear (safety glasses or goggles)

marked Z87 when directed to do so by the lab instructor or lab safety instructions. *You

must bring your protective eyewear with you to every lab class. If you forget your

eyewear and the lab room does not have a pair to loan to you, you will not be able to

participate in the lab and may forfeit your lab grade for that day.

b. Gloves – You will be provided with nitrile gloves for handling biohazards and

hazardous chemicals. Please notify the instructor if your skin is irritated by these gloves.

c. Shoes – Shoes must cover the top, front and sides of your feet. They must be

impervious to liquids.

d. More specific requirements may exist for labs in which unique hazards are present (for

example: Physical hazards such as sharps, open flame, UV light, pressurized gases, or

liquid nitrogen. 2. Recommended when biological, chemical or physical hazards are

present on the lab benches, open shelves or counters:

12. You may be instructed to wear an apron or lab coat over your clothes when handling

biohazards or hazardous chemicals.

13. Wear natural fiber clothing for any lab activity involving open flame (synthetic material

Introductory Zoology – Supplement to Lab Manual;

14. Before putting on gloves remove watches, rings, and bracelets that could either puncture

the glove from the inside or interfere with rapid removal of the gloves.

15. Tie back long hair.

16. Do not wear clothing with long, loose sleeves. Waste Disposal You must precisely follow

the waste disposal procedures. Never dispose of anything in lab without prior direction

from the instructor. Hazardous chemical waste containers are located: solids liquids

Biohazard bags are located: Sharps containers are located: Glass (rinsed test tubes and

broken glass) disposal boxes are located.

17. Regular trash containers are located: Lab Conduct

a. At the beginning of any class held in a lab room, do not enter the room until your

instructor is present. Wait in the hall, even if the door is open.

b. Do these things: *follow all procedures in manuals, in handouts, and as given by the

instructor; *store backpacks, coats, and other personal items as directed; *report broken

glass and chemical spills to your instructor immediately.

18. Do NOT do these things:

a. come to class while intoxicated or while under the influence of drugs that impair your

ability to safely perform the lab or field activity;

b. horse around or perform unauthorized experiments;

c. eat, drink, or chew (tobacco or gum);

d. bring drinks or food (even in closed containers) into the lab;

e. pipet by mouth; taste chemicals or directly smell chemical fumes. Lab Hygiene Clean up

your individual work area/equipment and community work areas/equipment (e.g., sinks,

balances).

f. Put lids back on bottles and containers immediately after use. Do not put excess chemicals

back into original containers.

19. Dispose of chemicals and waste only as directed by the instructor. Turn off equipment as

instructed. Wash your hands prior to leaving lab. Assume that chemicals used in lab are

corrosive or irritating. If at any time chemicals come into contact with your skin wash the

affected area immediately.

20. Standard / Universal Precautions Diseases such as HIV and hepatitis can be transmitted

from person to person through contact with human blood or other body fluids. Follow the

Standard or Universal Precautions whenever exposure to human body fluids is possible: à

Consider all body fluids (saliva, blood, urine, feces, vomit) to be potentially infected with

a harmful pathogen

21. Introductory Zoology – Do not touch or come into contact with anyone else's body fluids.

Student Accident Insurance All students enrolled in lab classes are covered by Student

Accident Insurance that pays for injuries occurring from school sponsored activities

related to the class. It does not pay for illnesses such as allergies or the flu, or fainting.

All faculty and students should read the guidelines at:. You can also download the claim

form from this location.

22. Chemical Hazard Labels *Label all containers and test tubes as directed. *Inform your

instructor immediately if a label is damaged in any way. *Read all labels and pay special

attention to hazard information. A typical chemical hazard label conveys two kinds of

information: 1) the category of the hazard (flammable, toxic, reactive, or corrosive) and

2) the level of the hazard. There are three types of labels: 1) GHS (Globally Harmonized

System - the international system of hazard identification), 2) diamond-shaped hazard

labels, and 3) bar-shaped hazard labels. GHS labels are found mostly on primary

containers, the jars or packages in which the chemical manufacturer packaged the

chemicals.

23. The GHS system labels include icons that warn you about the major type or types of

hazards associated with the chemical. Most of the containers you use in lab are secondary

containers such as flasks, test tubes, jars, and beakers. Secondary containers will have

either the diamond shapes or the bar shapes.

24. In both of those labels the category of hazard is represented by a color and the level of the

hazard is represented by a number.

a. Hazard categories are coded by color:

b. Hazard level is coded by a number: Other types of hazard warning labels you must

recognize

25. Laboratory Safety & Equipment Familiarized yourself with the various supplies and

equipment in the lab room. Keep this sheet accessible throughout the semester. Assume the

blackboard is at the “front” of the room and the windows are on the “left” side Describe

The Specific Location of Each latex gloves safety glasses/goggles eyewash station sinks

disinfectant spray bottles paper towels biohazard bag glass disposal boxes deionized

water spigots fire extinguisher first aid kit hazardous materials spill kit dissecting kits

blank slides & coverslips.

Proposed Practicals

Paper chromatography

Sr. Title Apparatus Learning

Outcomes

1 Separation and Beakers, pippete, Learning of Paper

identification of two acids stirrer. chromatography.

and two basic radicals from

a mixture of two salts.

Inorganic Chemistry

2 Determine the %age purity AgNO3, Nacl, Learning of

of NaCl (rock salt) by indicator, conical flask, Argentometry.

Mohr’s method burette.

3 Determine the amount of AgNO3, Nacl, soda Learning of

NaCl in the commercial ash, indicator, conical Argentometry.

sample of salt by Mohr’s flask, burette.

method

Argentometry

Iodometry

Prepare a standard (M\10) Iodine solution, beaker, Learning of titration

250CM^3 solution of iodine weighing bottle, and standardization

0.1 M Na2S2O3 is given. colored bottle

,measuring flask, test

tube, indicator , starch.

Redox titration

5 Determination of %age beaker, distilled water, Learning of redox

oxidation of the given conc. H2SO4 ,Bunsen titration .

sample of FeSO4.7H2O. valve , glass rod

,conical flask ,

weighing bottle,

measuring flask, test

tube, indicator, FeSO4

Complexometry

Find out the amount of Ca2+

Beaker, dil. Hcl, watch Learning of ion

in the given sample of glass, methyl red, separation from

marble (lime stone) by stirrer, Whatmann impurity by

complexometry. filter paper complexometry.

Determination of Mg2+

in EDTA standard Learning of ion

the sample by using 0.1 M solution, indicator, separation by

EDTA by complexometry. beaker, stirrer. complexometry.

Proposed Practicals

No Title Apparatus Learning Outcomes

1 Tests for different Sulphuric acid, 1% Carbohydrates can be

carbohydrate. ethanolic alpha nephthol identified which involves

,Hcl, glycerol,aq CuSO4 Non reducing sugars

,40%NaOH ,Fehling Reducing sugars

soln,Benedict’s soln Polysaccharides.

,Tollen’s reagent

.Slewinoff’s reagent ,iodine

soln ,alkaline cobalt nitrate

soln

2 Tests for proteins. 5 % aq. NaOH ,1% aq Muscles, skin, nails, hoofs,

CuSO4 soln, dil. Ninhydrin blood components, hormone,

soln,silver nitrate, barium enzymes can be identified for

chloride ,lead acetate the presence of proteins.

Tests for different lipids. Filter paper, ether, ethanol, Lipids and cholesterol

3 H2O, 20% ethanolic NaOH, presence can be identified.

fatty acid mass, iodine.

4 Study of the prepared Prepared slides Different animal tissues can be

slides of epithelial tissues ,microscope. studied and observed.

(squamous, cuboidal,

columnar), Nervous

tissues.

5 Study of prepared slides of Prepared slides Different animal tissues can be

connective tissue ,microscope. studied and observed.

(adipose, cartilage, bone,

blood), muscles (skeletal,

smooth and cardiac..

Principle of Animal Life

6 Plasmolysis and Rbcs, isotonic, hypotonic, Osmotic pressure of body

deplasmolysis in blood. hypertonic solns, slides fluid (blood) can be observed.

Preparation of blood ,microscope , cover slip,

smears. marker.

7 Study of mitosis in onion Onion root tips ,1% Cells at different dividing

root tip. Hcl,0.7% Saline soln ,aceto stages can be observed.

–orcin satin.

8 Study of meiosis in Testes of grasshopper, mix Different stages of meiosis can

grasshopper testis of acetic acid and ethanol be observed.

(students should prepare 1:3 ,aceto orcin.

the slide).

9 Multiple alleles study in Blood sample ABO blood type systems can

blood groups be identified.

10 Study of cytochemical 2 % aq. Soln of chloroform RNA and DNA can be

detection of DNA in extracted green detected.

protozoa and avian blood 5 % aq. Soln of pyronine Y

cell. Dis .water ,0.1 M sodium

acetate,0.1 M acetic acid.

11 Ecological notes on models Animal habitat learning.

animals of a few model

habitats.

12 Field observation and

Field visits Exposure to the ecosystem of

report writing on animals

animals.

in their ecosystem (a

terrestrial & aquatic

ecosystem)

13 Study to demonstrate

Understanding of animal

social behavior

Multimedia documentaries behavior.

(documentary film be

shown, honey bee,

monkey group in a zoo).

Proposed Practicals

No. Title Apparatus Learning outcomes

1 Study of stomata and epidermis. Formalin, acetic acid, Learning of plant tissues

alcohol FAA, which may be simple or

safranin and fast compound.

green stain.

2 Tissues of primary body of plant by Razor, FAA, coplin Learning of plant tissues

maceration. jar, safranin, beaker, which may be simple or

sodium hypochlorite, compound.

alcohol.

3 Study of xylem 3-dimensional plane 3D wood slide. Learning of hard and soft

of wood. wood of gymnosperm and

angiosperms respectively.

4 T. S of angiosperm stem and leaf. Staining and Learning of T.S of

maceration. monocot and dicot and

bifacial leaf.

5 Study of pollen. Hydrofluoric acid, Learning of palynology

pollen sample

6 Anatomy of germinating seeds. Dicot and monocot Learning of tissue

seeds microscopic development de-novo of

view. seeds.

7 Identification of families given in Sample flowers. Learning of parts of a

syllabus with the help of keys flower.

Technical description of common

flowering plants belonging to

families mentioned in theory.

Plant systematics, phytography and anatomy

8 Field trips shall be undertaken to Field visits Exposure of students to

study and collect local plants. the botanical species.

9 Submission of 40 fully identified specimens Learning of herbarium

herbarium specimens. specimens.

Note:

Every student must attend the field visits.

Marks will be deducted in case of any absentee other than genuine reason

Proposed Practicals

No Title Apparatus Learning outcomes

1 Determination of percentage Stalagmometer, To measure the %

compositions by surface tension. specific gravity composition of binary

bottle, screw type mixtures (ethanol and

pinch-cock, beaker, water).

rubber tube,

2 Determination of percentage Viscometer, stop To measure the %

compositions by viscosity. watch, beaker. composition of binary

mixtures (ethanol and

water).

3 Determination of percentage Abbe’s To measure the %

compositions by refractive index refractometer, glass composition of binary

method. rod, cotton wool. mixtures (ethanol and

water).

4 Determination of heat of solution of Calorimeter, Change in temperature

solid and liquids. thermometer, stop of water.

watch.

5 Quantitative measurement of colored Calorimeter, To identify conc. of

salt KMnO4 by colorimeter reagents. colored compound in

solution.

6 Investigation the inversion of cane Polari meter, sugar, To identify first order

sugar in the presence of an acid by 0.9 HCL and reaction in sugars.

Polari meter method. thermostat/ water

bath.

7 Investigation of kinetics of hydrolysis Two conical flask To identify the rate of

of methyl acetate in the presence of with cork, reaction.

hydrochloric acid at room temperature. graduated pipettes,

Physical Chemistry

thermostat, beakers,

ice, 0.5 molar pure

methyl acetate. 0.1

molar NAOH.

8 Measurement of molecular weight in Freezing point Colligative properties

benzene by depression in freezing apparatus, yield information on the

point (cryoscopy method). Beckmann’s number of solute

thermometer, particles in solution and

simple also MW of solute.

thermometer, two

stirrer, one reading

glass, one cm3

pipette, ice and salt,

sample bottles.

9 Verification of Langmuir adsorption Bottles, conical To avoid contact with

isotherm and investigation of flasks, funnels and poisonous gases or other

adsorption of oxalic acid on charcoal. pipettes. substances.

Proposed Practicals

Physiology

No. Title Apparatus Learning

outcomes

1 Preparation of solutions of specific Measuring flask 1L, Understanding of

normality of acids/bases, salts, measuring cylinder, solution

sugars, molal and molar solutions and analytical balance, heat standardization.

their standardization. apparatus.

2 Determination of uptake of water by Oven dry gram seeds, Understanding of

swelling seeds when placed in NaCl, five reagent osmotic pressure.

sodium chloride solution of different bottles of 250ml, dis.

concentrations. Water, analytical

balance and graduated

cylinder.

3 Measurement of leaf water potential Sucrose, distilled Learning of water

by the dye method. water, test tubes, test potential.

tube stand, analytical

balance, measuring

cylinder, pipette,

methylene blue.

4 Determination of the temperature at Fresh and healthy beet Learning of root cells

which beet root cells lose their semi roots , cutter , test tubes response to

permeability. , cotton plugs , beaker temperature

,dis .water,

thermometer , heating

apparatus

Plant Physiology and Ecology

5 Determination of the effects of Potometer, stand, twig Learning of

environmental factors on the rate of with large healthy transpiration method.

transpiration of a leafy shoot by leaves, beaker, knife,

means of a potometer / cobalt bell jar, wax, electric

chloride paper method. fan.

6 Extraction of chlorophyll from the Mortar, acetone, fresh Learning of

leaves and separation of component and healthy leaves, extraction and

pigments on a paper chromatogram. petroleum ether, spectroscopy.

Study of absorption spectra using separating funnel,

spectrophotometer. watmann paper,

pipette, dis. Water.

7 Estimation of oxygen utilized by a Pipette, burette, conical Learning of titration

respiring plant by Winkler's method. flask, burette stand,

manganese sulphate

solution, stock solution

of sodium thiosulphite,

starch solution, alkaline

potassium iodide

solution.

No. Title Apparatus Learning

Outcomes

8 Measurements of wind velocity. Anemometer, wind Understanding of

meter, pipe cleaner. wind as an ecological

factor by measuring

its velocity.

9 Measurement of light and Thermometer, Griffin Understanding the

temperature. environment effects of light and

Comparator. temperature on

metabolism.

10 Effect of light and temperature on Gram seed, pea seed, Understanding the

seed germination. maize grain, effect of heat and

autoclave, growth light on seed

chamber. germination.

11 Measurement of vegetation by Graph papers Learning of quadrant

Quadrat and line intercept methods. method.

12 Field trips to ecologically diverse Rope 100 m long , Exposure to

habitats. hammer ,stakes , ecosystem.

compass , forceps ,

net rubber band ,

quadrant of 1 sq. foot

Note:

Every student must attend the field visits.

Marks will be deducted in case of any absentee other than genuine reason.

Ecology

Proposed Practicals

No. Title Apparatus Learning

Outcomes

1 Study and notes of skeleton Articulated and disarticulated Students can learn

of Labeo, Rana tigrina, skeleton of labeo, rana, varanus, skeletal system of

Varanus, fowl and rabbit. fowl and rabbit. animals and their

functions.

2 Earthworm or leech; Earthworm , cockroach ,fresh Students can learn

cockroach, freshwater water mussel ,dissection box, anatomy of

mussel are representative razor blade ,dissecting dish, organisms.

animals for study in white paper, hand lens,

dissections. dissecting microscope, OH

solution ,watch

glasses,slide,glycerine,test tube,

test tube holder, pins ,spirit lamp,

hammer and beaker of water.

3 Labeo or any other local Frog ,dissection box, razor blade Students can learn

fish, frog, pigeon and rat or ,dissecting dish, white paper, anatomy of

mouse and rabbits are hand lens, dissecting microscope, organisms.

representative animals for OH solution ,watch

study in dissection. glasses,slide,glycerine,test tube,

test tube holder, pins ,spirit lamp,

hammer and beaker of water.

4 Study of models or Models or preserved brains of Students can learn

preserved brains of representative animals. evolutionary

representative animals and adaptations and

notes on adaptations. brain structures.

Animal Form and Function

5 Study of endocrine system Students can learn

in an insect and a rabbit. Model hormonal activities

in different

organisms.

6 Study of different types of Human blood, Leishman’s stain. Students can learn

blood cells in blood smear blood composition.

of human.

7 Study of hormonal Female albino mice, 0.78% Students can

influence of a reproductive physiological saline solution, observe different

function (Model). narrow mouth smooth tipped shaped cells due to

dropper. hormonal influence

on uterine tissues.

8 Study of heart, principal Dissection of rat. Advance learning of

arteries and veins in a central system.

representative vertebrate

(dissection of

representative

fish/mammals).

9 Study of male reproductive Animal models. Learning of

system in an invertebrate reproductive system.

and a vertebrate

representative (Dissection).

10 Study of excretory system Learning of

in an invertebrate and a Model excretory system.

vertebrate representative.

Proposed Practicals

No Title Apparatus Learning

Outcomes

1 General characters and morphology of Not required Learning of fungal

fungi. characters and

morphology.

2 Study of unicellular and mycelial forms Not required Learning of growth

with septate and aseptate hyphae. of fungi.

3 Distinguishing characters of different Not required Learning of fungal

phyla: study of suitable examples phylas.

4 Study of sexual and asexual Not required Learning of

reproductive structures in different reproduction method

groups of fungi. in fungi.

5 Study of some common examples of Not required Learning of different

saprophytic, parasitic and air borne examples of fungi

fungi belonging to different phyla.

6 Cultural slides of some important plant Slides of different Identification of

pathogenic fungi. pathogens, pathogens infecting

Plasmodiophora, Penicillium, Agaricus microscope. different plants.

,Ustillago, Puccinia.

7 Identification of major plant pathogens Slides of different Identification of

under lab and field conditions. pathogens, pathogens infecting

microscope. different plants.

8 Demonstration of control measures Not required. Learning of

through chemotheraputants. eradication methods.

Mycology and Plant Pathology

Proposed Practicals

No Title Apparatus Learning

outcomes

1 Study of Paramecium as animal like protest. Not required Observation

of organism.

2 Study of Sponges and their various body forms. Not required Observation

of organism.

3 Study of principle representatives classes of phylum Not required Observation

Cnidaria. of organism.

4 Study of principle representatives classes of phylum Not required Observation

Platyhelminthes. of organism.

5 Study of phylum Rotifera and Nematoda. Not required Observation

of organism.

6 Study of principle representatives classes of phylum Not required Observation

Mollusca. of organism.

7 Study of principle representatives classes of phylum Not required Observation

Annelida. of organism.

8 Study of principle representatives classes of groups of Not required Observation

phylum Arthropod. of organism.

9 Economical/medicinal importance of the following Not required Observation

Plasmodium,Entamoebahistolitica,Leishmenia,Liverfluke, of organism.

Tapeworm, Earthworm, silkworm, citric butterfly.

Animal Diversity I (Invertebrates)

Proposed Practical

No Title Apparatus Learning

Outcomes

1 Observation of went mounts of human Cotton swab, Learning of

cheek cells employing dark and bright microscope, sterile microscopy

field microscopy. microscope slides, techniques.

cover slips, staining

solution, dropper,

blotting paper.

2 Measurement of cell size; prokaryotic Cotton swab, Learning of

and eukaryotic. microscope, sterile microscopy

microscope slides, techniques.

cover slips, staining

solution, dropper,

blotting paper.

3 Histological preparations; skeletal Staining solution, Learning and

muscle, intestine, liver and testes. paraffin wax, rotary observation of organs

microtome, ethanol histology.

96%.

4 Handling of centrifuge machine. Rotor, motor, Learning of

imbalance detector, centrifugation

tachometer, safety technology.

lid, refrigerator,

braking system.

5 Thin layer chromatography of amino 2% solution of Learning of

acids. individual amino chromatography

acids, ninhydrin technique.

reagent, TLC plate,

TLC chamber,

Biological Techniques

capillary tubes,

reagent spray bottle,

conical flasks

beakers, solvent.

6 Spectrophotometric estimation of Spectrophotometer, Learning of

glucose. standard volumes and spectrophotometry.

analyzer.

7 Spectrophotometric estimation of total Spectrophotometer, Learning of

proteins. standard volumes and spectrophotometry.

analyzer.

8 Preservation of representative Specimens, solution Observation of

organisms of various phylum. for preservation. specimens.

9 Electrophoretic separation of proteins. Electrophoretic Learning of

apparatus. electrophoretic

separation of protein

of human serum.

10 Electrophoretic separation of DNA Electrophoretic Learning of

apparatus electrophoretic

separation of DNA.

11 Recording of microscopic observations Microscope Learning of

with help of camera Lucida. microscopy.

Proposed Practicals

No Title Apparatus Learning

outcomes

1 Qualitative analysis of compounds with As required. Learning of functional

different functional groups (-OH,- group analysis.

COOH,-NH2, CH2O).

2 Synthesis of organic compounds 2, 4, and Phenol, bromine, Learning of filtration

6 –Tribromophenol from phenol by glacial acetic acid. method.

filtration method.

3 Synthesis of organic compounds ethyl Benzoic acid, absolute Learning of

benzoate ester from benzoic acid by alcohol and hydrogen distillation method.

distillation method. chloride gas.

4 Synthesis of acetyl salicylic acid from Salicylic acid, Learning of

salicylic acid by recrystallization pyridine, acetyl recrystallization

method. chloride. method.

5 Synthesis of acetanilide from acetic Acetic acid, aniline. Learning of

acid/anhydride mixture by recrystallization

recrystallization method. method.

6 Determine the number of amide groups in Organic Molecular weight

the given organic compound whose compound,NaOH,Hcl. determination.

molecular weight is 113.

7 To separate a mixture of sugars present in Chromatographic Learning of paper

a fruit juice by paper chromatography. tank, ethyl acetate, chromatography.

glacial acetic acid,

solvent,p-anisidine

Hydrochloride,

mixture of sugars.

Organic Chemistry

Plagiarism Policy Plagiarism is the practice of taking someone else's work or ideas and passing

them off as one's own. It's good to learn from someone else and take help

from the internet, especially for analyzing gaps in the current state of the art,

but the proper citation is required. Teachers are required to look into the

plagiarism possibilities in term projects. In the case of Plagiarism, students

will be assigned an "F" grade in the relevant course and their names might be

displayed over notice boards based upon the severity of the plagiarism and

strength of evidence.