General EU Data
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Transcript of General EU Data
General EU Data
EU data
• 1951 treaty of Paris: Coal & Steel community
• 1957 treaty of Rome: EEC: Belgium, Germ, Lux,
Neth, Italy & France
EU data
• 1973 UK, Denmark + Ireland joined
• 1981 Greece, 1986- Spain & Portugal
• 1995; Austria, Finland Sweden
EU data
• May 2004 AC 10 join: Slovenia, Slovak, Pol, Cyprus,
Czech Reb, Esto, Lat, Lith, Malta, Hungary
• Bring EU members to 25
• Pop = 451 mill
EU data
• Land area 4 mill km2
• USA - 9.3mill Km2 pop only 274 mill
• Aim of EU: promote harmonious economic
development > Q of life ^
EU data
• 1973 UK, Denmark + Ireland joined
• 1981 Greece, 1986- Spain & Portugal
• 1995; Austria, Finland Sweden
Regional development
Mezzogiorno- Southern Italy
Mezzogiorno
• Italy- Social & Economic dualism- Rich North (Po
basin) Poor south
• Mezz contains 20,500,000 people (36% pop)
• Only contributes 25% GDP
Mezzogiorno
• V catholic area> high pop growth
• Agriculture based: More than half of Italy’s farming pop
• Out migration: wages in south 40% of North
Mezzogiorno
• Reasons for poverty:
• History of Invasion
• Mediterranean climate- anticyclones in summer-
unreliable rain at wrong time- not growing season
Mezzogiorno
• Crap topography- only 1/8 region flat & ideal for cultivation
• Geology mostly dolomitic limestone or claylands- created
by geosyncline (tectonics)
Mezzogiorno
• Latifundia system: near feudal - land owned by landlords often in North
• Peasants work land and pay a % of their crop as rent
Mezzogiorno
• Farmers don’t own land so have little incentive to invest in
it
• “Ecology of backwardness”
• Land reform abolished this system
Mezzogiorno
• Land reform:• by 1965: 535,000 hectares
redistributed to 91,000 households of labourers
• Farm co-operatives created
Mezzogiorno
• Solution: Casa per il Mezzogiorno - spent £1,000
mill between 1955-1970
• Money from ERDF (for areas below 90% EU average development) and ESF
Mezzogiorno
• First thing to improve was agriculture via:
• Land reform, Irrigation, infrastructure (roads also
help industry), & subsidy of agricultural industries
Mezzogiorno
• Tried to Industrialise area based on growth pole
strategy; multiplier affect• Develop S industrial triangle:
Taranto, Brindisi & Bari
Mezzogiorno
• Encourage factories to Move: Fiat plant > Melfi
• by subsidies and taxes in original locations
• New plants eg Taranto steel works
Mezzogiorno
• Successes: employment^ eg: T steel wrks employs 6,000
• produced 10.5mill tonnes of steel in 1974 (heavily subsidised unfair?)
Mezzogiorno
• Multiplies effect not happened significantly;
• Many factories flopped > “Museums in the desert”
• Centralised control; locals didn’t have a say
Mezzogiorno• However Quality of life has
increased in south:• More phone lines, better water supply> irrigation> 15% increase in
agric output• illiteracy rate 1951 25%, 1981 <5%
Ruhr
Regional Development
West Germany
Ruhr
• Was once the heavy industry (coal&steel) centre of
Germany
• Essen- Europe's largest coal mining city, and with pop of
5.4 mill
Ruhr
• In second world war area badly damaged by firestorm
bombing
• After war globalisation> competition from S Korea etc
Ruhr
• Most accessible coal reserves were exhausted>
• Unemployment, this & pollution> Out migration
• “sick man of Europe”
Ruhr• ERDF & ESF stepped in to
diversify areas industry
• Lose secondary industry + develop tertiary Ind eg:
• Power, environmental tech, telecoms, medical tech etc
Ruhr
• Eg Geloenkirchen- worlds largest solar cell producer
• ESF promoted further education> create skilled
workforce>
• Attract high tech industry
Ruhr
• Infrastructure improved + universities promoted
• Several imp projects eg: Emscher landscape park; a 320km2 green corridor on
Emscher river
Ruhr• At Oberhausen a disused
gasometer has been converted to the largest exhibition hall in
Europe• At Zentrum old coal mine buildings> Europe’s 1st large
shopping centre
Ruhr
• Duisberg- worlds largest inland harbour
• Using Imagination and Innovation the area has
turned around its economic misfortune
Ruhr
• 71% of employment is now in the tertiary sector
• Air pollution has fallen on average by 50%
• employment in coal 450 K 1975> 50K 1999
Fishing facts + Figs
Fishing facts + Figs
• Fishing is <1% EU GDP
• Employs < 250,000 people
• But many communities eg in NE Scotland; Peterhead, completely
dependant on fishing
Fishing facts + Figs
• Fishing supports other industries eg Ship building in UK employs
50,000
• CFP introduced in 1983 to regulate fishing via quotas,
decommissioning & support for communities
Fishing facts + Figs• Fish stocks seen serious decline:
• 1985-1999 white fish stocks (eg cod, haddock) declined by 43%
• June 2000 all 9 commercial stocks outside safe biological limits
Fishing facts + Figs
• Especially bad in certain areas eg Grand Banks of
Newfoundland, once worlds most productive cod fishery,
1992 closed.
• Cod have still not returned
Fishing facts + Figs
• Reasons: pollution (agric runoff)> eutrophication, &
habitat destruction by deep sea trawlers
• But mostly due to overfishing
Fishing facts + Figs• Too many ships: 97,000
vessels in 1999
• Ships too efficient: use sonar + GPS to pinpoint shoals of fish,
• largest ships can land 50 tonnes of fish per hour
Fishing facts + Figs
• CFP set quotas eg UK N sea cod: 34,400 tonnes in 2000- slashed to 18,900 tonnes in
2001
• Scrap ships: 7% scrapped 45% tied up & not used
Fishing facts + Figs
• FIFG (Financial Instrument for Fisheries Guidance)
helps areas like Peterhead (Scotland) by diversifying
economy, re-training workforce etc
Fishing facts + Figs• CFP has not been highly successful; fish stocks have continued to fall as scientists ignored to compromise with
industry
• More fisheries had to be closed eg Irish sea cod
Fishing facts + Figs
• Level of Hypocrisy:• CFP gave UK subsidy of £70
mill to build new vessels• Argue it protects 50,000 ship
builder’s jobs
Fishing facts + Figs
• Fishing in EU not sustainable
• Policy making may be more effective if devolved to
national level, this successful in Iceland for past 25 years
Trans-national problems
Acid rain
Acid Rain
• 1979: convention on long range Trans boundary air
pollution• In Sweden 10,000 of 85,000
lakes acidified> dead fishes
Acid Rain
• Also pine forests stressed:
• Acid rain leaches nutrients from podzol
• Toxic Aluminium builds up: Stunted trees, needle loss
Acid Rain
• Acid rain exported downwind by prevailing wind from
industrial areas eg N UK & N Germany
• Caused by Sulphur dioxide & Nitrous oxides
Trans-national probs
North sea pollution
North sea pollution• Major rivers eg Rhine discharge
into N sea:
• Nitrates(agric) and sewage sludge>
• eutrophication> low O2 in water > fish die, esp benthic fish (bottom
feeders)
North sea pollution• Toxic chemicals (heavy
metals, organic pollutants eg pcbs
• Chemicals move up food chain> humans
• 1980 N sea conference
North sea pollution• Conference set up holistic
management system:• Agricultural controls- fertiliser use• Industrial controls> limit chemical
dumping• Banning of sewage dumping
North sea pollution
• Aim to: improve biodiversity and sustainability
• (Problem had previously been made worse by oil & gas exploitation in N sea)
Trans-national problems
Pollution in the Rhine
Pollution in the Rhine
• Rhine: 1320Km long• Discharge 69.3 cubic km
• 50mill people live in its basin• Pop density of Basin: 270
people/km2
Pollution in the Rhine• > 6 bordering countries inc: France, Germany, Switzerland,
Netherlands
• Tributaries include: Neckar, Main, Rhur, Moselle.
• Canal links to Danube & Rhone
Pollution in the Rhine
• Busiest waterway in world: worlds two largest ports, sea
port: Rotterdam Inland: Duisberg
• Mid 20th century “Cess Pitt” of Europe
Pollution in the Rhine• 1970s O2 levels <4 mg/l: too low for
most life
• High levels of metals; mercury, cadmium, zinc
• & organics; PCBs, Atrazine
• 20% worlds chem industry by the Rhine
Pollution in the Rhine• Problem bought to light by Sandoz chemical plant Fire at
Basle 1st November 1986• 30 tonnes herbicides, fungicides,
dyes etc washed into river• All life killed 100miles N
Pollution in the Rhine• Investigation revealed that as
well as the fire: Ciba-Geigy: dumped 1500 gallons atrazine,
• BASF 1100kg herbicide,
• Lonza “lost” 4,500 L of chemicals
Pollution in the Rhine
• ICPR (international convention on protection of Rhine)
started in 1950, given real powers to protect Rhine:
• RAP(1986)(action plan): tax pollution, build purification plants,
permits required for dumping
Pollution in the Rhine
• Eg Frange Germany spent $38 bn on water purification
plants
• Pollution alarm system; every 1/2 km
• Try to restore river ecology
Pollution in the Rhine
• RAP has been a great success
• Fish have returned, in 1996 Salmon found at Iffezheim, passageways been built at
cost of $6mill
Other Trans-national problems
EU pollution facts
• EU 15 produce 2bn tonnes of waste pa
• Amount rising by 10% annually>
• Quality of life declining in Urban areas
Other pollution dates
• 1988 Vienna convention on Ozone damage
• Kyoto protocol proposed by EU in 1998 for greenhouse
gases, needs to be ratified by Russia to come into effect
Agriculture
Incase I have no other choice
Agriculture
• Employs: 9 mill farmers in 1990 in EU
• Average 2.4% GDP (highest in Ireland)
• Currently CAP takes 50% EU’s budget
Agriculture
• 57% EU’s Land Area used for agriculture (81% in
Ireland)
• Agriculture supports range of secondary industries such as
equipment, packaging etc
Agriculture• Intensive farming concentrated
in core eg Netherlands- polders:
• Flat land, fertile soil (glacial flour deposits eg East Anglia chalky
boluder clay), Moderate Climate, Access to market:
Agriculture• Von Thunen’s Theory:
decreasing value of agriculture with distance from market
• Eg Mezzogiorno 2500km from Brussels. + other problems