General: - Etobicoke Master Gardeners · Web viewBill Ree, Texas A&M University, Bugwood.org 4...

Humber Arboretum and Etobicoke Master GardenersGood Bug Bad Bug Tour

May 16, 2015

1 Cabbage Butterfly (Pieris rapae)General:

Bad.

Form: Caterpillar = Fuzzy, small and green, on the undersides of

leaves. Adult = Small and white with one (male) or two (female)

black spot(s) on each forewing.

Size: Caterpillar = 20mm. Adult = Wingspan up to 38mm.

Feeds On: The larvae eat plants from the cabbage family (cabbage,

broccoli, cauliflower – also nasturtium). Adults feed on nectar from many plants.

Control Options: Hand-pick caterpillars. Install a variety of plants to attract beneficial insects

(parasitic wasps).

Comments: Introduced into Quebec from Europe around 1860.

David Cappaert, Michigan State University, Bugwood.org

Forest & Kim Starr, Starr Environmental, Bugwood.org

Good Bug Bag Bug Tour 2015 of 32

http://www.insectimages.org/images/768x512/535100



May 16, 2015

2 Euonymus webworm (Yponomeuta cagnagella)General:

Bad.

Form: Caterpillar = small; cream coloured with black spots.

o Larvae pupate inside the webs. Adults are white with tiny black spots. They appear in June and

lay eggs on Euonymus spp in late June.

Size: Larva = 2.5cm long. Adult = wingspan 2.5cm.

Feeds On: Euonymus. Larvae overwinter in the host and spin webs in the

spring.

Control Options: Break up webs in spring.

Comments:

Dawn Dailey O'Brien, Cornell University, Bugwood.org

MSU Extension (http://msue.anr.msu.edu/news/euonymus_webworm_causing_some_damage_to_burning_bush_around_grand_rapids_mich/)




May 16, 2015

3 Asian Lady Beetle (Harmonia axyridis)General:

Good/Bad. Non-native. ‘Bad’ because they can be a nuisance when they congregate

in large numbers (in houses) to spend the winter.

Form: A wide variety of colour forms (usually pale orange).

Size: Larva = 8mm. Adult = 8mm.

Feeds On: Larvae and adults eat huge numbers of aphids and other

soft-bodied insects.

Control Options: n/a. Plant pollen/nectar flowers for adults. Use a spray of water rather than soap to remove aphids.

Soap will also harm Lady Beetle larvae.

Comments: A very prolific breeder.

Joseph Berger, Bugwood.org

Bill Ree, Texas A&M University, Bugwood.org





May 16, 2015

4 Carpenter Bee (Xylocopa virginica)General:

Good. A large bee often mistaken for a bumblebee. The female makes her brood cells out of chewed-up wood.

Form: Similar in size to a bumblebee, but with a shiny black butt. Males do not sting. Males have a patch of yellow on the face (females have black

heads).

Size: Larva = Adult = 2.5cm.

Feeds On: Pollen of open-faced flowers. They also rob pollen by chewing a hole in the side of the

flower (thereby not pollinating the flower).

Control Options: n/a. Leave a block of wood for the bee to nest in (so it leaves

furniture etc alone).

Comments: Females make 1cm circular holes in wooden structures. The final nest is T-shaped. Several females may nest close together.

Daniel Schwen, on the Wikipedia webpage for Xylocopa virginica.


http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/c3/Carpenter_bee


May 16, 2015

5 Rove Beetle (Staphylinidae)General:

Good.

Form: Larva = A smaller version of the adult. Adult = Brown or black. Both young and adult are

multisegmented.

Size: Larva = Smaller than adult. Adult = Up to 2.54cm long (depends on species).

Feeds On: Both larvae and adult eat fly eggs, slugs, maggots etc.

Control Options: n/a - Attract by planting groundcovers (don’t cultivate – also

use mulch). Plant a variety of perennials.

Comments: Adults (and larvae of some species) curl their abdomens

upward as they run.

OMAFRA (http://www.omafra.gov.on.ca/IPM/english/apples/beneficials/rove-beetles.html)

This is Tasgius ater.



May 16, 2015

6 Millipede (Diplopoda)General:

May be bad.

Form: Larva =Smaller. Like centipedes, they add segments and legs

as they grow and moult. Adult = Short, smooth, dark grey.

o Adults curl up into a defensive position.

Size: Larva = Smaller. Adult = 2.54cm.

Feeds On: Decaying vegetable matter and soft fruit – sometimes roots.

Control Options: Rarely a problem. If so, rake up mulch and tie up tomatoes –

remove hiding places.

Comments: Adults have two pairs of legs per segment. Like centipedes, they lose moisture quickly. May live up to five years.

Whitney Cranshaw, Colorado State University, Bugwood.org

This is Cylindroiulus caeruleocinctus (Julid millipede).




May 16, 2015

7 Carabid Beetles (Carabidae e.g. Carabus nemoralis)General:

Good. Non-native.

Form: Larva =Black or brown, segmented, with huge jaws. Adult = A large shiny black beetle.

Size: Larva = up to 3cm long. Adult = up to 3cm long.

Feeds On: Larvae and adults eat cutworms, other larvae, eggs, slugs etc

Control Options: n/a - Attract by planting groundcovers (don’t cultivate – also

use mulch). Plant a variety of perennials.

Comments:

Bugguide.net

Pennsylvania Department of Conservation and Natural Resources - Forestry Archive, Bugwood.org




May 16, 2015

8 Cutworms (Noctuidae)General:

Bad.

Form: Caterpillar = Brown or grey, living in the top layer of soil.

They curl up when disturbed. Adult = a brown moth.

Size: Caterpillar = 2.5cm Adult = 2.5cm+ wingspan.

Feeds On: Larvae burrow around the stem of seedlings (all vegetables!)

and cut them off at ground level.

Control Options: Install a stiff collar (e.g. toilet roll core 2.5cm high). Unearth cutworms from below freshly cut stems. Cultivate 20cm deep in autumn to kill pupae in soil

(vegetable patches). Weed in late summer to reduce egg-laying.

Comments:

Frank Peairs, Colorado State University, Bugwood.org

This is army cutworm (Euxoa auxiliaris)Mark Dreiling, Retired, Bugwood.org




May 16, 2015

9 Wool Carder Bee (Anthidium manicatum)General:

Good. Introduced from Europe. Uses very fine plant fibres to build a nest in a cavity (e.g.

rotting wood). Also common in urban areas (nests in walls).

Form: A small bee with prominent yellow markings.

Size: Larva = Adult = female 12mm (male up to 17mm).

Feeds On: Pollen from many kinds of flowers – fond of purple flowers

with long throats (e.g. sage). Cuts leaves of roses, azaleas, ash and redbud. Leaf fragments

are used to build nests. Lamb’s Ears provide a source of fibres.

Control Options: n/a.

Comments: Males defend the sources of fibres; females line the nest. Males have a pair of spines at the back of the abdomen that

are used to crush intruders.

Bruce Marlin (on Wikipedia)

This is a female.


http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/73/Anthidium_manicatum_fem


May 16, 2015

10 Praying Mantis (Mantis religiosa)General:

Neutral.

Form: Can be tan or bright green. Moves slowly.

Size: Larva = Smaller, without wings. Adult = Up to 8cm long.

Feeds On: Small insects when young, and bees/wasps, flies, caterpillars

later. They also eat each other. Eat good and bad insects.

Control Options: n/a. Not usually very numerous.

Comments: Introduced to North America in 1899 mixed into a shipment

of nursery plants.

Joseph Berger, Bugwood.org




May 16, 2015

11 Common or European Earwig (Forficula auricularia)General:

Bad. Non-native.

Form: Larva = Smaller and paler. Adult = Brown with a nasty-looking spiked tail (not used for

defence).

Size: Larva = Smaller. Adult = 20mm long.

Feeds On: Decaying vegetable matter and leaves, pollen, flower petals. Active at night.

Control Options: Lay down short lengths of hose for the earwigs to shelter in

– in the morning tip the earwigs into a pail of soapy water.

Comments: Male pincers are larger and curved. Female pincers are

straight.





May 16, 2015

12 Lily Leaf Beetle (Lilioceris lilii)General:

Bad.

Form: Larva = Various. Late instar is orange with black head.

o The larvae often cover themselves with frass as camouflage.

Adult = A small, bright red beetle.

Size: Larva = Adult = 9.5mm long.

Feeds On: Both larvae and adults eat lilies and frittilaria (sometimes

potatoes).

Control Options: Hand-pick. Insecticidal soap. Plant fewer lilies.

Comments:

Richard A. Casagrande, University of Rhode Island, Bugwood.org

(late – phase 5)Kenneth R. Law, USDA APHIS PPQ, Bugwood.org





May 16, 2015

13 Harvestman or Daddy Long-Legs (Opiliones)General:

Good. This is an arachnid, but not a spider. The body does not have

clearly different segments like a spider.

Form: Long thin legs.

Size: Larva = Smaller Adult = Depends on species.

Feeds On: Small insects and mites.


Comments: Eggs overwinter in the soil. Does not spin webs; does not make possess venom.

Wikipedia (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvestman)

This is Phalangium opilio (introduced from Europe).



May 16, 2015

14 12-Spotted Skimmer (Libellula pulchella)General:

Good. Adults can often be seen hovering over a

pond.

Form: Larvae (nymphs) live in water Adult = A large, fast dragonfly that has

prominent black spots on its clear wings.o Males have white spots between the

darker spots.

Size: Larva = Adult = At least 50mm long.

Feeds On: Nymphs feed on aquatic invertebrates. Adults eat flies and other small insects

caught in flight.


Comments:

Great Lakes Sea Grant Extension Office (http://www.glerl.noaa.gov/seagrant/GLWL/Benthos/Insecta/Odonata/Odonata.html)





May 16, 2015

15 Centipede (Centipoda)General:

Good. Lives up to six years.

Form: Larva = Smaller version of the adult (grows more pairs of legs

as it grows and moults). Adult = A small red centipede that moves very quickly and

sinuously when disturbed.

Size: Larva = smaller. Adult = 2.54cm.

Feeds On: Insects and slugs – sometimes even earthworms! Centipedes are themselves eaten by birds and small

mammals.

Control Options: n/a. Leave mulch etc as cover.

Comments: Usually found in a moist location (they lose moisture

quickly). Always have an odd number of pairs of legs (one pair per

body segment). Pincers are modified legs, and inject venom into prey. They

can bite!


This is Lithobius sp. (Stone Centipede)




May 16, 2015

16 Mourning Cloak Butterfly (Nymphalis antiopa)General:

Good. Native. Overwinter as adults, therefore are one of the earliest

butterflies.

Form: Caterpillar = Black with white specks, red spots and bristles. Adult = Brown wings with a yellow/cream edge, and a row of

shiny blue spots on the edge of the brown.

Size: Caterpillar = 50mm long. Adult = 80mm wingspan.

Feeds On: Caterpillar hosts include elm, poplar and willow. Adults prefer rotting fruit, dung or meadow flowers.

Control Options: n/a. Do not use chemical insecticides.

Comments: A communal butterfly (unusual).

USDA Forest Service - Ogden Archive, USDA Forest Service, Bugwood.org

Jerry A. Payne, USDA Agricultural Research Service, Bugwood.org





May 16, 2015

17 Solitary Mining Bee (Andrena sp.)General:

Good. Many species in Toronto.

Form: Larva = a white grub. Adult = a small bee. Some are yellow, others are black.

Size: Larva = Adult = 8 to 17mm. Males usually smaller than females.

Feeds On: Early species feed on willow pollen. Late species feed on goldenrod pollen.

Control Options: n/a. Leave soil and litter undisturbed to preserve nesting

sites.

Comments: Some species nest in a hole in sandy soil – under shrubs

(protected); others live in grass. An egg is laid on a ball of pollen and nectar, sealed into a

cell.





May 16, 2015

18 Emerald Ash Borer (Agrilus planipennis)General:

Very bad. Will cause 99% ash mortality in the next few years.

Form: Larva = a small white grub that burrows into the tree.

o Overwinter as mature larvae. Adult = A small shiny metallic green insect. Active May to

July.

Size: Larva = 2.5cm. Adult = 8.5 to 14mm long.

Feeds On: Larvae eat the vascular cambium under the bark and kill the

tree. Host plants = all species of ash.

Control Options:o Inject e.g. neem at base of tree (not curative!). Humber will

be treating their trees.

Comments: Look for D-shaped exit holes. Affected Ash trees have already been cut down in the

arboretum. Already present in Ottawa and Montreal.







May 16, 2015

19 Woolly Beech Aphid (Phyllaphis fagi)General:

Bad. Overwinter as eggs, which hatch as the first leaves appear.

Form: The fluffy white appearance is caused by waxy filaments that

are secreted. The first couple of generations are wingless females; in the

last generation winged males and females are born.

Size: Nymph = Smaller, wingless version of adult. Adult = 3mm.

Feeds On: Fagus spp. Aphids excrete honeydew, which encourages the

development of sooty mold.

Control Options: Spray the hose to wash them off the stems. Insecticidal soap. Plant a variety of plants to attract predators (e.g. lady

beetles).

Comments: There are innumerable kinds of aphid. Most are specific to a

particular plant species. See #27.




May 16, 2015

20 Paper Wasp (Polistes dominulus)General:

Good. A wasp that is coloured like a bee, with a yellow face and orange antennae.

Introduced from Europe (sometimes considered invasive).

Form: A small, brightly-coloured wasp that makes small, papery

nests from chewed plant material.

Size: Larva = a small white grub. Adult = 2cm.

Feeds On: Insects (flies, caterpillars) to make into food for the larvae. Adults feed on nectar.

Control Options: n/a. Plant a variety of flowers to attract other insects (food). Note: may nest uncomfortably close to houses.

Comments: Builds a small grey hive, often around houses. These nests

are small (maybe 30 cells by the end of summer), dominated by an alpha female, and are abandoned in the autumn.

Alvesgaspar on the Wikipedia webpage for Polistes dominula.


http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/97/Wasp_March_2008-3


May 16, 2015

21 Spring Azure Butterfly (Celastrina ladon)General:

Good. Overwinter as adults, therefore are one of the earliest

butterflies.

Form: Caterpillar = Variable, from cream to reddish to even

green. Will have a brown or green line down the back (top).o Variation results from local conditions and season.

Adult = Powdery blue. Early butterflies are darker than those which appear later in the summer.

Size: Larva = 12mm. Adult = 2.5cm wingspan.

Feeds On: Larvae host plants = dogwoods and viburnums. Adults take nectar from daisies and milkweeds

Control Options: n/a - Plant host trees. Do not use chemical insecticides.

Comments: Caterpillars secrete honeydew, which attracts ants (for

protection).

Canadian Biodiversity Information Facility (Gov of Canada) (http://www.cbif.gc.ca/spp_pages/butterflies/species/SpringAzure_e.php)





May 16, 2015

22 Japanese Chafer Beetle (Popillia japonica)General:

Bad.

Form: Larva = White grubs with brown heads (similar to June

Beetle). Curl up into a C shape when disturbed. Adults = A metallic brown/green beetle which drops quickly

when disturbed.

Size: Larva = up to 19mm long. Adult = 15mm long.

Feeds On: Larvae feed on grass roots. Adults skeletonise leaves of Linden, Maple, Elm, Rose,

Viburnum, fruit (apples), soybean etc.

Control Options: Hand-pick (careful, they drop off leaves very easily) and drop

into a tub of soapy water. Larvae – milky spore disease (biological control).

Comments: Raccoons and skunks will dig up lawns looking for grubs. Pheromone traps attract more beetles than they catch!

USDA Agricultural Research Service Archive, USDA Agricultural Research Service, Bugwood.org

Doug Stone, Mississippi State University, Bugwood.org





May 16, 2015

23 Least Skipper (Ancyloxypha numitor)General:

Good. Overwinters as larvae

Form: Caterpillar = green with brown head and a collar bearing

both a white and a black stripe Adult = Forewings brown with some orange. Rear wings orange with brown edge – orange underwings.

Size: Caterpillar = Adult = Up to 25mm wingspan.

Feeds On: Host grasses include bluegrass and panic grass.

Control Options: n/a. Do not use pesticides. Plant host flowers.

Comments: Likes a moist habitat with tall grasses. Called skippers because of their flight pattern.

Charles T. Bryson, USDA Agricultural Research Service, Bugwood.org




May 16, 2015

24 Hover Fly (Syrphidae...)General:

Good. Commonly seen hovering near food plants.

Form: Larvae are yellow/white to salmon/brown, with black

markings. A fly with bee-like yellow and black bands on the abdomen

for protection.

Size: Larva = 11mm mature length. Adult = 9 to 12mm.

Feeds On: Larvae feed on a variety of foods (e.g. aphids, scale insects). Adults feed on nectar and pollen from a large number of

flowers.

Control Options: n/a. Install plants such as Alyssum, parsley and yarrow to

attract them.

Comments: Larvae often live in stagnant water.

Calibas, on the Wikipedia webpage for Eupeodes americanus.

This is an American Hoverfly (Eupeodes americanus).


http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d9/Eupeodes_americanus1


May 16, 2015

25 Monarch Butterfly (Danaus plexippus)General:

Good. The Monarchs in Toronto are the fourth generation of the

summer, which will migrate all the way back to Mexico for the winter.

Form: Caterpillar = Large, with striking yellow, black and white

bands. Adult = Orange with black veining.

Size: Caterpillar = 50mm. Adult = 100mm wingspan.

Feeds On: Larvae eat all types of milkweed. Adults feed on nectar of milkweed, asters, clover, cosmos,

zinnia, daisy.

Control Options: n/a. Plant milkweeds. Do not use chemical insecticides.

Comments: Female Monarchs are confused by Dog-Strangling Vine,

which they lay their eggs on. However, the newly hatched larvae will starve on DSV.

Peter Wirtz, Bugwood.org

Jennifer E. Dacey, University of Rhode Island, Bugwood.org





May 16, 2015

26 Black Mason Bee (Hoplitis sp.)General:

Good. Active about three months per year.

Form: A small metallic blue/black bee that nests in hollow stems,

usually in groups.

Size: Larva = A small white grub. Adult = 13mm (Orchard Mason Bee).

Feeds On: Pollen. Orchard Mason Bee feeds on pollen from fruit trees

(so they are used to pollinate orchard trees).

Control Options: n/a. Drill holes in a block of wood (8mm in diameter; 10 to

15cm deep), or make a bundle of bamboo stalks plugged at one end, and place in a sheltered spot to encourage mason bees to nest.

Comments: The cell nearest the outside is often empty. Brood cells are separated by plugs of chewed-up leaves (it’s a

leafcutter bee).

BC Ministry of Agriculture website

Orchard Mason Bee



May 16, 2015

27 Aphid (Aphis spp)General:

Bad Many different kinds.

Form: Larvae and adults are pear-shaped. Females give birth to live young (fantastic birth rate).

Size: Larva = 1.5+mm long. Adult = up to 9mm long.

Feeds On: Each type feeds on a specific type of plant. They suck sap from plants, causing distortion and

flower/bud drop. Many types secrete honeydew, which encourages sooty

mold.

Control Options: Spray with a hose or soapy water. Dormant oil to kill eggs.

Comments:

Jim Baker, North Carolina State University, Bugwood.org

This is Aphis pomi (Apple Aphid)




May 16, 2015

28 American Painted Lady Butterfly (Vanessa virginiensis)General:

Good. Caterpillars can be found feeding on a loose web of buds and

leaves.

Form: Caterpillar = Black with yellow bands, with spines and white

spots in between the bands. Adult = Mainly orange edged with black, with some white in

the front wings. Has four eyespots on the hind wings – two of them have haloes around them

Size: Larva = 35mm. Adult = Up to 50mm wingspan.

Feeds On: Larvae feed on Pearly Everlasting, daisies and other

composites. Adults sip nectar from everlastings, daisies, burdock, mallow,

zinnia, yarrow and heliotrope.

Control Options: n/a - Plant host trees. Do not use chemical insecticides.

Comments:

Rebekah D. Wallace, University of Georgia, Bugwood.org






May 16, 2015

29 Gypsy Moth (Lymantria dispar)General:

Bad. Non-native. Trees can be weakened and/or die if repeatedly defoliated.

Form: Larva = a hairy caterpillar with five pairs of blue dots and six

of red. Adult = Females are white and cannot fly; males are brown.

Size: Larva = up to 5cm. Adult = Females have a wingspan of 55 to 70mm. Males are

smaller.

Feeds On: Oak trees are the main host. Also Maple, Birch, Beech, Linden and other deciduous trees. Larvae defoliate the trees.

Control Options: Btk. Remove egg masses from trunks of trees/sheltered spots. Install a variety of plants to attract parasitic wasps, plus

groundcover for ground beetles.

Comments:

Both: USDA APHIS PPQ Archive, USDA APHIS PPQ, Bugwood.org



May 16, 2015

30 Magnolia Scale (Neolecanium cornuparvum)General:

Bad Scale insects secrete honeydew, which makes a breeding

ground for sooty mold.

Form: “Crawlers” are mobile, and very small. Adults are stationary, and appear as brown bumps on stems.

Size: Young = tiny Adult = 13mm

Feeds On: Juice from leaves of Magnolias, Tuliptree, Daphne and

Virginia Creeper.

Control Options: Ladybugs. Horticultural oil applied in autumn or early spring will reduce

overwintering nymphs

Comments: Brown scale (related) infests houseplants. Apply neem oil to

disrupt lifecycle, then handpick adults or leave outside for lady beetles.

John A. Weidhass, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Bugwood.org




May 16, 2015

31 (Brown-Belted) Bumblebee (Bombus griseocollis)General:

Good. Numbers are declining due to habitat loss and monoculture crops.

Form: Adult = a large, very hairy, yellow and black bee.

Size: Larva = Adult = up to 2.5cm.

Feeds On: Nectar from a wide variety of flowers.

Control Options: n/a. Plant a wide variety of flowers (Allium, Salvia, Joe-Pye

weed, goldenrod, red clover, catmint, nasturtiums, snapdragons).

Comments: A social bee that lives in small colonies (e.g. in an old mouse

burrow).

Jon Yuschock, Bugwood.org




May 16, 2015

32 Honeybee (Apis mellifera)General:

Good. Introduced for honey production.

Form: Larva = A white grub. Adult = the poster bee.

Size: Larva = Adult = to 19mm long.

Feeds On: Workers feed on nectar from a wide variety of flowers. Often seen with balls of pollen on their back pair of legs.

Control Options: n/a. Plant a variety of flowers to encourage visitors. Do not use pesticides. Attract bumblebees as replacements.

Comments: Highly social insects. Suffering greatly from colony collapse in recent years. Can sting if threatened.

Jerry A. Payne, USDA Agricultural Research Service, Bugwood.org



General: - Etobicoke Master Gardeners · Web viewBill Ree, Texas A&M University, Bugwood.org 4...

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