GENERAL ENDOCRINOLOGY BSC473/573Introduction to course, History of Endocrinology

Dr. Jodie Jawor - Instructor Research interests:

Avian ecology/biology Behavioral ecology Behavioral endocrinology

Office – JST403 (401 – lab) Office Hours – T: 10am-

12pm, F: 2-3pm By appointment

Phone 601-266-4756 Email jodie.jawor@usm.edu

Course Information

Course Information

Course covers general mammalian and human endocrinology Will include aspects of pathophysiology,

behavioral endocrinology, and comparative endocrinology

Book Endocrinology, 6th ed., Hadley & Levine

Can get cheaper at Amazon, may be rentable Website – PowerPoint slides

https://sites.google.com/site/genendocrine1

Course Information

Grades (everyone) Writing assignments

Three (3) 15 point assignments. I give you paper options to read, you review and answer questions.

Four (4) 100 point tests Tests are a mixture; multiple choice, fill in blank,

essay Dates are already determined – see last page of

syllabus Grade scale - standard 90,80,70, etc. scale,

NO CURVE Graduate students – you will have to do an

extra project, we will discuss

Course Information

Tests Test dates are already determined

See syllabus, note, final is a bit different Sept. 18th, Oct. 21st, Nov. 18th, Dec. 9th

If you know there is a conflict already, see me IMMEDIATELY

If you miss a test be prepared to give written evidence why within 48 HRS, you will take the test in 48 HRS.

If you do not see me within 48hrs you get a zero, NO EXCEPTIONS

Course Information

Attendance I will not take attendance,

you are your own boss on class attendance

Dropping class – new policy Aug. 27th – no evidence and $

$ back (!) 8/28-10/31 – can drop with

permission from me, you have a W on transcript. No GPA impact but evidence of class not completed

Nov 1st and on – you get what you got Studying – I give study guides

and suggest you do a little bit of work each week

Course Information

Class courtesy Get here on time - If you know you’re

going to be late, call me, be quiet as you enter

Turn off cell phones Five points removed from the final score of

the possessor of the ringing phone Texting – same deal, I’ll take points Computers for notes, fine, no cruising the

interwebs, do that at home later Phones or texting during a test - FAIL

Course Information

Cheating or plagiarism Can result on F on test, F in class,

expulsion from class, expulsion from university.

In a nut shell – don’t do it, just don’t Students with disabilities

Students with special needs should call the Office of Support Services for Students with Disabilities (6-5024)

Endocrinology – General Info.

Multicellular organisms need a way for tissues/cells to communicate Specialization of

cells Many tissues that

need to work together

Endocrinology – General Info.

Nervous system – quick, specialized communication

Endocrine system – speed varies, also specialized Synthesis of cellular products, including other

hormones Metabolic processes Contraction, relaxation, & metabolism in muscles Reproduction Stimulates and inhibits cellular proliferation Regulates inorganic cations and anions levels Influences behavior

Levels of communication

Intracrine

Autocrine

Paracrine

Endocrine

Neuroendocrine

Exocrine

All levels of interest, and all are used in the body to communicate, but we have two that fall classically into endocrinology

Comparing endocrine and exocrine

Here the products are put into the blood stream and they will stay inside the body

Here products are put in collecting ducts and they will leave the body (like a sweat gland). This is getting into gray area with behavioral endocrinology

Hormone vs. nerve action

NOTE: we have some nerves that release hormones too, where they release chemical and the distance that chemical travels are important

Endocrinology and homeostasis Maintaining constant internal environment

Oxygen, water, sugars, metabolites, temperature, etc. Varies with age, sex, time of day/year, stage of

development, reproduction All large, multicellular organisms maintain a

unique internal environment Constant adjustments, feedback loops important

Endotherms (aka ‘warm blooded’) Independent of environment, requires much energy

Poikilotherms (aka, ectotherms, ‘cold blooded’) Homeostasis slippery here, strong influence of

environment

Negative & positive feedback mechanisms

Product shuts things down Product ramps things up

Slightly more complex

Frequently there are more than just one endocrine organ and one endpoint

Multiple layers occur This is negative

because the end product (calcium) turns off the activity of the parathyroid gland

Example: Glucose homeostasis

Rather simple control involving glucose levels and 2 major hormones

Example: Reproduction, more complex

Multiples of communication, and lots of interplay amongst tissues. This is how you need to start thinking. This is still a negative feedback loop here

Example: Partuition (birth)

Specifically, hypothalamus

One of our few positive feedback loops in the body (and clearly one that only females can experience)

This one randomly came up in my search and made me laugh, but it brings home the point!

Homeostasis – integration

Variety/types of information to be processed great – internal and external Mechanoreceptors, chemoreceptors, osmoreceptors,

baroreceptors

Need to integrate information Nerve based information needs a hormone

response Nervous system/endocrine system interact to

respond Hypothalamus-pituitary connection

Example – temperature homeostasis

Integration

Integration for proper response is key, you don’t want your body responding inappropriately (e.g., you shouldn’t want to breed while running from a psycho killer, or cattle for that matter)

History

Overall a newer part of physiology First official experiment – 1849

Long-term general knowledge of hormonal impacts on physiology, and behavior Castrated domestic animals Castrated humans

Guards on harems Castrati opera singers Hijras of India

Descriptions from early medical reports Lack of understanding of what hormones really are

and how they work

Berthold (1849) – First endocrine experiment, comparative in nature

Alternate presentation

What isn’t shown here is the group with no surgery done to them at all. They look like this

History

Von Mering & Minkowski (1889) – diabetes Removal of pancreas can induce

Bayliss & Starling (1902) – discover secretin Working with isolated small intestine mucosa Coined term ‘hormone’ (Starling 1905)

Lowei (1921) – discovers that nerves release neurotransmitters, controls effector cells

Banting & Best (1922) – discovered Islets of Langerhans the source of insulin Name proposed by Schaefer (1912)

History

du Vigneaud (1940’s) – first to synthesize peptide hormones in lab Oxytocin and vasopressin Receives Nobel prize in Chemistry (1955)

Sanger (1953) – determines amino acid sequence for insulin

Harris (1955) – presents evidence that pituitary under hypothalamic control Kicks off the “Race to Stockholm”

History

Schally & Guillemin (1955) Working in separate labs, different animals, same questions Discover TSH, TRH, GnRH, somatostatin Jointly receive Nobel prize in Physiology/Medicine in 1978

Yalow (1959) – Develops radioimmunoassays Valuable analysis technique Shares Nobel prize in 1978

Sutherland (1962) – describes cyclic AMP Important for hormones with a membrane bound receptor Receives Nobel prize in Physiology/Medicine (1971)

History

Levi-Montalcini (1952) – nerve growth factor Cohen (1959) – epidermal growth factor

Share Nobel in Physiology/Medicine in 1986 with Levi-Montalcini

Seeburg (1977) – cloning of genes for hormones This becomes a hugely important analysis technique

1980’s-1990’s (Multiple groups/people) – transgenic animals, knockout mice, stem cell research, non-mammalian models (fruit flies)

Continued new discoveries - leptin

No leptin – knockout mutant

Has had leptin replaced

Continued discoveries - GnIH Gonadotropin-

inhibitory hormone (GnIH) discovered in birds in 2000

Impacts on behavior and physiology (breeding)

Found in humans as well Different name

Continued discoveries

Great importance in continued research Medical

Disease of endocrine organs Replacement therapy Levels of interactions

Behavioral modifications Human and animal

Agriculture Induction of production, breeding

Environmental impacts Endocrine disrupting chemicals