General Conference, first session, held at UNESCO House, Paris ...

GENERAL CONFERENCEFIRST SESSION

HELD AT UNESCO HOUSE, PARISFROM 20 NOVEMBER TO 10 DECEMBER 1946

PARISUNITED NATIONS EDUCATIONAL

SCIENTIFIC AND CULTURAL ORGANISATION1947

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TABLE OF CONTENTS

List of Members of Delegations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Chairmen and Vice-Chairmen of Commissions, Sub-Commissions and Committees.. . . . . . . . . . . .Plenary Meetings of the Conference. Verbatim records . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Summary Records of the General Committee of the Conference . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Summary Records of the three main Commissions. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

(a) Programme Commission. . .(b) Administrative and Legal Commission. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .(c) Reconstruction and Rehabilitation Commission. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Summary Records of the six Programme Sub-Commissions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .(a) Education . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .(b) Mass Communication. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .(c) Libraries, Museums and Publications. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .(d) Natural Sciences. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .(e) Social Sciences, Philosophy and Humanistic Studies . . . . . . . .(f) Arts and Letters. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Summary Records of the Legal and External Relations Sub-Commission . . . . . . . . . . .Summary Records of the Administrative and Financial ‘Sub-Commission . . . . . . . . . . .

ANNEXES :I. Report of the Programme Commission as adopted by the Conference. . . . . . . . . . ... . .2. Report of the Administrative and Legal Commission. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

A. External Relations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .B. Revised Staff Regulations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .C. Draft Financial Regulations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

3. Report on Organisation of the Secretariat by the Administrative and Financial Sub-Commission.4. Final Report of the Administrative and Financial Sub-Commission. . . . . . . . . . . . . .5. Resolution submitted by the Unesco Month Sub-Committee. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .6. Report of the Reconstruction and Rehabilitation Commission . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

APPENDIX : The Programme of Unesco for 1947. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

INDEX . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

7I II3

II3I23I25I32I36I47I49I57I62I67I74I80I89I99

2I9239239246250254256

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LIST OF MEMBERS OF DELEGATIONSAND OF OBSERVERS

LIST OF CHAIRMEN AND VICE-CHAIRMENOF COMMISSIONS, SUB-COMMISSiONS

AND COMMITTEES


P L E N A R Y M E E T I N G S


VERBATIM RECORDS OF THE PLENARY MEETINGS

CHRONOLOGICAL INDEX

I. Opening of the Session.2. Appointment of the Credentials Committee,

the Committee on Procedure and the No-minations Committee.

3. Report of the Procedure Committee.4. Report of the Credentials Committee.5. Report of the Nominations Committee.6. Election of President.,7. Adoption of the Provisional Agenda prepared

by the Preparatory Commission.8. Authorization of the Executive Secretary and

his staff to perform the functions of theDirector-General, acting as Secretary-Ge-neral of the Conference and of the Secre-tariat pending the appointment of theDirector-General.

9. Report and General Discussion on the workof the Preparatory Commission.

IO. Consideration of requests from Governments,not members of Unesco, to send observersto the Conference.

II. Establishment of the Commissions and assign-ment to them of certain questions.

I2. Election of Members of the Executive Board.I3. Consideration of Reports of the Commissions

and Sub-Commissions.A. Rep

Cort of the Administrative and Legalommission.

B. Report of the Reconstruction and Re-habilitation Commission.

C. Report of the Administrative and Fin-ancial Sub-Commission.

D. Report of the Programme Commission.E. Resolution submitted by the Unesco

Month Sub-Committee.

I4. Election of the Director-General.I5. Address from the World Federation of Trade

Unions.I6. Consideration of the Place of the Second Sess-

ion of the Conference.

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FIRST PLENARY MEETINGWednesday, 20 November I946 at IO a. m.

President : S. E. Dr. J. J. MONIZ DE ARAGAO (Brazil)Later : Mr. D. R. HARDMAN (United Kingdom)

1 . O P E N I N G O F T H E S E S S I O N

The PRESIDENT (translation) : This morn-ing we start our proceedings and I appeal todelegations with regard to receptions, dinners, etc.As you are aware, the programme of Unesco isa very heavy one, moreover, the French Govern-ment and the City of Paris will also be sendingus invitations. I hope ‘therefore that delegationswill refrain from giving large dinners or partieswhich their colleagues might find difficult toattend. Of course, it will always be possible fordelegates to meet in small groups if they wishto do so.

Before making an important communication,I would request delegates wishing to speak to begood enough always to indicate the name of thecountry they represent.

As the Presidency of the Preparatory Com-mission was held by the representative of theMinistry of Education of the United Kingdom,and since Miss Ellen Wilkinson is unable to bepresent on this occasion and we have with usthe Minister of Education of the United King-dom, I propose that we ask this Minister toaccept the privilege of presiding at this meeting.Mr. Hardman might be asked to accept to takethe chair until the President is definitively elec-ted.

Mr. Hardman takes the Chair.Mr. HARDMAN (United Kingdom) : Ladies

and gentlemen, my first duty today is to conveyto you Miss Wilkinson’s great regret that sheis unable to be present at this Conference, andI will read you the text of the message receivedfrom her: “Deeply regret my unavoidable absencefrom great conference we have all worked sohard for, My heart-felt good wishes and hopesthat the first Congress of Unesco will inspire allthe world to establish values in the world of thespirit.” Miss Wilkinson, as you know, has beendeeply interested in the work of the PreparatoryCommission, and it is a great disappointment,not only to her but also to us, that she shouldnot be able to preside at the first General Confer-ence of Unesco.

The honour which has fallen upon me is onewhich I appreciate veryto convey the appreciationThat Government had some share in bringingthis Organisation to the point we have reachedtoday. Some members will recall the first meeting,which took place in London in October, 1942.The Chairman was Mr. R. A. Butler, who would,I know, wish to convey to the Conference allhis wishes, for he is very interested in its work.The Conference of Allied Ministers of Education

was reinforced by representatives of the UnitedStates in 1944, and by representatives of China,India and the Dominions. They were encouragedby observers representing the Soviet Union. T heConference devoted itself to two main tasks : (I)uniting Allied efforts towards educational recon-struction; (2) plans for future co-operation in thefields of education, science and culture.

Even in those days, when Science and Culturewere suffering continuous and rapid destruction,faith in the future was not lacking. Today, I canreaffirm the belief, which my Government share?with you all, in the possibility of fruitful inter-national collaboration in the things of the mind,It is not the occasion for a long speech; thisconference has a great deal of work to do andvery little time to do it. I do not propose tomake any further review of the efforts of theOrganisation which begins its work today. Nordo I propose to consider the work before us. Weare embarking upon a great adventure. Our tasksare defined for us in the Preamble of our Cons-titution and are familar to you all. I want tosay that, for our part, we are bound to acceptthe obligations and responsibilities the Constitu-tion lays upon us.

We have faith in the Organisation and believeit will survive for years to come, for the advan-cement of human welfare and international peace.In all this you must remember that we shall bejudged by the things we do and not by the thingswe say,

I thank you, delegates, once again, for thehonour you have done my country in invitingme to accept the Chair.

We intend to start the meetings of the PlenaryConference at 10.30 sharp each morning.

2 . A P P O I N T M E N T O F C R E D E N T I A L SC O M M I T T E E , T H E C O M M I T T E E O NPROCEDURE AND THE NOMINATIONS

COMMITTEE

May I suggest that the Credentials Committeeshould consist of delegates from the followingcountries : China, France, Greece, Lebanon, theNetherlands, New Zealand, Turkey, United King-dom, United States, and Venezuela. This, youwill remember, is laid down in the Rules of Pro-cedure.

Agreed.Now we come to the appointment of a Procedure

Committee. I want to ask the Procedure Com-mittee to facilitate the election of the Presidentand Executive Board by the full Conference. Weshould have the meetings of these Committees and

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then have a full meeting at 12 noon here, toreport progress; we hope that the Procedure Com-mittee will have approved the procedure for theelection of the President, which is to be foundin Section IV of the Rules of Procedure.

Is that agreed?

Dr. MILLS (Australia) : I should like an ex-planation. Mr. President, I understood you to saythat the Committee on Procedure would be askedto consider the matter of nominations for theExecutive Board. Is it not our intention to ap-point two committees, one for procedure and theother for nominations?

The PRESIDENT : I think a further explana-tion is needed. The suggestion was that the com-mittee should report on procedure, to facilitatethe appointment of the Executive Board and notactually to nominate the Board.

That is the formal business for this part ofthis morning’s session, and I suggest, in orderthat these committees should get to work im-mediately, that they meet as soon as possible afterthis meetingis adjourned. I shall ask Dr. Huxleyto announce where the three committees will meet.

May I remind the committees, too, and themembers of the whole Conference, that we intendto meet again this morning at 12 noon to hearfrom the three committees how far they havegone; in other words, each committee will reportprogress.

The EXECUTIVE SECRETARY : The threeCommittees will meet in the following rooms :The Credentials Committee in room 7, and mightI ask any delegations whose credentials have notbeen handed in to hand in those credentials tothe committee in room 7?

The Committee on Procedure will meet in roomS. May I again stress what our President hassaid with regard to the advisability that the Com-mittee on Procedure should be able to reporton Section IV of the Draft Rules of Procedureat midday?

Thirdly, the Nominations Committee will meetin room I.

All these rooms are on the ground floor of thisbuilding.

The PRESIDENT : May I suggest again that,to facilitate matters, the Vice-Presidents of Bra-zil and Czechoslovakia and of the United States,open proceedings in the following order :Credentials Committee : Vice-President (Brazil).Procedure Committee :

Slovakia).Vice-President (Czecho-

Nominations Committee : Vice-President (UnitedStates of America).These Vice-Presidents, of course, are Vice-Pre-

sidents of the Preparatory Commission, and, assoon as they have formally opened the meetings,these committees will elect their own Chairman.

I declare the meeting adjourned until 12 noonto-day, when the Committees will report.

The Meeting was resumed at noon.

3 . R E P O R T O F T H E P R O C E D U R ECOMMITTEE

The PRESIDENT : I suggest that we takethe Report of the Committee on Procedure.

ADOPTION OF PROVISIONALRULES OF PROCEDURE

M. MARTINEZ-BAEZ (Rapporteur) (transla-tion) : The Committee on Procedure met at II am.It did me the honour to elect me as its Chair-man, after which the Committee examined Sec-tions IV, V and VI of the Rules of Procedure,Section IV, bearing on the Presidency, SectionV on the General Committee and Section VI onthe Secretariat.

Section IV was adopted with the reservationof an amendment put to Rule 20, Section V wasadopted with an amendment to Rule 25.

In the English text of the same Rule, the Coin-mittee decided to replace the word “Commis-s ion” in English by “Committee’’.

As concerns Section VI — the Secretariat —the United States delegation prepared an amen-ded text modifying Rules 28, 29 and 30. Thosethree Rules would be combined and replaced bytwo Rules only, which would read :

‘‘Rule 28 : The, Director-General shall act inthe capacity of the Secretary-General in all mee-tings of the General Conference, including themeetings of its committees and subsidiary organs.He may appoint a member (members) of thestaff to act in his place at meetings of the Ge-neral Conference and its subsidiary organs.”

“Rule 29 : The Director-General shall provideand direct the staff required by the GeneralConference and by any subsidiary organs whichit may establish.”

This was adopted, because these Rules are sim-ilar to those of the United Nations Charter, intheir general bearing.

The Committee decided to meet again the fol-lowing day at IO o’clock, to examine the restof the Rules of Procedure.

The PRESIDENT : This report is now openfor discussion, I would remind the Conferencethat Sections IV, V and VI, ‘to which the Reportpaid attention, are to be found in the Draft Rulesof Procedure and also in the Supplementary Rulesfor the First Session of the Conference; with cer-tain reservations those three Sections have beenapproved.

Sections IV, V and VI were adopted.

4 . R E P O R T O F T H EC R E D E N T I A L S C O M M I T T E E

The PRESIDENT : I call upon the Lebanesedelegate, Rapporteur of the Credentials Commit-tee.

The Rapporteur of the CREDENTIALS COM-MITTEE : The Credentials Committee, underthe Chairmanship of M. Daouk, assisted by

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M. Warendorf, Secretary of the Committee, hasaccepted the credentials presented by thirty-ninedelegations.

Five delegations — Bolivia, Chile, Panama,Haiti and Uruguay-will be admitted provision-ally, and they are invited to present their cre-dentials as soon as possible. The Credentials Com-mittee will inform the President of the GeneralConference when these credentials are received.

The question of the credentials of the delega-tions taking part in the First General Conferenceis, of course, bound up with that of the right tovote. Under the terms of the Constitution, onlythose States which have deposited instrumentsof acceptance at the Foreign Office shall enjoythe right to vote : twenty-four States have de-posited their instruments of acceptance. The Uni-ted Kingdom delegation is sure that it will shortlyreceive instruments of acceptance from Belgium,the Netherlands, Peru and Venezuela. The Cred-entials Committee proposes that the Conferenceshould recognize the right to vote of the dele-gations of those four States.

The PRESIDENT : I would remind the Con-ference that any State which has signed the Cons-titution, without depositing the instruments ofratification, is authorized to send delegates, andI hope the Conference will welcome such delegates.

Does any delegate wish to speak on this Report?The report of the Credentials Committee is

therefore adopted as a whole.

5. REPORT OF THENOMINATIONS COMMITTEE

The PRESIDENT : I call upon the Rapport-eur of the Nominations Committee.

The Rapporteur of the NOMINATIONS COM-MITTEE : In my capacity as Chairman of theNominations Committee and as delegate of NewZealand, it is my duty to report that our Com-mittee has decided unanimously to submit to theFirst General Conference of Unesco the followingnominations to the General Committee :Chairman : France7 Vice-Chairmen : United Kingdom, United States,China, Brazil, Saudi Arabia, Philippines, Unionof South Africa.

We propose the following nominations to theChairmanship of the three main Commissions :Programme Commission : MexicoAdministrative and Legal Commission : DenmarkReconstruction and Rehabilitation Commission :Poland.

The PRESIDENT : Have delegates any remarksto make on this Report?

The delegate of DENMARK : I am very sorryto have to make a remark on this subject. In thecourse of the Committee’s discussions, it wasproposed that Denmark should have the Chair-manship of the Administrative and Legal Com-mission. I raised no objection beforehand, as Iwished to ask the opinion of my delegation. I havejust asked for that opinion. The Head of the Dan-ish delegation may have to leave before the Con-ference finishes its work or, at least, have to beabsent for a certain time. It therefore seems verydifficult for us to accept this Chairmanship.

I am glad, however, to be able to submit apositive proposal. I suggest that you appointthe Norwegian delegate to this Chairmanship,which would give Denmark as much satisfac-tion as if her own delegate occupied the Chair.I hope you will agree to the Norwegian delegationtaking the Chair of this Commission, if it is ina position to do so.

At the same time I wish to thank you warmlyfor the honour you had conferred on my country,an honour which will be as great for us if youwill accept its transfer to Norway.

The PRESIDENT : Has the NominationsCommittee any objection to this new nomination?

The Rapporteur of the NOMINATIONS COM-MITTEE : I do not think this nomination willgive rise to any objection.

The PRESIDENT : If no member of the Nomi-nations Committee has any objection, I willask the Norwegian delegation if it is preparedto accept the Chairmanship.

The delegate of NORWAY : The NominationsCommittee’s choice was very satisfactory to theNorwegian delegation, which was particularlyhappy that the Danish delegation had beenoffered the Chairmanship of Commission B. TheDanish delegation now asks us to perform aspecial service : to take the Chair in its place.I have no objection, and will take the Chairwith pleasure.

The PRESIDENT : I am very grateful to theNorwegian and Danish delegates for their help.

The Report is adopted.I will adjourn the meeting until 3 p. m., so as

to enable the French delegation. to propose thename of the President.

The meeting is adjourned.

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SECOND PLENARY MEETINGWednesday, 20 November 1946 at 3 p. m.

President : Mr. D. R. HARDMAN (United Kingdom)Later : M. LÉON BLUM, President of the Conference

The PRESIDENT : I am sure that I am ex-pressing the wish of all delegates present in sug-gesting that in future we should assemble in thishall a few minutes before 3 o’clock. That willenable us to start at 3 promptly.

6. ELECTION OF PRESIDENT

I have the honour to ask the French delegateto put forward a name for the Presidency.

M. René CASSIN (France) (translation) : TheFrench delegation proposes the name of M. LéonBlum, first delegate of France, for the Presidency,

The PRESIDENT : The Conference then pro-poses the selection of M. Léon Blum as President.Do all delegates agree?

The proposal was unanimously approved.The PRESIDENT : Fellow-delegates, I have

great pleasure in handing over this importantoffice to a man who has endeared himself to artists,scientists and thinkers all over the world, For me,the greatest personal honour I enjoyed as a mem-ber of the British Parliament was to greet M. Blumthis year in London and now a greater honouris to shake him by the hand as my successor.

M. Blum then took Chair.M. Léon BLUM (President) (translation) :

I should like in the first place as a member of theFrench delegation to thank you for the honouryou have done to that delegation in electing meyour President. I am very appreciative of thathonour and grateful for it. I should like to expressto my predecessor in this Chair my thanks forthe very cordial welcome that I have receivedfrom the Head of the United Kingdom delegation.I have no need to assure you that I shall do every-thing that lies m my power to discharge scrupu-lously the mandate which you have done me thehonour to confer upon me, in order that thisfirst General conference of Unesco may fulfilthe high hopes placed in it.

Unesco made a modest debut, but already itoccupies a large place in world opinion, and thatplace becomes of increasing importance eachday. Two kinds of achievement are expectedfrom Unesco; achievements by no means incom-patible. On the one hand, precise, methodicaland progressive enterprises in a number of essen-tial technical spheres; on the other hand, a generalcombined action affecting what I may call thespiritual condition of peoples and individuals.You remain above all political conflicts, betweennation and nation. Nevertheless, you are a polit-ical institution, but an international political

institution, You are the instrument of a policywhich is common to all the associated nations andwhich can but unite them more closely, or dividethem only in a fruitful and friendly spirit ofemulation. The United Nations Organization andthe Institutions gathered around it constitute awhole, which is devised for the achievement ofone specific purpose, namely, the realisation ofpeace between peoples and the achievement ofhuman progress; and in this whole task the partto be played by Unesco is not the least important.Nor is it the least noble, since it consists in creat-ing the intellectual, moral and emotional atmo-sphere upon which the operation of the wholesystem rests. Your very presence here showsthat you, like myself, realise the magnitude ofthis task, We shall all, I am sure, put forwardour best efforts, the same efforts, in order toshow ourselves worthy of that task.

7. ADOPTION OF THE PROVISIONALA G E N D A P R E P A R E D

BY THE PREPARATORY COMMISSION

The PRESIDENT (translation) : The nextitem on our Agenda is the adoption of the Pro-visional Agenda of the First Session of the Con-ference. Are there any observations? Then weagree that this provisional Agenda becomes theAgenda of the Conference.

8. AUTHORISATION OF THE EXECU-TIVE SECRETARY AND HIS STAFF TOPERFORM THE FUNCTION OF THEDIRECTOR-GENERAL, ACTING AS SE-CRETARY GENERAL OF THE CONFE-RENCE, AND OF THE SECRETARIAT,PENDING THE APPOINTMENT OF THE

DIRECTOR-GENERAL

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The PRESIDENT (translation) : This is oneof the features of the general organisation of theConference, pending the appointment of the Di-rector-General and the permanent organisation.Are there any observations or objections on thispoint? (Adopted.)

I have here a message that has been receivedfrom the United Nations in the name of Mr. TrygveLie, Secretary-General. It will be read to you :

‘‘Mr. President, Ladies and Gentlemen,I greet with confidence and with hope the

opening of the work of your Conference. Whileother organs of the United Nations set to thetask of repairing material disaster, to build upthe ruins, to restore the economic conditions


in a devastated world, your Specialised Agencyis entrusted with the noble and grave missionof helping to re-construct the educational in-stitutions, the destroyed libraries, to organiseswift, intellectual exchanges between nations,to re-establish favourable conditions for thespiritual life of the world. The freedom ofthought, the free circulation of ideas, theirfree flow to all parts of the world, the distribut-ion of the varied riches of human knowledgeacross the frontiers, among all the nations ofour orbit, are probably the indispensable con-ditions for mutual understanding between men;and this mutual understanding, we know, isthe basis of peace.

‘‘I am sure you will devote yourselves to thismission with all your faith in internationalco-operation and all your fervour for the causeof Education, of Science and of Culture. Gen-tlemen, I want you to be assured that in theaccomplishment of your great mission, the fullsupport of the United Nations will not failyou.

Signed : TRYGVE LIE. ”

The PRESIDENT (translation) : I think thatthe Conference will unanimously desire that atelegram should be sent to the Secretary-Generalof the United Nations, expressing thanks for thismessage and assuring the United Nations howmuch we appreciate their good wishes and alsotheir promise of unreserved support. We appre-ciate the confidence expressed in the successfulachievement of the ideals of this Organisation.

I hope there will be no objection to the sendingof a telegram on behalf of this Conference.

9. REPORT AND GENERAL DISCUSSIONON THE WORK OF THEPREPARATORY

COMMISSION

The PRESIDENT (translat ion) : We nowcome to item g of the Agenda : Report and GeneralDiscussion on the work of the Preparatory Com-mission.

The EXECUTIVE SECRETARY : I feel it agreat privilege to be in the position of reportingtoday, on behalf of the Preparatory Commission,to. this first Conference of Unesco; it is one ofwhich I am very sensible. It is also a great re-sponsibility. Our problem, let me remind you, hasbeen no less than this : How can an internationalorganisation best envisage the ways in whichit can influence or aid all the higher creativeactivities of man, and all their applications, soas to promote the welfare of the entire humanspecies most effectively and most enduringly?Obviously no single individual or group couldtackle the problem alone. It has been attackedin the most co-operative and energetic way bythe delegates and experts of Member States, bytheir National Commissions, by many privateindividuals and non-governmental organisations,and by our Secretariat. We have certainly notsolved the problem, but, as I hope you will agree,we have made a real beginning, and have dis-

charged our responsibility as fully as was possiblein the all too short time at our disposal.

Let me remind you very briefly of the historyof our organisation. The initial decision to createa United Nations agency to deal with culturalproblems was taken at the San Francisco Confer-ence in June 1945. Behind this decision therelay the fifteen years of activity of the Inter-national Institute of Intellectual Cooperation inParis; the deliberations of the Council of AlliedMinisters of Education in London during fouryears of war, in its latter period with backingfrom the United States of America; and a stronginitiative from the French Government.

Unesco was actually constituted at the Confe-rence held in London in 1945. Here its Constitu-tion was written, adopted, and afterwards signedby 44 Member States, and its scope enlargedby the inclusion of Science in its title, and of themedia of mass communications among the ins-truments with which it is charged to work. Atthe same time, a Preparatory Commission wasset up to prepare for the birth of Unesco as adefinitive organisation, that glorious birth atwhich we here present are now assisting.

Although the Russian Government was atthat time not prepared to participate in the organ-isation, a place was left for them on the Execu-tive Committee. However, they did not occupythis vacant seat, nor have they sent an observerto the present Conference. This we all regret,since it will clearly be impossible to establishUnesco as a truly global agency if one of the mostpowerful and most culturally advanced states,controlling about one-sixth of the world’s landsurface and one-twelfth of the world’s humanpopulation, is not a member. But if assuredlyRussia would be capable of conferring great ad-vantages on Unesco, many of us also feel thatUnesco could be of advantage to Russia, in re-spect of providing information on the best andthe newest methods employed elsewhere, and ofspecific points such as educational and scientificrelief and reconstruction, scientific collaboration,and much else. And the participation of Russiain Unesco would be of mutual benefit in facili-tating the reconciliation of the conflicting ideo-logies which now threaten to divide the world —their reconciliation in some common philosophy,not too ambitious in its ideology, but more hum-bly, though perhaps more securely, grounded ina practical programme of common action.

But I must return to the main thread of mysubject. Sir Alfred Zimmern, who had played anotable part, both in paving the way for the cons-titutional conference in London, and in the deli-berations of the conference itself, for which hehad acted as secretary, was appointed ExecutiveSecretary of the Preparatory Commission. Howe-ver, on his falling ill, I was asked to take hisplace, which I did as from the first of March. ByApril, Sir Alfred had recovered his health andwas appointed Adviser to the Preparatory Com-mission. He is at the moment in England, finishinga special study which the Executive Committeerequested him to undertake, but will be withus next week to present this to the relevant Com-mission.

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I would also like to pay tribute to the workof Dr. Walter Kotschnig, who is with us here todaywith the United States delegation. He was SirAlfred’s deputy, and not only uncomplaininglystepped into the breach during the early partof his illness, but also stayed on for some timeto give me, in my inexperience, invaluable aidduring my first weeks in office.

Finally I must mention our great good fortunein having secured Professor Jean Thomas andDr. Howard Wilson as Deputy Executive Secre-taries. Without their experience, their hard work,and their tact and humour, we should neverhave achieved the results which I am about topresent to you.

The chief task of the Preparatory Commissionhas been the preparation of a draft programmefor submission to this Conference. However,before it could even make a beginning with this,it had to build up a Secretariat and to find suitablequarters. During the Conference you will see foryourselves the spaciousness and convenience ofthe fine premises which the French Governmenthas so generously put at the disposal of Unesco.You will also, I hope, take the opportunity ofmaking the acquaintance of some of the Secre-tariat. That body, including special consultants,now numbers no less than 376 persons, drawnfrom 28 states. Among these, the higher staff ofSenior Counsellors, Counsellors, Consultants, andFirst Assistants accounts for 81. When I tellyou that less than nine months ago, when Iagreed to take over the duties of Executive Secre-tary, the senior staff numbered ten and theremainder only twenty-four more, and the entireorganisation was housed in a single flat (not evenan entire floor) of a London apartment house,you will ‘realise the almost bewildering rate ofour growth.

means excessive : it has been largely due to thevast scope of the programme, and to the numberof projects which the Preparatory Commissionin June requested should be actually begun, oreven completed, before this Conference. I do notwant you, however, to think that our staff isconcerned solely with programme work. We alsohave had to provide for day-to-day administ-ration, including such necessities as transport andtravel facilities, for budget and personnel, foraccountancy, for the production of documents,for a registry, for typing and translation, forinterpreting, for messenger and chauffeur serv-ices, for external relations, for legal advice, forthe preparation of this Conference and of UnescoMonth, for representation at the seat of the Uni-ted Nations. Since coming to Paris, our staff hasgrown so large that we have had to provide awelfare officer, medical and recreational facili-ties, special banking arrangements, and muchelse, and have set up a canteen, a bar and a rest-aurant, of whose excellent catering I hope youwill avail yourselves freely during the Confe-rence.

The programme, however, has been our centraland main pre-occupation. The draft programmethat we are laying before you, we hope for yourapproval and acceptance, is not merely a set ofprojects; it is also a policy. Perhaps we shouldrather say that the projects imply a policy. Inany case they are the outcome of a certain ap-proach and attitude of mind, which have devel-oped in the Preparatory Commission as a resultof its work. This attitude of mind is still, I think,to a large extent, implicit. It will be for thisConference, in its discussions, to render it moreexplicit.

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It is not easy to select an international staff,paying due regard both to competence and togeographical distribution, and especially diffi-cult to do so against time. But I was very for-tunate in the amount of help and the qualityof advice which I received, and I can report withsincerity that our Secretariat is one to be proudof. Its competence and general quality are high,its diligence and uncomplaining willingness towork long hours of overtime have been remark-able, its capacity for developing a unified team-spirit has been exemplary. Our Education andNatural Sciences Sections provide instances ofits international character (though any other sec-tion could have afforded examples almost orquite as striking).

Thus my American deputy is specially quali-fied in education. The Education Section itselfis headed by a Chinese, and among its seniorstaff it counts a Brazilian, a Dane, an Englishman,a Frenchman, a Haitian, and a Mexican woman.The Natural Sciences Section is headed by anEnglishman, and its seniors taff includes a Chin-ese, a Frenchman, a Russian woman, and anIndian. In both cases, the team-work and unityof purpose displayed have been remarkable, andtheir chapters in the Programme Report areamong the most unified and closely reasoned.

At first sight, the programme may appear hetero-geneous, a mass of separate projects, often un-related to each other; and it has been publiclycriticized on this account. The criticism arisesnaturally from the immense coverage which Unescois called upon to undertake. We have to copewith problems in four major fields — education,science, culture, and mass communications; and,in all these fields, we are precluded from takinga narrowly academic view, or indeed any butthe broadest. Thus in education, we must con-sider not only formal education, in primary orsecondary or technical school, in college, univer-sity, polytechnic, but also pre-school education atone end of the scale, and post-graduate trainingand research at the other; adult education, liter-acy campaigns, discussion groups, health andagricultural education, education for citizenshipand for international affairs.

The rapid growth of the Secretariat is by no

In the scientific field we have to consider thewhole range of pure science, both natural andsocial, from physics to prehistoric archaeology,from evolution to economics, from geology andanatomy and biochemistry to anthropology anddemography and political science, not forgettingmathematics at the one end of the scale andpsychology at the other. In addition, we cannotneglect the applications of science — for instance,in engineering, town planning, chemical tech-nology, agriculture, social engineermg, medical

Meanwhile some things can already be said.


science, population policy, education, fisheries, anda hundred other fields.

In what may broadly be called culture, therange is equally formidable. We have to thinkabout music and painting, about history and clas-sical studies, about language and architecture,about theatre and ballet, about libraries and mu-seums and art galleries and zoos, about the his-tory of art and the world’s different cultures,about creative writing, and about philosophy.Once more, we have also to think about the appli-cations of these various studies — all the appli-cations of art in everyday life, the applicationof philosophy (in conjunction with all other bran-ches of learning) towards the building up of acommon outlook throughout the peoples of theworld, the social and educational functions ofevery kind of library and every kind of museum,the uses of art in general education and in psy-chological rehabilitation, the use of literature anddrama in making people think and understandthe basic questions of the day.

Finally there is the enormous subject of masscommunications, with its three main fields ofPress, Film and Radio, together with minor onessuch as sound-records or television. The press isnot merely the daily and weekly press; it comprisesthe serious and the specialized reviews, and thepress addressed to special groups; and of coursethe whole question of book publication. Then infilms there are educational and scientific films,documentary films, films designed for specialistsand for non-commercial showing; besides the fea-ture film, with its immense social and educat-ional implications. Radio comprises such diversequestions as news, propaganda, public relations,advertising, entertainment, education, science,art, drama; it has its international as well as itsdomestic aspects, and also may be directed tospecialized groups or particular classes.

With this range of activities, it is no wonderif Unesco’s programme appears at first sight apatchwork of separate projects. In reality, how-ever, it will be found that the Preparatory Com-mission has been guided by certain general prin-ciples.

Let us first recall that Unesco’s aims, as laiddown in its Constitution, are twofold — to con-tribute to peace and security, and to promotethe general welfare of mankind. This twofold pur-pose must of course be carried out in relation tothe three fields of activity — Education, Scienceand Culture — embodied in its title, as well asto the fourth field of Mass Communications, ex-pressly mentioned in its Constitution. The Cons-titution further lays down that we must operatewithout distinction of race, sex, language or reli-gion, and on the democratic principles of theequality and mutual respect of men; that anyphilosophy of racialism, involving the idea of thesuperiority of any particular nation or ethnicgroup, must be combated; that we must aim atfull and equal opportunities of education for all,at the ‘unrestricted pursuit of knowledge, and thefree exchange of ideas and knowledge; and thatwe must think in terms of influencing the greatmasses of humanity, the peoples of the world —which immediately implies that we must not con-

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fine our efforts to academic fields or to the intel-ligentsia.

As regards methods of work, we have adoptedcertain principles, partly as prescriptions arisingout of our Constitution, partly as practical rulesarising out of the necessities of the situation.Under its Constitution, Unesco is debarred, likeall other United Nations agencies, from any directinterference with matters of essentially domesticconcern. In such matters, we must operate inone of the following ways. First, by communicat-ing our ideas to the National Commissions orco-operating bodies which we hope will be set upin every Member Nation. to represent its educa-tional, scientific and cultural interests, and trus-ting to them to see that they will be carried out.Secondly, by preparing comparative studies ofhow particular problems are being attacked orsolved in different parts of the world, and trust-ing to a healthy cultural rivalry between thenations to see that the best solutions are gener-ally adopted : and thirdly by exerting an in-fluence, direct or indirect, on general public opin-ion — through the books and pamphlets, thearticles and broadcasts and films of which weourselves undertake or stimulate the production.

Next we have considered the obvious necessityof co-operation with all existing agencies withsimilar aims. We could never hope to undertakeeverything ourselves; duplication of effort wouldbe grave, partly because it would give rise towasteful and dangerous competition, partly be-cause there are not enough good people to carryout this difficult and exacting type of work, andperhaps most of all because we feel it right inprinciple that people should help themselves,rather than transfer all their responsibilities tosome remote overgrown organisation.

Thus, wherever responsible voluntary agenciesexist, capable of carrying out the work for whichwe exist, we shall endeavour to assist them todo so. For instance, one of the items before thisConference will be the proposed agreement be-tween Unesco and the International Council ofScientific Unions. Numerous other agreements,of varying scope, will undoubtedly have to bemade with other bodies in other, fields. And whensuch bodies do not exist — for instance, there isno organization corresponding to the InternationalCouncil of Scientific Unions in the fields of Engi-neering, or of the Social or the Medical Sciences,— it should, we believe, be Unesco’s policy toencourage their formatron.

Many other bodies exist which it will be mostimportant to bring into a close relationship withUnesco, even though their primary purpose is notincluded within ours. I am thinking of such organ-izations as the World Federation of TradesUnions, the YMCA, the International Union ofStudents. We can help such bodies to attain morefully the educational, scientific and cultural aimswhich they have already envisaged; and we shallneed their co-operation to help give US that sup-port among the masses of the people which is soessential for our own success.

Another type of co-operation we must envisageis that with other United Nations (intergovern-mental) organizations. Sometimes this will take

—


place by exchange of information on the basis ofa delimitation of functions — as with the F. A. O,and the World Health Organization, where weshall endeavour to be responsible for the purelyscientific aspects of their fields, while they willbe concerned more with practical applications.Sometimes, on the other hand, it will operate bymeans of joint participation in a specially creatednew agency, as will occur for the making, stimu-lation, and distribution of films by or for all theUnited Nations bodies concerned; our draft agree-ment with the U. N. Department of Public Inform-ation envisages the setting up of a joint U. N.Film Board, in which they, we, and other spe-cialized agencies can all share. We hope to con-clude a similar type of arrangement concerningradio.

Finally there is the problem — which I mustadmit is a serious one — of our relations with thosenational bodies concerned with disseminating in-formation about their own nation and its cultureto other nations — bodies like the British Council,the French Bureau des Relations Culturelles Exté-rieures, the Cultural Relations Department of theU. S. State Department, not forgetting the lat-ter’s proposed short-wave radio network or theforeign services of the B. B. C. and other nationalbroadcasting systems.

Such agencies are rapidly increasing in num-ber — and are doing so just at the moment whenUnesco has been set up as an international agencyin the same fields. Here again there is the dangerof competition, even of conflict, if national andinternational points of view come into opposition,and of waste and inadequacy of staff. I personallydo not think that this difficult situation can bedealt with by formal agreements, but rather thatit must be solved ambulando — by means of theexperience of actually co-operating. Once the na-tions realize that Unesco believes firmly in main-taining the fullest diversity and variety of cult-ures, and once Unesco discovers that the pro-jection of national achievements in science or thearts, if carried on within a broad internationalframework, is not merely not hostile to our aimsand purposes, but can be of the greatest serviceto them, then we can expect co-operation. It ismy belief that that co-operation will prove to bemost fruitful, because most concrete and practic-al, in relation to any regional centres which wemay establish.

This brings me to my next working— that of decentralization. We shall

principlenever be

able to operate satisfactorily as a single head-quarters organization. We must go out into thefield and adapt our ideas and our practices to thedifferent cultural regions of the world.

I have prepared a memorandum on regionalcentres which raises these and other issues, suchas the closest co-operation with any regional cent-res se-t up by other U. N. organizations, and Iunderstand that the subject is to be discussedduring 1947 at a conference of all the agenciesconcerned. Meanwhile let me point out that ourproject for setting up “ science co-operation stat-ions ” for work in the field in two or three sampleregions is an experiment along these lines, andone which, on the basis of the success of the simi-

lar enterprise conducted during the war in Chinaby the head of our Natural Sciences Section,Dr. Needham, we are quite sure will be fruitful(and indeed necessary for our future development).Much of our work in Reconstruction will also haveto be in the field.

Other working principles which we have inevi-tably been driven to adopt by the nature of ourtask include the following, For one thing we mustendeavour to secure standardization whereverstandardization is desirable — that is to say inall scientific fields, and in such matters as ter-minology, legal conventions, practical measure-ments, and the like. For another, we shall haveto devote a great deal of our energy to the un-spectacular but essential tasks of co-ordination andexchange, in every field. That includes, of course,the exchange of information. Unesco must endea-vour to facilitate the exchange of informationacross national boundaries, which implies takingaction to break down barriers of censorship, cus-toms duties, exchange, travel formalities, differ-ential treatment and the like. It must also endea-vour to make information available in new andconvenient forms, as in the projects for Yearbooksin various fields, or for a comprehensive Direct-ory for Science and Learning.

While at the outset the Secretariat was incli-ned to envisage the task of Unesco as confined tothe modest functions of co-ordination, exchange,facilitation, and co-operation, it speedily becameapparent that the delegates on the PreparatoryCommission wished for something more — some-thing in the shape of concrete action which wouldboth advance the aims of Unesco and bring itsachievements prominently before the world.

On the other hand, it was evident that Unescocould not possibly envisage the creation and oper-ation of such concrete projects on any large orgeneral scale. Accordingly, we have decided inthis field to limit ourselves, first to central inter-national organizations which seem to be urgentlycalled for and, secondly, to what may be calledsample or pilot projects, which would embodysome new and desirable scheme in a practicalway, with a view to encouraging nations or otherorganizations to do likewise. As examples of thefirst I will mention the proposals to set up aninternational organization to study the problemsof Home and Community Planning on a worldscale, a World Bibliographical Centre and a Thea-tre Institute to deal with all the internationalaspects of drama and the theatre. As an exam-ple of the second I will draw your attention tothe proposal to establish a Unesco Centre of Ap-plied Mathematics, to be equipped with the lat-est types of calculating machine. Modern cal-culating machines are veritable miracles enablingus not merely to save a great deal of time andenergy, but to attack and solve problems — suchas the adequate analysis of health statistics —which would be quite beyond our powers if wehad to employ the brains of mathematicians.

Sometimes it may be best to proceed step bystep. Thus the Brazilian delegate drew our atten-tion to the fact that a great deal of research wasin progress on the resources and problems of thegreat Amazonian forest, but was being done by

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many separate institutions in a number of sepa-rate nations. We are, therefore, proposing toundertake the study and co-ordination of thisresearch, but with the possibility in view of laterestablishing a Unesco Institute for problems oflife in the Tropical Forest Zone.

This question of international research projectshas been given additional importance by the re-solution recentlycial Council

passed by the Economic and So-asking for a report, primarily from

Unesco, but also from other specialized agencies,on the desirability of setting up United NationsResearch Laboratories. Among the possibilitiesmentioned in the debate were a U.N. Obser-vatory and a U. N. Meteorological Station in thesouthern hemisphere, a U. N. Tuberculosis Labo-ratory, a U. N. Nutrition Laboratory, and a U. N.Institute for Research on Soil Erosion. As soonas this Conference is over, it will be for the Nat-ural Sciences Division of Unesco to prepare areport on this important subject.

Meanwhile one principle of work was forcedupon us by the grim urgencies of the moment— the principle that Unesco should undertakerelief and reconstruction in the war-devastatedcountries. Such relief and reconstruction had ofcourse to be confined to education, science andculture,— spheres from which Unrra was debar-red, as Unesco was debarred from dealing withmaterial relief such as food or clothing. This tem-porary task was assigned to the Preparatory Com-mission by last year’s constituent Conference.Owing partly to the rather narrow scope of theassignment then made, partly to the lack of fundsavailable, and for various other reasons, Unescocan as yet point to few concrete achievements inthis field. It did, however, come to a workingarrangement with Unrra; it has concluded a part-nership with the various voluntary organizationsinvolved; it has gone a long way towards esti-mating the extent of the educational, scientificand cultural needs resulting from war damage: andit is in touch with the organizations in the U. S. A.and elsewhere through whose activities we mayhope to satisfy these needs. Finally, it is puttingforward a much more active policy and muchfuller programme for next year. It will be forthis Conference to take a decision upon this policyand programme. Here I would only like to saytwo words. First, that the needs are almost incon-ceivabIy great, and can scarcely be realized byinhabitants of more fortunate countries. Here area few random illustrations : — In Greece, therewere until recently no blackboards, no pencils,no exercise books, let alone textbooks. In Yugo-slavia, the central library now comprises only afew hundred books, and the Germans deliberatelyburned the new University and its contents. InPoland, there is a terrible shortage of school-houses and of school-teachers and, what is worse,an appalling degree of sickness and high mort-ality among schoolchildren. In Denmark, inCzechoslovakia, in China, in France, in the Philip-pines, in Holland, in Russia, in Belgium, in Nor-way, we could find — alas, without any difficulty!— similar examples; and I would remind youthat, as soon as the Peace Treaties have beenconcluded, it will be imperative for Unesco to

extend its activities in educational reconstruct-ion to ex-enemy countries, in some of which con-ditions are ever

Ewhit as bad. I would remind

you that fewer uropean countries have signedour Constitution than are still wholly outside it!

In the second place, I should like to say thatin many countries Unesco will be judged duringthe next few years on the basis of its success intackling this problem of rehabilitation, in bring-ing back the level of educational and scientificand cultural opportunity at least to somethingcomparable with the level in similar countrieswhich were spared by the war.

This brings me to my next point. There areother nations, in the more recently settled ormore recently industrialized parts of the world,where the educational and scientific level is alsolow, not through their own fault or as a resultof war, but through the accidents of history andgeography. In Asia, in South America, in Africa,there are huge regions where the majority arestill illiterate, where educational facilities are openonly to a small minority of children, where uni-versities are few or non-existent, where science —medical, agricultural, chemical, mechanical, elec-trical — has scarcely begun to be applied, wherethe indigenous arts and crafts are in danger ofdying and of being replaced by a shoddy anddebased brand of western culture.

The peoples of such regions will judge Unescoby its success, not in rehabilitation, but in whatwe may call habilitation — the raising of educa-tional and scientific and cultural opportunity atleast to a level which enables these countries toparticipate with more developed nations as part-ners in the general advance of a world-wide cult-ure.

But neither rehabilitation nor habilitation canbe considered by us merely in the light of howthey look to particular nations. Both are partsof one of the most fundamental principles ofUnesco’s work — equalization.

How can Unesco hope to operate satisfactorilyin a world more than half of whose inhabitantscannot even read or write, and are without thebasis of ideas upon which there can be builthealthy living or prosperous agriculture, and ingeneral any rational applications of science? Howcan we expect the most rapid advance of sciencewhen an adequate concentration of scientists existsonly in a quarter or less of the nations of theworld? How can people lead the good life, andhow can we expect them to bother about educat-ion, if they are undernourished and diseased?And how can they escape from undernourishmentand disease without more science and more under-standing?

That is why we are suggesting that Unesco’srelief and reconstruction programme should beintegrated with and eventually absorbed by itsprogramme for equalization — an equalization

‘upwards, to enable the nations that have beenless favoured, either in war or peace, to taketheir places as equals in a single world advance.

That is why the Preparatory Commission haslaid stress on all relief and reconstruction activi-ties of the Programme Sections as well as of theRelief Section itself; that is why it has under-

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taken the comparative study of methods of funda-mental education and of combating illiteracywhich is in your hands; that is one of the reasonswhy it proposes the establishment of the” ScienceCo-operation Stations” I have already mentioned,in areas where scientific activity is not up to thelevel it has attained in Russia or the westernworld; that is one of the reasons why it is recom-mending a careful study of the art and cultureof non-industrialized peoples, to ensure that theyshall not be lost or destroyed in the process ofindustrialization.

With these considerations we have reached apoint at which we can pass from the ideas gover-ning our methods of work to a consideration ofthe more general principles governing our workitself, and our choice of projects. Rehabilitationand equalization, which I have just discussed,can be regarded either as a method or a generalprinciple. In addition, it illustrates a further pointthat I should like to bring before you — namelythat our principles and our programme must notbe too general, but must be closely related tothe particular conditions of our present-day world,in which Unesco must operate.

The chief characteristics of that world whichhave particular relevance to Unesco’s work wouldseem to be the following. First, the world hasshrunk, so that it is for the first time in historypossible to think globally, in terms of the possi-bility of an efficient world-wide international or-ganization. But meanwhile, the world is de factoorganized into nations; the spirit of nationalismis more active and the efficiency and the totali-tarian possibilities of national organizations aregreater even than before the war. In addition,there is a tendency towards the erection of super-nationalisms, whether through the consolidationof immense federations like the Soviet Union orthe United States of America, the formation oflooser aggregates like the British Commonwealth,whose ties are still powerful in spite of beingintangible, or the creation of cultural or regionalblocs pledged to a certain degree of unity.

Next, science has now reached a point at whichits applications, if rationally and sincerely made,could provide an adequate minimum standard ofliving for every human being in the world. Thiswas perhaps so even before the war; it is cer-tainly true today, now that the secret of atomicfission is in our hands. The obverse of this factis that, again for the first time in human history,the applications of science, within the frameworkof total war, are capable of making civilized lifeimpossible!

Then there is the fact that laissez faire individ-ualism alone is today demonstrably inadequateto deal with the problems that now confront hu-manity, and that some degree of planning isnecessary; but whether that, planning shall bedirected towards war or peace, towards totali-tarian efficiency or to the satisfaction of humanneeds and aspirations, the world has not yetmade up its mind. Unesco should help it to do so.

We have also the fact I have already mentioned,that the peoples of the world are at very diffe-rent levels or stages in their social, economic, andcultural development; and the further fact that

in the modern media of mass communication wehave at our disposal what are really new organsof society in regard to the functions of diffusinginformation and influencing men’s attitudes.

And finally we have the existence in the worldof two powerful opposing ideologies, which wemay call the eastern and the western, or the com-munist and the individualist; and — let us faceit — the fact that these ideologies are to a con-siderable extent crystallized round the organiza-tional core of the two most powerful nations orsupernations — the Soviet Union and the UnitedStates of America.

These hard facts of the present phase of his-tory dictate a great deal of Unesco’s immediatepolicy and programme in trying to realize itsgeneral and long-term ends. In regard to peaceand security, for instance, they show the desir-ability of such projects as the following : Therevision of text-books, with a view to reducinginternational friction and promoting better under-standing between peoples; the setting up of aninternational summer school for workers ineducational and culturalrelief; a survey of barriersto the dissemination of information across nation-al frontiers with a view to later action; the call-ing, jointly with the Belgian Government, of aConference to secure an improved and universalConvention on Copyright; the creation of WorldCitizenship Clubs in schools all over the world;and every kind of exchange which. will help topromote understanding between nations and peo-ples.

In some ways most basic of all is the projectenvisaged by the Sub-Section of Philosophy fora survey of the possibilities of reaching some com-mon general set of ideas and principles on whichthe majority of the world’s peoples could agree.

However, although the reconciliation of themain conflicting ideologies in such a common worldphilosophy must obviously occupy an import-ant place among the long-range aims of Unesco,I personally believe that it will be difficult tomake much immediate progress in, this directionby a frontal attack; and that more will be achievedby securing.. the co-operation of peoples andnations and individuals representing different ideo-logies, on specific common tasks. If we can getAmericans and Russians, individualist workers andbusiness men and members of the Communistparty, Roman Catholics and Moslems, to get downto joint work on concrete projects such as educa-tional relief, or anti-illiteracy campaigns, or aninternational laboratory, or a Unesco Institutefor Home and Community Planning, not onlywould they learn that co-operation was possible,in spite of ideological differences, but I am surethat in a comparatively short time the rudimentsof a common ideology would begin to emerge —an ideology with the most universal basis possible,namely, the existence of common human needsand the necessity for satisfying them.

The fact that humanity is organized into sep-arate nation-states obviously constitutes the majorpre-condition of war. Thus to promote peace andsecurity Unesco must all the time seek to pre-vent the separateness of nations from increasing— as was the case with the Fascist and Nazi

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states and as will always be a danger with anytotalitarian or semi-totalitarian regimes — andwe must do our utmost to lower the barriers thatnow exist. It is for that reason that we are al-ready undertaking a survey of such barriers, andpropose to take steps to help the movement ofscience and culture — both their bearers and theirfruits — across national boundaries. These consi-derations too, together with our realization of thenovel qualities of the mass media, have promptedour projected studies of the radio as an agencywhich may jump across national barriers in away impossible to any material medium.

The fact that the mass media constitute newsocial organs is also prompting us to study theimplications of the cinema. We believe that theexploitation of the feature film as mere commer-cial entertainment has blinded the world at largeto the possibilities of the film as a new art-formand as a new and essential agency of education,public relations, and persuasion. The same, mutatismutandis, is true of radio. Unesco hopes to aidthe film to realize these possibilities more fully.

Again, the new techniques of mass communi-cation may directly aid science and art. Thus‘both the radio and the technique of sound-record-ing have greatly fostered a knowledge and loveof good music. Our project for the study of newmethods of colour reproduction is to see whetherthese may be able to do something similar forthe knowledge and love of good painting.

Human welfare is not merely material welfare.It is also spiritual, and the enjoyment of artand beauty forms an essential part of it. That iswhy Unesco lays stress on the need for goodarchitecture and for the beauty of buildings andlandscape in its projects concerned with planning;and why we propose a thorough survey of theplace of the artist in the modern world. Thislatter is not intended merely as an academicstudy, but as providing indispensable data, notat the moment available, to serve as a basis forspecific recommendations and eventual action la-ter.

Again, it is because the arts are positive ele-ments of welfare, and because without them menare likely to be more frustrated and discontent-ed, that we are proposing projects designed togive a wider diffusion of art. And it is becauseart and culture are always unique and becausepride in national culture is the only aspect ofnationalism that is worthy to endure, that weaim at preserving the widest variety of art, whileat the same time helping its international ex-change, so that nation can speak to nation throughits music, its literature and its painting.

When we come to natural science, we acceptthe fact that only through new scientific know-ledge and its applications can we raise the gene-ral standard of life and change the general wayof living. To get rid of malnutrition, disease,poverty and inequality will not of itself abolishwar; but it will make war much less likely. Thusany schemes which, like many of Unesco’s scien-tific projects tend in this direction, will be di-rectly promoting human welfare, and indirectlypromoting peace and security.

In social science, we want to see this great

branch of human knowledge organized and pur-sued to a pitch at which its practical applicationwill become as important as those of physics orchemistry; and in regard to education, we aim atco-ordination of all the new knowledge and tech-niques which are rapidly making education itselfa science as well as an art, so as to use it to thefull as the necessary implement of progress.

I have of course been unable to mention morethan a fraction of our particular programme pro-jects, but I have, I hope, said enough to showthat they are all related to a general set of prin-ciples and overriding aims.

We cannot expect to achieve much in the wayof peace arid security by direct propaganda, bymerely preaching them, any more than we canhope to achieve much in the way of improvedhuman welfare by merely preaching human wel-fare. If we are to build solidly, we must be con-tent to build slowly; and we must attack many ofour problems indirectly.

Perhaps. the, most over-all principle governingour activities is that they should be directedtowards the creation of One World in the thingsof the mind and spirit. This at once implies thatwe must combat mental and spiritual povertywherever they exist, in order to reach a minimumlevel everywhere as a foundation on which thatcommon mental world can be built. It implies‘also that we must aim at raising the upper aswell as the lower level of attainment in the sciencesand the arts, because they are the ultimate in-struments of human advance. It implies that wemust try to overcome or to break down all bar-riers in the way of that unity. And it impliesthat while preserving the individual and region-al variety, which is one of the pre-requisites offurther human advance, we shall endeavour tosecure mutual understanding between the sepa-rate elements, so that the variety may eventuallybe orchestrated into a higher unity.

I believe that, in the light of these generalprinciples, our separate programme projects willfall into place as elements of a concerted policy.

I will not keep you much longer; but I mustsay a word about our budget and a word aboutour future organization. The draft budget pro-posal, which has been approved by the Prepara-tory Commission for transmission to you as ageneral basis for discussion, is for about 7 ½ mil-lion dollars. This sum may seem large at firstsight. It is not really so when you reflect that,while all other specialised agencies deal with oneor at most two main subjects, we have to dealwith no less than four — Education, Science, Cul-ture and Mass Communications — or five if youinclude our work in Relief and Reconstruction.It may also seem large for our first year of de-finitive existence : here again, we should rememberthat, owing to the urgency of our tasks, the Pre-paratory Commission has been asked to under-take various pieces of work — such as relief, thesurveys on textbooks, on Fundamental Educat-ion, on barriers to freedom of information, on copy-right, and several others — which would normallybe left to the definitive organization; and conse-quently the growth of pre-Unesco has been almostpreternaturally rapid.

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If we further reflect that many purely nation-al organizations (like the Cultural Relations Div-ision of the U. S. State Department) spend moreon diffusing national culture, and many purelydepartmental organizations (like the Building Re-search section of the British Ministry of Works andBuildings) spend more on promoting particularaspects of scientific research, than Unesco pro-poses for its whole programme, and still morewhen we remember the astronomical sums spent,not on armaments but merely on armament re-search, we need not, I think feel guilty of anyextravagance in our claims.

As regards the future organization of the Se-cretariat, this under our Constitution must beleft largely to the Director-General when appoin-ted. But he will naturally welcome any guidanceor recommendations from this Conference. Ourexperience shows, I think, that the general planwe have adopted in the Preparatory Commissionaffords a good basis — the plan of having a cer-tain number of subject sections dealing with thevarious higher activities of man — the Sciences,the Humanities, and the Arts — and a furthernumber concerned with special functions, methodsand techniques — Education, Cultural Institu-tions such as libraries and museums, Media ofMass Communications, and Relief and Reconstruc-tion.

The Preparatory Commission has already sug-gested that our present section of HumanisticStudies is unwieldy and unnatural and shouldbe divided into two, one dealing with the SocialSciences, the other with Philosophy and Huma-nistic Studies. I am sure this is correct, and wouldalso suggest that at some future date the Sectionon Reconstruction should be enlarged to coverEqualization also.

I further feel sure that it will be desirable toset up special Sections or Departments to dealwith functions rather than subjects, whether forcommon services like Statistics, or for problemscommon to several sections, such as Labour Re-lations, Dependent Peoples, Planning, and so on.In some cases, such as Home and Community Plan-ning, we envisage that the separate section mayeventually grow into a semi-autonomous Insti-tute! as would also presumably be the case withthe Important World Bibliographical and LibraryCentre suggested by the sub-section of Libraries.Liaison between related sections may be effectedby special staff, such as we envisage for thefuture Section of Mass Communications, and aswe already have in the Natural Sciences Section forliaison with the Social Sciences; or it may beeffected by creating special departments for sub-jects which overlap one or more Sections, as maywell be desirable for Architecture, for instance,and perhaps for the History of Art.

In any case, when we get down to actual work,it is evident that a large proportion of the pro-jects cannot be undertaken by any particularsection, but must be entrusted to working part-ies from several sections. As examples I may givethe study of art as a method of General Educa-tion; the project on textbook revision; any filmsto be sponsored by Unesco, and the project onHome and Community Planning — unless we go

further and create a special department to dealwith this.

The administrative organization by subjects willthus in the course of operations be largely brok-en down and resynthesized into a working organ-ization by problems. Far from being a handicap,as some critics have suggested, the many-sided-ness of Unesco is a positive benefit, if we onlyknow how to take advantage of it. It shouldprevent us from falling into the pitfalls of over-specialization, and from undertaking ambitiousprojects in a limited field, without consideringtheir implications in other fields. It constantlyreminds us that the higher activities of man forma single whole, which we cut up into separatecompartments at our peril, and also that academ-ic studies are doomed to sterility unless relatedto the mass of the people through education andmass information. And last but not least, it pro-vides us within our own walls with the oppor-tunity of building up many-sided teams to attackparticular problems — a method which the warshowed to be extremely efficacious, and one ofthe best safeguards against specialization intothought-tight compartments.

I must end this already over-long address. Inconcluding, I know that I am speaking for thePreparatory Commission as a whole, secretariatas well as delegates, in affirming that our prac-tical experience and operations, brief and limitedthough they be, have fully confirmed the faithand belief of those who founded Unesco, and thatour organization is capable of playing an impor-tant and in the long run an indisp

Fensable part

in the unification of the world. or that, weobviously need devotion and faith and hard work.Let me remind you that we also need those highestof intellectual virtues — the will and the effortneeded to compview, and intellectual humility. If we can but

rehend a new or alien point of

remember that man is still in his infancy, thathis greatest intellectual triumphs and nationalachievements are but beginnings, inevitablytined to be transcended or superseded, and

des-tha t

resent belief or point of view of any indivi-dual or nation, any organization or group, canpossibly be final or complete or anything but apartial approximation to the truth, then we mabe able to help the world to advance towardsmore and fuller truth and that more comprehens-ive unity in which man’s miraculous and desir-able diversity, instead of. provoking conflict, canbe reconciled in shared activity.

The PRESIDENT (translation) : I am sure Iam expressing the wishes of the whole Conferencein thanking the Executive Secretary and the Pre-paratory Commission for this long and exceptio-nally valuable report.

Before passing to other matters, I have tomake a communication to the Conference. Thismorning the Nominations Committee elected sevenvice-presidents : the representatives of Brazil,China, United States, Philippines, United King-dom, South African and Saudi Arabia. The deleg-ations of these seven countries are asked togive us the names of the delegates who will re-present them.

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I now open the discussion on the Secretariat’sreport and the general activities of the Prepar-atory Commission.

Sir Sarvepalli RADHAKRISHNAN (India) :We have listened to an important, interestingand comprehensive report by the Executive Sec-retary. It is inspired by a noble, and if I maysay so, a prophetic vision of one world united,not merely ‘politically and economically, but inmind and spirit. We in India believe that, ifpeace is to be achieved, it should be achievednot negatively by the imposition of disciplinarymeasures or the use of sanctions, but by the fos-tering of goodwill and understanding among thepeoples of the world. The political organs of theUnited Nations are engaged in the negative task ofpreventing acts of aggression. We are assigned thepositive function of building peace in the mindsof men through science, education and culture.The Executive Secretary’s report gives us theblue-prints for the development of what one maycall a world brain, a world mind, or a world cul-ture, which alone can be the basis of a worldauthority or a world government.

privileges, which till now were limited to certainclasses, require to be extended to the whole com-munity. Such a democratic extension will meanregulation by State and economic planning. Again,racial dogmas were beaten on the battlefield, butthey are still undefeated in our hearts. If we turnto Soviet Russia, she has worked for economicjustice and racial equality in a very effectivemanner. All that is necessary to bring the twogroups nearer each other is a more loyal dischargeof the obligations and ideas which the United Nat-ions Charter imposes on the signatory nations. TheWestern democracies will have to work for eco-nomic justice and abolition of race inequalities,and Soviet Russia will have to place greater em-phasis on the dignity and freedom of the humanspirit than she has been accustomed to do. Econ-omic justice makes freedom possible, but doesnot create freedom. I hope that the conflict willbe resolved and the nations will get nearer eachother.

During the war we called upon millions tosuffer and lay down their lives in order that theinheritance of civilization might be preserved, thata Commonwealth of free nations be built. Mil-lions died and more millions bore suffering of aninconceivable character that humanity might livein peace. They have bequeathed to us a legacy,and we are the trustees for them. How are wecarrying on the trust? The world is scared, ter-ribly scared. We are afraid of ourselves, we areafraid of the atom bomb, we are afraid of. weknow not what. When we look at the way inwhich the embittered politicians talk to eachother talk at each other, we sometimes feel thatwe are in 1939, and notonly the actors change.

1946. The play goes on,

The one ray of light in all this darkness, the

Unesco stands not merely for a new set ofadjustments but for a new way of life, a newoutlook, a new philosophy which will inspire huma-nity. We, in our country, believe that such aphilosophy must be one devoted to spiritualvalues. The example of the axis powers is a warn-ing to us. Germany and Japan were great inintellectual achievements, scientific development,industrial efficiency andmilitary strength, but theyfailed in the last war. They failed because theywere lacking in wisdom and understanding.

one feature of hope in this world of gloom is theUnited Nations, the great idea born of this blood-stained earth. We must see to it that the newbornbabe is not strangled bians. We regret to find th

the cynicism of politic-a t the present member-

ship of our organisation is not yet universal. Ilistened with pleasure to the statement madeby the Secretary that, as soon as the Peace Trea-ties are concluded, the defeated nations will bewelcomed into Unesco. The Secretary referred tothe conflicting ideologies of east and west, be-twen Communism and individualism, which arecompeting for the mastery of the world today.I do not know whether the conflict is really anirreconcilable conflict of rival faiths. The two coun-tries mentioned by him, the United States andSoviet Russia, are both signatories to the Charterof the United Nations. The Charter lays downthat all the signatories believe in the fundamentalrights of human beings, in the equality of racesand nations, large and small. But both the Uni-ted States and Soviet Russia have to travel along distance before they can approximate to theideals they have supported. Fundamental rightsof human beings include equality of educational,economic and political opportunities. These great

On the last day of August 1946, when the pri-soners of Nuremberg were called upon to makeany statements before judgment was pronoun-ced, one of them, Franck, said : “Adolf Hitler,the chief accused, is not here to give the Germanpeople his final summing up. It is not technicalshortages or hitches that lost us the war. Godpronounced his judgment on Hitler and on uswho, our hearts away from God, served Hitler.”When a nation ostentatiously turns away fromGod and concentrates on worldly success and pros-perity, it meets with its doom. What is essentialtoday is not so much the rehabilitation of schoolsand libraries, or shops and factories, as the re-habilitation of man. We must re-create man if weare to re-create a new world community. Nowa-days we find many who do not believe in God,who do not believe in metaphysics; yet shouldany one accuse us of being untruthful or un-loving, we would feel offended. Truth and love arethe teachings of every religion. Truth asks usto respect the individual who is the bearer andcarrier of values, and love asks us to respecthumanity. The individual and humanity are thetwo poles of the world and other groupings arebut intermediate stages.

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‘The present perilous condition of the world isdue to its positivist attitude to life, to its avers-ion from metaphysics, to its flight from spiritualvalues. To improve the world we have to returnto an idealist view, to philosophic thought, tospiritual values.

We have listened to the budget figures. If theprogramme is accepted, we may have to spendabout 7 ½ million dollars. Compared with ‘themagnitude of the work, this sum is not excessive,


at any rate not for the wealthy countries: forpoor nations such as ourselves we wish to makesure that the different proposals are all essentialto the work of Unesco. We shall be glad to par-ticipate in the great work and pay our share ifwe are satisfied that it will further the work ofthe nations.

tors of new values does the world revolve. Inau-dibly it revolveth.”

The PRESIDENT (translation) : I now call uponthe Minister of Education for Czechoslovakia,Prof. Stransky.

We should not repeat the mistake of assumingthat the world consists only of Western Europeand North America. In making appointments tothe Secretariat, we should realise that there arelarge parts of the world with immense man-power, and abundant natural resources. India andChina for example have their great traditions,and these countries must be encouraged to takea larger part in the activities of the organisa-tions of Unesco than has been done hitherto.Salaries to the staff must be based on needs andshould not be such as to encourage careerists.Loyalty to the ideals of Unesco, personal fitness,technical efficiency and geographical distributionmust be taken into account.

Prof. Jaroslav STRANSKY (Czechoslovakia) :When Carlyle wrote of the French Revolution,he prophesied that real democracy would appearonly after two centuries of charlatanism.

Two centuries have not yet passed and thereign of democracy is still as problematical to thisworld of ours as the very idea, and even thevery meaning, of democracy.

And what of culture? — have we any clearernotion of that either? We all use the word withthe same respect. We are proud of our culturejust as we are proud of our humanitarian nobil-ity.

Regarding the relief and rehabilitation pro-gramme, I hope that areas in the East which havebeen affected by the war will also be kept inview.

The Secretary in his report referred to coun-tries which are educationally backward on ac-count of the accidents of history. Our country isone such. In India 16 per cent of men and 4 percent of women are literate. We are thereforeimmensely interested in the anti-illiteracy camp-aign of Unesco. Again, even in normal condit-ions, millions of Indians live at starvation level,and many more have perhaps enough to eat,but not enough to keep away disease. We shalltherefore welcome the establishment of an inter-national institute for nutrition in India.

There still exists in the world a social and eco-nomic order of things, in whosename the exploit-ation, the bartering even, the degradation andcontempt of man are hidden by old, by modern,and even by revolutionary expressions, — butculture? That is, of course, something different!

The whole world has trodden the bloody pathof war, which has not yet been followed by thepeace, but culture? Vast territories are devasta-ted-people are dying of hunger-but culture?...The atomic bomb... but culture?

When the second world war was at hand, aFrench politician wrote to Hitler, warning himthat war, should it break out, would this timewipe out the whole of world culture.

My greatest concern; however, is that we, theintellectuals, should not betray our vocation. Wemust have not only humility, but also integrity.We have been responsible for giving a false twistto young minds, for poisoning the very springsof knowledge. We take hold of docile, impressio-nable youth and twist it out of shape and makepeople innocent of any warlike intentions intomen prepared to deal death and destruction. Weblast the charities of the human heart, and stripthe spirit of its ardour. The great intellectual,the typical intellectual for the western world, isSocrates. He controlled his life by the principleof self-determination. When he came to a clashwith the society of which he was a member, he,to use the word of our great Leader, “civillydisobeyed” the mandate of the State. How manyof us are prepared to resist the encroachmentof the State on our intellectual integrity? Howmany of us are prepared to incur political mar-tyrdom and refuse to carry out the behests ofthe State when they are inimical to our inwardintegrity?

What logical topsy-turvydom. What a confusionof prognosis and diagnosis! How could culturaldisintegration be the result, since it was the causeof the war?

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If our culture, or what we called our culture,had been more than a pretence, or empty froth,the second war would have been no more neces-sary than the first. If, even so, by the fault ofa mad aggressor at the head of a war-mad nation,a war had taken place, it could not have lastedlonger than the Nuremberg trial.

Internal conflicts, in the bosom of one and thesame nation, between towns or castles, could notbe considered as barbarian manifestations as longas no common legal state existed to act as a legalorder of summary justice.

In the same way, wars between states couldnot be considered as barbarian manifestationsuntil there arose the idea and conscience of theinternational Commonwealth, in the eyes of whichevery unprovoked aggression is mere mass-murder.

We are a priesthood of the spirit. We cannotcompromise, though politicians may. No false wordshould escape our lips, no wrong thought shouldenter the mind. I am concerned that we in thisbody should stand above politics and for univers-al values, A German thinker said ‘‘not roundthe inventors of new noises, but round the inven-

In two years’ time, we Czechoslovaks are goingto commemorate the three-hundredth anniver-sary of our first Munich. Nevertheless in thosedays it was permissible to see the Peace of West-phalia in the light of a national catastrophe ofour own, and not that of world civilization as awhole.

Rut Munich — like Manchukuo, China, Abyss-inia, Spain — was, and could not be otherwisethan, a world-wide catastrophe, because it gave aclear indication of the disaster which had befallenour civilization and our culture as a whole.


The idea of culture does not exist side by sidewith politics — the latter is subordinate to theformer. Politics are nothing more than the cultureof the human commonwealth within and betweenthe nations, corresponding to a given degree ofhuman evolution. Law is but a part of cultureand according to whether here — ‘‘ Pacta suntservanda ” or there, on the contrary — “ Pactasunt negligenda ’’, we not only recognize todaythe political level, but also the cultural standardsof the sphere in question; and since I am herespeaking of the whole international sphere, I amspeaking also for culture as a whole.

a clear knowledge of our aims and an exactidea of the path we follow that our ranks canbe increased. The nations represented in Unescowill of course not bear alone the responsibilityfor the cultural evolution, and with it the polit-ical evolution, of the world. But everyone mustbe conscious of his own responsibility and eachmust examine his own conduct.

For in reality, an international community hastoday become a fact and not simply a formula.It is no longer a protocol of Geneva or a KelloggPact, it is the reality of an indestructible solid-arity of world interests inseparably united anddependent on one another.

There is a great danger for international organ-isations such as Unesco : they tend to discussunimportant rather than urgent questions. If theyhave a choice between dealing with importantyet highly controversial problems or dealing withsignificant but less important problems which arenot controversial, the danger is that they preferthe latter. The Organisation may also record acti-vities, which may be important activities, but itrisks missing its principal aim.

In conclusion, allow me to offer a few concreteThe notorious fifth column has become a great

universal symbol; every nation knows it in oneway or another. For finally the fifth columneverywhere will include all the others; we whobelieve in an ennobling of the human race, be-cause we believe that, in spite of everything, itis created in the image of God (although it isbehaving as if created in the other image), wewho believe — quia absurdum est — would in real-ity wish to see this fifth column develop, untilit becomes the only one, absorbing all others ina common effort towards a more harmonious andhappier world.

suggestions :

Unesco represents a great and fine ideal of cult-ural unity, — but how few we are, ladies andgentlemen, up to now! This is no accusation,either of ourselves or others; nor is it a recrimin-ation. We must just have the courage to indulgein a little self-criticism and not to over-estimateour position. Whole nations are not yet amongus because they cannot be; whole nations are notyet among us because they do not wish to behere. Our task is not to recriminate, but ratherto act in such a way that those who cannot joinus at present become, all the same sooner orlater, better, more civilized, more fitted to bemembers of our community; that those who forthe present do not desire to join us, may come,even so, to swell and enrich our ranks, when wehave overcome their present hesitations, or (letus admit it) their mistrust of us, a mistrust whichI firmly believe, as it is natural, will diminishas these countries develop greater confidence inthemselves.

The programme of Unesco includes the fightThe programme of Unesco includes the fightagainst illiteracy. Quite right. But it is not onlyagainst illiteracy. Quite right. But it is not onlythe problem of teaching how to read. A literatepeople may certainly be transformed more quickly,but also in the most various ways. The behaviourof the illiterate Russian Moujik towards war pri-soners in the first World War was certainly morecivilized than the behaviour of the Germans inthe concentration camps, and the latter were notilliterate. Literacy itself does not save anybodyfrom barbarism; literacy may be a weapon againstbarbarism, but it may also be a weapon thatserves barbarism. We have to distinguish betweenthe material foundations and conditions of humanhappiness and its spiritual conditions.

To all those who consider it sufficient to takepart in our meetings as observers only, we extenda hearty welcome; but they must not forget thatin the world of today mere observers no longerexist. Nothing in this world, my friends, can beconsidered as a simple spectacle. The world issick and suffering; at each spot we touch, thelife-blood spurts out; no one has the right to say:“Am I my brother’s keeper?”

While we realise that we are few — while wehave considered why we are few — this does notmean that we bear the full responsibility; never-theless our first duty ought to be to measure theextent of our responsibility. Only thus can ourresponsibility be established, and it is only by

Further the mere spreading of knowledge aboutpeoples and about their different ways of livingmay not be sufficient to secure the peace; infact, it may lead to hatred, envy and disparage-ment. Knowledge must be enlightened by feel-ing; we must guide people to love and esteemeach other. That is, at least, my modest belief.People are divided by different ways of life andliving conditions, but they are divided much moreby different opinions as to what they considerdesirable, by different standards of values and,if you like, by different creeds. It was Hitler’sGermany that made us recognize the dynamicquality of belief. I therefore welcome the studyof the methods of Nazism which Unesco wantsto undertake. There is probably no need to stressthe fact that psychological methods cannot betransplanted from one nation to another; thata successful psychological approach to one na-tion may fail if applied to another nation of dif-ferent traditions, natures and intelligence. Aninvestigation into the different methods of ap-proach to the different nations and the variousclasses of society must be made. I would almostsay that every nation needs its own methods,but not the methods of its own inclinations; suchmethods might mislead it; a nation requires ra-ther the methods which would correct its incli-nations and lay bare its shortcomings — methodswhich would be, if I might say so, the best pos-sible antidote. But mankind as a whole needstoday a common philosophy of life. That is whyI welcome the first approaches to this question

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in the outline for the social sciences in the pro-gramme of Unesco.

Yesterday, at the Sorbonne, at the solemn open-ing of this Assembly, frequent mention was madeof the traditions of the great revolution, bornin this city, and which influenced the whole world.The idea of a political and cultural vanguard,sacrificing itself for the common good, is notforeign to the Czech people — their history isthere to prove it. And it is perhaps because of that,that our people expect more fromindustrious andpacific effort than from the violence of revolut-ions.

Revolutions educate humanity by spectacular,but also by rather frightening, examples. Ourwriter and national leader, Karel Havlicek, hastaught us to believe rather in revolutions in brainsand hearts than in revolutions by force of arms.Such revolutions need not, at all events, break thelaw — they even help to foster it. They boldly

create new values, but at the same time give anew lease of life, a new flow of blood, to ancientand forgotten values. If somebody succeeded inpersuading the world that the multiplication tableand the Decalogue are valid for all and not onlyfor a few — would that not be a splendid revolu-tion! In order to achieve this, do we need theUnited Nations Educational, Scientific and Cul-tural Organisation? Yes, we need it for that, andfor more than that — because one must attempta good thing again and again, as often as isnecessary, until it succeeds.

The PRESIDENT (translation) : We wouldremind the General Conference that the Confe-rence will meet tomorrow morning at 16.30. Be-fore the plenary meeting, we shall have a generalmeeting at 9.30, of the President, seven Vice-Presidents, and the Chairman of the three mainCommissions.

THIRD PLENARY MEETINGThursday, 21 November 1946, at 10.30 a. m.

President : M. LEON BLUM, President of the Conference

The PRESIDENT (translation) : Before con-tinuing with the general discussion, I would liketo make two announcements on behalf of theGeneral Committee which has just met.

The first one concerns translations : there isalready a large number of speakers in the generaldiscussion and the number will probably increasestill further; the number of plenary meetings maygrow in proportion. The Committee therefore won-dered if it would not be possible to revert to thesystem adopted in London at last year’s confe-rence, that is to say, abolish translations in thecase of the general discussion. It would save alot of time, because it sometimes happens thatthe translation lasts longer than the actual speech.

Obviously, if a member of the Conference want-ed a translation, it would be given at once, andthe interpreters would always be able to meetsuch a request, should it be made.

On the other hand, and this is an improvementon London, translations which have not been madeon the spot will appear the following day in the

buted to allJournal of the Conference, which will be distri-

If delegations prefer to make their own trans-lations of the speeches by their representatives,the Secretariat of the Conference will of coursebe most grateful.

10. C O N S I D E R A T I O N O F R E Q U E S T SFROM GOVERNMENTS NOT MEMBERSO F U N E S C O T O S E N D O B S E R V E R S T O

T H E C O N F E R E N C E

We now come to the second point : the Com-mittee has examined the proposals made by cer-

Consequently, we must consider this aspect andstudy the question if we are not to depart from

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tain governments in reply to the invitation senunder the Constitution of Unesco asking all govern-ments not members of Unesco to send observers.

Four governments have made such requests :the Swedish Government, the Icelandic Govern-ment, the Swiss Federal Government and the Spa-nish Republican Government.

In so far as Sweden and Iceland are concer-ned, our Committee thinks that the question hasbeen automatically solved by the decision ofUNO to admit these two governments to theUnited Nations Organisation.

With regard to the Swiss Government the Com-mittee proposes to accept its request to send ob-servers to the Conference.

With regard to the Spanish Republican Govern-ment, the Committee regrets that on legal groundsit cannot ask the Spanish Republican Govern-ment to send observers to this session, but con-siders the Conference should ask the Spanish Re-publican Government to appoint representativesto attend these meetings, which are in any casepublic.

These are the proposals the Committee puts tothe Conference and upon which the Conferenceis asked to take a decision.

Has anyone any comments?

M. DIWANY (Egypt) (translation) : I wouldlike to ask the President on what basis represen-tatives of Republican Spain could be invited, asthis invitation might lead us on to grounds otherthan intellectual, and might place other states ina difficult position.


our intellectual aims and become involved in poli-tical questions.

I put this question to the Conference.

M. OPOCENSKY (Czechoslovakia} (transla-tion) : The Czech delegation hopes that the pro-posal to admit representatives of the Spanish Re-public will not be rejected, and expresses thewish that the Spanish people may find a placein our midst.

The EXECUTIVE SECRETARY : There is avery clear difference between observers and guests.This difference is fixed by our Constitution, whichclearly establishes what organisations and whatgovernments have the right to send observers.With the permission of the Egyptian representa-tive, I would like to tell him that I think he hasmade a slight mistake: we shall not ask the Span-ish Republicans to send representatives, but tosend guests.

M. DRZEWIESKI (Poland) : We do not wantdiscussions of a political nature to take place atthis first Conference of Unesco. The question ofRepublican Spain is not only a political ques-tion, it is a fundamental question.

We have destroyed fascism and now we aretolerating the sufferings of the Spanish people.

We have created a diplomatic precedent atthis Conference, because at the Arts Exhibition,presided over and organised by Unesco, we haveshown pictures by the greatest modern Spanishpainter, Picasso.

Picasso has worked with the finest Frenchpainters, but has always remembered his Spanishnationality and his common sufferings with Spain.Moreover he has not shown his pictures in theFrench, but in a Spanish Section. This is there-fore a precedent.

I know we want to avoid political discussionsand difficulties here in so far as is possible. Wedo not want to introduce into Unesco the fiercedebates of other institutions of a more politicalnature. However, I would strongly underline our

thsympathies with the Spanish people and our view

at it would be wise to find a satisfactory solut-ion which would enable us to meet the requestof the Spanish Republicans.

Would it not be possible for the Secretariatto draft a text enabling Spanish Republican re-presentatives — and this is the wish of the Po-lish delegation — to be sent to our Conference?

M. René CASSIN (France) (translation) : Onbehalf of the French delegation I would like toadd my support to those who have just shown theirsympathy for the Spanish nation and for its an-cient culture, which has the right to be repre-sented in an Organisation like ours.

Had it been possible to do so, we, as French-men, would have asked for the Spanish Republi-can Government to be admitted. If unity can beachieved on the lines proposed by the Committee,we shall not insist. If, on the contrary, this pro-blem were found to deserve closer consideration,it might be necessary, as suggested by our Polishcolleague, to forward it to another body, but inany case it is good and necessary that the Span-

The PRESIDENT (translation) : Under theseconditions I shall put the proposal to the vote.Are there any other views?

(Adopted.)

The PRESIDENT (translation) : The repre-sentatives of Sweden, Iceland. and Switzerlandwill be present at the Conference.

9. REPORT AND GENERAL DISCUSSIONON THE WORK OF THE PREPARATORY

COMMISSION (continuation)

We shall proceed with the general discussion,and I call upon M. Gielen, Netherlands Ministerof Education.

M. GIELEN (Netherlands) (translation) : TheNetherlands delegation wishes first of all to jointhose who have paid tribute to the welcome theFrench Government with its traditional hospit-ality has given us. I am all the more happy as,in my opinion, the cultural climate of France,and of Paris, lends itself to the noble aims ofthis Conference.

Almost a year ago, my predecessor spoke a fewwords to the members of the Conference whichmet in London in November 1945 to create anorganisation of the United Nations for education,science and culture. At that time, the Nether-lands were still suffering from the wounds inflict-ed by oppression and hunger. I bring you notonly a cordial greeting, but also a measure ofencouragement on behalf of a country in full re-covery. The moral and spiritual problems we haveto consider at home remain very serious, butwe hope to solve them, and the good relationsbetween our friends, former allies and other coun-tries, wil help us in his task.

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ish nation should be represented at our Confe-rence.

The PRESIDENT (translation) : Gentlemen,will you urge the Conference to accept the Com-mittee’s proposal, a proposal which I may say,without betraying any secrets, originated from thePolish delegate? We have made this suggestion,because it would enable us to avoid a difficultdebate which might split the Conference. We findourselves facing a complicated legal situation,since the Spanish Republican Government is re-cognised by certain governments represented atthe Conference, but not by others. This solutionwould enable us, whilst avoiding these debatesand these splits, to express feelings which arecommon to us all, namely feelings of specialfriendship towards the Spanish people.

It is this view that determined the Committee’sdecision, and I would urge the Conference to ratifythis proposal unanimously.

I shall now put the proposals, of the GeneralCommittee to the vote.

M. DRZEWIESKI (Poland) : On behalf of theCzech and Polish delegations I wish to announcethat, in order to stress our will for unity, weshall abstain.


In 1945 the Netherlands signed the San Fran-cisco Charter and thereby accepted the principlesof international cooperation in the fields of theintellect, culture and education.

It is not difficult for the Dutch to accept theseprinciples and to honour these obligations; intouch with three civilisations, they have been seek-ing for a long time, I may even say centuries,to know the spirit and the culture of neighbour-ing peoples, in order to strengthen peace and en-rich the spirit and culture of their own country.Compulsory elementary education (since 1901),the development of secondary education and vo-cational training, the large number of universi-ties and schools, the numerous peoples’ universitiesand all sorts of institutions for the education ofthe working man, cultural. societies in all fields(and these based all on the freedom of education, ofthe press, and of assembly) have enabled culturein the Netherlands to reach its present positionin our public life. I would add that the policyadopted by the Netherlands on this subject wasbased on the principle that, in so far as educat-ion is concerned, the state must not be all-powerful.

Considering its interest in foreign languages, theDutch nation find no difficulty in taking an in-terest in the culture of other countries. Unfortun-ately, the limited Dutch-speaking territory has pre-vented the wide dissemination of written works;however, visual arts and music are known abroad.

My compatriots will welcome plans to link thenational cultures so that the whole world may pro-fit by the cultural achievements of each nation.They are therefore fully disposed to give all pos-sible aid to these projects. Though the culturallife of the Netherlands has suffered great losses,personal as well as material, as a result of thewar, the Dutch people think they are in a positionto share their cultural and intellectual life, withother countries while being on the other handready to receive gratefully the assistance offriendly peoples.

Because of the great losses which we, in com-mon with other members of Unesco, have suffer-ed, we find ourselves compelled to import mostof the materials we need for reconstruction. Thisposition imposes serious economies upon us. Itis essential that we live soberly so that all classesof our population may have everyday necessitiesand may live, without too many worries of amaterial kind. Considering the impoverishment ofso many countries, I think it essential to securean economic administration and a wise spendingof the funds voted for Unesco.

I would like to mention straight away thesubject of the cultural situation in Germany,which the Secretary-General has already broached.While acknowledging the efforts made by theoccupying authorities, we think it our duty tomention that important groups in Germany findthemselves in complete cultural isolation. Afteran exclusively National Socialist education, theGermans are completely ignorant of the ideas ofa democratic world. We consider this spiritualisolation a danger which threatens the whole world.

Meanwhile, the Netherlands delegation is ofthe opinion that Unesco should not be satisfied

only with the fulfilment of the projects propos-ed. If the peoples really intend to create mutualunderstanding in order to establish world peace,a serious consideration of the spiritual basis ofculture will be absolutely necessary. An exchangeof cultural goods will not be sufficient. It willalso be necessary to find standards with whichto measure culture that can be accepted as themain element of peace and harmony.

In the general introduction to the PreparatoryCommission’s report, an evolutionist backgroundis mentioned. In our opinion, in this matter, theConference would do well to pay attention to thereligious communities which will be able to makea large contribution towards the mutual under-standing of peoples. The Netherlands delegationis convinced that only thus will spiritual deve-lopment be accessible to all.

The PRESIDENT (translation) : I now callupon the delegate of Brazil, H. E. M. Moniz deAragao.

M. MONIZ DE ARAGAO (Brazil) (translation) :All those who have followed closely the gradualrise of the United Nations Educational, Scienti-fic and Cultural Organisation, today have excel-lent reasons for feeling proud and confident. Ayear ago we placed our hopes in the text of anInternational Convention open to all peoples toestablish peace and security “on the basis ofthe intellectual and moral solidarity of mankind

Perhaps for the first time in history, the in-ternational order was considered apart from itspurely political elements, and the first place wasgiven to spiritual forces capable of ensuring ‘‘re-spect of justice, law, the rights of man, and thefundamental freedoms for all, without distinct-ion of race, sex, language, or religion’’.

The project which at the time appeared fan-tastic is now a living fact. Unesco, supported by28 nations which have already ratified its Con-stitution, calls together today its first General AS-sembly consisting of representatives of forty-onenations. Linked by a common ideal, we answer-ed its appeal; moved by the will to join ourefforts in the task to be accomplished.

Our task is sui generis. The Constitution weare called upon to put into execution, imposesupon us duties which exceed the usual limits ofinternational obligations. We do not have to worryabout the frontiers, wealth or ‘power of nations,but of the human heart and mind. The treas-ures which we intend safeguarding and augmenting are the collective patrimony of humanity, thefruit of its creative genius, or the anonymouscontribution of past generations.

Unesco aims first of all at developing the plansand techniques of education as a means of im-proving human nature in its physical and intel-lectual as well as moral aspects. It then proposesto assist the development of science by all pos-sible means. Knowledge of the laws which governthe world and mankind alone enable US to fore-see events, and to alter the natural economyto the advantage of our species. Lastly, its pro-gramme covers letters, philosophy and humanisticstudies under the general name of culture.

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Thus the whole field of knowledge and themeans by which it can be turned to best accountin the service of society come within the planand scope of Unesco.

Are we to see in it a college of philosophers,scholars and artists, wholly devoted to disinterest-ed research, to international education and thecreation of arts? Or will it just remain a centreof co-ordination and diffusion of all free educa-tional, scientific and cultural efforts in the world?

In one way or another Unesco will know howto fulfil its mission of a spiritual link between nat-ions. An international public opinion inspiredby Unesco will spring into existence and, littleby little, the intellectual and moral unity of manwill find in it its principles and its tools.

It is a promising sign that on the morrow ofthe severest trial it has ever known, the worldshould recover without scepticism or discourage-ment, and agree to advance towards higher pur-poses under the banner of international solid-arity.

Unesco will be a work of faith, or else it willsink beneath the weight of an administrativemachinery as vain as it is sterile.

The colossal work already done by the Secre-tariat of the Preparatory Commission, the impe-tus given it by its eminent Executive Secretary, aresure guarantees of its future. We find the proofof it in the brilliant report presented by Profes-sor Julian Huxley, rich in information and gener-al ideas on the vast programme fixed for thenext few years.

I cannot praise sufficiently the breadth of thescheme contemplated nor the precision of theplans submitted to the General Conference for itsapproval. A complete overhaul of intellectual activities will result from the discussion of the planselaborated by scientists, artists, experts and tech-nicians. New horizons will be opened to researchby the measures of co-ordination to be adopted.A new attitude of mind will arise which willbring to the work to be done in common thatleaven of wisdom and solidarity without whichnothing great is built.

The Brazilian nation and Government are gladto assist in this great task of international rappro-chement. Our faith in the letter and spirit ofUnesco was pledged years ago. As original mem-bers of the Committee of Intellectual Co-operat-ion, we took part in all the work of the ParisInstitute.

Faithful to this tradition, we accepted in 1943the invitation to participate in the work whichresulted in 1945 in the foundation of the UnitedNations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Or-ganisation. Shortly after, in 1946, the BrazilianGovernment created at Rio de Janeiro its Nation-al Commission, under the name of Brazilian Ins-titute for Education, Science and Culture.

The new Brazilian Constitution also reflects theinterest aroused in public opinion by the problemsUnesco is called upon to solve. It allocates tenper cent of the national revenue from taxationand twenty per cent of that received by FederalDistricts and municipalities to the maintenanceand development of all grades of education.

Now, at the moment when the General Con-

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ference is about to debate the Agenda, I thoughtit appropriate to emphasise the warm support mycountry is giving to the United Nations Educat-ional, Scientific and Cultural Organisation. Mayit succeed before it is too late, in founding that“Society of Minds” which has been promisedto mankind for its salvation.

The PRESIDENT (translation) : I call uponthe delegate of China, Dr. Yuen Ken Chao.

Dr. Y. R. CHAO (China) : As Acting ChiefDelegate of the Chinese Delegation to the FirstGeneral Conference of Unesco, I have the honourof transmitting to you the following telegramfrom our Minister of Education, Chu Chiahua,who was to come as our Chief Delegate :

“Ambassador Tsien Tai Chinese Embassy ParisFrance. Please transmit to Chinese Delegation toUnesco for presenting to Conference. Detainedby meeting of National Assembly : deeply regretinability to come to participate in work of Con-ference; wish full success; hope concrete resolut-ions will be made toward channelizing of worldcultures for increase of mutual understandingamong men and strengthening of forces for peace.Chu Chiahua.”

May I assure you that our Minister of Educa-tion is unable to be present, not because he re-gards the work of this General Conference asless important, but because his immediate. andconstant attention is required for an even morepressing duty; he is now striving to rehabilitateevacuated and devastated schools and universi-ties, to regain the rapid liberalisation and mo-dernisation of education, and, in order to makethis process even more rapid, to establish the ruleof constitutional law — as a means of directingthe affairs of the nation.

To understand why a man who is entrustedwith the direction of education should be immed-iatelv concerned with the general functions of aNational Assembly, we have only to ask ourselvesthe same question. I imagine that the majorityof us have been concerned or interested in actualteaching, research, or creative work. Why, then,should we gather here and spend our time ingeneral discussions of a General Conference oneducation, on science, and on culture, not to sayin listening to such general talk? The answer isquite clear. As has been stated in the Constitut-ion of our Organisation, we are concerned witheducation, science and culture, and particularlywith the contribution of these activities of themind to the peace, security and welfare of man-kind; it is this general and universal aspect of themind of men that we want to keep constantly inthe foreground of our minds.

Having stated this fundamentalpoint of view, Ifeel that we are now ready to undertake the con-crete activities of the new Organisation, and I feelconfident that increase in variety and richnessof their content will contribute towards solidar-ity rather than division. As Dr. Huxley has said,the proposals in our programme, in spite of themultiplicity of detail, form one harmonious whole.This is so because, once the right guiding prin-ciples are adopted, every specific project inevit-


ably becomes a contribution to, and not a dis-traction from, our principal aim.

May I give a few examples? There is, I under-stand, a plan for co-operation with internationalscientific unions. Now specialists in every fieldappear to the general public as rather provincial-minded people. But look at the behaviour of menat an international reunion of specialists. The com-mon bond of a common heritage of the mindmakes them brothers, in feeling as well as ininterest. Unesco exists in embryo in every inter-national scientific union, and that is why we wantto be friends with international scientific unions— and make them friends with each other.

Some parts of our. programme may seem todistinguish between Eastern and Western cultureand, since our aim is for unity, it is fitting andproper that we should interpret one to theother, encouraging reciprocal knowledge of thedifferent cultures. This is all to the good. Butwe can do more and, if our projects are car-ried out in the spirit in which they are meantto be carried out, we shall do more. If I maybe pardoned for speaking professionally, one ofthe stimulating factors that favoured the recentrevival of linguistic and philological studies inChina was contact with Western methodology.The rigorous methodology of philology in 19thcentury China found its next of kin in 19th cen-tury Western philology, to the great benefit ofnew research into the old. You will recall thatWestern philology is called Indo-European phi-lology. Why? Because, both in content and inmethod, it was in ‘India, the Middle East, be-tween the west and the east, that this scientifictradition began. While, therefore, we of the Orientwelcome the value of scientific knowledge as apowerful instrument for the furthering of humanwelfare, it is much more in the spirit of scient-ific methodology and free inquiry that a moreorganic approach of minds will come about, orrather is coming about.

ference, one of the honourable delegates of Francesitting beside me paid me the compliment ofremarking that China was the country whichfirst proposed at the San Francisco Conferencefor the United Nations the initial idea of suchan organisation, and he nodded to me whenM. Naegelen mentioned it again in his address.All I could say to my neighbour was a sincere‘‘Thank you’’, but, like so many appropriate re-marks that occur to one only long after the occa-sion was over, it occurred to me that I shouldhave made this reply. I should have said “Thankyou, sir, but we were not the first. We seemed tobe ahead of the times only because the timeswere already going our way.”

The PRESIDENT (translation) : I now callupon Dr. Mills, first delegate of Australia.

Dr. R. C. MILLS (Australia) : The Australiandelegation desires to join in congratulating thePreparatory Commission and its Secretariat onthe work that has been accomplished since theLondon Conference a year ago. Australia wasamong the first nations to complete the necessaryformalities for membership of Unesco, and haswelcomed the opportunity of sharing in the de-velopment of the programme and the organisation-al plans that are now submitted to this Confe-rence by the Preparatory Commission. We aresure that Unesco has an extremely importantcontribution to make towards the building ofinternational society, the preservation of worldpeace, and the promotion of human welfare. TheAustralian Government and people are determin-ed to participate fully in this, as in other formsof international co-operation under the aegis ofthe United Nations.

We of the Orient, as the honourable delegateof India has emphasised, value quality. Sot thatwe have a monopoly in this: Over two milleniumsago, mathematics was valued in the West forits beauty as well as for its utility. But as theIndian delegate observed, we put more emphasison intrinsic values. If Plato heard celestial music,the skies are now silent for too many peoplesin the West. But over in China, especially inrecent years, people continue to practise calli-graphy as a fine art.

The views of the Australian delegation on theprogramme and the administrative arrangementsproposed by the Preparatory Commission will beexpounded in detail in the appropriate Commis-sion of this Conference. On this occasion I wishmerely to mention some of the more fundament-al issues which the Australian delegation believesshould receive the attention of the Conferenceand its Commissions.

I need not take up any more of your time withfurther details. I feel that the most fruitful con-tribution we can make is to try to achieve, inwhatever intellectual or practical pursuits we hap-pen to be concerned (in or out of Unesco), thatinterpenetration of the spirit, that mutual re-spect of the importance which each gives to someaspect of life which, as Unesco and United Nationsgrow toward manhood, will bring about the com-munity of mind that is the aim of this Organis-ation. China is happy to make her modest con-tribution to the realisation of this united worldof education, science, and culture which we arestriving to build.

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Yesterday, at the opening meeting of this Con-

President Bidault referred, in his address ofwelcome, to the importance of securing the mem-bership of those United Nations that have notyet joined Unesco. The Australian delegation,too, would stress the urgency of this problem.Let us not delude ourselves into thinking thatour limited membership can be compensated forby our enthusiasm. Truly Unesco can performuseful services for its members, though their num-bers may be small; but it cannot achieve its mainpurposes so long as its support is confined toone-half or even two-thirds of the United Nations.We all regret the delays that have prevented alarger membership at this first General Conference,and particularly we regret the absence of theSoviet Union, a foundation member of the Uni-ted Nations, very much concerned with the pro-blems of educational rehabilitation and progress.We believe some time should be made in thecourse of the Conference to consider the problemof bringing into Unesco those nations who have


not yet joined. In our examination of our futureprogramme of work we must bear in mind theimportance of extending the range of internation-al collaboration, and we must see to it thatour programme is such as to facilitate the adher-ence of those of the United Nations which arenot yet convinced that Unesco is worth while.

For this reason alone, although for other rea-sons also, it is imperative that we should, in thisConference, step back a little, as the artist doesfrom an unfinished painting, and look at ourprogramme as a whole. The members of the Pre-paratory Commission, the experts aiding them,and the Secretariat itself have all been workingat high pressure, and have produced an extensiveand impressive list of projects, many of whichconsidered by themselves, are admirable. But nowwe have the opportunity and the duty to lookcritically at the programme as a whole, and toexamine its balance. One way of doing this is toconsider the proposed distribution of expenditureover the various divisions of the programme.

Of the general budget of 7,565,000 dollars, theProgramme Department is allotted almost 72 percent. Of this, little more than one-sixth is pro-posed for the Education Division, and the remai-ning five-sixths are reserved for other parts ofthe programme. The Australian delegation willask the Programme Commission to consider whe-ther these proportions arc justified, taking intoaccount the world’s needs at the present time.It is true that the adoption of the PreparatoryCommission’s proposals on Educational Rehab-ilitation would increase somewhat the weightgiven to education in our total programme, andI would say that, in the opinion of the Austra-lian delegation, the preparation of these pro-posals is the most significant development in thework of Unesco in recent months. Neverthelesswe believe that one of the crucial issues beforethis Conference, is to decide whether there shouldnot be a re-adjustment of the balance of our pro-gramme as a whole, so that Education and Educ-ational Rehabilitation would together absorb aconsiderably higher percentage of the total bud-get than is at present proposed. Although detail-ed discussion of the Rehabilitation proposals willbe referred to a special Commission, we considerthat the Programme Commission must discussthoroughly the general issue of the relative im-portance of Unesco’s activities in education andin the other fields.

We also hope that there will be an opportu-nity during the Conference to have some discus-sion of the problem of merging the work of Educ-ational Rehabilitation into that of raising educ-ational standards and facilities in countries thatsuffer from the prevailing, inequality of educa-tional development. Following this Conference thisparticular problem must be one of the principalmatters to be considered by the Executive Hoardin the course of the coming year.

Another aspect of the Programme Report thatneeds further consideration than the PreparatoryCommission has been able to give to it, is therelationship between the work of Unesco andthat of the United Nations and the other Spe-cialised Agencies. The Australian Government at-

taches thegreatest importance to the co-ordinationof the many separate international governmentalorganisations that have been and will be esta-blished. Although this problem has not been over-looked by the Preparatory Commission, it de-mands still more explicit recognition in the Pro-gramme.

One final word. In the introduction to theReport before us, reference is made to “a firstimpression of diffuseness and scattering in Unesco’sprogramme’’; but it is suggested that “secondthoughts show that a real unity of purposeexists behind this multiplicity of detail.” I amnot sure that second thoughts do, in fact, dispelthe first impression of diffuseness, and we mustremember that many people, and many Govern-ments will examine Unesco’s programme in acritical, though not necessarily unsympatheticmanner. It is our responsibility to see that theprogramme will stand up to such critical examin-ation. The programme that finally emerges fromthis Conference must not give an impression ofdiffuseness. It must carry its own conviction, interms of practical commonsense. Some of theprojects now listed must be sacrifice?, or at leastpostponed, simply because Governments will notbe prepared to support on an international scale,activities that they do not consider to be appro-priate for Governments on the national’ scale.Others will probably have to be postponed, tomake way for work of greater practical urgency,

Our task is to see to it that those projects thatremain, constitute a solid foundation, on whichto build in the years ahead.

The fundamental issues which I have mention-ed and which we hope will be fully examinedby this Conference are : the present limited mem-bership of Unesco ; the balance of its programmeas a whole; the relationship of its work to thatof the United Nations and to that of otherSpecialised Agencies; and the necessity for a pro-gramme of activities which will be practical andconvincing.

M. NIELSEN (Denmark) : At the first GeneralConference of Unesco the adhering nations meetwith an ardent wish that the new Organisation,which is now firmly established and to which SOmany hopes are attached, should start well. Wehave all followed with keen interest the impos-ing amount of work of the Preparatory Com-mission and its Secretariat in preparing all bran-ches of the activity of Unesco; everybody willagree that we have before us an example of care-ful planning and bold enterprise which are indeedpromising. Moreover, the Executive Secretary haslaid before us a highly interesting essay on hispersonal view of the leading ideas behind Unesco’swork. In the view of the Danish delegation, how-ever, considerations of such general nature, inspir-ing and stimulating though they certainly are.should not be in the foreground of our discussionsat this early stage in Unesco’s life. Unesco willbe judged not by its philosophy nor even by itsprogramme, but by its achievements. We there-fore think that, in the first instance, we shouldconcentrate upon the more tangible items of theprogramme which promise early results, and, while

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not losing sight of our general aims, allow themore ambitious plans to develop in the courseof time, as the Organisation grows in strength,and its vast possibilities become evident to every-body.

One may even be justified in saying that thephilosophical framing of our general aims neednot necessarily be conceived in advance, just as,to quote a somewhat parallel case, epistemologyin recent times has had to refrain from formul-ating by anticipation the methods of scienceand has tended more and more to derive itstheories from what the scientists are really doing.

The programme which has been laid before usand which, of course, may be completed by newprojects, gives us the possibility of attacking pro-blems not previously undertaken, or which havebeen coped with in an insufficient way. If wesucceed in solving them quickly, their promptsolution would give an impetus to other pro-positions and recommendations which Unesco canmake. We must bear in mind that there will beconsiderable inertia to overcome in all nations,and even some suspicion (in my view unjusti-fied) that Unesco may become a sort of inter-national debating club. If I am correctly inform-ed, such inertia has already been met when theSecretariat approached different Member Stateson special questions. This is perhaps natural; inour view it is by its record of successes thatUnesco can impress upon the individual nationsthe necessity of taking an increasingly active partin its work. Without such active collaborationthe central organisation of Unesco will be inef-fective. Unesco is fortunate in that those diffi-culties and obstacles which, as we all know, oftenbeset international negotiations in the politicalsphere will not arise in that domain of commonhuman interests with which we are concerned.It should not therefore be difficult to reach agree-ment on many of the plans and projects beforeus.

Most of us will doubtless be glad to see defi-nite measures emerge from what was recently de-scribed as “ a pile of papers ’’. From the reportof the Executive Secretary yesterday, we mayfeel sure that definite action will be soon forth-coming.

Among these plans there is one task of supremeimportance, that of cultural rehabilitation of thewar-devastated areas. In a memorandum laid be-fore us by the Technical Sub-Committee thereis a sentence which sounds like a sigh : “ Untilthis weight is reduced, Unesco cannot run itsbest race. ” That may be true, but we mustremember that this task, even if a temporaryone, is one of the starting points in the existenceof our Organisation. The Conference of last yearwas aware that urgent educational needs cannotawait official ratification and therefore providedfor immediate action by the Technical Sub-Committee of the Preparatory Commission. We areonly at the beginning and nobody can underratethe difficulties involved, but it will be the dutyof this General Assembly to see that this painfulproblem shall not be overshadowed by moreambitious permanent plans. Here too, I think theExecutive Secretary’s report will reassure us. One

may even turn the sentence quoted the otherway round; if in the near future we are able toreduce that weight substantially, it will be enor-mously to the credit of Unesco, and the goodwillthus created may prove of decisive importanceto the success of Unesco’s permanent work.

The incredible energy displayed by the UnitedNations during the war was bound to slackenwith the end of hostilities. But if can be saidthat the war has not ceased as long as many ofthe fighting nations are neither able to providethe most fundamental educational needs nor todevelop a normal cultural life.

The PRESIDENT (translation) : I call uponthe delegate of the Lebanon.

Mgr. MAROUN (Lebanon) (translation) :Mr. President, twice in less than half a centurythe dream of building the world on a materialbasis alone has been submerged in terrible blood-shed. As a result of the double tragic experiencewhich this century has witnessed, it is now real-ized that if the benefits of peace are to be enjoyed,it is necessary to work for the union of peoples,not only by economic planning and political treat-ies between nations, but also by teaching theone real truth and by instigating a love of theone real good. It is with the weapons of thespirit that we must in future forge the defencesof peace.

It is precisely with these spiritual defences ofpeace, with their creation and consolidation, thatyou, Members of Unesco, have been concernedduring the whole of your career, by the teaching.which you give and through the outpourings ofyour hearts and minds.

Until now your teaching has reached the fewthousands who gathered about your great andancient Chairs. Today this Assembly is concer-ned with leading all the nations into the wayof truth.

The present speaker has a double claim to bea representative of the spirit. I belong to a coun-try which has always made an unconditional cultof spiritual values, a cult which one only findsin a country submitted during centuries to themost terrifying austerities of life, but whichnevertheless remains faithful to the truth whichpreceded it and which will outlive it, to the eter-nal truth which comes from above.

I belong also to an institution over 2,000 yearsold on whose facade these two words of its DivineFounder are ineffaceably carved : “ in spiritu etin veritate ’’.

This beautiful maxim of the Gospel has beenreproduced by Unesco in a more concrete formin the statement which prefaces the programmeon which it aims to establish the peace of theworld. “Unesco is a keystone in the arch of peace,which these agencies (the Economic and SocialCouncil, the Security Council, the Council forFinance and the International Labour Office) con-stitute. A successful Unesco is a pre-requisite forthe full development of all the other elements.”In other words, the reign of the spirit must befirmly established.

The United Nations Organisation hopes to build

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the great edifice of peace on the triple foundationof education, science and culture.

May I point to a crack in these foundationswhich, if care is not taken, might grow, withtime, and again threaten the whole structure?

According to the programme submitted, thisassembly hopes to build the foundations of peaceby influencing human intelligence.

According to the Western world, intelligenceis the only authentic manifestation of the spirit.All the masters of Western philosophy have con-sidered understanding to be the supreme hap-piness of man, or at least the essential and thesatisfying condition of his happiness. Socrates-Plato and Aristotle bore witness to this in an,tiquity, as did Descartes, Leibnitz and Comte inmodern times, to mention only a few. Consequent-’ly, the Western world has always tried to de-velop primarily man’s reason by cultivating andenriching his intelligence. The non-intellectual ma-nifestations of the spirit, such as intuition, moralsense and above all the sense of what is sacred,are relegated by the West to a secondary placewhen, that is, they are not scornfully disdained.These activities which I have called non-intellect-ual, but which are nevertheless fundamental tothe human spiri t , are often so atrophied inmodern man, that he seems to be spiritually blind.

An infirmity of this kind means that the indi-vidual is no longer a healthy member of the bodyof society. Should not the evil uses of science,and the collapse of all civilization be ascribed tothe bad quality of the individual?

The oriental conception of the spirit is moreexhaustive and consequently more human. Forus it is at once logical and intuitive, a light ofthe intelligence and an impulse of the heart,“ animus et anima ’’.

All these activities interpenetrate and supple-ment each other, and give to the human personality its unity, its balance and its full develop-ment. The human spirit is not made up of reasonmore than of emotion, it is both at once.

It is therefore indispensable, indeed urgent, torestore to humanity this part of itself, by whichit can communicate with the vastly more myster-ious infinity of the spiritual world, with God.

The re-education of humanity, which Unescois charged to undertake, must be complete, andinclude, if it is not to ruin everything, the de-velopment of the intelligence by science and cul-ture, and the development of the moral and reli-gious sense by a carefully defined spiritual choice.

Certainly, the different spiritual communitieshave the duty to break the bread which givesstrength and life to human souls and to bringthem to drink at the source of life eternal. Butthose who have been chosen to be the architectsof the great edifice of peace must realise withthe psalmist that : “ Except the Lord build thehouse, their labour is but lost that build it. ”

I know that a sincere and pressing appeal isbeing made by your assembly to all men of goodwill, Catholics, Protestants, -Mohammedans andJews. A meeting-ground, a common ground ofunderstanding, has, however, still to be found.

Gentlemen, it seems to me that this meeting-ground exists for everybody. It is in God, not

the God of the philosophers, but the living Godof the Bible, that sacred Book which has alwaysbeen a perpetual source of inspiration, joy andexaltation for all the highest forms of humanthought.

How tragic that this Book should be absentfrom our schools and universities and, as a result,what a dark and heavy night has fallen on humanintelligence for nearly two centuries! What in-effable anguish it has engendered in the heartsof those who, in their search for God, beat them-selves against the relentless and insuperable bar-rier of matter. How much happier are those who,watching the phenomena of the universe, andthe single events and facts, rest upon the magni-ficent synthesis of which God is the centre, andwho sing Dante’s immortal lines : ‘‘ In the depthsof paradise, I saw bound into a single book witha thread of love everything which in the worldis scattered in loose pages. ”

These scattered pages, gentlemen, are not onlythe various natural sciences, the various orga-nizations of the nations, but also our own honestefforts as men of goodwill to promote the commonand lasting good of humanity through the pur-suit of truth.

These scattered pages must be bound in a vo-lume. The golden thread which holds’ them, bindsthem and will unite them, can it be other thanthe living God of our great Bible?

The PRESIDENT (translation) : I call uponthe delegate of Belgium.

M. KUYPERS (Belgium) (translation) : I shalltry to do more than fill up a gap of a few minutes,in the first place by associating myself with allwho have taken the floor today and then by payinga tribute, a warm and justified tribute to theRapporteur. The document which was read to usyesterday is of the greatest importance.

Moreover, the booklet which has been distri-buted shows that the Preparatory Commission,in addition to stating the general principles soremarkably developed by Dr. Huxley, has class-ified our tasks and clarified our ideas. Thus,from a melting pot of ideas from the four corn-ers of the globe, an attempt has been made toextract what is really important, a series of feas-ible tasks, wisely classified according to theirimportance. For, to be brief, what do the finalpages contain? Immediate tasks, tasks for 1947,tasks for later.

What is our work as an international organi-zation? First to consolidate our position and toshow the world that we are able, like skilful navi-gators, to steer our frail craft so as to avoid theshoals that threaten it to right and left.

I come from a small country. We are supposedto be a people with a measure of commonsense.We are not much given to dreams, castles inthe air which are not built upon rock. We arefond of an image conceived by one of our poets :the plough in the hands of peasants of our soil,but peasants who look towards the star of Unesco.It is this comparison which will enable me todevelop, without entering into detail, a point bywhich we have been somewhat impressed.

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When we examine Unesco’s budget, which’ isby no means heavy for a work of such worldimportance, we note an enormous disproportionas regards costs of an administrative and mater-ial kind — staff, conferences; etc. The Austra-lian delegate has already asked that credits foreducation should be increased. What strikes usis that, apart from the very large sums earmark-ed for the items I have just mentioned, thereis but little money for useful immediate tasks,and in this connexion we should like certainexplanations, in order to be sure that we shallavoid the pitfalls to which M. Naegelen andMr. Hardman so eloquently drew our attentionat the Sorbonne.

Our opinion is that, on education and the cam-paigns against distress and ignorance in devast-ated or backward countries, it is impossible tospend too much money. We ask that every neces-sary credit should be voted for the re-educationof young people in the ex-enemy countries. Weare in agreement on many other points, but itseems to us that the instrument which is nowin our hands, if it is to be fully efficient, shouldhave supplementary credits for useful tasks, forthe veritable undertakings before us, for real cons-tructive expenditure.

Then again we must make the following point.Unesco, whose essential task, clearly indicated,is to stimulate, group, help, give a fresh impetus,promote exchanges, mutual knowledge, etc. —Unesco, whose budget is not drawn up on busi-ness lines, since 80 per cent of the credits repre-sent expenses on material add staff, etc., 20 percent only for really useful action in the form ofscholarships, etc., — Unesco, which is not a busi-ness firm, but an organisation of a special kind,for which we do not propose to ask that it shouldbe governed by principles which arc sound in anindustrial organisation, where in general the over-head costs do not exceed a quarter of the totalbudget — does Unesco propose to appeal for finan-cial assistance elsewhere, for example from Govern-ments, from organisations of all sorts which itwill assist, whose action it will endeavour to deve-lop? If not, it will be necessary to reduce theexpenses on material and administration. This isobviously the duty of the Budget Commission.We do not propose to discuss this here, but inany case, it will be necessary to increase the partof the budget earmarked for constructive expend-iture.

My third question — and I propose to dwellupon it a little longer — is as follows: Is it notpossible to make a clearer distinction in the budgetbetween ordinary expenditure and initial capitaloutlay? It is clear that Unesco’s establishmentin Paris in this fine hotel, its purchases of fur-niture, etc., will cost money during the first andperhaps the second year, but not during the yearsthat follow. Is it not possible to classify thesecosts under a separate heading and to agree hereand now that the credits utilised this year forthese purposes may be used in the future in away that we should call really useful, that isto say, on constructive expenditure, veritablefinancial intervention on the part of Unesco inthe various fields of interest to us?

I propose to end my speech with this finalsuggestion and I hope that no one will take whatI have said as negative criticism of work whichis beginning- under the best possible auspices andin’ which Belgium, by unanimous votes in her twolegislative assemblies, has gladly associated herself.

The PRESIDENT (translation) : I call uponthe delegate of Yugoslavia.

M. Vladislav RIBNIKAR (Yugoslnvia) (trans-lation) : Although the Government of Yugoslaviahas not until today, that is, until the meetingof the General Conference, decided to recommendratification of the Unesco Constitution to Parlia-ment, it has deemed it necessary to send to theUnesco Conference the delegation over which Ihave the honour to preside.

A little over a year ago, the Government ofthe Peoples’ Federative Republic of Yugoslaviawillingly accepted the British Government’s in-vitation to the United Nations Conference tocreate a United Nations Organisation for co-oper-ation in the field of education and intellectualculture. The Government of the Peoples’ Fede-rative Republic of Yugoslavia realised the possi-bilities such an organisation offered to all nationswhich had defeated the greatest enemies of huma-nity — German and Italian Fascism and Japa-nese Imperialism — and had fought for the fund-amental right of peoples and individuals to afree and independent life. It realises that the or-ganisation will make loyal and effective co-oper-ation in the cultural field likely and will thuscontribute to the establishment and strengthe-ning of a lasting peace between the peoples ofthe world. That is why the Yugoslav delegationtook part in the work of that Conference andsigned the Constitution which was drawn up, eventhough it could not approve of certain aspectsof the text of this Constitution.

The Yugoslav delegation felt that it was, aboveall, necessary to create an organization based onthe general rules of the Constitution and con-sidered that this Organisation would accomplishpractically all that the freedom-loving nations ex-pected of it. The delegation felt that the moreor less abstract principles of this Constitution,with which we cannot agree, will not have any de-cisive influence on the future activities of Unesco.One of these concepts, for example, is that whichappears in the first sentence of the preamble tothe Unesco Constitution, that is : “That sincewars begin in the minds of men, it is in the mindsof men that the defences of peace must be cons-tructed’’; and again, the following text : “Thatignorance of each others’ ways and lives has beena common cause,, throughout the history of man-kind, of that suspicion and mistrust between thepeoples of the world through which their diffe-rences have all too often broken into war. ” Ifeel certain that any man acquainted with his-tory and who has understood the origins of thewar which has just ended, will agree that sucharbitrary conclusions show a lack of material andscientific knowledge; that they give an inaccuratepicture of the causes which, in the history ofmankind, have provoked wars between nations,

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and that it is impossible to remove the causesof war effectively by such principles.

However, the Yugoslav delegation signed thisConstitution, firmly convinced that declarationsof policy were of less importance than the oppor-tunity offered for cultural co-operation betweenthe United Nations.

every possibility of international co-operation inthe cultural field.

After signing the Unesco Constitution, the Go-vernment of the Peoples’ Federative Republic ofYugoslavia waited to see how the activities ofUnesco would confirm this hope. It has studiedthe proposals in Unesco’s practical programmebefore deciding its final attitude ‘towards thisOrganisation.

During last Spring and Summer, the Prepara-tory Commission drew up a whole series of pro-posals which, if accepted by the General Confe-rence, would form the basis of Unesco’s futurework. Among these proposals are some which,in the opinion of the Government of the Fede-rative Republic of Yugoslavia, would contributeto the attainment of the general aims suggestedto Unesco; that is, they would favour the deve-lopment of cultural co-operation between the na-tions and the consolidation of a lasting peace.But some of these proposals are far from theseaims, for they take no account of the facts ofmodern life or of the particular relations in thepresent-day world, and are consequently inappli-cable in practice. Moreover, the very spirit ofsome of them is contrary to the idea of co-oper-ation and to the reinforcement of a lasting peace.

These proposals, inapplicable in practice andcontrary to the strengthening of lasting peaceand international cultural co-operation, have,up to the present, prevented the YugoslavGovernment from proposing the ratification ofUnesco’s Constitution to their Parliament, andinduced them to await the result of this GeneralConference before deciding finally whether or notYugoslavia will become a member of Unesco.

We presume that our Government’s attitudewill give rise to objections. It may be contendedthat we should have already joined the Organisa-tion and have explained and defended our pointof view before the General Conference in thecapacity of a regular member. However, in thelight of the very recent painful experience thatYugoslavia suffered at the Paris Conference, where,without formality, the indisputable rights ofYugoslavia were disregarded and most of theYugoslav delegation’s proposals were defeated —however well the evidence spoke in their favour— and without any real discussion, simply throughfortuitous circumstances of voting;, if, as I say,we remember this experience, the decision of theYugoslav Government becomes quite understand-able. Yugoslavia has no desire to find itself oncemore in a position where the result of a votewould force upon them decisions contrary to theirfundamental interests.

Article I, Section 3, of the Unesco Constitution,says that “ With a view to preserving the inde-pendence, integrity and fruitful diversity of thecultures and educational systems of the StatesMembers of this Organisation, the Organisationis prohibited from intervening in matters whichare essentially within their domestic jurisdiction ’’It follows, therefore, that the view expressed inthe Unesco Constitution is that the diversity ofcultures and educational systems in the variouscountries is a positive factor in the developmentof the general culture of mankind; that any out-side influence intended to divert the developmentof these various cultures from the channels whichthey would follow if they were free and in-dependent, must necessarily be harmful. Neverthe-less, in the numerous proposals concerning theUnesco programme submitted by the Prepara-tory Commission, and in the drafting of theseproposals, we notice a persistent tendency whichis absolutely contrary to the. view of the Con-stitution and which consists in directing Unesco’sactivity to the casting of the various nationalcultures in a standard mould, thus destroyingthe individual character of each culture.

The drafting of these proposals reveals thatUnesco has even elaborated its own philosophy,labelled “World Scientific Humanism’’, whichaccording to the programme, will be forcibly dis-seminated to and imposed upon the peoples ofthe world. In defining its philosophy, Unesco hasfound it necessary to condemn various concept-ions of the world and of life which do not cor-respond with its own philosophical concepts. Forexample, it entirely rejects materialist philosophyand questions the scientific character of dialect-ical materialism.

These tendencies to constitute a centre for thedirection of national cultures, to proclaim a philo-sophy which should be. as it were, an interna-tional official philosophy, would lead to the en-slavement of thought and of the spirit of creationand would form an arbitrary obstacle to the spreadof culture.

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In the present general discussion WC shall notdiscuss the proposals for the Unesco programmethat, in our opinion, are not in accordance withthe principles on which Unesco’s work should bebased. We shall merely illustrate the tendenciesand general trend of such proposals, which, ifendorsed by this Conference, would jeopardise

This would be tantamount to the renunciationby mankind of its enormous share in the treas-ures of thought, for materialist philosophy hasexisted down the ages in the human mind; iihas represented a factor of progress in knowledgeand, without the achievements of materialist philo-sophy, it is impossible to conceive the mental-ity of modern man. If materialist thought wereto be banned, it would amount to the suppres-sion in England of a marvellous philosophic andscientific inheritance, to the suppression in Franceof its greatest age of philosophy and to holdingup the creative advance of younger peoples. Thiswould deprive science of the methods by whichit has become science, and in the last instancewould amount to subjecting science to meta-physics.

If on many international questions (such as,for example, that of peace), it may be possibleand necessary to reach an agreement (that is,unanimity), reflected even in vote, objective truthin the world of scientific philosophy cannot be


established by vote or the plaudits of an assem-bly, whatever the number of scholars and philo-sophers in the hall.

Objective truth is to be reached by research,and is confirmed by the experience of men, ofpeoples, of mankind in general. Is it possible toreject a philosophic and scientific conception,namely dialectic materialism, whose principles andeven scientific forecasts are confirmed in practice?

No one can deny that, in the history of man-kind, all progress has been linked with material-ist thought, and that, of all world outlooks,only dialectical materialism succeeds in confirmingscientific principles by experience of life. In thecase of the United Nations, is it possible to pro-claim as official a speculative philosophy whichin meetings and commissions would amount toa kind of philosophic esperanto, and, accordingly,not to admit or even to reject, from the culturalsphere, a philosophy which has become the out-look of millions of men of all countries, preciselybecause it is confirmed by experience?

It should not be-forgotten that dialectical ma-terialism is recognised and its general outlookadopted by a great country, the Soviet Union,whose social order is based precisely on science,and where, for the first time in history, sciencehas made it possible for men to organise theirlives with a full knowledge of their real needs.Let us suppose, what is not the case, that thephilosophy of dialectical materialism is confinedto the Soviet Union. Do the principles of culturalco-operation of the United Nations permit us toreject a great culture, the most advanced andmost in line with the desires of the peoples — aculture which has survived where others wouldhave succumbed, a culture like that of the SovietUnion, a country which in the war on the Fascistbarbarians contributed more than any other tothe salvation of mankind and civilization?

Let us not forget that the campaign againstdialectical materialism was one of the main fea-tures of the Fascist regimes; they called uponthe peoples to fight the Soviet Union in the nameof European civilization. It is impossible forUnesco to take a similar attitude, while declaringitself in favour of international co-operation andthe “ free flow of ideas ’’.

After this most terrible of wars against theFascist barbarians and aggressors, a war of whichwe still bear the scars and whose last adeptsare still endeavouring to exercise their activitywithin democratic countries, we should not, inthe name of cultural co-operation, proclaim a newspiritual war against a philosophy which has beenproved truly human.

We consider that this philosophy should notbe excluded from the ideological programme ofUnesco; but we do not mean that Unesco shouldimpose philosophic materialism on all membersof its organization. International cultural co-oper-ation means fruitful emulation on the creativeplane, emulation between cultures, from whichshould emerge the stabilization of values corres-ponding to the interests of the United Nationsand of mankind.

We believe that such exclusivity on the partof Unesco in the domain of thought can have

only one reason; to prevent, contrary to the ob-jects defined in its Constitution, cultural co-oper-ation between all United Nations, in the firstplace between the western countries and the So-viet Union.

The victory liberated many great and smallnations, bringing with it a freedom of which manyhad till then been deprived. During the last twoyears, those of the peoples who re-conquered fullfreedom and independence have achieved a cult-ural development which far exceeds that of manypast decades, for through their fight for freedomthey have created their new conditions of life.This is the case in Yugoslavia, where educationand culture have developed apace, in such a waythat we can speak of a veritable cultural rebirth.This proves that in these countries the educat-ional systems and the general conditions neces-sary to a speedy development of national culturecorrespond to the real needs of these peoples.Therefore, it is not necessary to alter and cor-rect these systems and conditions by externalinfluences, as would seem to be contemplated incertain proposals of the Preparatory Commission.On the contrary, we think that Unesco shouldencourage the development of national cultureon the lines on which it has already developed,in so far as this is not contrary to the interestsof the United Nations. This is why we are againstany attempt to create any kind of cultural cen-tralization. Only free development and friendlycompetition between the various national cult-ures will secure fruitful co-operation between allthe United Nations, a co-operation which wouldspeed up the general progress of mankind. Andit is only in this way that we shall achieve thenatural harmony of a culture common for allmankind.

According to the Unesco Constitution, the fun-damental aim of cultural co-operation betweenthe peoples is to contribute to the maintenanceof peace and security. This is to say that Unescoshould actively employ every means to this end.It would therefore appear that Unesco is requirednot only to use the means available in advocat-ing peace and co-operation — this is not enough— but to oppose any attempt at provoking sus-picion and hatred between the peoples and toprepare public opinion in certain countries againstsuch provocations. Unfortunately such attemptsare numerous in these days. They are reflectedin part of the world press, in various publications,on the wireless, in arts and letters, in a wordin all spheres within the scope of this organiza-tion. Unesco should not remain inactive in theface of such attempts.’ It should not only reprovethem, but take active measures to suppress them.

But among the proposals put forward by thePreparatory Commission we cannot find one whichtouches this question. There is no reproof againstthose who preach war, their press, their broad-casts, their publications; nor is there any wordon the possible means, either for dealing withsuch enemies of peace and co-operation or foropposing the destructive activity of Fascist andpro-Fascist elements which, in many countries, arestill able to exist and even benefit by a certainprotection. On the contrary, a whole series of

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proposals by the Preparatory Commission, mis-using the principle of “ free flow of ideas ’’, pro-vides for the penetration of the masses by a pro-paganda devised by the adversaries of peace andthe instigators of new wars.

If we wish to preserve and consolidate peace,we should fight for peace as we should fight theenemies of democracy, as we should protect thelatter against the attacks of Fascist and pro-Fascist forces. In our opinion, Unesco should inno circumstances assist forces which consistentlyoppose peace and democracy; otherwise Unesco,sooner or later, will place certain democratic coun-tries, Members of the Organisation, in a positionwhere they will be obliged to reject or not toexecute recommendations made by thiszation.

Organi-

In drawing attention to these points, the Yugo-slav delegation wishes to stress the consequenceswhich would affect relations between the UnitedNations and which would have a negative in-fluence on the general spirit of solidarity andinternational peace, if the General Conference wereto adopt the proposals of the Preparatory Com-mission in the form and spirit in which they havebeen presented. The Yugoslav delegation alreadydeplores the appearance of the first negative re-sults of the work of those bodies of the Pre-paratory Commission which have taken part in theestablishment of the Unesco programme. The ab-sence of a Soviet delegation to the General Con-ference shows that such work cannot succeed. I tseems unnecessary to point out that no culturalco-operation between the United Nations is con-ceivable without the collaboration of the SovietUnion, just as it would be difficult to imaginethe United Nations without the Soviet Union.

The Government of the Federated Peoples’ Re-public of Yugoslavia has valid reasons for notaccepting any decision on the question of theratification of the Unesco Constitution. Our dele-gation appeals to all delegations, friends of theUnited Nations, taking part in the General Con-ference, to take into due account the attitudeof the Government of the Federated Peoples’ Re-public of Yugoslavia and to recognise our parti-cipation in the General Conference as Observersby permitting us to say a word on certain definitequestions of the programme, which are to be dis-cussed at meetings of the commissions and sub-commissions.

If, in the decisions of the General Conference,due regard is paid to the fundamental conditionsnecessary for fruitful work on the part of Unesco(as already stated, these conditions are : respectfor the independence of national cultures, effec-tive assistance in the cultural development ofeach people, suppression of any activity againstpeace and international co-operation), if all thisis taken into account, the Organisation will beable to carry out its tasks. The Yugoslav dele-gation is convinced that, if understanding andloyalty reign in our discussions, the work of theGeneral Conference and the future activity ofUnesco may achieve definite results. It is onlyin this way that the Organisation can fulfil thehopes with which all friends of freedom greetedits foundation.

The PRESIDENT (translation) : Those of theaddresses you have heard this morning which areof a philosophical nature will be discussed incommittees under Item 15 of the Agenda

FOURTH PLENARYThursday, 21 November 1946 at 3 p. m.


MEETING

9. GENERAL DISCUSSION ON THEW O R K O F T H E P R E P A R A T O R Y

COMMISSION (cont inuat ion)

The PRESIDENT ( t rans la t ion) : I wish toinform delegates that in accordance with the de-cision taken this morning by the Conference. threeSwedish observers are now present at this meet-ing on behalf of the Swedish Government, andone observer representing the Swiss Government.

The first speaker on my list is H. E. M. Raphael,delegate of Greece, who will now address themeeting.

M. RAPHAEL (Greece) (translation) : Beforeconsidering the questions raised in the report ofthe Executive Secretary, I should like to say howhappy I am to convey the greetings of my Govern-ment and of the Greek people to the first General

Conference of the United Nations Educational,Scientific and Cultural Organisation. I wish toexpress the confidence which my country placesin this Organisation, and its sincere wishes forits success. The eminent men who from the starthave worked for its establishment and for thecivilizing mission which it is called upon to fulfilin the world, justify the hope that its work willbe both fruitful and beneficial.

This is not the first attempt to organize culturalcollaboration on an international scale. From thefirst Amphictyones of antiquity, who were a spirit-ual rather than a political body, down to therecent efforts of the League of Nations, the worldhas never ceased trying to increase knowledgeand extend its cultural contacts. This is, however,the first time that the problem is being consideredas a whole and that an international institution,which we all hope will receive the support of allUnited Nations, is being set up for the purpose

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of creating in the world the conditions requiredfor the cultural development of, and understand-

work has already been accomplished. The agree-

ing between, peoples. That is why Unesco’s taskment with Unrra and the contacts already esta-

is so heavy, its mission So important. Unesco isblished with private organisations concerned with

the counterpart to the United Nations Organisa-the problem of reconstruction constitute a use-

tion for the things of the spirit. If Unesco achievesful starting-point; But reconstruction belongs to

its aims, the generations to come who will succeedthe realm of practical realization, and the need to

us at UNO will have much less difficulty in un-help the youth of the peoples who have suffered

derstanding each other; as members of the greatduring the war is urgent and compelling. Facedwith this situation, the Conference must direct

human family they will be more conscious of the the work of Unesco towards concrete and im-intellectual and moral kinship which unites them. mediate aims.

I come now to the questions set out in detailin the report of the Executive Secretary, whichare concerned with the broad lines which Unescowill have to follow. First, I wish to pay a tributeto the work already accomplished by Dr. JulianHuxley and his assistants. Thanks to their greatability and the enlightened and practical spiritwhich they have shown, they have eased our taskconsiderably. On the one hand, we have already atour disposal an equipped Secretariat, which cons-titutes an important vehicle for action. On theother hand, we have a plan rich in suggestionsand projects. We have yet to consider these sug-gestions and projects more closely; we may yethave to modify them or supplement them by newproposals. But we have already before us a com-plete work of preparation which constitutes a firststage — and a very important one — in the ap-plication of the principles of Unesco. And I wouldadd that, in my opinion, the essential quality ofthis work lies in the basic unity which inspiresthese varied proposals.

The general discussion is not the place for adetailed examination of the different questionsraised in the report. This is work for the Commis-sions. I will therefore restrict myself to a few pointswhich seem to me particularly important. In thefirst place, I share without reservation the opinionexpressed in the report that Unesco should notaddress itself to intellectuals alone. Its ultimatepurpose is to reach the masses. To achieve thisit must proceed by stages, if at the very outsetit is not to run up against suspicion and politicalobstacles. I hold that Unesco should create afavourable atmosphere for itself within each State.It should be able to work within the nationalframework and to apply to each case the specialmethod which is required. Each people has its ownmentality and psychology, which remain imper-vious to arguments and methods that may haveproved well adapted to other circumstances. If awarlike tendency arises from a moral sickness, itcannot be treated by the application of a generaland single formula. Each case must be consideredseparately.

Before I conclude, I should like to define theposition of my country towards Unesco. From thebeginning, Greece has shown a direct interest inthe work of this Organisation. She took an activeand enthusiastic part in the preparatory discus-sions which resulted in the setting up of Unesco.Greece recognises the preponderance and basic im-portance of the spiritual and moral life not merelyby tradition, but also because she believes thatit is in the realm of the spirit more than anywhereelse that the ‘little countries, among which sheranks, have an appreciable and fruitful contribut-ion to make. In this, quality counts above all,and quality is not a matter of dimension. TheGreek people intend to contribute with all theirforce to this noble enterprise, in spite of the tra-gic conditions in which they have been left todayby the war and by enemy occupation. Our coun-try is in ruins. Many of our school buildings havebeen destroyed. Tuberculosis is raging among child-ren and young people. In the ranks of the teach-ers, victims can be counted by the thousand. Inthe universities laboratories are poor and badlyequipped. Even our great archaeological inherit-ance, which belongs also to the whole of humanity,has been damaged by the invasion.

The Greek people is faced with a compellingnecessity. It must restore the ruins. It must re-build the framework of the cultural life of thenation. It must have schools, teachers, professors.Its youth must be healthy and able to walk inthe spiritual paths traced by centuries of history,How can needs so pressing and so essential bemet?

While it is evident that Unesco can work throughthe channels of the National Commissions and pri-vate or official organisations, this method, whenapplied to similar cases, has not given very good

And, in spite of all the tragedy of this situation,the Greek people does not feel discouraged. Itplaces its trust in all those who will help it in itsefforts. It believes in itself. It believes in thespirit, which one day will dominate matter. It livesin the shadow of the Parthenon, one of the great-est spiritual triumphs of man. Two thousand fivehundred years ago among the olive trees in thegardens of the Academy, Plato spoke to his dis-ciples of philosophy and culture. His voice has notaged. It brings us today a message of confidenceand hope .

results. I think, therefore, it would be better toprovide a more direct method through the orga-nisation of regional centres, thus putting into ef-fect the desirable decentralization referred to inthe report.

The PRESIDENT (translation) : I call on Mr.Roberts, delegate of South Africa.

Another question, which seems to me very im-portant and which is of direct interest to my coun-try, is reconstruction, Appreciable preparatory

Mr. ROBERTS (South Africa) : I take it thatthis general discussion is designed to provide anearly opportunity for delegates to express theiropinions on the fundamental issues which will de-termine the future activities of Unesco, and toenable Commissions and Committees to anticipateamendments to and criticisms of their reports. My

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country stands four-square behind the objects ofUnesco, but I feel it my duty to express certainfears and hopes about the interpretation of itsfunctions and the methods to be employed in at-tainment of those objects. All the points I wishto make, with the exception of one, have beendealt with by previous speakers.

First, then, it is my earnest prayer that we donot waste necessary time in the multiplication oftheoretical formulae for the bringing about of themillenium. It seems to me better to concentrateon practical problems, however humble. In thesecond place, I would endorse what has been saidby my colleague from Australia with regard tolarger membership. Culture knows no boundaries;without repeating what has been better expressed,I wish to urge that we approach these problemsin the spirit of welcoming all who wish to comeinto the fold. Thirdly, I feel that while it is estreme-ly desirable that we co-operate with and assistall other organisations engaged in the same tasks,we must at all costs avoid unnecessary duplicat-ion. For example, I feel a certain misgiving aboutthe proposed taking over of the functions of Unrra— not because I do not realize the value of thenoble work of that organization, not because I donot realize the necessity for continuing their goodwork, but because I think that we must ‘confineourselves strictly to those functions with whichwe are charged; I fear that if we take over theactivities of that organization we must either actultra vires or we must leave undone much of thegood work that was done by it.

In the fourth place I would urge caution in theacceptance of the budget as it has been presentedto us. For a small country like mine it is a matterof great importance. Financial aspects weigh ‘largewith us; while I feel that too much money, toomuch effort cannot be lavished on this great task,we must keep our eyes on the facts. Expansionis a natural process, but reduction very often requi-res a surgical operation, and I would urge that weproceed with caution and rather confine our effortsto the practical projects that lie ready to hand.

In this respect I would again like to adopt theremarks of my colleague from Australia, and toendorse what he has said. I do feel that not onlyhas an insufficient proportion of the expenditurebeen assigned to the all-important task of educ-ation, but that the amount provided for thatservice is quite inadequate.

Finally, I come to the point which, as far asI know, has not been adequately dealt with byprevious speakers; it is rather a matter of em-phasis. I endorse’ wholeheartedly what has beenwritten about education in the document present-ed to this Conference and I welcome the propo-sals on adult education, mass education, and soon. But I wish to amplify a remark that wasmade by the delegate of India when he referredto education. I would like to suggest that great-er emphasis be attached to education in the nur-sery school stage. Wars begin in the minds ofinfants and it is in the minds of infants that thedefences of peace must be constructed. Our camp-aign must certainly be on all fronts but I wouldlike to urge very strongly that we make the pre-school-age child the spearhead.

I have been unable to check my references, butI think it was a generation ago that investigationswere undertaken in Great Britain, I believe large-ly in Wales, as to the stage at which race pre-judice began to be created in the minds of humanbeings: The findings of that enquiry showed thatrace prejudices are implanted at a very tenderage; I would suggest that this is a fruitful fieldfor further research. Fear of the consequences willdeter the present generation from makingwar, butonly until prejudice and phobias arc once moreexacerbated to a pitch where passion outweighsreason.

Psychologists tell us that there is no power of“ won’t ” only a power of “ win ” I believe thatthe will to peace-must be created in the mindsand hearts of small children. In the Unesco pam-phlet on Fundamental Education, page 15, it isclaimed that there is a major need for writerswith a genius for expressing themselves in thesimplest terms, and worthy of the attention ofadults. It is said, that pupils in the earlier gradespresent no difficult problem. May I be allowed todiffer. The more mature and intelligent we are,the more we ought to be able to defend ourselvesagainst the effect of undesirable implications inwhat WC read.

I am satisfied that much injustice, fear andhatred in adults have been engendered by theharmful influence. on their minds during childhood,of lurid stories of the Spanish Inquisition, of char-acters like the Hunchback of “Notre Dame” andothers. Wars have come because we have becomeconditioned to war from infancy. For God’s sake,let us condition our children to peace.

The EXECUTIVE SECRETARY : I wish toassure Mr. Roberts that Unesco has never sug-gested that it would take over the functions ofUnrra. Unrra was in its operation debarred fromthe field of education and scientific matters; thatis why we were asked by the Conference last yearto undertake relief on those matters. We shallconfine ourselves to those matters and shall nottake over the provision of material, food and shel-ter.

Might I also make a remark which will perhapsbe better in place later on in connection withthe budget, That is, the figures for the differentsections within the budget must not be taken toonarrowly. For instance, two delegates have ex-pressed the view that the figure for education istoo low. I would draw their attention to the factthat education of one sort or another actually en-ters into the activity of all sections.

The PRESIDENT (translation) : I call on thedelegate of New Zealand.

Dr. BEEBY (New Zealand) : May I begin byexpressing New Zealand’s appreciation of the ex-traordinary amount of work done by the Pre-paratory Commission and the Secretariat sinceour last meeting a year ago and reflected in thereport of our Secretary-General.

New Zealand is, in terms of population,. one ofthe smallest of the nations represented here, andit lies farther from the seat of Unesco than anyother member State, Paradoxically enough, it is

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just because-we are small and far away that webelieve so strongly in the ideals for which Unescostands. We have known the difficulties and dan-gers of isolation, particularly in things intellect-ual, and we realise how much we have to gainfrom a closer contact, at every level, with coun-tries larger than ourselves or nearer to the greatcentres of population. We also like to think thatthe small country may sometimes make, in thefields where Unesco’s interests lie, a contributionout of all proportion to its size. Education, scienceand culture are not, and we hope, never will be,the sole prerogative of the big and strong. TheConstitution of Unesco recognises this, by givingall nations, however small, the same voting power.We know moreover that our physical isolationis no longer a protection against the devastationof war. If war should ever come again, thebroad waters of the Pacific will be little moreprotection to us than will the English Channelto Great Britain or the Atlantic to the Americas.So our responsibility for building up mental bar-riers against war is no less than theirs.

If any proof were needed of New Zealand’sbelief in Unesco, I might mention, with whatyou will, I hope, regard as pardonable pride, thefact that it was the second country in the worldto deposit with the Foreign Office in London itsformal acceptance of the Constitution.

It is because the. New Zealand delegation hasso sure a faith in the purposes for which Unescowas created that we are deeply concerned thatits future should not be prejudiced by mistakesin policy in these early days. There appear to betwo opposing dangers to which Unesco is exposed,the one that it should die of its own timidity,and the other that it should rashly take on itsinfant shoulders a burden bigger than it can bear.Knowing the spirit of the Secretariat and of thedelegates assembled here, the New Zealand dele-gation has little fear that Unesco will die of in-anition and lack of fire. We do feel some concern,however, after a study of the initial documents,that Unesco may be tempted to undertake morethan it can effectively carry out, at least in theseearly years. The whole world is admittedly ourprovince, but not all the problems of the worldare Unesco’s problems.

Even within the fields of education, scienceand culture, there are some problems that wemust leave to others. Every experienced ad-ministrator knows the chagrin of having to leaveuntouched good and tempting tasks that wouldlead him from his accepted path. If administra-tion consisted solely in choosing between the goodand the bad, it would be a simple thing. Choicebetween competing goods is of the very essenceof administration. If, in our deliberations, we letourselves forget this, we shall, I am convinced,burden our Secretariat and our whole organisa-tion with a load that we have no right to expectit to bear. As each project comes before us inthe programme, we should ask ourselves not only“ Is this good? ” (for most of the proposals, Iam sure, are in large measure good), but also,two other questions : “ Is it a project that somenational body or bodies could possibly under-take? ” and ‘‘ Would it interfere with the small

solid core of tasks that no one else can do andthat are essential if Unesco is to justify its exis-tence to the world? ”

I t would be unfa i r fo r the New Zea landdelegation to make such a statement withoutgiving briefly the principles on which it considersthe choice should be made. One such principle Ihave already assumed: that Unesco should leaveto national agencies the problems that can beattacked at the national level. By this we meanmore than the statement in Article I, 3 of ourConstitution that prohibits the Organisation fromintervening in matters which are essentially withinthe domestic jurisdiction of Member States. That,of course, we take for granted. I am thinkingnow of protecting Unesco rather than of protect-ing national sovereignty. There are so many ur-gent and essential tasks that can be done byUnesco, and Unesco alone, that we cannot atthis stage afford to dissipate our energies on workthat individual countries can possibly undertake.One can, I think, find many examples of suchprojects in Document C/2.

We believe also that in some fields more hardwork at the national level is a necessary pre-requisite of useful international conferences andsurveys. I know that in my own field of education-al administration there are many problems wherethe real trouble is not that one’s point of view isinsufficiently global, -but rather that even withinone’s own country the factors involved are almosttoo varied and complex to grasp within one’sspan of comprehension. There are problems withinthe field of social sciences where some practicalinterim solution must be worked out before muchis to be gained by theoretical conferences or sur-veys. These can come later when we have atour disposal enough of the raw stuff of experience.

At all times and at all levels, of course, anyindividual country can gain help from contactswith other countries. We support Strongly theplans for more adequate documentation and forassisting the freer movement of individuals andmaterials across national borders. But we thinkthat many of the proposed conferences and formalsurveys are rather premature.

Even after eliminating projects that can beundertaken by national agencies, there still re-main, New Zealand thinks, many truly interna-tional tasks that must be postponed for a fewyears. It is scarcely reasonable to expect a neworganisation to launch a full-scale attack on everyfront at once. Again we are faced with the needfor judicious selection. The basis of that selectioncan be found, I think, in Section I of Article Iof our Constitution which begins, you will remem-ber :

‘‘ The purpose of the Organisation is to con-tribute to peace and security by promoting col-laboration among the nations through educa-tion, science and culture...”

The key words, I take it, in that broad charterare ‘‘ to contribute to peace and security. ” Themore clearly any project can be shown to leadto that end, the more surely can we adopt it asour own. There are many projects amongst those

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sent to us by the Preparatory Commission whichobviously are aimed directly at building up thedefences of peace in the minds of men. Take buta few at random : no one could reasonably doubtthat the cause of peace will be directly servedby the world-wide attack upon illiteracy, by thesurvey of school textbooks which have in someplaces done so much to distort the minds of na-tions, or by the breaking down of the barriersto the free flow of books, pictures, films and theeasy movement of scholars, scientists and of theordinary man and woman across national borders.These and similar tasks are indubitably ours andwe cannot leave them to others.

Rut there is another and even wider range ofprojects that are not aimed so directly at elimi-nating the causes of war. These are the projectsthat, while they have no direct concern with waror peace, yet enable men and women of learningand culture to work together on a common task.Dr. Huxley said in his report that joint workon concrete projects of all kinds would teach menof all nations something of a common point ofview and a new sympathy one with the other. Ibelieve that to be true — though I must admitthat I could not as yet offer to the Secretariata very convincing proof of the thesis — but Ialso think that individual projects coming underthis heading must be particularly carefully ex-amined before they are accepted. If we accept thethesis quite uncritically, what is there in the wayof co-operative human endeavour that we couldpossibly eliminate from our programme? Knowingmy fellow-countrymen, I have no doubt thereare a few who believe that (if I may shamelesslymisquote)...

“ Football ” does more than physic canTo justify God’s ways to man.

They may be right. Sport, moreover, is a formof culture, but I presume it will not come withinthe orbit of Unesco’s cultural interests.

In pressing for a limitation of Unesco’s imme-diate programme I do not want to be mis-understood. The New Zealand delegation sees nobounds to the ultimate activities of Unesco andits derivatives, and we have come 4,000 milesto say so. We know it brings a new hope to schol-ars, scientists, and artists and we believe that,as it proves itself, it will bring the same hopeto the common people of the world. To them,we must admit, it still has to prove itself. Webelieve it will do so best by concentrating allits energies on the solid core of tasks that areours alone and that the world expects of us.

The PRESIDENT translation : I now call onthe delegate of Denmark.

M. Carsten HOEG (Denmark) (translation) :It is well known that the term “ sciences ’’,both in French and in English, is generally usedin the restricted sense of “ natural sciences ”or “ exact sciences ’’. It will also be recalled thatthe representatives of the exact sciences insistedon the necessity of inserting the ‘ S ’ in the titleof our Organisation; and that Science, in this

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way, is somewhat awkwardly given a special placeas if it were a separate branch from educationand culture.

This very fact, which appears to be simply dueto a linguistic accident peculiar to the languagesof the West, has had regrettable consequences;for if we glance at the Preparatory Commission’sreport, it will at once be obvious. that this ap-parently insignificant fact has, in reality, disturbedthe proportions of the edifice we are building.If we look at the way in which Commission Ahas been divided into sections, it will be noticedthat there is a section for the Exact Sciences,another for Social Sciences, and that Philosophyand the Humanities have, rather surprisingly, beenattached to the latter. It would almost seem asthough the Humanities had been overlookeduntil the last moment, and that they have onlybeen inserted as an afterthought, without muchregard for logic. If you glance at the text of theExecutive Secretary’s speech, to which, like alldelegates, I listened with close interest, you willsee that here too the Humanities are not treatedas an essential branch of research and scientificteaching, but rather as a kind of art. It is truethat Dr. Huxley, at the end of his speech, statedthat “ The Preparatory Commission has already.suggested that our present section of Human Stu-dies is unwieldy and unnatural and should bedivided into two, one dealing with Social Sciences,the other with Philosophy and Humanistic Stu-dies. ”

I am sincerely glad that he has shown thesesigns of repentance, but it is not enough. I myselfbelong to the humanities, but I want you to be-lieve that the objections I have just raised arenot inspired by any sentiment of wounded vanity.The question is a far more serious one from sever-al aspects. First of all, from the point of viewof the practical work of this Conference. It willbe noticed, particularly in the excellent bookletentitled “ Science and Unesco ’’, that scientistshave undertaken enquiries and made suggestionswhich concern humanists, as well as representa-tives of other fields of scientific research.

I would therefore suggest that the sub-divisionof Commission A into sections should be al-tered immediately : that the Committee entitled“ Sciences ” should be re-named and entrustedwith the examination of all the general problemsaffecting international collaboration in connectionwith research and the teaching of “ science ”in its broadest and widest sense. It goes withoutsaying that this Committee, after completing thediscussion of general problems, should divide upinto three separate sections, to deal with theExact Sciences, the Social Sciences, and the Huma-nities, including philosophy, respectively.

It may be objected that I am attaching undueimportance to formalities and that the remarksI have just made do not really justify the needfor making alterations in the work programmeof the Conference. In reply to this I should liketo make some remarks of a general character —in my opinion, of fundamental importance. It iswell known that a remarkable change of attitudehas recently taken place throughout the world inthe esteem accorded to the exact sciences and to

—


the humanities. The astounding progress of theNatural Sciences has eclipsed the regard in which’the Humanities are held by public opinion andby Governments. Young people of both sexes areattracted by the almost dramatic progress of phy-sics, chemistry, and medicine, and governmentswhich are frequently guided by frankly utilitarianideas, have become inclined to look on the Human-ities as a luxury.

misery which prevail at present in backward anddevastated countries.

The PRESIDENT (translation) : I now call onthe delegate of Guatemala.

But in this Assembly we are all agreed, I feelconvinced, that research in connection with theHumanities is as important as in connectionwith nature. If men are seeking to improve thematerial conditions of human existence, and tosave the lives of children and invalids, this islargely due to faith in the values of human life,from which it follows that these values shouldform the subject of continual research in the fieldsof philology, philosophy and history, as well asin the domain of art and literature.

But if the members of this Conference agreewith this view, it is evident that we must doeverything in our power to open the eyes of thepublic, and more particularly of the politicians,to the essential unity of Science and the value.of the Humanities. And the least we can do inthis respect is to grant the latter their legiti-mate place in our programme of work.

M. MUNOZ MEANY (Guatemala) (transla-tion) : The delegation of Guatemala has learnedwith great regret the decision taken this morningwhich prevents Republican Spain from takingpart in the work of Unesco. This leaves a gapwhich it will be difficult to fill. There is no needto insist on the great value of Spanish culture,on its glorious spiritual past and the promise itrepresents in the new world we are called uponto build.

Guatemala, a country which is inspired by thefulfilment of spiritual values and where an extra-ordinary cultural revival is now afoot, deploresthat political circumstances should prevent anobserver of the Spanish Republic from attendingthis conference. Guatemala expresses a keen hopethat it may be possible to find a solution whichwill satisfy the legitimate desires of the SpanishRepublican Government.

I should like to go further, but this is a questiouwhich will have to be dealt with first in Com-mission A. To prevent any misunderstanding, Ishould like to make a further remark at once,which may at first appear to have little connect-ion with my previous statements, but which inreality emphasises their importance. In view ofthe fact that the Humanities, as a rule, are more.individualist and more national in character thanthe Natural Sciences, it must be frankly confess-ed that they are not so well suited to certainforms of ‘‘ international team-work ” which haveproved so successful in the exact sciences. It fol-lows, therefore, that Unesco for the present atany rate, should confine itself, as regards theHumanities, to undertaking a work of co-ordinat-ion; and should not make ingenious attemptsto adumbrate new international schemes. The Or-ganisation should, as far as possible, leave theresponsibility for directing the joint work of hu-manists to those institutions which already exist,particularly the International Academic Union,which will easily be able to extend its field ofwork if it receives Unesco’s support and assist-

To leave Spain outside Unesco is to ignore themoral and spiritual supremacy of one of the great-est cultures of the contemporary, world, as wellas the work of thousands of Spanish intellectualsin exile. Freedom is the sine qua non of creationand research as well as of all the expressions ofhuman culture. Republican Spain, faithful to itshigh principles, represents that freedom.

Guatemala thanks the delegates of France,Czechoslovakia and Poland for their words onthis subject.

On behalf of Guatemala I salute the spirit,mind and culture of Spain.

The PRESIDENT (translation) : I now call onthe delegate of Chile.

ance. .If I have thought it expedient to formulateIf I have thought it expedient to formulate

these ideas at a Plenary Meeting of the Confer-these ideas at a Plenary Meeting of the Confer-ence, it is because the Danish delegation, basingence, it is because the Danish delegation, basingitself on the attitude of the Danish Government,itself on the attitude of the Danish Government,

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is anxious to state formally the following point ofview : the very genuine and sympathetic interestfelt in Denmark for the work of Unesco willindeedbe strengthened if Unesco gives proof of moder-ation and devotes itself to limited and clearlydefined problems, in harmony, of course withthe long-term policy so brilliantly expounded bythe Executive Secretary. Denmark is particularlyanxious that Unesco should deal, with all thestrength of a young organisation, with the graveeducational problems due to the poverty and

M. REPES (Chile) (translation) : The delega-tion of Chile fully appreciates the obstacles, andespecially those emanating from the Constitutionof Unesco, which have led the General Confe-rence to adopt the resolution concerning the re-quest by the government of Republican Spain.

At the same time the delegation of Chile wishesto express its bitter regret that unavoidable cir-cumstances prevent Unesco from enjoying thevital co-operation of a representative of the cul-tural tradition of our mother country, Spain,whose civilising influence and activities culminat-ed in what are to-clay the American nations,among which Chile is proud to count herself.

Chile therefore salutes the spirit of Spain wher-ever it is to be found in this world, and hopesthat through her genius the mother country willtake her privileged place in the free world ofto-morrow, which Unesco is already helping tobuild.

Chile warmly thanks the delegates of Czecho-Slovakia, Poland and France for emphasising theimportance of Spanish culture..

The PRESIDENT (translation) : I call on thedelegate of Mexico.

M. MARTINEZ-BAEZ (Mexico) (translation) :As far as Republican Spain is concerned, the


Mexican Government have taken a firm ‘standfor justice, not only by words, but also by actsso numerous that they do not have to be men-tioned. Mexico considers the Republican Govern-ment as the only representative of the Spanishpeople. I, too, sincerely regret that formal con-siderations should have prevented the Spanish peo-ple from being represented here, so that we couldhave enjoyed the contribution of Spanish thoughtto which we are proud of being so closely attached.

May I express my hope that the day will comewhen this house will be able to give a due welcometo the Spanish people with its splendid culturalpast. It will also certainly have a contributionto make to our most cherished ideal, namely,the reconstruction of a world based on respectfor human beings.

The PRESIDENT (translation) : I now callupon the delegate of Luxembourg.

M. BRAUKSHAUSEN (Luxembourg) (trans-lation) : I wish to convey my country’s thanksfor the invitation from France and Unesco totake part in the cultural task which, if it succeeds,as we hope, wil l certainly be one of the f inestundertakings in history.

T h e g e n e r a l r e p o r t o f U n e s c o ’s P r e p a r a t o r yCommission outl ines the problem broadly andpoints a way towards its concrete fulfilment. Butin the immense task of creating a new ideal forall peoples, an ideal which in the past only foundisolated apostles, there are so many possibilitiesof fulfilment that it may be wise to consider theproject in al l i ts aspects. More part icularly, Iwould like to consider how this ideal might pro-vide mankind with the mental i ty necessary forthe creation of peace between nations.

As has been well said, Unesco is a promise ofa future, and its sponsors have given it a funda-mental and actively democratic charter. Under ademocratic regime, it is not sufficient for the re-presentatives of the people to see things clearly;voters must be warned of the inevi table conse-quences of a given policy, if they are to supportthe commonsense and enlightened understandingof their elected leaders. Governments or politicalparties are frequently led by the course of eventsto follow the instinctive or skilfully manipulatedwil l of the masses. I t is therefore essential toprepare, by the individual education of each citi-zen, a collect ive mental i ty’ capable of resistingil l- judged enthusiasm, capable of let t ing i tselfbe guided solely by the objective reality of facts,by ideas of justice and human ethics, which shouldgovern the relations between nations and betweenindividuals. Only then will humanity avoid bloodycatastrophes like the one whose depths we havestill to plumb.

How are we to train minds in such a way thatalluring tempting ideologies, which are often arbi-trary and contrary to al l sound reason, wil l nothave the power to turn men from a rational con-ception of their rights and duties?

We find the answer in the Gospels — Veritasl iberabi t vos . The basis of object ive thought isto train minds to recognise from youth, the factsof life as it is, whether they flatter our egocentric

complexes or are at variance with our personalinterest.

To surround oneself with a rich and solid docu-mentation on all controversial questions is theadditional means by which we may keep as neartruth as possible. To examine the consequencesof one’s action without preconceived ideas, witha regard only for facts and with an objectiveinterpretation of lessons of the past, that is thebest way of avoiding the disastrous results offanciful and arbitrary reasoning. That is the royalroad to truth, which man has only to follow tocreate the collective mind which is essential tothe fulfilment of Unesco’s noble purpose.

But Unesco’s predecessor, the Institute of In-tellectual Co-operation, already attacked the sameproblem, and we recognise to the full the tremen-dous work of the Institute in intellectual docu-mentation and the encouragement of a soundintellectual life. If it did not attain all its aims,it was because its beneficial activity was inter-rupted just as it had completed the substructureof the edifice it planned; also, perhaps, becauseit appealed too exclusively to the educated classesand was not sufficiently in contact with the masses.Unesco, very rightly, is seeking to avoid the sameerror, and is particularly interested in an effectivepropaganda for every class of society. If the newhuman ideal based on scientific data and on theinfinite potentialities for happiness and spiritualculture which scientific applications give to huma-nity or promise it for the near future, can beunderstood and cherished — if the idea of arational democracy, of mutual understanding andfruitful collaboration for the universal good (whichis also the individual good) can penetrate all strataof society, then Unesco can pride itself uponinaugurating a new era in the history of man-kind.

Is it necessary to add that it is in the educationof youth that the formation of a new mentalityhas the best opportunities of obtaining speedy andlasting results. Unesco cannot remain aloof fromthe organisation of compulsory education in allcountries. Aiming farther than it has in the past,a necessarily prolonged and intensified primaryeducation must provide all members of societywith the concise scientific and historical teachingwhich will enable them, by a parallel training ofthe logical faculties, to form their own opinionon questions of interest to humanity and onthe political problems they will have to decideas voters in a free and rational democracy.

Obviously it mill be a long time before sucha wide and ambitious programme is fulfilled. Therewill be therefore no reason for impatience, if yearsof organisation prove to be necessary before wecan gather the first-fruits of the tree which theUnited Nations are now planting. But with allmen of good will combining in this work, withthe best intelligences directing it, and the anxioushopes of humanity accompanying it, the tree willgrow; a day will come when its shade, the symbolof all efforts for a better world, will spread overall nations and allow them to live happily in peaceand the full enjoyment of the material, intellect-ual and moral wealth which alone makes lifeworth living.

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The PRESIDENT (translation)the delegate of Venezuela.

M. PARRA-PEREZ (Venezuela)I have not prepared a speech, but

: I call upon

(translation) :I learn that,

while I was out of the room, some of my LatinAmerican colleagues expressed their regret at theabsence from our midst of a representative ofSpain.

Unhappy circumstances deprive us of the voiceof Spain in this Conference and I am bound toregret this in my country’s name. I cannot helpsaying how much we, who are Americans by raceand Spanish by culture, deplore that absence.

It is inconceivable that, from an assemblyconcerned with culture and intellectual co-oper-ation, the great people to whom we owe ourexistence should be missing.

I have risen to express my country’s feelingand to associate myself with the feelings of allAmerica. But when I say all America, I mustrefrain from voicing any sentiments but thoseof Venezuela, whom I have the honour to repre-sent at this Conference.

We have all a single culture, a feeling of solid-arity, a sense of democracy and love of freedomwhich unite us. It is this unity which brings ushere to collaborate in the work of Unesco.

Once again I must say how much we wouldhave welcomed the voice of Spain. I firmly hopethat one day soon we shall have among us the

representatives of a people who are dear to usand who have contributed perhaps more to humancivilisation than any other nation.

The PRESIDENT (translation) : The Chair-man of the Credentials Committee will now ad-dress the meeting.

The CHAIRMAN OF THE CREDENTIALSCOMMITTEE (translation) : The Committee metat 3 p. m. They received a message from theNetherlands and Belgium confirming the depositof ratifications by those two countries. The Com-mittee also received a telegram accrediting thedelegate of Bolivia. Ecuador and Haiti haveaccepted the Constitution. Pending the depositof the two latter instruments of ratification, theywill not be able to vote.

The PRESIDENT (translation) : You haveheard the proposals of the Credentials Committeethat the vote of these two delegations — Haitiand Ecuador — should be reserved. Has anyoneany observations to make on that? In the casesof Belgium and Holland, the situation is now inorder.

As there are no further items on the agenda,we will adjourn until tomorrow morning at 10.30and I will ask you again to be in time for theopening of the meeting, so that we may startpunctually.

FIFTH PLENARY MEETINGFriday, 22 November 1946 at 10.30 a. m.


The PRESIDENT (translation) : I have a fewannouncements to make on behalf of the Gene-ral Committee. I would remind the Conferencewe have three main Commissions, the ProgrammeCommission, the Administration and Legal Com-mission and the Reconstruction and Rehabilita-tion Commission. Two of these are to be sub-divided into two Sub-Commissions.

should be presented which would be translated

It is necessary, if the Conference is to finishits work by the set date, that the Commissionsshould start work on Monday. If the Conferenceaccepts this, the Commissions will appoint Chair-men of the Sub-Commissions.

The Procedure Committee, which has alreadydone considerable work, will submit a provision-al report in a few minutes and will meet thisafternoon at 3 p. m. It will report on the electionsto the Executive Board. When the final report ismade, the Nominations Committee will meet, butprobably not before tomorrow morning. The thirdpoint is that the General Committee has pro-posed we should follow a slightly different pro-cedure with interpretations from that followedyesterday. The new method is this. While yes-terday’s addresses were not interpreted, exceptfor speakers who asked for interpretation, it isproposed that today a short written summary

at the Conference.With regard to the general discussion some

names have been sent in and, for other memberswishing to speak, I will ask them to send in theirnames as quickly as possible.

I would add a few words of a personal charac-ter.

Yesterday, I recommended proposals from theGeneral Committee regarding Observers, in par-ticular from the Government of the Spanish Re-public, which I think gave rise to some mis-understanding. I would like to point out that noformal proposal came from any particular delega-tion; the decision was the result of general dis-cussion, and should be looked upon therefore asa collective recommendation.

I now call upon the Rapporteur of the ProcedureCommittee.

The Rapporteur of the PROCEDURE COM-MITTEE (translation) : This Committee metyesterday at IO a. m. Various amendments wereproposed and a sub-committee was set up whichis working at this moment to try to find a suitableformula for the recommendations that have beenmade. Meanwhile the Committee has accepted

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Rules 3, 4, 8, 9, 12, 18, 19, to 32, 36, 37, 38, 40,41, 42, 43, 46, 47, 48, 50, 51, 53, 56, 57, 58, 63,64, 67, 69, 70, 71, 72. A new Draft was suggestedfor Article 58. It was amended in this way :

“ On the proposal of the Executive Board,the General Conference during its regular ses-sion shall fix the place for the next regularsession, which shall change from year to year.The Commissions and Committees shall includea Credentials Committee, as provided in Rule17, and a Nominations Committee. The lattershall include the heads of all delegations pre-sent and voting.

“ Heads of delegations, who may be assistedby alternate delegates, may be replaced bytheir alternates. This Committee shall submitto the General Conference nominations for poststo be filled at the Conference or on the Ex-ecutive Board, except in the cases laid downin Articles I-IV of the Constitution. In suppor-ting the various candidates, the NominationsCommittee shall have regard to the need ofa balance between the different cultures of thedifferent geographical areas represented. ”We hope to present our final report at tomor-

row’s Plenary Meeting.

The PRESIDENT (translation) : Unless thereare any objections, this report is adopted.

Mr. ROBERTS (South Africa) : Rule 60 is inconflict with what the Conference has just adopt-ed. That Article says that each committee shallelect its chairman and rapporteur.

The Rapporteur of the PROCEDURE COM-MITTEE (translation) : This morning’s reportis a short provisional one, telling you of thework done so far. I hope that when the Rulesare finally submitted to you, you will be ableto present any observations you wish to make.I will ask you therefore not to adopt the reportI have just submitted to you. Tomorrow thefinal report can be discussed Rule by Rule.

The PRESIDENT (translation) : I think thatsettles the matter. The preliminary report of theProcedure Committee is adopted. We will nowreturn to the general discussion.

9. GENERAL DISCUSSION ON THEWORK OF’ THE PREPARATORY


The PRESIDENT (translation) : I call uponM. Menemencioglu, the delegate of Turkey.

M. Numan MENEMENCIOGLU (Turkey)(translation) : The speakers who have precededme have rightly expressed their great satisfac-tion at the work done by the Preparatory Com-mission and have also conveyed their warmestthanks to it and to the Secretariat. Allow me toadd those of the Turkish delegation.

The report submitted by our Secretary-Generalis, as remarked by President Blum, a work ofexceptional quality. It is in every way worthy

of Unesco, and I think that is the best tributethat can be paid to an intellectual achievement.

The various documents we have had before us,including the remarkable report of Dr. JulianHuxley, bring home to us the magnitude of thetask undertaken by our Organisation and showat the same time the complexity of the workand the enormous difficulties with which we shallhave to cope if we are to succeed in an under-taking of such long range as the intellectual reha-bilitation of the human race.

I shall begin by emphasising these difficultiesin order to show that we shall have to workwith considerable tenacity, patience and courageto achieve so lofty an aim.

There are many intellectuals, including poli-ticians of good faith, who, without denying themoral scope of Unesco’s programme, insist onsubordinating the success of the campaign forthe re-education of minds to the preliminaryestablishment of political peace and the concreteorganisation of security. Well-meaning sceptics,for example, will object that education, cultureand intellectual co-operation have been used inthe past as selfish means of encroachment anddomination. They will ‘also tell you that the ins-truction of the masses can provide material forexploitation by those egoistically inclined. Accord-ing to these, it is dangerous even to begin toinculcate that universal and international spiritwhich is Unesco’s highest aim, in a world wheremutual confidence and general security do notseem likely to be established in the near future.To diminish individual nationalism would deprivecertain peoples (who foster it as a means of ter-ritorial, economic or social defence) of a poten-tial which it is difficult to replace. Any work forthe education of the masses and the unificationof minds must, therefore, be preceded by theestablishment of an era of security, confidenceand international collaboration.

I must confess that there is something to besaid for these arguments. But where they fail isin proposing no solution of the problem and nomeans of escape from the vicious circle in whichthey involve us.

Education, science and culture may have beenselfishly employed by certain leaders. The inform-ation of the masses may have been used tovitiate rather than elevate the public mind. Such,in fact, was the system applied in a masterly wayby the now defeated totalitarian countries. Butthis is, as it were, the negation of science andculture, whereas Unesco is their affirmation.

A certain egoism will also be found underlyingthe efforts of our own Organisation, but it willbe a collective egoism, of benefit to the UnitedNations as a whole, to each of them in particular,arid to the common ideal by which they areunited. With us, mass information will have anobjective which is pure and noble, namely the pro-pagation of peace, of mutual comprehension andthe welfare of the human race.

There remains the last of the objections I havementioned,, and it raises, perhaps, the most deli-cate question — the struggle between universa-lity and nationalism. It is certain that the weak-ening of the defence potential is a weighty argu-

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ment. It is difficult to conduct this campaignin an atmosphere which is more or less chaotic.But cannot the drawbacks be minimized by en-larging the field? We should explain that ourobject is not to destroy nationalism, but to pre-vent it from choosing its own means of achievingthat prosperity to which it is entitled. The great-ness and happiness of a people must be conceiv-ed exclusively in peace, for peace, and by paci-fic development. This evolution of nationalism isprogress, not only in the formation of the humanmind, but also in the consolidation of the govern-ing principle itself.

All these considerations, I admit, do not entire-ly destroy the value of the objection that cer-tain peoples may be weakened before an era ofinternational confidence and understanding isestablished. We must overcome this difficulty;otherwise we shall have the same vicious circle tothe grave detriment of our civilisation and ourcommon ideal.

The elevation and unification of the humanmind must be achieved in confidence and security.But, similarly, elevation and unification are ne-cessary in order to establish confidence and secur-ity. This is the dilemma, from which we cannotescape. Let us not forget that the stake at issueis the salvation of the human race.

To bring about universal confidence, we mustbegin by believing it possible. Let us take thisstep, even if certain sacrifices are necessary. Nogreat work can be accomplished without courageand without risks. Let us contribute to the workof Unesco in a spirit of sincere collaboration,unhesitatingly, without mental reservations. Letus do our duty with faith and enthusiasm. Suc-cess will crown the efforts of those who work inthe service of the Ideal.

The PRESIDENT (tranlation) : I call uponMr. Hardman, delegate of the United Kingdom.

Mr. D. R. HARDMAN (United Kingdom) :The Government of the United Kingdom is ofthe opinion that the Preparatory Commission canlook back with satisfaction to the work of thepast twelve months. The Report of the Commis-sion is a notable document and, in general, theprogramme is well designed to further the gener-al objects of Unesco. We also wish to supportwhat has so often and rightly been said aboutthe work of the Secretariat and, in particular,about the contribution which the Executive Se-cretary has made to the work of Unesco. Thanksto the Preparatory Commission, we have a usefulseries of proposals before us, from which we mayalready see something of the work which Unescomay hope to achieve in the years to come.

We of the British delegation, which includesrepresentatives of the 63 millions of the ColonialEmpire, share the view already expressed by anumber of our colleagues that our present taskis to choose from this rich field of possible activ-ity just those projects whose realisation seemsmost immediately rewarding and also within ourpower. We must ask ourselves what these areand how they can be achieved. The needs aregreat. War has brought a new poverty to aggrav-

ate difficulties that were serious enough beforethe war. It is tragic, at a time when isolationand want have sharpened intellectualno less thanphysical hunger, that the most formidable bar-riers obstruct the free flow of ideas between thenations of the world. Remedies will not quicklybe found for all the ills which a bruised and lamedhumanity now suffers, but the need for them im-poses upon Unesco its first and its most urgenttask, The walls are high but there are doors andwindows and we must throw them wide open.

We have some simple tests by which to mea-sure the proposals put before us. We must askof each project, is it creative, will it help to releasecreative powers among men and among the chil-dren of men, in their communities, their societies,and their schools? Will it release powers of thespirit, of the heart or of the mind in the worldsof art, science or education?

We must look at each project to discoverwhether it is related to something already vitaland creative in the world as we know it. Trueto our common co-operative ideals, we must askif the project will make the community more ofa community within the national society and stillmore within the society of nations. Shall we reallybe doing what we all want to do, enlarging thecommunity of scientists, teachers and artists?Above all, shall we truly contribute to buildingthat One World to whose creation so many ofus now wish to dedicate our lives?

During the work of the Commissions, into whichthis Conference will shortly be resolved, the Brit-ish delegation will hope to produce a consideredlist of projects which we think will satisfy thoseconditions. They cover a wide field and I will notdetain you by attempting to list them now. Theywill, however, range from total war against il-literacy down to finding pencils and chalk for theschools improvised among the rubble of so manycities, towns and villages ruined by the war.Mr. President, we cannot hear unmoved of thepitiful plight of so many children in the worldtoday. These children will be the United Nationsof tomorrow. Let us all do what we can to re-store the shattered fabric of the world of the spirit.It is, I venture to say, the only world thatreally matters now.

There are less dramatic tasks, tending never-theless to the same end. We have heard of theInternational Council of Scientific Unions and thegood work it is doing; why should we not havesimilar bodies in the humanities, medicine,’ tech-nology and agriculture? The arts stand in specialneed of help to clear away the obstacles that nowhold up the passage of artists of all kinds, of books,music, films and gramophone records. We areglad to see that Unesco will encourage the distri-bution of educational films and radio programmes.This is a part of its programme we hope to seeextend beyond strictly educational material.

New organisations will be needed by creativeartists and we think that an International TheatreInstitute may well be one of them. Then thereis the whole vast field of mass media. They mustall, as all the rest of our work, promote the idealsof the United Nations in the fields covered byUnesco, thereby counteracting their exploitation

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by powerful political or economic groups, whichseek, in the fine phrase of M. Bidault. “ to buildan Empire over the minds of men ’’.

We must be international and we must keepour nationalism where it belongs. We must seeto it that in our proper pride in our own cultureswe do not impose on the world one way of life.The white radiance of universal enlightenmentincludes in its spectrum colours from the cultureof every race and nation. By constructive andpractical means we may do more to further theends of Unesco, to buttress the defences againstwar and create genuine peace in the One World,to increase the real spiritual, intellectual and ma-terial welfare of mankind, than we should do ifwe concentrate attention on the symptoms ofdisease in the world today and try to suggest re-medies. Let us be as boldly imaginative as theartist, as scrupulously objective as the scientist,as sympathetic and devoted as the teacher; letus above all keep that faith in the ordinary manwhich is the essence of democracy.

But, though we work hopefully, we must real-ise that time is short. A few months ago theworld lost one of its great educators, who was inmany respects a typical Englishman and yet mightbe called the first citizen of the world we aretrying to create — H. G. Wells.

While we remember him with admiration andaffection, all of us also remember his insistentwarning. He said “ the race is between educationand catastrophe ’’. Unless we do something aboutthis ignorance of ours, this universal blinkeredignorance, we shall be overwhelmed; we shalldestroy one another.

But this time let the nations here assembledmake sure that education wins, that the creativeforces win, the forces that make for community.During the next few weeks, the writing on thewalls of the Conference Chamber is : “ The eyesof the world are upon us — let us clear the decksfor action. ”

The PRESIDENT (translation) : I call uponMadame Gasirowska, who will speak in her nativelanguage. The speech will be interpreted intoFrench.

Mme GASIROWSKA (Poland) (translation) :We have heard with considerable interest the re-port presented by Dr. Huxley on the developmentand activity of Unesco.

I am glad to be able to inform the Conferencethat we have already organised a National UnescoCommission in Poland.

I must emphasise the social character of ourorganisation, which includes representatives of theGovernment, of scientific organisations, of teachers,of the trades unions, of literary and artistic asso-ciations, and of young people’s groups.

At the Conference for the establishment ofUnesco, held last year in London, the head of thePolish delegation expressed the hopes placed byPoland in the work of Unesco. I wish to confirmthis feeling on behalf of my people, a feeling whichis born of its love of peace and freedom.

There is always instability in the life of a post-war world; numerous peoples know not what the

morrow may bring; memories of the atrocitiesand sufferings of the war have not yet faded; thedamage to millions of human beings is not yetrepaired.

We are hoping for words and acts which willenable us to breathe again and to feel secure.

We are following with unabating interest andwith our best wishes the hard labour of states-men for the solution of arduous political and eco-nomic problems.We realise that this work can only succeed ifit is based on a spirit of international justice andsolidarity.

A favourable atmosphere for the establishmentof a just and lasting peace can and must be crea-ted by an organisation which groups millions ofteachers, professors, educational experts, scholarsand artists, adults and young people, men andwomen, all, animated by the will to serve civili-sation in progress and freedom. I shall be gladto take back to my country from the Conferencethe glad tidings that we have evolved a basis onwhich the nations can agree and that we havecontributed to the achievement of the noble aimsembodied in the Charter of the United Nations.

The student of history will fully realise that mycountry has suffered more often and more terri-bly from war than any other in the world.

It was proved at Nuremberg that we werebrutally attacked without any semblance of jus-tification by the aggressor. The enemy treated mypeople in a way which cannot be realised by thosewho were not there during the war, who have notthemselves seen the traces of our suffering and thedevastation of our country.

We are arising from our ruins — and from ourgraves. Our workers, peasants and intellectuals areworking as hard as they can and harder to securea bare subsistence today and a more prosperousfuture for our country.

Our scholars are working under pitiful condi-tions, in unsuitable premises, without scientificinstallations or instruments.

Although our teachers are underfed, they teachtwo and even three teams of children a day, owingto the scarcity of teachers and the lack of school-buildings. Our young people, eager for study, butalso often underfed, are housed in inadequate buil-dings, and lack the necessary books and materialfor study.

I could dwell at length on the difficulties andobstacles in the way of our artists, writers,musicians, painters, our radio, press and cinemaworkers.

But it is above all in respect of our childrenthat you could hear things that would move thehardest heart. The number of orphans in Polandexceeds any figure known in the world. We haveat present some two million orphans and childrenwith only one parent.

To give a complete picture of the sufferings ofchildren during the war, it would be necessary to.speak of their feeble health, their backward de-velopment, their physical and nervous diseases andabove all of the tragic fact that they have losttheir joy in living and their childish laughter.

There can be no doubt, the child is the mosttragic victim of the last war.


We must take immediate steps to make it clearto children that the world today is governed bylaws other than those of the war and that, dur-ing these tragic years, they have gone throughthe wrong school.

pressed his faith in the efficiency of cultural re-lations between nations “ as a means of creatinga spirit of peace in the world ’’.

The nations, each and all, must endeavour toimprove mankind.

That is why I have dwelt so long upon the Po-lish child, the comrade of children in other coun-tries, where he is pleading for urgent help andcare.

“ What we are aiming at ’’, he added, “ whatwe are seeking to establish, is a world where peacewould be a permanent, or rather a natural state;a world where the spirit of peace will becomeone of the surest guarantees of peace. That ’’,he said, ‘‘ was the final purpose of our Organi-sation. ”

Even before the establishment of the Prepara-tory Commission of Unesco and the Technical Sub-Committee, numerous countries and internationalorganisations took steps to help those countrieswhich had suffered from the war.

On behalf of the Polish delegation, I warmlythank all who have helped Poland.

Although we do not share some of the ideas ex-pressed by Dr. Huxley, and although certain ob-jections made yesterday by our friends of Yugo-slavia are shared by us, we follow with sympathyany proposal to create workable instruments ofcollaboration and central and international organ-isations.

I quote M. Léon Blum’s moving speech as atribute to his intellectual eminence and to remindthis Assembly of the importance and scope of thetask Unesco is undertaking today.

I would like to remind you of the elegance andsimplicity with which M. Blum invited us to es-tablish our seat in Paris and of the reasons he gavefor it. His wish has been fulfilled. We are now inParis, to whose great seat of learning young andold students from all over the world have alwayscome and have afterwards returned to their coun-tries enriched with a store of science, culture anddisciplines.

Our delegation is persuaded that we have muchto learn and, if we are able to contribute our miteto the joint work, it will be a great satisfactionto us.

We wish success to the General Conference andprosperity and welfare to each country represen-ted. I hope that we may meet next year with thefeeling that mankind is no longer threatened andthat it is finally entering upon a new era of peaceand fraternity.

Mr. President, France could have no better in-terpreter. Her attitude towards the United Na-tions Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organi-sation will not have been in vain. All the MemberStates which their delegates represent at this Con-ference will want to associate their thanks withthose of Canada.

The PRESIDENT (translation) : I now callupon M. Victor Doré, head of the Canadian dele-gation.

The Canadian delegation also considers it a dutyto salute China and the United States, and tostress the important role played by these two po-wers in the United Nations and its agencies —more particularly Unesco, which can and mustunite nations on a level of spiritual unity. Theircommon effort for the creation of a spirit ofpeace in a world morally and spiritually regener-ated can but strengthen the bonds which unitethem.

M. Victor DORÉ (Canada) (translation) : Ihighly appreciate the honour I have of representingmy country here, and on its behalf I salute thisAssembly.

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The Canadian delegation congratulates theAllied Council of Ministers of Education, which

Those who attended the Conference in Londonin 1945, or have since read the minutes, will wantto salute the two dominating figures : the RightHonourable Ellen Wilkinson, and her Associate,M. Leon Blum. Their opening speeches are a sourceof inspiration for all the workers of Unesco. anda closer study of them would be beneficial to alland would enable them to understand and appre-ciate their task better. By means of questions andanswers, Miss Wilkinson defined the purposes ofthe United Nations Educational Scientific and Cul-tural Organisation and the means of ensuring theireventual fulfilment.

met in London during the most critical period ofthe war, and even then considered means of re-establishing education in devastated areas. Thisadmirable faith in ultimate victory is a creditto Britain and to the Governments then in exile.

We also wish to congratulate the delegates andadvisers who contributed to the study and pre-paration of the Constitution, as well as to theFinal Act of the November Conference; also thePreparatory Commission for the way in which itcarried out its task; the Executive Committee ofthe Organisation for its intelligent activity; andfinally Dr. Julian Huxley, the driving spirit ofUnesco, who has given this further proof of hissplendid culture.

I purposely stress the word “ eventual ’’,which in the case of our organisation is an invit-ation not to rush our fences, but on the contraryto proceed with method and discrimination. I shalldeal with this point later.

The way in which Miss Wilkinson presided overthe London Conference, her dynamism and thesureness of her decisions largely contributed to itssuccess. The Canadian delegation salutes her andsends her its heartiest congratulations.

With his usual eloquence, M. Léon Blum ex-

Of all the United Nations agencies, Unesco, byits nature, is the most promising. It is an achieve-ment of peace, and in it should reign that spiritof peace so well defined by M. Leon Blum. Itinvites people to know each other, understand eachother and appreciate each other better, and, indoing so, it appeals not only to the heart but tothe mind. May Unesco therefore develop and ful-fil the aims it has set itself. However, like allother human institutions, Unesco is not secureagainst surprises and snares. It will meet nume-


rous obstacles. Its acts and its gestures will bevariously welcomed and variously interpreted;they will give rise to more than one conflict of opi-nions, if not of interests It therefore faces a praise-worthy but a difficult task.

The reports which all the delegates will have readand studied, and which will shortly be examinedand criticised by the various Commissions, arefull of ideas. They throng with suggestions, withprojects which on the whole agree with the guid-ing principles of the Constitution. The groundhas been cleared; the machine is at work. It isup to this Conference to decide who will controlit and to determine the path, in which it willengage. Nothing must be rushed, but there aretasks to be accomplished, the nature and urgencyof which none can deny. There still remain a num-ber of points to be clarified. The Board whichthis Conference is going to elect, and the Director-General of the Organisation, will have a lot to do.May ‘the Study Commissions make a judiciousdistribution of the projects submitted to themand give good grounds for-their recommendations.These Commissions will start work as soon as thespeeches on the Agenda have been made, and thatis the reason why I shall not prolong mine un-necessarily.

At last year’s London Conference two Cana-dian delegates spoke in turn; one in English andthe other in French. With your permission, Mr.President, I shall fulfil this dual task. I shall there-fore end the French part of my address, addingonly that Canada has approved the Final Actadopted in London and intends assuming its shareof responsibility in the laudable task which ourOrganisation has to accomplish.

M. DORÉ then said in English : In accordancewith the precedent assented to by the LondonConference, and with the whole-hearted agreem-ent of my colleagues of the Canadian Delegation,this final portion of my comment may well be de-livered in English.

I do not intend to translate into English whatI have already said in my native tongue. I shallendeavour to summarize the opinion of the Ca-nadian delegation, which has made a thoroughexamination of the Constitution of Unesco and ofthe various projects which this Conference is tostudy and decide upon. I ask you to accept theremarks I am about to make as representing thegeneral policy which the Canadian delegation, forthe present at least, deems it advisable to recom-mend.

It attaches great importance to the successfulaccomplishment of the formidable tasks whichUnesco is about to undertake. It considers thatUnesco is potentially one of the most valuableagencies of the United Nations.

But precisely because of this earnest desire forUnesco’s success, the Government is deeply con-’cerned that the first General Conference of Unescoshould establish a firm, if modest, groundworkupon which the future edifice may be raised. Ifthe Organisation is to be viable and effective, itmust proceed at the Conference, and during itsfirst year of existence, in Such a way as to corn -

mand the respect and confidence of its MemberStates and their peoples.

TO fulfil this aim, the Organisation must di-rect its energies and resources not only towardsthe pursuit of its important long-term objectives,but also, and more particularly, to the achieve-ment from the outset of short-term urgent pro-jects, the value of which will be immediately ap-parent to the peoples of the world and to theirG o v e r n m e n t s .

The principle of concentration of Unesco’s acti-vities must be maintained. If the Organisationwere to undertake in the near future all the pro-jects which have been suggested for it, it seemsprobable that this dissipation of effort and fundswould result in a consequent absence of full suc-cess in any one field. If, however, effort can bedirected to a smaller number of pressing projects,the Organisation may hope for very solid successescalculated to convince the most sceptical ofUnesco’s practical value. On this basis of limited,demonstrable achievement Unesco will be able togo forward, stage by ‘stage, to confront the in-numerable challenges that will arise.

It should be kept in mind at all times thatUnesco is but one of a growing body of organsof the United Nations. It has common frontierswith the fields more specifically granted to otheragencies — the Food and Agriculture Organisa-tion, the Sub-Commission on Human Rights, theUnited Nations Department of Public Informa-tion, etc. Continuing co-ordination of activitiesmust be sought to reduce to a minimum the realpossibility of overlapping and duplication ofeffort.

Emphasis must be laid on the facilitative natureof Unesco’s task. Wherever possible, it shouldavoid becoming a direct operational agent andshould endeavour to inspire, encourage and assistexisting organisations, private and official, to ex-ecute the projects upon which they have deter-mined. It is recognised that there are no existingorganisations in some of the fields in which Unescomust work, and here Unesco will clearly have todo the work itself until such time as new bodiescan be developed to meet the need.

Canada agrees to co-operate with the otherMember States of Unesco. Her attachment toBritish ideals in matters of education, her closerelation in various fields with her friendly neigh-bour, the United States of America, more parti-cularly in that of education, the essential dualismof her own cultural pattern, will, I am sure, helpto make her contribution to the United NationsEducational, Scientific and Cultural Organisationa worthy one.

The PRESIDENT (translation) : I call uponthe delegate of India.

Mr. SAIYIDAIN (India) : I do not think itnecessary for me to offer any apologies for inflict-ting my speech on you, after so many eloquen-and fine speeches to which you have listened,because I feel that there are still a number ofpoints which can do with a certain amount ofunderlining, if we are to keep intact our perspec-tive in dealing with the programme of Unesco.


I should like to begin by associating myself withthe well-deserved appreciation which has beenexpressed of the report submitted by the Execu-tive Secretary, Dr. Julian Huxley, to the Confe-rence. This report strikes me not as a dead docu-ment but as a lively interpretation of the modernworld and its many different problems and itdiscusses intelligently the role which Unesco canplay in tackling some of these problems withvision and insight.

There are certain features of the report towhich I should like to invite your attention andmake some observations which appear to me tobe called for. I confess that, when I tried to dis-cover, before this Conference was convened, thenature of the projects which were being draftedby the Secretariat I had the impression that theywere too varied and miscellaneous and seemedto lack a coherent purpose. The report, however,has succeeded in presenting a unified programmein which the various proposals have been pro-perly integrated and it is easy to see the linesalong which the mind of the Preparatory Com-mission has been working. If there is one criti-cism that I can offer in this connection it wouldbe that I find no clear and definite criterion forjudging the urgency and the priority of the va-rious proposals that have been placed before us.Are they all to be treated as equally importantor is preference to be given to some over others?I take it that generally speaking there are twomain objects before Unesco — (I) the establish-ment of peace and security through utilizing allthe resources of education, culture and scienceand (2) the advancement and diffusion of know-ledge amongst all the peoples and countries ofthe world. Which of these is to have immediatepriority? And I mean from that not merely finan-cial priority but priority in time and significance.If I could venture to submit my personal viewon this behalf I would suggest that the greatestissue of the modern age is the establishment andmaintenance of Peace, not only because it isintrinsically desirable but because it is the pre-condition of all creative work and progress and,therefore, every item of our programme shoulddirectly or indirectly be integrally related to thecentral purpose. While I would be the last personto belittle the importance of knowledge, on whichthe continued progress of mankind ultimatelydepends, I do feel that what the modern worldlacks is not knowledge — for we know far more‘than our predecessors did, at least in the physicaland the social sciences — or even the applicationof knowledge, which in many countries has beenapplied successfully in all kinds of ways, from itsmodest but beneticent application in things likecentral heating to its spectacular but deadlyapplication in the field of the atom. What themodern world signally lacks is Wisdom, whichmay be described as the grace of knowledge, andCharity, without which the mere increase of know-ledge is not a blessing but a curse. I am remindedof the remark of a famous French writer, whosaid : ‘‘ All true progress is progress in charity,everything else being secondary to it.” Thismeans that we must judge the value of all our.inventions and discoveries and our intellectual

achievements on this criterion — do they or dothey not contribute to the deepening of wisdomand the kindling of charity in the human heart?The great and recurrent tragedy of man’s life isthe fact, as stressed by a great thinker and poetof modern India, Iqbal, that this knowledge isnot inspired by a true humanism and has notbeen subordinated to vision. In the words ofIqbal : “ The modern man, who has succeededin tracing the stars in their courses, has not beenable to illumine the dark night of his life.” Itis for this reason that in the order of priority, Iwould place the cause of peace above that of theadvancement of knowledge, even though I amfully aware of the importance of both.

One of the reasons why ,I have stressed thispoint at some length is the fact that, to use asomewhat irreverent American expression, wehave to try to ‘sell’ Unesco to the common manand woman all over the world. And I assure youthat from what I have seen of people in differentcountries, they are not frightfully interested inthe foundation of new observatories or institutesof mathematics,, but they are deeply interestedin guarding themselves and their children againstthe horrors of another and incredibly more deadlywar in the near future. And this is even morepoignantly the concern of the women than ofthe men. I believe that their instinct is right, forit is not so much a failure to appreciate the signi-ficance of knowledge as a desire to place firstthings first and we can ignore this instinctive urgeof the common man only at our peril.

Another welcome feature of the report whichhas impressed me favourably is the fact that ittakes a global or world-wide view of the pro-blems of mankind and it has avoided the temp-ting discourtesy of envisaging the world only inAnglo-Saxon or European terms. That is whythere is a reference to the need for the rehabili-tation not only of devastated but also of back-ward countries, which may be said to have beensuffering cultural ‘devastation for centuries; thatis why there is an appreciation of the culturalpossibilities of the backward as well as non-industrial peoples and a deploring of the factthat, in some of them, there is a tendency todevelop a ‘shoddy’ imitation of Western culture.I welcome in particular the reference to the needfor the equalization of cultural opportunity andI think it is essential that, Unesco should dedi-cate itself to’ levelling up the standards of thebackward peoples so that they might be able totake their full share in international councils..Sometimes there is a tendency to show too muchsqueamish consideration for the sanctity of whatare known as the “domestic concerns” of thesebackward peoples. I would earnestly request youto resist that tendency and to remember thatignorance and poverty and disease and culturalbackwardness are not domestic but internationalconcerns and, wherever they exist, there is terri-tory for Unesco to annex and to serve throughbetter education and the light of modern know-ledge. I am reminded of a remark attributed toan old Greek writer who said that wherever therewas a beautiful woman in the world he regardedher as a relative. I cannot pretend to emulate

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the magnificent audacity of this sentiment ut Ido strongly feel — and I hope I am voicing theopinion of the Conference as a whole on this issue— that wherever there is misery and deprivationand the lack of educational and cultural nou-rishment in the world, we should feel a sense ofkinship with those who suffer and should striveto relieve their suffering. Some of us have notscrupled in the past to annex and exploit wholecountries and continents and to appropriate theireconomic resources for our own use. Shall we bejustified now in showing an old-maidenly hesita-tion when it is a question of rendering culturalservice, on the ground that it would be unjustifiedinterference with their “domestic concerns’’? Ifind that cautious scrupulousness difficult to swal-low!

If I have so far been able to carry you withme in this argument, we may take it that Peace isour supreme objective and our business in thisConference is to elucidate how best we can con-tribute to bringing it about. There arc many inter-national agencies interested in, and concernedwith this problem and, therefore, it is necessarythat, on the one hand, our efforts should be co-ordinated with theirs, and on the other thereshould be a definition of our scope and field ofactivity. As I visualize the problem I find thatit has two equally important aspect? — the sub-jective and the objective. On the subjective sidewe are concerned with winning the good fightfor peace in the hearts and minds of men andwomen and, for this purpose, the report that weare considering has made a number of useful sug-gestions. It will be necessary for us to do sothrough the re-orientation of the entire educa-tional machinery in all its stages. It will be ne-cessary to undertake a revision of text-booksand I assure you — if you have not been actuallyconcerned with the work of teaching in schools— that there is so much distilled racial and poli-tical and communal poison in many of the text-books in the world that it corrupts the mindsand the emotions of’ the young children at thevery beginning of their lives. Not only that, butthey often fail to distinguish between the signi-ficant and the insignificant, between the cheapand the valuable and between the shoddy andthe’ artistic, with the result that they sin notonly against moral and social values but alsoagainst good taste. It is high time that the pro-blem of revising them was handled in a sober anddispassionate manner. Then there is also thestudy of racial- prejudices which I understand isto be undertaken shortly by the InternationalNew Education Fellowship with which we mightvery well co-operate. And, above all, there is thequestion of using properly the formidable mediaof mass-communication which the modern scien-tific technique has evolved-the Press, the Radio,the Cinema and all other agencies for the diffu-sion of ideas. As I see their working at the presentday, they strike me as dark and sinister forcescompeting for the mastery of the soul of man.In any well-organized national or internationalcommunity they must be visualized as integralparts of a composite educational pattern in whichall the different organs will be co-ordinated and

will pull together instead of pulling in differentdirections and nullifying the results that mighthave been achieved. I am glad to find that asub-commission is to investigate this problem inall its bearings.

On the objective side the problem is one ofcreating such socio-economic conditions as willeradicate the root causes of war, i, e., conditionswhich will remove the great social and economicinjustices from which many nations and classeswithin nations suffer at present. I wonder if yourealize how terribly education is handicapped bythe fact that the general socio-economic set-upof the world is greedy and grasping and unjustand based on exploitation. Many of us, who areteachers, carry on our labours of love decadeafter decade, inculcating values which we regardas rational and humane; but a sudden and stupidand avoidable political cataclysm, born of theseman-made conditions, shatters all our hopes andour work at a single stroke and we find ourselvesmerely ploughing the sands. It may very well besaid that the creating of these conditions is notour direct concern or responsibility., I grant thatpoint but we must make it clear where we standin this great crisis. Are we for a programme ofradical social progress which will ensure the goodthings of life, material and cultural, to all thepeoples of the ‘earth, or for reaction and conser-vatism which would leave things as they are?Dr. Huxley’s report refers pointedly to the needfor “combating mental and spiritual poverty”— this is not only an arresting phrase but a signi-ficant idea and this should be regarded as oneof our supreme tasks. And may I also suggest,without perhaps stretching the meaning unduly,that this will also involve at least indirectly acombating of physical poverty and disease andthat terrible material deprivation from whichmillions of people in the world suffer to-day whichis bad in itself and which makes it impossible forthem to develop a genuine cultural life.

May I, therefore, sum up my position by sayingthat to the twin ideals of love and truth, to whichthe leader of my delegation referred, we mustadd a third — justice, gracious daughter of loveand truth — which should govern the relationshipof the individual and the community. Justice isin my opinion the final touch-stone on which thereal value of all collective human activity in thiscentury must be ultimately tested.

May I point out, in conclusion, that the workwhich faces us is extremely difficult and. compli-cated and therefore we should not feel too com-placent or optimistic, even though the atmospherein this hall is conducive to that frame of ‘mind!It is easy to make speeches for it is one of thefatal gifts of man that words come tripping spon-taneously off the tongue, It is not difficult evento make fine and eloquent speeches full of highintentions but difficulties arise when words “un-bend” themselves and have to be translated intoaction and carried not only to the hearths andhomes but also to the hearts of men and womenin the world. And not only difficulties but contra-versies would arise, and I would entreat you notto bypass these controversies but to- face thembravely. We should be concerned not with being

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non-committal and impartial, but with beingright and emphatic in the defence of right. Inthe past intellectuals have often danced tamelyto the tune of politicians and war-mongers andother merchants of death and have not raisedtheir voice in protest against all that was inhu-man and ugly. I know there have been honourableexceptions. Socrates of Greece was one; your greatcompatriot, Mr. President — Romain Rolland —was another and Gandhi of my country is a third.People like them were concerned with the defenceof Truth and Peace and Right and prepared topay the price for it. But the majority have notbeen worthy of their great trust and the scientistswho recommended the use of the atom bombhave not been the only sinners. It is therefore forus in this great Assembly to resolve that the stifledvoice of the human conscience — which has beenhesitant and apologetic too long — shall find acourageous expression through us and that weshall refuse to regard ourselves as the train bea-rers of the materially powerful, justifying theirungodly ways to our fellow men. Let us haveintellectual humility by all means as our Execu-tive Secretary suggested and intellectual integrityas Sir S. Radhakrishnan advocated, but let ushave, above all, intellectual courage that woulddefy expediency for the sake of truth and mayeven be prepared to risk the whole world for thesake of gaining possession of man’s precious soul.

The PRESIDENT (translation) : I now call onthe delegate for the Republic of the Philippines.

Mr. SEBASTIAN (Philippines) : Allow me firstof all to express to this Assembly the deep appre-ciation and sincere gratitude of the Philippinedelegation for the great distinction and signalhonour which you have conferred upon our youngrepublic by bestowing upon her one of the vice-presidencies of this General Conference.

I take it that the great honour which you haveso generously accorded to our country is a recogni-tion of the efforts of small nations to make Unescoan effective international agency for bringing torealization our common dream of a peaceful worldbased on mutual understanding and good willamong peoples.

The government of the Philippines has sentits delegates to this General Conference as envoysof good will. We bring to you, ladies and gentle-men, and particularly to France, under whoseauspices we now sit in conference, the most cor-dial greetings of our government and the bestwishes and hopes of the 18,000,000 people thatinhabit our beloved country.

To a small country like the Philippines, devas-tated and economically prostrate as a result ofthe last global war, the sending of a mission threequarters of the way round the world — a dis-tance of some 15,000 miles — can only be doneat a sacrifice. Yet our government has gladlyimposed upon itself this sacrifice because we wantother nations to know that the Philippines, despitethe tremendous problems of moral and materialreconstruction that confront her in these crucialdays of her infancy as a sovereign nation, is onlytoo eager to co-operate with the rest of the-world

— to shoulder her portion of the burden inmaking of this world a safer and happier placeto live-in.

Because of her geographical position and histo-rical development the Philippines has been forthe past 400 years at the crossroads where na-tions of the East and West have met and wherevarious currents of thought have clashed oneagainst the other, permitting the survival onlyof those ideas that have contributed to the dignityand well being of man.

Thus for centuries the Philippines has beencosmopolitan in thought and this has made iteasy for our people to embrace the idea of a worldorganization devoted to the promotion of peaceand the welfare of mankind.

Again I beg leave to invite your attention tothe fact that the Philippines is as desirous andanxious. as any other country that Unesco shouldsucceed because in the war just over the Philip-pines has been one of the worst victims. Ourhomes have been destroyed; our cities, farms andfactories have been laid waste; our communica-tion and transportation systems have been disrup-ted; our commerce and industries have been pa-ralyzed; and what is more serious, our moral andspiritual standards are now being seriously threa-tened. We cannot over-emphasize, therefore, la-dies and gentlemen, the interest and faith of ourcountry in the growth and ultimate success ofUnesco.

We have faith in Unesco because we are firmbelievers in “ education of humanity for justice,liberty and peace ’’, the sublime task which Unescohas set for itself.

The very Constitution of the Republic of thePhilippines states forcefully and in unequivocalterms that it renounces war as an instrument ofnational policy. It is thus in perfect accord withUnesco’s fundamental ideals.

True we fought in the last war; but we foughtnot as an aggressor nation. We were militarily notonly weak but unprepared. We fought because wewanted to contribute our share to the defence andpreservation of the inalienable rights of man. Andwe fought against tremendous odds, undergoingwhat undoubtedly were the darkest epochs inour history.

With your kind indulgence, permit me to pre-sent the considered opinion of our delegation asto the manner in which the work of Unesco maybe carried on most effectively. It is our opinionthat Unesco would ensure its continuance if itswere to embark on a programmme less ambitiousthan that outlined in the report submitted to thisgeneral Conference.

We believe that Unesco could effectively serveas the clearing house for all educational, scientificand cultural ideas, methods and techniques, espe-cially as they concern the promotion of lastingpeace.

We favour the advancement of universally com-mon aims and united action toward eliminatingwhat are generally considered to be objectionableprinciples, texts and methods such as those whichtend to encourage intolerance, hatred and mistrustin the education and training of youth or to esta-

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blish in their minds attitudes antagonistic to peaceand the brotherhood of man.

We favour also the development of a system ofexchanges of scholarships and professorships be-tween countries and the calling of internationalconferences not only among educators, scientistsand policy-makers but among youth.

We reiterate as a matter of emphasis what hasbeen partly dwelt upon by other delegations —that we should guard against too much diffusionof effort and energy. We should guard against du-plication of work that is already being done effec-tively and well in several countries and shouldconcentrate for some time at least on the basicidea in which Unesco was conceived.

We believe that Unesco can advantageouslyexert efforts toward eliminating hazards to peace.Race prejudice, religious bigotry and intolerance,economic maladjustment and the constant exhi-bition of the trappings of war in our everyday lifeshould all be removed if the minds of men, parti-cularly of the youth of our countries, are to beattracted toward unselfish ends, toward peace andlove for all men.

Fortunately there are certain factors already atwork which tend to promote better understandingamong peoples of different creeds and races. Thecinema, the radio, the abundance of printed mat-ter and the rapidity of communication and travelthat we have today have made this world a small,world indeed.

We therefore favour the publication of truly in-ternational newspapers and journals for interna-tional use and reference. This could be undertakenas a Unesco project by experts. in the fields ofinternational. affairs, education, and journalism.Such papers may be published in any of the widelyused languages, but the points of view shouldbe international.

We likewise favour the establishment of inter-national radio broadcasting stations for world edu-cation, which could supplement if not replace in-dependent national stations devoted primarily toselfish propaganda and the defence of selfish na-tional aims and interests.

One last suggestion we wish to make, based onour own experiences in the field of character trai-ning. We should be on our guard and not be sa-tisfied with mere preaching and lecturing andteaching in the classroom of the great and nobleideas of peace and justice, of human happinessand human dignity. It would be well if we tookadvantage of existing situations, and even createsituations if necessary, that will implement theobjectives of Unesco. It would be fortunate ifthrough the wise use of natural situations youthcould be led to perform acts that will create andraise in their minds attitudes and ‘desires imbuedwith justice and kindness and which will mostsurely bring about at some future date peace andgood will among men.

I have expounded briefly and in simple languagethe stand of our delegation on some of the pointscovered by the report of the Preparatory Commis-sion. I have discussed them frankly in the spiritof full co-operationand in the hope that the viewsI have expressed this morning would, in the samespirit, be given due consideration.

Should the assembly, however, for strong rea-sons take an attitude contrary to or different fromthe views I have briefly dwelt upon, the Philippinedelegation wishes to assure this assembly that itnot only would abide by the decisions of the majo-rity but would do all in its power to carry out thesedecisions. This is because it is our firm belief thatunless there exist among us who are gathered herean earnest desire to co-operate, Unesco is boundto fail.

We of the Philippines fervently hope that Unescowill succeed. We realize that it faces a tremendouschallenge, the challenge to improve the lot ofmankind in the future, but we are hoping that thenations great and small that are represented herewill find a way out of the hazards and difficultiesthat have spelled failure for other internationalenterprises. We can only say that we shall do ourpart.

The PRESIDENT (translation) : We shall meetagain at 3.15 this afternoon.

SIXTH PLENARY MEETINGFriday, 22 November 1946 at 3 p. m.

President : M. MONIZ DE ARAGAO (Brazil)

The EXECUTIVE SECRETARY : The firstannouncement I wish to make is to suggest thatwe send a telegram to M. Trygve Lie, Secretary-General of the United Nations, who cabled tome regretting he was unable to be present here.We suggest that we send a telegram in your name :“The delegations of 44 nations, assembled forthe first General Conference of Unesco, greatlyregret your absence, very gratefully received yourmessage conveyed by M. Benoît-Lévy and muchappreciate your promise of support in our endea-vours. Unesco places full confidence in close con-

structive co-operation with the United Nations”Signed by the-president and myself.

Agreed .



The PRESIDENT (translation) : The list ofspeakers is now practically exhausted and, as wewish to close the general discussion this afternoon,

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I shall be glad if those delegates who wish tospeak will send in their names as soon as pos-sible.

I call upon Dr. G. A. Raadi, delegate of Iran.

Dr. G. A. RAADI (Iran) (translation) : First ofall I wish to say how much my country appre-ciates the privilege of being allowed to take partin this assembly. We are fully conscious of thegreat responsibility which this participation in-volves in the dual task ahead, which ProfessorHuxley described so remarkably in his report —namely, to preserve and consolidate peace andsecurity, and to work for the welfare of mankind.

Our delegation is particularly glad that Unescohas chosen Paris as the centre of its activity, andwe wish to thank France for her very cordialhospitality.

Our tribute to France is all the greater becauseof the strong cultural ties, which bind our twocountries and which never weakened at the mosttragic moments of the war, when the élite ofour country, always guided by the noble idealsof which the French people has been the prot-agonist, followed with acute anxiety the course ofher destiny.

We listened with close interest to the speechesof M. Bidault, the French Minister for Educationand other speakers in this Hall on the absenceof our heroic ally, the Union of Soviet SocialistRepublics. Iran, from her place at the crossroadsof civilizations, is perhaps in a better positionthan any other people to realise that nothingenduring can be achieved on an internationallevel without the active and unreserved co-oper-ation of the Soviet Union. The absence of oneof the greatest of world powers is not merelya handicap to the smooth running of this in-ternational organisation, it has, alas, more im-portant consequences. We have a long commonfrontier with this great power, and we know thatRussia’s absence, if definite and permanent, wouldconstitute a serious danger for us as well as forthe future of the world. Some countries may lookupon Soviet Russian collaboration in all its formsand aspects of the new international order asmerely desirable or useful; for us and for certainother people this collaboration has vital signif-icance. We consider it absolutely necessary thatthe co-operation of this great power should beassured, wherever an attempt is made to furtherthe cause of peace and better understandingamong peoples.

At the present stage one of the primary objectsof Unesco, perhaps the most pressing, is to securethis co-operation. Iran is ready to devote all itsefforts to this same end.

This affirmation may seem presumptuous onour part, when one considers that our country hashad the sad honour for the last year of being asore point in the relations between certain greatpowers. We do not seek this limelight and we de-cline this honour. On the contrary, proud of thetradition we inherit from a three thousand yearold civilization, we wish with all our heart andsoul to act as the uniting link within this new ins-titution.

What hopes do we place on Unesco?

First of all we look upon it as the embodi-ment of true disinterested greatness of thoughtand culture.

In the second place, we hope that it will enablepowers which in political jargon are classed as“ small ” to find compensation in the cultural andspiritual spheres for their material weakness.

Can not a nation like Iran, without false mo-desty, play again the part she played in thepast? In the course of history has she not beena meeting ground for the east and the west —for Indian wisdom and Greek culture? Did wenot play the same role in the formation of Isl-amic civilization? Did we not even serve as aneducative force for the destructive Mongol hor-des, in inspiring them with ideals of culture andart which they later propagated when they wentto establish a realm in India?

We still possess to-day most of the elementsthat were the basis of our historical action. Thisis why we wish to place our experience and ourspiritual force at the service of Unesco. We hopeto bring to you here our, power of synthesis,which has been the salient feature of our civil-ization, and which is to-day the basis for co-oper-ation between all peoples, and an essential con-dition for understanding and peace.

Dr. Huxley’s report refers to the fight againstilliteracy as one of the primary purposes ofUnesco. We also attach very great importanceto this problem. If there are nations favouredby nature, history or economic factors, for whomilliteracy is no more a problem of first impor-tance, let us admit frankly that this is not thecase for certain’ other countries like our own,where geographical, social and political condi-tions have so far not permitted the means ofeducation and expression of thought to be putat the disposal of every individual. We knowthat accidents of history and geography havecontributed largely to this fact, but cannot ent-irely explain it. History shows us convincinglythat people in different countries have been keptsystematically in ignorance by tyrannical govern-ments, by foreign conquerors, or even by theaction of certain forces, invisible but none theless active, making of the people a clay more eas-ily moulded in the hands of their masters and somore easily enslaved. These factors of tyrannyand of imperialism cannot properly be called‘‘ accidents ’’. Whatever the cause of illiteracy,a vigorous fight against it is a primary conditionfor the success of Unesco.

In the past, numerous attempts have been madeto obtain intellectual co-operation between peo-ples, but two world wars within a generation beareloquent witness to their failure. Surely one ofthe chief reasons for this failure lies in the factthat this co-operation so far has been limited tothe élite, and that no serious effort has been madeto extend its benefit to the people as a whole?If Unesco is to achieve something enduring, shemust go deep and establish her roots among themasses of the people. She must set out to realizeher ideal from the bottom.

Illiteracy is neither a natural fact nor an acci-dent. But if for argument’s sake we do not ex-clude these terms, then Unesco must fight against

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all the factors, including political ones, that arethe real causes of ignorance amongst vast massesof people.

It is too much to expect men brought up inan atmosphere of extreme nationalism to workfor universal peace and understanding. Unescomust form a new generation, instil in it from child-hood the ideals that are its cornerstones. A gener-ation educated in this way will know no otherideals than those of international collaboration.

As regards the work of reconstruction, we finda very reassuring allusion in the report of Dr. Hux-ley. It is undeniable that countries devastated byNazi invaders must have first priority. But itshould not be forgotten that other countries whichdid not suffer the dismal privilege of occupation,but which nevertheless did not stint their con-tribution to the cause of democracy, should alsoreceive special consideration.

May I be allowed to make a statement on thesomewhat ambiguous juridical position of mycountry in this organisation? We deeply regretthat Iran cannot participate more actively in thework of this conference. In the absence of anelected Parliament — the elections having beendelayed by the political situation — we havenot been able to deposit our instrument of rati-fication. The Council of Ministers has, however,expressed their agreement with the Constitutionof Unesco by a special decree, which will be sub-mitted to the new Parliament as soon a it meets.Thus Iran, who is a member of the United Na-tions Organization, is in a position not unlikethat of countries which have declared their defi-nite acceptance.

The difficult conditions that still prevail in theworld will not make our task an easy one. Not-withstanding this our country is very confidentin the success of this Organization.

Unesco will be like the forum of ancient Rome,where the citizens of a great empire would cometo exchange their ideas and their experiences.

The East does not come here empty-handed.We have our scientists, philosophers, poets : menlike Avicenna, Ghazali, Omar Khayam, Ferdussi,Saadi and Hafiz are known in Europe to a re-grettably small number of specialists only. TakeKhayam for example, certainly one of the found-ers of modern mathematics, who in Europe is onlyknown as a poet through Fitzgerald’s great trans-lation.

What conclusions can we draw from this? Thathuman genius is not the monopoly of any nationor any race. It belongs to all nations. You arehere to prove by your actions that equality amongmen is not an empty dream.

We proclaim our faith in this Organization,

The PRESIDENT (translation) : I now callon M. Ibarra, delegate of Nicaragua.

M. IBARRA (Nicaragua and Costa-Rica) (trans-lation) : One of the supreme aims of Unesco isto ensure peace between the peoples of the worldthrough education, science and culture.

I do not wish to make a long speech. I wantto express briefly my ideas on the tremendouswork which Unesco proposes to undertake.

In order to make a successful start, we musthave the full co-operation of Soviet Russia, givenwith goodwill and without suspicion, in the idealof Unesco, which is the establishment later on ofa solid peace, a peace which is the natural andnormal evolution of the mind. Moreover, if theideal of a solid peace is to be total and not totali-tarian, all nations of the world without exceptionmust have full voting rights in this Organization.

wish to make a suggestion which concernsboth Nicaragua and Costa Rica, whose represen-tative I am, on the question of finance. Comparedwith the larger and more developed countries ofSouth America, both these countries have smallbudgets. It is essential, therefore, that contribut-ions to Unesco’s budget shall be allocated inaccordance with the economic means of eachstate.

The peoples of all races must be able to takepart in the work of Unesco.

Since 1919 there has been an internationalpeace movement which, like the League of Na-tions, has failed. It may be that man is not yetsufficiently enlightened. In any case, we have seenrepresentatives of a great culture and an advanc-ed civilization belonging to the white and yellowraces unleash a second world war which was thecomplete negation of human dignity and culture.This may be due to the gradual distortion of manfrom childhood to maturity through the processof his education, It has been said that occasion-ally man gives up one culture for another morecorresponding to his state of evolution.

I am sure that education is closely bound upwith this problem. A bad education not onlydistorts succeeding generations of children, butalso affects the mental state and, consequently,the material riches of a country. This is true forthe people of all nations. Since Prussia becamea military camp, German education has sunk tothe goose-step of Hitler’s regime, with the resultswe know so well; this hard-working people withits exceptional aptitude for science plunged man-kind into chaos and misery from which it willtake years to recover.

This terrible relapse in human dignity was thefault of the teachers, the governing classes andall men responsible for the fate of their country..I will give you one example of the deplorableresult of this education; in a concentration campin Poland where wholesale cremation was prac-tised, a little Jewish girl danced, full of confidenceand joy, in front of the door of the crematorium.She did not know her fate, but her torturer did.He was a civilised man of the twentieth century,disciplined and educated to burn innocent child-ren to death in a crematorium. His blind obed-ience to inhuman tyranny is a striking result ofthe education he had received.

Unesco is starting its work at a time whichis still full of uncertainty, when peace is still indoubt. It seems that we are on the brink of a.new era, the era of the atomic bomb with thespirit of Hitler still alive in the world.

It may be that Unesco’s creation at this mom-ent arises from some secret forces in humannature which are trying to defend the existenceand the r ights of our species . Is not this need

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for unity in international co-operation a tokenof these hidden forces of nature? Unesco mustco-operate with the work of all cultural and inter-national associations concerned with education,.science and culture; but it must at once enlistthe co-operation of private international bodiesconcerned with education.

Unprecedented progress has been made in thesystem of education during the last fifty years.The aim now is to achieve the full natural develop-ment of the child and not to impose upon himrigid standards from outside, whether these comefrom the State, from adults or from religious orpolitical creeds. I have a justified distrust of thedirect intervention of politics in education.

It is the cultural contribution of a people whichmatters, whatever the politics of the country. Itis thanks to i ts culture that France had thewhole-hearted sympathy of the Latin Americanpeoples during the first and second world wars.The simple people of Nicaragua and Costa Ricamade their small contribution to the liberationof a people who had contributed down the agesto universal culture.

Nicaragua is the country of Ruben Dario, thegreatest poet of our century in the Spanish lang-uage. Out of admiration for France he has trans-lated into the Spanish language some of the gloryand spirit of the French literature. He and manyother great men of Latin America have made aspontaneous contribution to international relat-ions by spreading the spirit of French culturefrom one end of our continent to the other, fromMexico to the Argentine.

In conclusion may I draw attention to the workof education and culture in the small country ofCentral America which I have the honour to re-present here, Costa Rica, one of the most peace-ful countries of the world.

Culture in all its aspects has always been ofthe greatest interest to the Government. It canbe said that illiteracy does not exist in this count-ry; her greatest army is the army of ‘schoolteachers. In 1926 the strength of the regulararmy was between 800 and 1,000 men, in otherwords, a police force.

The peasant and the workman have quiet well-balanced minds. For them politics provide a dis-traction at the time of elections, but once theseare over the successful candidate shakes the handof his opponent and they both return to theirwork as happily as if they were coming from afootball match.

There has never been a tyrant in the Govern-ment of Costa Rica. Almost all modern institut-ions of education exist, and the country is just-ly proud of its schools, which are installed inthe most beautiful buildings of the capital andother towns.

I should like to quote a tribute paid to thiscountry by President Hoover during a visit in1929 : “ Costa Rica’s achievements ’’, he said,“in the fields of culture and civilization areexemplary. It has maintained the integrity anddignity of the nation with an army which con-tains less than a quarter of the number of schoolteachers. All these qualities testify to the noble

character of the people and government of CostaRica .”

I wish to thank Dr. Huxley for having under-taken a work started by the Ministers for Edu-cation exiled in London in 1942. The work to bedone will be difficult and hard, but with the helpof enthusiastic and efficient young men it willbe crowned with success, and Unesco will be thecradle of a new civilisation.

Finally I would congratulate the delegates ontheir suggestions. Among the documents of UnescoI can, however, find no plan for raising the social,moral and economic position of the primary school-teacher. Some countries, particularly the U. S. A.,have done a great deal to recognise the school-master, but in others he is looked upon as amember of the proletariat. Unesco must makeevery effort to solve this problem, which is vitalto its own success. The school teacher is a workerof the spirit : he must be recognised as such ifthe work accomplished here is to be worthy ofthe United Nations.

The PRESIDENT (translation) : I have anannouncement to make. The report of the Pro-cedure Committee will be ready tomorrow morn-ing and I hope that, in view of the long dis-cussion already held in the Committee, it will beadopted without much ado.

I now call upon Dr. El Diwany, delegate ofEgypt.

Dr. H. F. El DIWANY (Egypt) : On behalfof the Egyptian delegation I have the honourto extend the greetings and the hopes that mycountry sends to Unesco. I think the offers ofcollaboration and support on behalf of Egypt areof particular significance; in the first place mycountry has been for centuries past the happymeeting ground and sometimes the unhappy meet-ing ground of influences coming from the eastand the west. In many cases these influencesformed fruitful and interesting combinations andhopes; sometimes they have led to conflicts andmisery. In the second place, Egypt, especiallywithin the last 100 years, has witnessed manyinstances of collaboration of scholars, scientists,savants, industrialists, technicians drawn fromFrance, England, America, Switzerland and Bel-gium. There are many instances of European andAmerican scientists giving up their whole life,their whole career, to the instruction and benefitof their adopted country. European and Americanuniversities welcome our students and are verygenerous in sending us some of their best talents.For all this we are all very grateful. In the thirdplace, Egypt. is, as some of you may be aware,a member of the Arab League. In common withher sister members of the Arab League, she is.building at present a regional organisation whichin its cultural activities and aspirations is a Unescoon a small scale, and I am sure that Unesco andthe Arab League will find in the future manypossibilities and many opportunities for Happyco-operation. In the fourth place, some of theproblems which Unesco is tackling. and going totackle are exactly the problems which the Egypt-ian people and their Government are trying then

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hardest to solve : the raising of intellectual stand-ards, infusion of culture, elimination of illiteracy.I think that Egypt will find in its collaborationwith Unesco many suggestions and many encour-agements which will help her to overcome herdifficulties.

Coming now to the reports of the PreparatoryCommission and the masterly report of the Exec-utive Secretary, although previous speakers havecovered all the ground, I should like to add onepoint, which as far as I am aware has not beenraised by previous speakers. I venture to thinkthat the boundaries between the Sub-Commis-sions for the Programme Commission have notbeen clearly defined. I do not raise this point ina spirit of criticism, but I think a review of theground would prevent repetition and would makethe ground clearer for action. Lastly, in a Confer-ence meeting in Paris, I as an Egyptian wouldlike to take this opportunity to present to Francemy sincere affection and-tribute of regard.

The PRESIDENT (translation) : I now callupon M. Julian Nogueira, delegate of Uruguay.

M. Julian NOGUEIRA (Uruguay) (transla-tion) : I would not like this general discussionto end without allowing the voice of Uruguay tobe heard. I would like to associate myself withthe congratulations from this rostrum to the Exec-utive Secretary for his remarkable report. I infin-itely regret that Mediterranean culture is notsufficiently represented among us. Other oratorshave manifested their regret concerning Spain.It is deplorable that, for reasons extraneous tothe aims of our institution, we should not be ableto have among us representatives of this nobleand high culture, which has provided, to quoteonly the aspect in which we are most interested,the intellectual contribution to civilisation ofVittoria, Suarez and Menchaca, the real foundersof international law, without whom we wouldnot be meeting here. I regret also, and for sim-ilar reasons, the absence of the representativesof Italian culture. To mention it is to mentionthe cradle of Latin culture and agriculture, oflearning, and the centre of jurisprudence, whichgo back hundreds of years.

I hope the obstacles, which I consider of asecondary and procedural nature and which haveprevented the presence among us of these highlyqualified representatives of Mediterranean culture,will disappear as quickly as possible and allowus to work in that universal framework for thecreation of which the great Russians and suchGermans-as Thomas Mann and Einstein would beof help to us.

Thirdly, I would like to emphasise the fact thatI am particularly interested in the media for theinformation of the masses. All activities of edu-cation are linked with this question of primaryimportance, particularly education and commu-cation through the press. It is almost a quarterof a century ago that I raised, in the Leagueof Nations, the whole problem of the teachingof the constitution and aims of this institution,not only in the universities and the higher-gradeschools, but in-the primary schools which, through

the habits formed and the modern methods em-ployed, exercise an influence as great as, if notgreater than, that of the home. It was in theseschools that the totalitarian doctrine wishing tosupplant the existing civilisation instilled fanatic-ism into youth. This example is clear to us andwe must take account of it in directing our effortsto the opposite aim. As the delegate for Great Brit-ain said this morning, the dilemma is educationor catastrophe.

Fourthly, among the questions bearing on masscommunications and the problem of general edu-cation, those of communication through the pressare of capital importance. I would like to recom-mend the setting up of a special Committee toco-ordinate the very numerous and varied techn-ical elements which form the basis of the orga-nisation of the press, the international characterof which is constantly increasing from day to day.Bi-lateral agreements and exchanges betweennations are no longer sufficient. In the case ofthe press these should become universal in con-formity with the spirit of our Constitution,which renounces all particularism and all ten-dency to the creation of blocks within itself.

Fifthly, I would like to associate myself with thewords expressed by the representative of Nicara-gua and Costa Rica on the subject of primaryschools.

The PRESIDENT (translation) : I call uponDr. Gleditsch, delegate of Norway.

Dr. Ellen GLEDITSCH (Norway) (translation) :The Norwegian delegation has laid on me the taskof addressing you on its behalf.

The delegates of Norway wish to place on recordtheir gratitude to the Preparatory Commission ofUnesco, and to the Executive Secretary, Dr. Hux-ley, for their work during the year which has elaps-ed since the Conference in London. The first stepstaken are the most important and the most diffic-ult. The results of the year’s work are full of pro-mise and Dr. Huxley’s report shows us clearly theway we should take. We note with the greatestsatisfaction the overriding importance given inthis programme to the question of education, whichseems to us, not necessarily the most important,but certainly the most urgent of our tasks.

We must above all fight against illiteracy andignorance. Really, ignorance is at the root of allour difficulties, and from it springs the ill-willwhich makes of one’s neighbour, whether indivi-dual or nation, an enemy. For that reason we mustabolish it, cost what it may, so that later we mayembark on constructive work, mould the citizenand set his feet in the paths of international life.

Norway was occupied for five years. During oneand a half years of that time the universities wereclosed, the means of teaching did not exist andit was difficult to give higher education to boysand girls who needed it for their future careers;but 15 per cent are now studying in countriesabroad and the Norwegian delegation thanks thesecountries for their help, which is in the true spiritof Unesco and will later come within the sphere ofits activities. Norway regrets that she cannot atpresent help other countries in need, but is glad to

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think that, when her people return, they willreturn as ambassadors of the’; culture of othercountries, and that they will teach and informus in Norway about these countries which havebeen so generous in these difficult times. Thatwill be a new link between the nations.

Another relatively easy thing is the reform ofschool textbooks, particularly history books. Thenorthern countries have started on this; haveimproved textbooks, and omitted from them whatmight be harmful to neighbouring countries. Weare now discussing the possibility of getting out aseries of short documents on geography, historyand civics as taught in Norway. These documentswill be sent to other countries as a basis for thedissemination of reliable information about Nor-way, and Norway hopes for improvement alongthese lines. We hope to spread the knowledgeof Unesco so that every one will know of itswork. We have formed a national group to con-nect the principal organisations interested inproblems of education and scientific research withthe work of Unesco, and to act as counsellor.

The delegates for Norway wish to express theirfaith in Unesco and their conviction that the pro-gramme Unesco has set up will make for a betterworld, where children can become responsiblecitizens, where human life will have regained itstrue value, and where the useless sacrifice ofhuman life will arouse lively indignation.

Norway believes in Unesco and its ideals be-cause, as a Danish poet once said, ‘‘ A noblethought never dies without producing anothernoble thought ’’.

The PRESIDENT (translation) : I now callupon the delegate of Colombia.

Sr. Xavier ARANGO (Colombia) (translation) :I did not know that the final speeches were to bemade to-day. I find myself in a grave dilemma, asI do not know French well enough to speak extem-pore. I should therefore have been glad of time forthought so as to express my exact impression ofUnesco.

Unesco has one essential object : to rediscoverthe path of sanity, which the world seems to have

lost, so that Man can regain the optimistic title ofHomo Sapiens. In these dark days we have quiteceased to associate the word ‘‘ civilization ” withthe word “ culture ’’. I believe that Unesco’s lab-ours will forge the weapons of a humane and hum-anistic procedure, and that through thus raising.Man himself to life, it will be shown that cultureis only the application of civilization. A civil-ization without a metaphysical philosophy is toolimited. Man has sought to do away with mysteryand express everything in terms of physical fact,but in Man’s subconsciousness there remains aterror, not physical in origin, of desintegration,quite apart from the superstition he has rightlysought to suppress.

It is a great satisfaction to me that France issupplying the President for this Conference, forFrance has ever been the intellectual capital ofthe Latin World. We South Americans are Spain’schildren in the flesh, but France’s in the spirit. Aslong ago as 1794 the Rights of Man were translatedby one of the great precursors of American inde-pendence, Antonio Marino.

If the time should come when Europe loses allunderstanding of Democracy, I am sure that inColombia she will find the fairest example of it.All too often democracy serves but as the cloak forpolitical sophistries.

It seems to me that it is Unesco’s task to givethe world a new concept of culture; in other words,to give civilization a metaphysical philosophy SOthat Man, under the heel of the vast powers whosesymbolis the Golden Calf, and a victim of the prim-aeval terror of those elements whose counter-part is to-day the atom bomb, may turn his stepsinto new paths, the humane and humanistic pathsof a civilization founded, as India’s delegate hassaid, on charity and true brotherly love.

The PRESIDENT (translation) : I have justheard that the two last speakers, the head of theUnited States delegation and the head of theMexican delegation, are unfortunately held up byreasons beyond their control, and I hope the Con-ference will agree that these speakers should ad-dress the Conference tomorrow morning at theopening of the Plenary Session, at 10.30 a. m.

SEVENTH PLENARY MEETINGSaturday, 23 November 1946 at 10.30 a. m.

President : M. LEON BLUM, President of the Conference.

The PRESIDENT (translation) : I have a com-munication to make. The General Committee hasreceived a request from the Republic of Viet-Namto be allowed to send an observer to the Confer-ence. The Committee proposes to take the samedecision as was taken in the case of RepublicanSpain : namely, since the legal status of Viet-Namis not yet finally defined, they will be cordiallyinvited to send a representative to attend meet-ings of the Conference but without the title ofofficial observer.

3 . R E P O R T O F P R O C E D U R ECOMMITTEE (continuation)

I now call on Dr. Martinez-Baez, Chairman ofthe Procedure Committee.

The Chairman of the PROCEDURE COMMIT-TEE (translation) :After a long debate my com-mittee adopted certain new texts, taking intoconsideration all the amendments put forward by

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the different delegates. They approved Rules I, 2,5, 6, 7, 10, 13, 14, 16, 34, 35, 44, 49, 54, 58A, 58B,60, 61, 62, 65, 66, 74, 75, 76, as well as the sup-plementary provisional rules. Rule 2 bis, Rule6 bis, 2nd paragraph, and Rule 14 bis were deletedand there is a new text for Rule 68 bis. A long dis-cussion took place on Rule 33 and this Rule wasfinally referred back to the committee, whichwill meet in a few days’ time to discuss the textof that Rule. It should be pointed out that inthe English text of document Unesco/C/Proced/3, there are several errors which will be corrected.The Committee on Procedure asks you to adoptthese Rules, which have been amended by thecommittee. The Secretariat will send out completeamended texts shortly.

Furthermore, the General Committee asked forthe opinion of the Procedure Committee concern-ing the possibility of appointing alternate dele-gates to the Executive Board. The General Commit-tee stated that the choice of delegates mentionedin the Constitution might be somewhat too res-trictive. The Procedure Committee recommendedto the General Committee the adoption of Rule 15and, having heard the Legal Counsel on this point,was of the opinion that alternate delegates mightbe appointed to the Executive Board on conditionthat the delegation informed the President of theConference that they act as delegates in accor-dance with Rule 15.

The PRESIDENT (translation) : The Proce-dure Committee has sat for three days and hassettled all the points regarding the Rules of Pro-cedure with the exception of Rule 33, which hasbeen reserved. The Committee has worked veryhard and the Conference should be very gratefulto them. The best way we can show this gratitudewould be by adopting the Rules, which are nowput before the Conference, without further dis-cussion. Are there any observations?

The proposals of the Procedure Committee areadopted.



I now call upon the Hon. William Benton, delegate of the United States.

The Hon. William BENTON (United States) :Twelve months have passed since the Constitutionof Unesco was drawn up — twelve troubled andwar-weary months that have demonstrated oncemore the urgent need for understanding among thepeoples of the world. We here assembled have nowreached the solemn but hopeful day on which theConstitution of Unesco is to be made a living forceby a programme designed to advance that under-standing. To the development of that programme,the Preparatory Commission, under the distin-guished leadership of Dr. Julian Huxley, has con-tributed many months of devoted and fruitfuleffort.

As Chairman of the United States delegation tothis conference I can assure you that, although

Unesco is as yet but little understood anywhere inthe world, its hopes and goals have the completeand fervent support of my country and its people.

The United States Congress, informally approv-ing the membership of my country in Unesco,created a United States National Commission inaccordance with the recommendation containedin Article VII of Unesco’s Constitution. This Com-mission is a body unique in American history. Itunites in one assembly spokesmen of the arts,sciences and learned professions; of the education-al system at all levels; of radio, motion picturesand the press; of the educational interests oflabour and agriculture, and of religious bodies; andof many other American groups that are nowworking for the establishment of peace.

In September, the United States Commissionmet for four days of spirited discussion, to advisethe United States delegation to this Conference.My nine associates, appointed by President Tru-man to our delegation here, are all of them mem-bers of the United States Commission for Unesco.

This is not a period of history that encouragespleasant dreams. Peace will not be established by)wishful words, no matter how eloquent the expres-sion or how noble the sentiments. If Unesco is tocontribute to the peace of the world, it must do sothrough its programme of education and of scien-tific and cultural exchanges. This programme mustbe soundly conceived, boldly planned and energ-etically executed. It must look toward the decadeahead, and not merely towards this year and nextyear.

On what principles should such a programme bebased ?

First, its primary goal must be a firm peacebuilt on genuine understanding among the peoplesof the world. Let me quote from the Report sub-mitted by the United States National Commissionto the Department of State :

‘‘ Unesco is not conceived as an internationalundertaking to promote education and science andculture as ends in themselves, but rather, througheducation and science and culture: to advance thepeace of the world. The American delegationshould support those proposals for action whichgive promise of advancing directly and signifi-cantly the cause of peace through understand-ing. ”

The American delegation accepts this principleas formulated by its National Commission.

This principle would affect the structure as wellas the spirit of Unesco. It would minimize the dan-ger that Unesco will develop into a loose federationof specialized groups, each pursuing its own inter-ests on the quite human assumption that eachholds a master key to world understanding. Thisis a very real danger. We must not emerge fromthis Conference as a series of special interest groupslabelled “ creative arts ’’, “ natural sciences”,“ mass media ’’, and so forth, insulated from eachother and competing or “ log-rolling ” for atten-tion and a share of the budget.

Specialized skills and interests should be placedin the service of the common cause — the causeof peace through understanding. Each in its ownfield must seek to stimulate interchange on a worldscale; but the common cause must not be sub-

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ordinated to the service of any special field or groupof fields.

Thus, my first principle is an integrating prin-ciple, to protect us against the dividing forces thatbeset us. I suggest that Unesco be organizedaround its great central unifying objective ratherthan on the many foundations of the various dis-ciplines and fields of knowledge into which itsintellectual resources are divided. The channelsthrough which it will act will themselves exert anintegrating influence upon its activities. Thesechannels seem to me to be three in number. First,we have the traditional role of formal education;secondly, the emerging role of scientific and cultur-al exchanges, in which the Institute of Intellec-tual Co-operation bravely pioneered and, thirdly,the new and relatively unexplored field of masseducation at the adult level. Through these threechannels we can perhaps best integrate the effortsof the specialists and focus them upon the com-mon goal.

This, then, is the first principle : to concentrateour efforts upon our primary objective— the build-ing of peace through understanding among thepeoples of the world.

My second principle is that the means employedby Unesco should be adapted to the end I haveoutlined. Let me quote again from the report ofthe United States National Commission :

“ In the opinion of the National Commission,the responsibility of the United Nations Educat-ional, Scientific and Cultural Organisation in thepresent crisis is so great and so pressing that theorganisation should not hesitate to employ anyproper means, however novel or however costly,which give promise of success. Unesco is itself anew agency, daring in purpose and novel in struc-ture. The means it employs should be appropriateto its nature. It must serve as the cutting edge forinternational action. ”

I shall cite, as a prime example of a means ap-propriate to its nature, the mass-education of thepeoples of the world. This goal can only be achie-ved in the world as a whole through the moderninstruments of mass-communication, the modernpress, the radio and the motion picture. Becausethese new instruments of world communicationhave been vulgarized on occasion and have evenbeen perverted and misused for mass deception, itdoes not mean that they cannot be employed, bythose who wish so to employ them, for the highpurposes of knowledge and truth. The use of suchinstruments for mass-education is little understoodby many of the world’s scholars and intellectuals.The first sentence of the Unesco Constitution sta-tes that it is in the minds of men that the defencesof peace must be constructed. We of the Americandelegation understand that to mean all men, notmerely élite groups with special training.

Scholars and scientists and philosophers andartists are the sources and wellsprings of theworld’s culture. We can no longer wait upon slowseepage to bring their work to the masses of man-kind. The ordinary men and women of the worldare at thirst for knowledge. Their stride is the strideof a giant. They will march surely as they havethe knowledge, or blindly as they lack it.

As Vice-President of the University of Chicago

for eight years, I saw that the riches of humanlearning need not — indeed cannot and must not— be the hoard and the monopoly of the few. Ilearned that, without sacrifice of intellectual int-egrity, it is possible to reach millions of ordinarymen and women by the new instruments of com-munication, and to provide them with stimulus tothought and intelligent action. Here is the greateducational challenge of the future — for Unescoand for all of us.

The task Unesco faces is a, staggering one. It isa grim fact that more than half of the people ofthe world are living under some degree of politicalcensorship. It is a grim fact that more than halfof the earth’s population — and not the samehalf — is illiterate.

The hopeful side of the picture is that men every-where have an innate yearning for understand-ing. Further, they have the capacity to achieveit. The anthropologists have demonstrated that,biologically, all races and peoples have, in roughlyequal measure, the same potentialities for under-standing and for creative work.

Men have struggled for centuries to bring intobeing the ideal of political democracy; the streetsof this beautiful city have run red for that ideal.More recently men have struggled for economicdemocracy. I propose for Unesco the developmentof adequate means to a third goal : the goal ofcultural democracy; the opportunity for all toshare in the ideas and the knowledge that willenable them to participate intelligently in the’affairs of the world community.

Unesco does not believe and cannot believe thatpeace is to be obtained through the intellectualand cultural subjugation of the world by anysingle political philosophy or through the conver-sion of the world to any single religious faith.Unesco is founded on the belief that neither theforced unification of the world of the spirit, northe forced standardization of the world of themind can give men peace, but only a world demo-cracy of mind as well as spirit. Cultural democracyimplies cultural integrity, as true political demo-cracy implies the freedom of the person and hispersonal integrity and self-respect. The culturaldemocracy which Unesco proposes is a democracyof mind and spirit in which every culture shall befree to live and develop in itself and in the greatcommunity of common culture. Free men do notfear ideas; free men are not afraid of thought; freemen are eager to confront the differences and richvarieties that life presents, and to determine forthemselves the things they take as true. This,from the beginning, has been the path of freedom.

This brings me to my third and last principle :the scope of our programme, over the years ahead,must be proportioned to the task.

It might be argued that the goal for Unesco isimpossible of attainment within a measurable fu-ture; that the task is so immense that Unesco canmake only a minor ‘contribution to it, scarcelydecisive in the issue of war and peace.

My answer again is to direct attention to thenew means at the disposal of the cultural forcesof the world.

One hundred years ago Horace Mann, a greatpioneer of American education, was estabhishing

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the common school system of Massachusetts. Thesystem he founded became the model for publiceducation throughout the forty-eight states. Itwas harder for Horace Mann to travel from Bos-ton to Pittsfield, about a hundred miles away,than it was for the American delegates to this Con-ference to fly from Washington to Paris.

It was far harder for Horace Mann to communi-cate with Pittsfield than it is for the President ofHarvard University to talk to the Minister ofEducation in China. The despair one feels in think-ing of the immensity of Unesco’s tremendousresponsibilities is mitigated when we think ofinstruments now at our disposal. In fact, if theideas which we espouse here are as dynamic aswere those of Horace Mann, there is no reasonfor despair.

Thus, my fears for Unesco are not the lack ofinstruments, nor the absence of interest or capa-city on the part of ordinary people everywhere.My fears are that we ourselves, we of Unesco, willnot set our sights high enough for the long range;that the leaders of our nations will not perceivethe true potentialities of Unesco; and that thefinancial and political support accorded Unescowill not permit us to proportion our programmeto the job ahead of us.

I do not now propose, however, an expansionof the budget advanced by the Secretariat of thePreparatory Commission. In fact, it may well beadvisable to scale the first year’s expendituresdownward.

War has left its historic wake of destruction,hunger and disease. The world is now strugglingback toward physical and financial health. Wemust not risk the foundering of the United Na-tions and of its Specialized Agencies by askingnations to assume heavy new financial burdensat a moment when many of them do not have theresources to subsist and rebuild. Neither should werisk devitalizing this great enterprise by makingit largely the responsibility of a few nations.

The coming year, I think we are agreed, shouldbe a year of exploring and planning : planning ac-companied by the launching of a small number ofcrucial projects, which will clearly demonstratethe worth and the significance of our undertaking.This year of planning will bring further clarificat-ion of purposes and potentialities. The experim-ental projects will serve as a laboratory for ourown experience and for demonstration to ourpeoples of the kinds of things we can accomplish.

But of one thing we must be careful : the bud-get for 1947 must not be regarded by our govern-ments or our peoples as establishing the norm forfuture years. I suggest we present the 1947 budgetas a fledgling budget. If we think of it as the fledg-ling that indeed it is, while we test our wings andplan our course of flight, this will prepare ourgovernments for the more costly projects thatUnesco must embrace when the world emergesfrom this period of struggle for subsistence. Fu-ture budgets must be scaled to the magnitude ofUnesco’s opportunities, and to the promise ofUnesco’s organisation as it grows in strength.

As understanding develops throughout theworld, the unproductive cost of armaments canand must come down. The combined budgets of

all nations for their military and naval establish-ments for this year is, I would guess, at leastten thousand times the size of any budget nowcontemplated for Unesco. In each country themilitary establishment is an unproductive drainon the economy, as is a fire insurance premium anunproductive expenditure for a home owner. Whenhis fire insurance premium becomes unbearablylarge, the home owner seeks ways to reduce it byreducing the risk of fire.

TO the citizens of the world, Unesco is a vehiclethrough which the risk of fire can be reduced. Sure-ly it is good business to put money into Unescowhen the risk against which we are protecting our-selves is war.

Unesco has been called into existence to serveall peoples of the world, without distinction of raceor nationality, sex or language, or economic con-dition. I trust that the day is near at hand whenall nations will have taken their place as membersof this Organisation.

Unesco belongs to the people, and not to thescholars and intellectuals, though the opportunityfor leadership is theirs. The people will ask onequestion : What is Unesco doing for peace? Thepeople will not accept excuses. If we offer such,they will merely ignore us.

To help make peace : that is the task of Unesco.It is the hardest, longest, largest task that mencan undertake. Peace cannot be built by littlemen, with a little money, in a little way. Unesconeeds strong men and bold men. To those who arestrong and bold for peace, the people will not denythe backing they need. The people will give theirsupport, and far more. They will give their devot-ion, their hearts and their minds.

The military experts have said there is no de-fence against the weapons of modern war. Theyare right. There is no military defence. But thereis another, a greater defence which is not military.The people have sent us here to build it. That de-

fence must be built by us, and, as the Constitutionof Unesco declares, it must be built in the mindsof men. It must be built in the minds of all meneverywhere.

The PRESIDENT (translation) : I now call onM. Reyes, Head of the Mexican delegation.

M. REYES (Mexico) (translation) : On behalfof the Mexican delegation, I bring you the warmwishes of the Government and people of Mexicofor the success of this Conference.

Mexico is deeply interested in our work, particul-arly as we in our country are profoundly con-vinced that any genuine policy must be based uponintellectual progress and educational improve-ment. So firmly is this idea implanted in us, thatsuch questions are the very starting-point of alladministrative work and are the constant pre-occupation of my countrymen.

No nation is isolated today, and internationalcollaboration in this and all other fields is the onlyguarantee of success. Intelligence and culture,moreover, are by their nature universal, or arebecoming so; and it is really extraordinary thata world disaster should have been necessary toarouse us to a sense of the urgent need for harmony

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and solidarity between minds, an objective to-wards which the International Institute of Intel-lectual Co-operation had already made the firstmove.

Mexico hopes that, while we do not lose sightof the ideal, we shall also take account of facts.Big Utopian schemes are threatened with failure,and to ask all countries for more than they cangive would prove a sterile business, courting di-saster. The world is made up of rich and poor,strong and weak,* and it is essential that eachshould be equal to the task imposed upon him.Only in this way can we succeed in levelling uphuman communities situated in very differentconditions: only in this way can we efface thechiaroscuros that mask the true face of humanity.

We were extremely interested in the ExecutiveSecretary’s report. It is a fascinating document,for all its mixture of prudence with enthusiasm.In the course of the Conference we shall be review-ing our programme and shall end, I hope, byestablishing the limits of our possibilities.

The report may be open to criticism in detail,but we believe that all delegations will approve itas a whole. This general approval, which I recom-mend to you, would not exclude the insertion of.individual view-points on any item in the pro-gramme.

This Conference in Paris brings back to us whatour civilization owes to French leaders of thought.I catch a distant view of all the great nations whohave helped us, and who are now helping us to

accomplish our educational and cultural mission.I forget none of them, though I regret the absenceof some who, for fortuitous reasons, unfortunateand temporary, are not among us now. It is im-portant that, when these absent ones are ableor willing to join us, they shall find their placewaiting for tern.

The eyes of all men of goodwill are upon us.

We must not disappoint them. My country hopesthat we shall live up to our ambitions. Mexico, theheir of many cultures, is, at this moment, makingvisible efforts to absorb within her melting-potthat substance, the product of all the molten met-als, like that which flowed from the burning ofCorinth, and which is fashioned by slow degreesin the furnace of history.

The PRESIDENT (translation) : The delegateof Mexico concluded his speech with a concreteproposal. He asked the Conference generally toapprove the Report of the Executive Secretary onthe understanding that delegates have, of course,the right to discuss any item they wish in thecourse of our forthcoming meetings. I think thatthe Conference will wish to pay unanimous trib-ute to the value and importance of the workdone. Is that agreed? I see that the Conferenceis unanimous.

At 4.30 this afternoon we shall meet again toelect the Executive Board.

1 1 . E S T A B L I S H M E N T O F T H E C O M -MISSIONS AND ASSIGNMENT TO THEM

OF CERTAIN QUESTIONS

Our vote is necessary in order that the threemain Commissions, the Programme Commission,the Administrative and Legal Commission and theRehabilitation and Reconstruction Commissionmay be able to start their work.

I ask the Conference to approve the setting upof. three Commissions, of which the ProgrammeCommission and the Commission on Reconstruc-tion and Rehabilitation will meet on Monday at10.30 a. m.

Is this agreed? In the absence of any objectionsthis is decided. l

EIGHTH PLENARY MEETINGSaturday, 23 November 1946 at 4.30 p. m.

President : Dr. Y. K. CHAO (China)

1 2 . E L E C T I O N O F M E M B E R S O F T H EEXECUTIVE BOARD

The PRESIDENT : This morning the Confe-rence was asked to adopt the Rules of Procedureso that it became possible to set up the Nomina-tions Committee. Now we are ready to proceed tothe election of the Executive Board members inaccordance with the Rules of Procedure, after thereport from the Chairman of the NominationsCommittee.

This election, I would remind you, accordingto the Constitution, will be by secret ballot.

The following are the relevant paragraphs inthe Rules of Procedure :

“ RULE 68 bis (amended) : The General Con-ference shall elect at one and the same time theeighteen members of the Executive Board in ac-cordance with the provisions of Rules 55, 56,57 and 58B.

“ In accordance with Article V A, 3, of theConstitution, it shall determine, by the drawingof lots, the six members whose term of office ex-pires at the end of the first year, and the six mem-bers whose term expires at the end of the secondyear.

“ RULE 55 : To be elected each candidate mustobtain in the first ballot a clear majority of thevotes cast. In the second ballot a plurality is suffi-cient. If in the second ballot the votes are equallydivided, the President shall decide between themby drawing lots.

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‘‘ RULE 56 : When a certain number of electiveplaces are to be filled at one time under the sameconditions, those persons obtaining in the firstballot a majority of the votes cast shall be elected.A second vote shall be taken to fill the remainingplaces and the candidates who obtain pluralitiesshall be elected.

‘‘ RULE 57 : If a vote is equally divided in bal-lots other than those provided for in Rules 55and 56, a second vote shall be taken in the courseof the next meeting. This meeting shall be heldwithin 48 hours after the first vote, and the takingof the second vote shall appear on its agenda. Un-less at this meeting there is a majority in favourof the proposal, it shall be considered as lost.

“ RULE 70 : The term of office of each membershall begin immediately on his election and shallend on the day of the election of a member for thesubsequent term.

“ RULE 70 bis : The term of office of the mem-bers of the Executive Board elected for one, twoor three years shall end on the date on which theelection takes place during the second, third andfourth regular sessions of the General Conferencerespectively.”

I now call on Dr. Beeby, Chairman of the No-minations Committee, for his report.

The Chairman of The NOMINATIONS COM-MlTTEE : I have the honour to report that, asinstructed by the General Conference, the Nomin-ations Committee met informally yesterday aft-ernoon and this morning, and again this afternoonthey held a formal meeting. After full discussionit was decided to nominate to the General Con-ference the following individuals for election tothe Executive Board of Unesco.

I give the names in the alphabetical order oftheir countries in English :

The PRESIDENT : I should like to remind youthat you have before you one of these sheets ofpaper on which to write the names of the indivi-duals who will take part in the votes. Does any-body wish to have any further discussion?

The Hon. Archibald MAC-LEISH (United Sta-tes) : We of the United States delegation haveheard with the greatest interest the report of the

Committee and we congratulate them upon thework they have clone in a difficult matter. We aremuch impressed by at least seventeen names onthe list, but we-do feel it necessary to expressour deep concern as regards one aspect of theselection. This is a selection of persons and forthat reason the Committee must be congratulated.But under the Constitution not only persons areto be considered but also thegeographical posit-ion. The situation is as follows, that, of the nineEuropean Nations, eight are represented; of theeight American Nations five are represented; fromthe Middle East and Africa three are represented:from the Far East two are represented. It is, ofcourse, impossible to arrive at a perfect mathe-matical balance, but it seems to us that what wehave here is quite unbalanced in view of the factthat a great part of Unesco’s work — my col-leagues from the American delegations will for-give me when I say this — must lie in the FarEast, where there are tremendous problems ofliterary value and problems of education to whichwe must devote our attention. It seems to usAmericans that, without interfering with thequestion of the representation of America, Unescomust fix its attention on the Far East.

We do, however, wish to present not a protest,but to put this as firmly as we can, because oursense of geographical distribution is not in accord-ance with the one submitted, and we do hopethat this one will not serve as a precedent for thefuture.

In addition to geographical distribution, thereis a suggestion in the Constitution that this selec-tion should cover every field of interest and con-cern. We are struck by the fact that there are nowomen on this list. We do most earnestly wish toemphasize that Unesco is not to be only a Euro-pean organisation with representatives elsewhere,nor a purely masculine organisation.

The PRESIDENT : Is there any further dis-cussion? Then we shall proceed with the election.May I suggest that a delegate from Denmark anda delegate of the Philippines act as tellers. If anymember of any delegation wishes to make furtherremarks, let him do so now.

The delegate of BRAZIL (translation) : I shouldlike to ask a question : after the names on the listwe have to fill in, should we indicate the country,or not mention it?

The PRESIDENT : In principle, the membersof the Executive Board are individuals, so it isnot necessary to write the names of the count-ries if the names of the individuals are writtencorrectly.

The delegate of INDIA : Should the voting pa-per be signed by the Head of the Delegation?

The EXECUTIVE SECRETARY : Nobodyshould sign, Sir, this is a secret vote.

I will now ask the delegates to deposit theirvotes in the French alphabetical order.

The vote was taken by roll call.

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The EXECUTIVE SECRETARY : I will now Hon. A. MAC LE I S H (Unitedread the names once more of the four states which States . . . . . . . . . . 24are absent — Saudi Arabia, Bolivia, Peru, the H. E. M. PARKA PEREZ (Vene-Dominican Republic. zuela). . . . . . . . . . . 24

The meeting was suspended at 5.25 p. m. and re-sumed at 6 p. m.

,,

,,

The PRESIDENT : We will now announce theresult of the election. I shall read off the names,the number of votes and whether each name iselected. After I finish the announcement, it stillremains for the members of the Executive Boardelected to draw lots as to which of them shall servefor the three different terms of office. The numberof countries with the right to vote is 28 andthe number of countries which voted is 24.

The PRESIDENT : Now we shall draw lots forthe terms of service of the members elected. Thenames are being put in the ballot box and will bedrawn. The first six names drawn are to serve forone year.

Here are their names :

NINTH PLENARY MEETINGFriday, 6 December 1946 at II a. m.

President : M. SEBASTIAN (Philippines)Later M. LÉ ON BLUM (France)

The PRESIDENT : Before proceeding with theitems on the Agenda, the Chair wishes to announcethat the Meeting will be adjourned at about12 o’clock and that a private meeting of theConference will then be held.

13 . CONSIDERATION OF REPORTSOF THE COMMISSIONS AND SUB-

COMMISSIONS

I. — REPORT OF THE ADMINISTRATIVEAND LEGAL COMMISSION.

The first item on the agenda is the Report ofthe Administrative and Legal Commission. I callupon M. Claude Gruson, Rapporteur of the Com-mission, to report to the Conference.

M. GRUSON (France) (translation) : The Ad-ministrative and Legal Commission has electedM. Sommerfelt (Norway) Chairman, and Mr.Eisenhower (United States of America) Vice-Chairman. —

The Commission has completed part of its workand submits the present. Report to the GeneralConference. Before reading the report I shouldlike to make a short comment on the materialaspects of the document which you have beforeyou. This document contains the proposals ofthe Commission on various Legal and ExternalRelations matters, the Revised Staff Regulations,and finally the report on the Provisional Finan-cial Regulations.

I will now deal with the proposals of the Com-mission concerning the various Legal and Exter-nal Relations questions.

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(The Rapporteur then read the report concerningthe proposals of the Commission concerning Legaland External Relations guestions.) (Annex 2.)

I will not read the Annexes which appear atthe end of this Report, and will carry straighton with the second part of the Report dealingwith the Revised Staff Regulations. (Annex 2.)

“ The Commission has been actuated by, thedesire to constitute a staff offering serious gua-rantees of efficiency and to recruit it on abroad and truly international basis. It hasendeavoured to reconcile the necessity of re-cruiting on the widest possible basis with thelegitimate interests of the staff of the Secre-tariat of the Preparatory Commission. Finally,it desires to provide stable careers for the staff,while bearing in mind the necessity of relievingthe Organisation of obligations towards mem-bers of the staff, who, in the course of theirwork, may not prove entirely satisfactory. ”After this, you will find the text of the Revised

Staff Regulations.I now come to the third part of my report

which concerns Provisional Financial Regulations.(Annex 2.)

“ In the course of a detailed study of thequestion, the Commission has endeavoured toclarify the accountancy and financial regula-tions already outlined by the Secretariat of thePreparatory Commission, to which the Organ-ization will have to conform. It has consideredat length the problems raised by the control offinancial administration. It has framed regulat-ions reconciling the necessity of efficient intern-al control and of basing the budgetary controlexercised by the General Conference on detail-ed information of the past year’s accounts withthe desire not to hamper the Director-Generalby too onerous methods of control. It hopesthat these regulations will provide a guaranteeof efficiency and economy. ”After the Preamble which I have just read you

will find the Provisional Financial Regulationssubmitted to the approval of the General Confer-ence.

The PRESIDENT : I would like to, know ifany delegate wishes to make any observations onthe Report. I am willing to grant reasonable timeto any delegate who wishes to speak on this mat-ter. If there are none, then we may proceedwith the discussion of the Report section by sec-tion. It seems that everybody has already dis-cussed at length some of these points in theCommissions and Sub-Commissions; we will not,therefore, consider the Report page by page.

A. — EXTERNAL RELATIONS

I. -D RAFT AGREEMENT WITHTHE UNITED NATIONS.

If there are no objections to the Report of theSub-Commission, we will take it as approved.

It is approved;

II.— DRAFT CONVENTIONS CONCERNINGPRIVILEGES AND IMMUNITIES.

We now come to two draft conventions be-tween members of the United Nations Educational,Scientific and Cultural Organization concerningprivileges and immunities. The Commission re-commends that the discussion should be referredto another sitting of the General Conference; butapproves the text of the following recommenda-tion :

“ Pending the conclusion of a General Con-vention regarding the privileges and immuni-ties of the Specialized Agencies, the officialsand the representatives of their States Members,the General Conference requests the Govern-ments of all States Members to grant suitablefacilities to officials and representatives of theUnited Nations Educational, Scientific andCultural Organisation, travelling through, orstaying in, their territory in the course of anofficial mission. ”I wish to call your attention to the last page,

which contains some corrections. The paragraphwhich I have read should read as follows: “ whileawaiting the drafting of a General Conventiondefining the privileges and immunities of Speciali-sed Agencies, of their officials and of represen-tatives of States Members, the General Conferencerequests the Government of each State Memberto grant the appropriate facilities to officials andrepresentatives of Unesco who pass through theircountry or stay there while on an official visit. ”That is the text recommended for approval. Arethere any objections to the approval of this re-commendation? Then it is approved.

III. — DRAFT AGREEMENT WITH THE GOVERN-MENT OF THE FRENCH REPUBLIC CONCERNING

PRIVILEGES AND IMMUNITIES.

The Sub-Commission also recommends to deferthe discussion of this draft until such time asthe General Convention on privileges and immu-nities may be adopted. Are there any objectionsto this recommendation from the Sub-Commis-sion? If not, the recommendation is approved.

IV.— PROVISIONAL DIRECTIVES CONCERNING THEESTABLISHMENT OF RELATIONS BETWEEN THE UNI-TED NATIONS EDUCATIONAL, SCIENTIFIC AND CUL-TURAL ORGANISATION AND INTERNATIONAL NON-

GOVERNMENTAL ORGANISATIONS.

You will find the Provisional Directives onpage 5 of the report, which contains the full text.Is there any objection to the approval of thisprovisional directive as recommended by the Sub-Commission, As there are no objections it isapproved.

V. — DRAFT AGREEMENT WITH THE INTERNA-TIONAL INSTITUTE OF INTELLECTUAL CO-OPER-

ATION.

The full text appears in the annexes to theReport. As there are no objections it is approved.

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the request of the French delegation. They werediscussed at length and adopted by the Sub-Commission responsible for the study of Staff

The full text also appears in the ReportRegulations. They were then referred to the full

(Annex 2). Are there any objections to the ap-Commission, but the document contained some

proval of this recommendation that the GeneralConference adopt the text? If not the Agree-ment is approved.

VII. — DRAFT AGREEMENT WITH THE INTER -NATIONAL COUNCIL 0F SCIENTIFIC UNIONS.

The Sub-Commission recommends that the Gen-eral Conference should adopt the amended textas it appears in the Annex: Are there any objec-tions to this? As there are none the project isapproved.

VIII. — RELATIONS BETWEEN THE UNITED NA-TIONS EDUCATIONAL, SCIENTIFIC AND CULTURAL

ORGANISATION AND THE MEMBER STATES.

I would like to call the attention of Delegatesto the fact that there is a correction on the lastpage. It should read as follows: ‘‘ that the Gene-ral Conference shall invite those Member Stateswhich have not yet established National Com-missions or National organs of co-operation totake the required measures for putting into forcethe provisions of Article VII of the Constitutionof Unesco ’’. Are there any objections to theapproval of this part of the Report? Then it isapproved.

IX. — RELATIONS BETWEEN THE UNITED NA-TIONS EDUCATIONAL, SCIENTIFIc AND CULTURALORGANISATION AND OTHER SPECIALISED AGENCIES.

Arc there any objections to this part of theReport? If not it is approved.

mistakes, some very important sentences beingomitted in the French text. The Commission wasvery pressed for time and, after a rapid survey ofthe rules, decided to delete Regulation IO .

The French Delegation urges that this Regu-lation should be re-inserted for the following reas-ons. Candidates’ records should contain informa-tion provided by the National Commission of thecountry to which the candidate belongs. Through-out the drafting of the Staff Regulations, theFrench Delegation has attempted to introduceadequate safeguards for the staff, and even toavoid that -they should be dismissed withoutcompensation when a post is abolished, but theFrench Delegation considers that such safeguardsshould be reciprocal, and that the Organisationshould be protected against the staff, just as thestaff is protected against the Organisation.

The French Delegation holds the view that itis essential to have candidates’ qualifications veri-fied by an organisation on the spot, capable ofproviding considered recommendations. As anexample, I will quote the following case. TheFrench Delegation is aware that among the can-didates for appointments in the Secretariat thereis a candidate whose record contains several im-portant diplomas, but the French Delegationknows that they are forgeries. Now it is a mater-ial impossibility for Unesco to verify the authen-ticity of these diplomas, but it would be mostunfortunate. if such a person were engaged, whenconsultation with the competent organisations inthe country concerned — in this case it happensto be France and that is why we were informedof it-would have easily shown that these degreeswere not genuine.

This first part of the Report is therefore appro-ved from Part I to Part IX.

We shall now turn to the Revised Staff Regula-tions (Annex 2, part B). It begins with a Pre-amble. Are there any objections, or any amend-ment you would like to introduce to the Preambleas drafted by the Sub-Commission? If there areno objections to the Preamble as it is recom-mended, then it is adopted.

We will take Chapter I, DUTIES AND OBLI-GATIONS OF THE SECRETARIAT . Are there anyobjections to the approval of this Chapter or toany of the regulations contained in this Chapter?As there are no objections it is approved. Chap-ter 2 provides for APPOINTMENT, PROBATION ANDPROMOTION . I wish to call the attention of themeeting to a correction. Regulation IO should be-deleted. Are there any objections?

The delegate for FRANCE : The French Dele-gation asks that Regulation 10 be maintained.The clauses of Regulation 10 were introduced at

This is why the French Delegation asks thatthis Regulation should be re-inserted with thefollowing wording :

“A record containing all the informationconcerning the qualifications of the candidateand his previous career shall be drawn up andsubmitted to the Director-General. This recordshall also contain any further information onthe candidate, which shall be provided when-ever possible by the National Commission ofthe country to which he belongs, or failing this,by any qualified organisation which replacesthe National Commission.”The reintroduction of the wording “...shall be

provided whenever possible” corresponds to theUnited Kingdom draft, thus in cases where con-sultation with the organisation is impossible theSecretariat will be entitled to dispense with it.

The French Delegation strongly urges the re-introduction of this clause, which it considers essen-tial to the efficient working of the Organisation.

The PRESIDENT : Will anyone second theproposal by the French Delegation that Article IObe maintained? (The Delegates of Peru and Bel-gium raised their hands.) In view of the factthat it is seconded, we will put it for discussion.


The Delegate of the UNITED KINGDOM :On behalf of, the United Kingdom Delegation, Iwould like to say that we recognise that thedecision to delete Regulation IO was taken at a latehour in the Sub-Commission. There was a greatdeal of business, and it was necessarily hurried.But we are of the opinion that further consider-ation would have led to exactly the same result,and we wish the deletion of this regulation tostand. The Director-General and the ExecutiveCommittee will have the possibility of obtainingfull information with regard to the qualificationsof any candidate from the scientific and culturalpoint of view. There is no difficulty whatever inobtaining satisfactory information about a can-didate’s qualifications by reference to appropriatebodies in the countries concerned, and by obtain-ing personal opinion wherever necessary. Whatwe take particular objection to is that the Direc-tor-General should be provided with a file contain-ing all information concerning the candidate’sprevious career, and that this should come froma national body. The whole thing savours toomuch of a political record, not to say policerecord. The United Kingdom Delegation consi-ders-that it is contrary to the normal practice inour own country. We therefore oppose the re-insertion of this Regulation.

The delegate of DENMARK : I only wishto associate myself with the views put forwardby the United Kingdom Delegate. I think thatin the wording of the Regulations, as drafted,there is nothing to prevent the Director-Generalfrom collecting all information in whatever wayhe may wish to do so; but we do not know atpresent the way in which the National Commis-sions will be established in the various countries.We do not know to what extent they will expressthe views of their governments and to what extentthese views will be taken. I think it would bebetter to leave the findings of the Director-Generalto his own discretion, and I think there can be nodifficulty in ascertaining whether a diploma isgenuine or not. This can of course be done bydirect communication with the authorities con-cerned.

We must also look at the complementary sideof the question. This Regulation might have thedanger of conferring political influence on someGovernment or another, which might try to getsuch an influence by this means; we should avoidputting into the Regulations any rule which givesan advantage to one side or another. I thinkthe question should be left as it now stands, name-ly at the discretion of the Director-General. Ithink that the Regulations, as they are nowdrafted, give him every necessary facility.

The PRESIDENT : Are there any other dele-gates who wish to speak on this same subject?

The delegate of the UNITED STATES : Speak-ing on behalf of the United States Delegation,I am firmly opposed to the re-insertion of Rule10, for the reasons already stated by other dele-gates.

The delegate of MEXICO (translation) : Isimply. wish to support the views expressed by

the delegates of the United States and of Den-mark.

The PRESIDENT : If there is no other dele-gate who wishes to speak on this proposition,then let us take the vote.

The delegate of BELGIUM (translation) :While perfectly understanding the opinions ex-pressed and the difficulties of dealing with Nation-al Commissions not yet created, their role andimportance must not be exaggerated. It is quitedifferent from direct collaboration in our work.

I should like to propose a solution. Argumentshave been presented here regarding counterfeitdiplomas, candidates coming from anywhere,perhaps adventurers; could not the chief ofeach national delegation be consulted on eachnomination? This would remove the objections toreferring to the National Commissions and giveall the necessary guarantees concerning qualifica-tions.

The delegate of FRANCE (translation) : Ishould simply like to add that if we deleteRule IO there is nothing to prevent the Organi-sation from making appropriate enquiries as tothe qualifications of a candidate, but, on the otherhand, there is nothing which compels it to doso. I should like to state that in the case I havejust quoted, the French delegation believes thatthe candidate in question was favourably recom-mended, obtaining nine marks out of a possibleten.

The PRESIDENT : The proposal before themeeting is whether Regulation IO should be re-inserted. The proposal is submitted by France. Wewill take a vote. All those who are in favour ofthis proposal, that is to re-insert this deletedparagraph, please raise their hands. One votefrom each voting nation. Those against? By ninevotes in favour and fourteen against, the motionis rejected.

This vote applied to Regulation 10 only. Arethere any objections to the adoption of the wholeof Chapter 2? Chapter 2 is approved.

We will now take CHAPTER 3. — SALARIES .Are there any objections to this part of the re-port? Chapter 3 is approved.

CHAPTER .-H OURS OF WORK . Hours of workshall be determined by the Director-General. Arethere any objections? It is approved.

CHAPTER 5. — LEAVE. Are there any objectionsto this part of the report? It is approved.

CHAPTER 6. — MEDICAL BENEFITS SCHEME .Are there any objections? Chapter 6 is approved.

CHAPTER 7. — DISCIPLINARY MEASURES . Arethere any objections to Chapter 7? It is approved.

CHAPTER 8-A DMINISTRATIVE TRIBUNAL . TheRegulation which appears in your text does nothave the full text of Regulation 30. I will readRegulation 30 :

‘‘ Any dispute arising between the Organi-sation and a member of the staff regarding thefulfilment of the contract of a member of thestaff or arising out of disciplinary action, maybe referred for final decision to an Administra-

tive Tribunal to be established by the Execu-tive Board for such period as may be necessary

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pending definitive arrangements with the Uni-ted Nations.”If there is no objection Chapter 8 is approved.CHAPTER 9. — TERMINATION AND RESIGNATION

OF APPOINTMENT. The Delegate of Australiawishesto speak.

be referred to the Executive Board, whose appro-val shall be required if in its opinion it wouldaffect the structure of the Secretariat ’’. Does anydelegate wish to speak on this suggestion?

The delegate of AUSTRALIA : Regulation31 now reads :

“ With the concurrence of the ExecutiveBoard, the Director-General may terminate theappointment of a member of the staff if thenecessities of the service require the abolitionof the post. ”This Regulation has been the subject of much

contention in both the Administrative and Finan-cial Sub-Commissions, and in the main Adminis-trative and Legal Commission. The Australiandelegation originally supported the Polish pro-posal to insert the key words “ With the concur-rence of the Executive Board ’’.

These words were included by a vote of eightto six in the Sub-Commission, and by a vote ofseven to six in the main Commission. On the onehand, the Australian delegation, while regardingthe principle of obtaining the consent of the Exe-cutive Board to any major change in the directiveof the Secretariat as very important, is not alto-gether satisfied with the words as they nowstand. They tend to hamper the Director-Gene-ral somewhat unduly as requiring him to obtainthe consent of the Board, even for the abolitionof a trivial minor post in the Secretariat.

Further, it is desirable that in the case of a

The delegate of INDIA : I presume that theintention of this amendment is to see that theDirector-General is not hindered in his work bythe Executive Board even in abolishing an im-portant post. But the Australian proposal says“ any such. suppression,.. if in its opinion it willaffect the structure of the Secretariat’’. Thatmight introduce many difficulties. First, they willhave to wait for the Executive Board to meet,and second, the Executive Board may or may notagree on that matter. I think it would be wiserphraseology if we said : “ The Director-Generalwill have at his disposal the possibility of crea-ting certain posts if they are necessary, but heshall also be entitled to suppress those posts. ” Ifthe Australian delegation will agree, I will pro-pose the addition of these words at the end ofthe Regulation and with the proposed deletionof the first few words “ with the concurrence ofthe Executive Board ’’. I should prefer the Direc-tor-General to be able to suppress less importantposts, but not the more important posts, forwhich he would be obliged to obtain the approvalof the Executive Board.

The PRESIDENT : The delegate of India pro-poses an amendment to the Australian proposi-tion. Does anyone second the Indian proposition?

The delegate of the Netherlands seconds the

Regulation of such importance, the maximumunanimity be obtained. With that objection inview, informal consultations were held yesterdaywith most of the delegates who spoke on bothsides of this issue, on the Sub-Commission itselfand on the main Commission; and a general infor-mal agreement was given to the formula whichI am about to propose.

proposal.Does the Australian delegate accept the amend-

ment as proposed by the Indian delegation?

I formally move, that the following wordingbe substituted for the present wording of Regu-lation 31 :

‘‘ The Director-General may terminate theappointment of a member of the staff if thenecessities of the service require the abolitionof the post. Any such projected abolition shallbe reported to the Executive Board whoseapproval shall be required if in its opinion theabolition would effect an important change inthe structure of the Secretariat. ”The Australian delegation puts forward this

formula in the hope that it may secure the una-nimous approval of this Conference.

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The PRESIDENT : Does anyone wish to secondthe proposal submitted by the delegate of Aus-tralia? The delegate of Belgium seconds the pro-posal. Therefore I put this question before theConference for discussion. Does anyone wish tospeak against this proposition? I will repeat theproposal for the information of the Conference.The proposal is: take out the words “ with theconcurrence of the Executive Board ” at the beg-inning of the Resolution, and at the end of theparagraph add “ any such projected abolition shall

The delegate of AUSTRALIA : While ap-preciating the suggestion of the delegate ofIndia, I do not think it quite covers what wehad in mind. The key word in our proposal is“ any important change ’’. “ Important ” has atwofold connotation. Firstly, any wide-sweepingchange in the structure of the Secretariat suchas, to take an extreme example, the abolition ofa complete Section; secondly, the abolition ofone individual important post. Now the secondpoint is covered by the form of words suggestedby my Indian friend, but I am afraid the firstpoint is not. I think his point is covered by thewording as I have suggested. So I would ask thehonourable delegate of India to consider whetherwhat he has in mind is not already covered bythe form of words I have proposed, and I hopethat the Executive Board will, in defining itsrelationships with the Director-General, indicatewhich posts it regards as important, so that itwill be quite clear when its consent will be re-quired.

The PRESIDENT : The question before USis a discussion of the amendment to the Australianproposal. Does anyone wish to speak on thisamendment, or on the Indian amendment?

The delegate of FRANCE (translation) : TheFrench delegation would like to make an obser-vation on the wording of this amendment. Inthe French text, with or without the amendment,


the distinction is so subtle that it ceases to haveany real meaning. In the French text the use ofthe expression “ son ” makes it difficult to realiseto what the possessive pronoun refers. Does thismean the Director-General or the ExecutiveBoard? If it means the Executive Board, thenthere is no difference; if, on the other hand, itmeans the Director-General, I must point outthat there is an extraordinary contradiction inthe meaning implied by the word “ shall ” andthe element of doubt suggested by the word‘‘if’’. Finally, with regard to the amendmentproposed by the Indian Delegate. this Article isintended to provide the staff with certain safe-guards, and I consider that it is essential to pro-vide the junior staff with the same guaranteesas the senior staff, if not more.

The French delegation, therefore, will not onlyoppose the Indian delegation’s amendment, butalso the Australian amendment; and asks thatthe Regulations should be adopted in the formoriginally proposed by the Commission.

The PRESIDENT : The question before us isthe amendment of the Indian delegation to theAustralian amendment. The Indian amendmentconsists of the insertion of these words...

‘‘ The Director-General will have at his dis-posal the possibility of creating certain postsif they are necessary, but he shall also beentitled to suppress those posts. ”I shall now put this amendment to the vote.

Those who are in favour of the’ amendment intro-duced by the Indian delegation to the amendmentof the Australian proposition, please raise theirhands.

There are still the ‘‘ Provisional Financial Re-gulations ’’. As I have already announced, the Con-ference will now hold a private meeting. I will ad-journ for a few minutes, then I will request all thedelegates to come back for the private meeting.Persons who are not delegates or members ofthe Secretariat will not be admitted to this privatemeeting.

The meeting was adjourned at 12.5 and resumedat 1.10 p. m.

1 4 . E L E C T I O N O F T H EGENERAL

DIRECTOR-

By eight votes in favour to ten against the In-dian amendment is rejected.

Now we shall take up the principal proposal assubmitted by the Australian delegation. I shallread the text again. The proposal is to delete thewords : “ with the concurrence of the ExecutiveBoard ” at the beginning, so that the full text willread as follows :

Result of vote :Delegates with the right to

Voting . . . . . . . . .vote. . 30. . . . 27

“ The Director-General may terminate theappointment of a member of the staff if thenecessities of the service require the abolitionof the post.

The result of the vote on the proposals of theExecutive Board was as follows :

Yes . . . . . . . . 22 votesNo . 3Invalid Votes. . . . 2 "

“ Any such projected abolition shall be repor- In accordance with the proposals of the Execu-ted to the Executive Board whose approval tive Board, Dr. Julian Huxley was elected Direc-shall be required if in its opinion the abolition’ tor-General of Unesco.

would effect an important change in the struc-ture of the Secretariat. ”Will all those who are in favour of the Austra-

lian proposition please raise the right hand?The proposition is adopted by fifteen votes in

favour to two against. Regulation 31 will ‘there-fore be drafted in conformity with the Australianamendment.

Is there any objection to Chapter IX as amend-ed? None? Then Chapter IX is approved, withthe amendment we have just passed.

CHAPTER X. — EXPENSES AND ALLOWANCES,Are there any objections to this chapter? If notit is approved.

CHAPTER XI. — PENSION SCHEME . Are thereany objections to this chapter? It is approved.

CHAPTER XII. — PROVIDENT FUND. Are thereany objections? It is approved.

CHAPTER XIII. — SPECIAL INDEMNITIES . Arethere any objections to this chapter? It is approved.

CHAPTER XIV. — GENERAL PROVISIONS . Isthere any objection to this chapter? Then it isapproved.

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TENTH LENARY MEETINGSaturday, 7 December 1946 at 10.30 a. a. m.

President : M. LÉON BLUM (France)

INSTALLATIONOF THE DIRECTOR-GENERAL

I too have faith in our Unesco, because I havefaith in peace and faith in humanity.

Dr. Julian HUXLEY : May I first of all thank

The PRESIDENT (translation) : The first itemon our agenda is the installation of our Director-General.

The Vice-Presidents of the Conference have

you personally for what you have said about meand also for the devotion and faith which you haveshown in Unesco for such a long time,. from longbefore the meeting last November at which thePreparatory Commission was born..

been invited to take their places on the Tribune.I shall now ask Dr. Wilson and M. Jean Thomas

to present Dr. Julian Huxley, Director-General ofUnesco.

Dr. Huxley enters the hall amid applause fromthe delegates.

Then, Member Delegates, may I say that I amdeeply moved at the honour which you have doneme, and still more by the confidence which youare reposing in me. I do feel it most deeply. Thisis the moment at which the Preparatory Commis-sion dies, and Unesco itself is formally born.

The PRESIDENT (translation) : At yesterday’smeeting, the General Conference approved the

‘proposals of the Executive Board, appointingDr. Julian Huxley as Director-General of Unescountil the termination of the 3rd General Confer-ence. Therefore I now have pleasure in introduc-ing to this Assembly, Dr. Julian Huxley as Direc-tor-General of the Institution of which you arethe supreme representatives.

Turning now to you, Mr. Director-General, Icongratulate you and thank you on behalf of theAssembly for having accepted this high office. Al-though you have accepted it only for two years,there is nothing provisional about it.

Just before this Conference, we gave a littledinner for the Preparatory Commission, and atthat I said we should on this occasion look forwardas the Preparatory Commission to suffering thefate of the phoenix and that we would in the nextfew days be re-born as Unesco. That event hashappened, though it has not been so much by thefire of eloquence : it has been by the fire of hardwork. The young fledgling which fluttered its wingsin Dr. Kotschnig’s hands has grown into a finefowl. This is the more surprising as I think thatduring the last three weeks all the humans in thetransformation have probably lost rather thangained weight in the process.

It is during these two years that Unesco willhave to prove itself. It will have to prepare andput ‘into operation a very complicated adminis-trative system. It will need to show coherence aswell as a convergence of many varied activities,which will each almost inevitably tend to become‘specialised or even to be subdivided: Above all,it will need to convince world opinion that, whilstseeking positive results and securing tangible bene-fits for the peoples, it still remains true to thegreat ideas and ideals which inspired its creationand to-day have become high hopes : mutualknowledge and understanding, intellectual co-ope-ration and spiritual solidarity between nationsand between men and the preservation and deve-lopment of the spirit of world peace.

Your outstanding intellectual qualities, yourstrength of character and personality, the famewhich your work has added to your distinguishedname and, above all, your faith in the commontask made you particularly worthy to be chosen.I am fully convinced that you will have everyassistance you may need in your work. In any caseI can assure you in the name of all present at thisassembly, that without exception they will makeevery effort to see that Member States collaboratewith the Executive Board and yourself fully andenthusiastically.’

But if I may be serious, Unesco is now born. Wemust not look back at the Preparatory Commis-sion, we must look forward, as this Organisationis of the greatest importance and although it isvery complex, it is, I am sure, realizable. Thanksto the co-operative spirit, and the hard work whichhas been shown by all nations, their represent-atives and their delegates, and the internationalsecretariat, we have got together, with represent-atives of all the private organisations which havebeen here, and who have corresponded with us inthe past, and by private persons who have helpedgenerously in our work with their advice. Endlessco-operation has been shown, and this, I think,has been the more striking because it has beenindependent of political or economic, religious orphilosophical creeds, whatever the colour of theskin, or whatever the region of the world fromwhich the delegate or person has come. I am surethat it is realizable, this ideal, this task, provid-ed we are given adequate means to realize it.This gathering symbolizes both the complexityand also the hope which we feel, and also I wouldlike to stress, the uniqueness of the occasion. I amsure I am right in saying that never before in thehistory of the world have there been brought to-gether in one place so many representatives of thearts, science, philosophy and education, of radio,of government, of relief societies and youth organ-isations, town-planning, and of all the higher

— 74 —


activities of the human mind. And not only thatbut also from every region of the world, not me-rely, — as Johnson said in his poem, from China toPeru, — but from the Arctic Circle to the Equatorand from the cradle of our Western Civilisationto the Eastern Mediterranean and the Antipodes.It is an unique occasion and marks, I hope, a realmilestone in the unification of the spirit of man,to use the phrase which our great poet, Mr. Ro-bert Bridges, chose for the title of his work. Letme re-emphasize here my strong conviction thatthis multifariousness of our task, though it doesmake it in some ways more difficult and complex,is essential and valuable, because it emphasizesthe need and the desirability of keeping the unityof the human mind and spirit before us all thetime.

The factor for the success of this Conference isthe factor of hope. People want to work togetherand manage to work together in a practical way.If I may conclude on a personal note, the ex-perience that I have had in these last nine monthshas been most moving and inspiring, in spite otvarious inevitable difficulties and troubles thathave cropped up and would crop up in any suchorganisation; in general, it has been so movingand inspiring that it effected in me what I mightcall a conversion. It made me believe in the workfacing Unesco in a way I never did before. I tookover the Executive Secretary ship because, owingto an accident, a stop-gap was needed, and noother stop-gap was readily available. I graduallybecame imbued with a real devotion to the causewe have at heart, and the desire to give some ofmy life to working for Unesco and for that cause.You have given me the privilege of being able torealize this desire and I want again to thank youand to say that you can count, at any rate, onthis devotion which this task has inspired in me.

The PRESIDENT (translation) : I call uponM. Moniz de Aragao of the Brazilian Delegation,who has an announcement to make to the As-sembly.

DEATH OF DR. ROWE.

M. MONIZ DE ARAGAO (Brazil) (transla-tion) : Mr. President, Ladies and Gentlemen, it iswith great emotion that I have to announce toyou the tragic death yesterday in Washington ofDr. Rowe, Director of the Pan-American Bureau.

It is not necessary for me to tell this Assemblywho Dr. Rowe was, or what work he did. His fameand reputation were world-wide, and he was espec-ially well-known in America for his loyalty andprinciples. He was a great worker in the cause ofgood relations between the countries of the Ame-ricas.

I am quite sure that I am interpreting the feel-ings of all who are present here today, and in par-ticular of Americans, when I ask the Assembly torecord in the minutes the statement which I havejust made, and to send a telegram of condolenceto his Bureau.

The delegate of FRANCE (translation) : In this‘Regulation there is twice mentioned in the Frenchtext ‘‘ Auditor ” in the singular. This should be

‘‘I Auditors ” in the plural.

The PRESIDENT (translation) : I am sure thatthe whole Assembly will accept this proposal put

— 75 —

The PRESIDENT (translation) : The correc-tion will be made in the final text.

before us by the Brazilian Delegate, and will takethis opportunity of expressing to the Pan-Ame-rican Bureau our sympathy in its loss.

It is understood then that this statement willbe recorded in the minutes of this morning’s meet-ing and the telegram of sympathy will be sent tothe Pan-American Bureau.

Before resuming our Agenda there will be ashort recess.

1 3 . C O N S I D E R A T I O N O F R E P O R T O FTHE COMMISSIONS (continuation)

A. — REPORT OF ADMINISTRATIVEAND LEGAL COMMISSION (continuation)

The Meeting re-opened at 11.30 with M. Blumin the chair.

The PRESIDENT (translation) : We shall nowcontinue discussion of the report of the Adminis-trative and Legal Commission. Yesterday ourdiscussion stopped just when we were about toreach the Draft Financial Regulations (Annex 2,part C). You have before you the report whichwas distributed. We have then the first chapterof these regulations, THE FINANCIAL YEAR. Hasanyone any comments to make on this section?As there are no observations, I assume that thischapter is adopted.

We then have the second chapter which hassix Regulations in it. Has anyone any comments?This chapter is adopted.

The next is CHAPTER III. — EXPENDITURESUNDER THE BUDGET, which contains two Regu-lations. Are there any comments on this chapter?

Adopted.The next chapter is MISCELLANEOUS RECEIPTS

and consists of a single Regulation. Any com-ments?

Adopted.The following chapter 5 is the CURRENCY OF

THE CONTRIBUTIONS. We have two articles here.Are there any comments?

The next chapter contains one Regulation only. It is APPROPRIATION OF FUNDS . Are there anycomments here?

Adoped.The next chapter contains two Regulations and

is headed INTERNAL CONTROL . Any comments?Adopted.

The following chapter has four Regulations andthe heading is THE ACCOUNTS. Any comments?

Adopted. The next one is headed APPOINTMENT OF Ex-

TERNAL AUDITORS and contains a single Regulat-ion. The French. delegate would like to speak onthat.


The following Chapter is CUSTODY OF FUNDS.Any comments?

Adopted.The next has three Regulations and concerns

LAPSING OF CREDITS. Are there any comments?Adopted.The following chapter has four Regulations, the

heading is TRANSITORY PROVISIONS . No com-ments?

Adopted.The following has three Regulations and ap-

pears under the heading of GENERAL PROVISIONS.Any comments?

The de lega te o f the UNION OF SOUTHAFRICA : I prefer that Regulation 32 be deleted.It is not necessary.

The PRESIDENT (translation) : The Regula-tion to which the delegate of South Africa: refersreads as follows : ‘‘come into force... ”

The present Regulation will

Commission?What is the opinion of the

The delegate of BELGIUM (translation) :We have a similar provision in the draft Staff Re-gulations, in which a Rule provides for a date forthe entry into force of these regulations; this ques-tion was taken up. The Belgian delegate hadsaid that in any case., a date of entry into forcecould not be fixed before the General Conferenceapproved these Regulations. He thought that forlegal reasons, it would be wise to state a date ofentry into force : the day the General Conferenceadopted them, in the case of the Staff Regulations,and today’s date for the Financial Regulations, if‘approved. It would be a good thing to indicatethe effective dates of these documents.

The PRESIDENT (translation) : The Presidentwould be glad if the South African delegate wouldclarify the statement he made. Does he wish tosee Regulation 32 deleted? Or would he like to seeit completed by a definite date?

The delegate of SOUTH AFRICA : Mr. Pre-sident, I understand that there will be a re-solution submitted to this General Conferencefrom the Financial Committee, which will dealwith the matter. If the resolution is submitted,this Regulation would come into effect when itis promulgated. However since I am told a spe-cific resolution is now being prepared, I would sug-gest that the Conference do not pass this until alater date.

The PRESIDENT (translation) : I think itwould be better, instead of deleting this Regula-tion, to leave it until such time as the Sub-Com-mission has a report to submit to us. Does every-body agree to this procedure? Then, it is decidedthat it will be done thus.

The Administrative and Financial Sub-Com-mission will meet now in Room 8. These draft regu-lations have now been adopted and that settlesthis item on the Agenda.

The second section is devoted to the Pro-gramme of Activities consistent with the state-ment of policy. This section presents specific re-commendations as to reconstruction activities inwhich Unesco should engage. Items I and 2 in thisProgramme suggest that, as a stimulating agent,Unesco should take the initiative in forming reliefproposals, in securing contributions, in distribut-ing supplies, and in enlisting the co-operation ofNational Commissions and Voluntary Organ-isations. It is proposed further that Unesco shouldprepare various types of publicity materials whichare essential to the effective discharge of this func-tion. It will be necessary to strengthen and expandthe appropriate staff of Unesco so that it maydischarge effectively this responsibility.

The report also proposes that Unesco shouldpublish certain materials having direct value to

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B. — REPORT OF RECONSTRUCTIONAND REHABILITATION COMMISSION

(Annex 6.)

I call now on the Rapporteur of the Recon-struction and Rehabilitation Commission.

Mr. BRUMBAUGH (United States) : Mr. Pre-sident and Fellow Delegates : I have the honourof presenting to you the report of the Commis-sion on Reconstruction and Rehabilitation. TheCommission held six sessions in which it consi-dered the statement of policy and the recom-mendations that had been prepared by theTechnical Sub-Committee on Reconstruction andRehabilitation of the Preparatory Commission.The work of our Commission was greatly faci-litated by the excellent statement prepared bythe Technical Sub-Committee. The Report nowbefore you embodies in general the proposedpolicy, and the programme contained in the state-ment put forward by the Preparatory Commission.

Our Commission has amended this report inthree main particulars; (I) placing on Unesco theduty of stimulation to the maximum extent;(2) using the national co-operating bodies as agentsin carrying out its work; (3) not attempting workin any country except at the express request ofthe government concerned.. The report was form-ally approved by the Commission on Recon-struction and Rehabilitation at its final session,held on Wednesday, 4 December.

It will be noted’ that, the first section of thereport presents a statement of policy affecting thereconstruction and rehabilitation activities ofUnesco. Especially important is Paragraph 2, inwhich is stressed the role of Unesco as a stimulat-ing agency, both for the purpose of securing aidfrom governmental and non-governmental organ-isations in donor areas and for the purposes ofpromoting the production of educational materialsand equipment of which there is a worldwide short-age. It was the point of view of the Commissionthat Unesco should be primarily a clearing-housefor information and propaganda. Paragraph 3,under the statement of policy suggests, however,that certain projects having a direct bearing onthe ultimate success of Unesco should be under-taken immediately and should be financed byUnesco.


the teachers in the schools and institutions ofneedy areas, and that it should encourage the re-printing and translation of especially valuableleaflets, pictorial materials, maps and other suchteaching aids.

The third proposal in the Programme is thatthe Unesco staff should encourage institutions andorganisations in the more fortunate countries togrant fellowships for qualified teachers. In thematter of fellowships, Unesco should serve in themain as the administrative agent, but should onlymake fellowship grants to a very limited extent.

The fourth item in the Programme providesthat Unesco should seek ways and means of (I) aid-ing selected leaders in the devastated areas to goabroad to study; (2) arranging for specialists fromthe more fortunate countries, at the expressedinvitation of governments, to visit the war-tornareas, for the purpose of conducting brief practicalseminars or workshops. Here again it is emphasiz-ed that Unesco’s function should be primarilythat of arranging for and administering these pro-jects. While Unesco should not be expected tounderwrite such projects in any large amounts, itis regarded as desirable. that it be in a position atonce to undertake the cost of pilot projects.

The fifth item* in the Programme relates toYouth Service Camps. Here it is proposed thatUnesco take the initiative in promoting and secur-ing the equitable distribution of youth servicecamps in the devastated areas for the summer of1947. While Unesco should be in a position to faci-litate the travel of participants, and to take a partin advising on the educational aspects of youthservice camps, it should not bear the major partof the expenses involved in the operation of suchcamps.

The final recommendation in this programmeprovides for the establishment of a limited reservefund which in certain respects can be used as arevolving fund in case of emergency. It is anticip-ated that economies may be effected and thatmaterials may be secured when they become avail-able if Unesco is in a position to make purchasespromptly, with the expectation of reimbursementfrom gifts. The Emergency Fund will also be ameans of enabling Unesco to provide facilities forshipments of supplies to countries in need whichare unable to pay transportation costs.

The final section of the report consists of resolut-ions adopted by the Commission. These resolut-ions, with the exception of No. IX, relate to theco-operation of Unesco with governmental andvoluntary organisations, the exchange of informa-tion between donor countries and recipient coun-tries, and the provisions for making available toteachers, students and children in the war-devast-ated countries, such educational facilities as themore fortunately situated countries may be ableto provide.

Resolution IX formally approves the agree-ment negotiated between Unesco and UNRRAand the termination of this agreement whenUNRRA ceases to operate.

There is also appended to the report a state-ment which indicates that certain resolutions havebeen referred to the Sub-Commission on Educa-tion, and to the Executive Board. Several resolut-

ions received from Sub-Commissions were approv-ed. These resolutions are not re-stated here be-cause, in the opinion of the Commission,. they arecovered in the terms of this report and will appearin their full form in the reports of the Sub-Com-missions.

The PRESIDENT (translation) : Does any de-legate wish to comment on the report ?

May I add, your special attention is called to aresolution that Unesco should take over and con-tinue the UNRRA fellowship programme.

The delegate of the UNITED KINGDOM :The United Kingdom delegation wishes to sup-port fully the proposals for reconstruction andrehabilitation and to ask the Conference to ap-prove the report as it stands. The United King-dom delegation regards the work of reconstructionand rehabilitation as the most important taskthat lies before Unesco in 1947. We feel that. thistask will appeal to the ordinary man, woman andchild in the countries of the world. And if by thiswork we can win their support, Unesco will befounded on a firm basis in future years. I shouldlike again to stress the urgency of the work, whichbrooks no delay. Not only must the campaignmentioned under Item No. I be started at once,but much information from recipient countriesand donor countries, which is set out in the reso-lutions, must be collected very early, and the gen-erosity of Voluntary Organisations, which is nowready to play its part, can be brought into actionat the earliest possible moment. So urgent do weconsider this work, that I hope it will not be outof order to say that the Chairman of our Commis-sion would like to meet the Secretariat and Dele-gates before we disperse, in order that, as soon asthis is passed, some plans may be made for carry-ing out the work immediately, and he asked meto say he would like to meet them at 10.30 onTuesday morning, if that was possible. The UnitedKingdom delegation would like to finish by thank-ing the Chairman and the Rapporteur for theiradmirable work in getting the report through soquickly.

I should like to move now that the report beadopted as it stands.

The PRESIDENT (translation) : Does anybodywish to speak?

The delegate of FRANCE (translation) : Iwish to draw your attention to a point of detail.The French text contains several errors whichmake it rather obscure. The French delegationhave prepared a text, and we feel it would bebetter to use this text as a basis for our discus-s i o n .

The PRESIDENT (translation) : I think thatthe simplest solution would be to ask the Frenchdelegation to hand their. text in to the Secreta-riat. Does anybody wish to speak in the generaldiscussion on the Report which has just beenmade to you?

I will put the document to the vote. I proposewe take it by Resolutions.

Resolution I : No observations? Adopted.Resolution 2 : No observations? Adopted.

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Resolution 3 : No observations? Adopted.Resolution 4 : No observations? Adopted.Resolution 5 : No observations? Adopted.Resolution 6 : No observations? Adopted.Resolution 7 : No observations? Adopted.Resolution 8 : No observations? Adopted.Resolution 9 : No observations? Adopted.Resolution IO : No observations? Adopted.Resolution IO being the last, the report as a

whole is adopted.

The Conference will meet again at 4.30 p. m.The document for discussion will be that of theAdministrative and Financial Commission (UnescoC/22) which will be-distributed as early as possiblethis afternoon.

The speed with which our Report has beenapproved does not mean that our Conference isindifferent to the reports submitted to it. It isa tribute to the good work done by the Commis-sions in the preparation of these reports.

E L E V E N T H P L E N A R Y M E E T I N G

Saturday, 7 December 1936 at 5.30 p. m.

President : Mr. A. A. R OBERTS (South Africa)

The PRESIDENT : The meeting is open. Be-fore continuing with the Agenda, I have twoannouncements to make.

I. This morning the Commission on Proceduremet to discuss Rule 33 which deals with theofficial and working languages of the Conference.Since there was no quorum, heads of delegationsentitled to vote are asked to send their represent-atives on Monday morning at 9.30 a. m., toRoom 9-10, when the matter will be raised again.

2. The next Plenary Meeting of the GeneralConference will be held on Monday at 10.30 a. m.,in this room. Agenda : Report of the ProgrammeCommission”

13 . CONSIDERATION OF REPORTS, OFTHE COMMISSIONS (cont inuat ion)

C. — REPORT OF THE ADMINISTRATIVEAND FINANCIAL SUB — COMMISSIONO N T H E O R G A N I S A T I O N O F T H E

SECRETARIAT (Annex 3)

The PRESIDENT : The next i tem on theAgenda of this meeting is the examination of thereport of the Administrative and Financial Sub-Commission on the organisation of the Secretar-iat.

I call upon the Rapporteur of the Sub-Com-mission.The Rapporteur read his report.

The PRESIDENT : The report has been circu-lated in French and in English; therefore I movethat no translation will be given unless a delegateexpressly requests it.

Does anyone second this motion?

The NORWEGIAN delegate’ : I second themotion.

The BELGIAN delegate : I also second it onbehalf of the Belgian Delegation.

The PRESIDENT: In view of the importanceof the report, I propose to put it to the votearticle by article.

Preamble : Adopted.Point A I : Adopted.Point A 2 : Adopted.Point B Principles, 1st paragraph : Adopted.Point B 2. : Adopted.Point B 3 : Adopted.Point B 4 : Adopted.Point C Directives : Adopted.Point C 2 : Adopted.Point C 3 : Adopted.Point C 4 : Adopted.Point C 5 : Adopted.I put the document as a whole to the vote.The document as a whole is adopted.Does anyone wish to speak?


TWELFTH PLENARY MEETINGMonday, g December 1946 at 10.30 a.m

President : M. CARNEIRO (Brazil)

13 . CONSIDERATION OF REPORTS OFT H E C O M M I S S I O N S ( c o n t i n u t i o n )

D. — REPORT OF PROGRAMMECOMMISSION (Annex I.)

On the agenda we have the consideration ofthe report of the Programme Commission. I callupon Mr. MacLeish, the Rapporteur of the Com-mission.

The RAPPORTEUR OF THE PROGRAMMECOMMISSION : I am speaking in my capacity ofChairman of. the Drafting Committee, appointedby the Programme Commission to submit a reporton its work to the General Conference.

I first wish to explain how this drafting com-mittee came into existence and define the re-sponsibilities which rest upon its members. Thiscommittee was composed of M. Gilson, represen-ting France, Mr. Grierson, representing the Uni-ted Kingdom, and myself, and was entrustedwith the drafting of the report. The report wasto be drafted in two languages, and we intendedto have as thorough and detailed bilingual dis-cussions as possible concerning its wording. Un-fortunately, time was short, with the result thatI am submitting a report I drew up alone andin English only, as M. Gilson was not able tofollow all our work. M. Gilson wishes to stressthat he is not responsible for the French text,which is all the more unfortunate as we hadworked in perfect harmony together in London,in the period prior to the drafting of the UnescoConstitution.

Mr. Grierson, however, shoulders the entireresponsibility for the English text, together withmyself.

In view of the importance of the declaration I,have just made, I request that it be translatedinto French and that the interpreters indicatethe corrections to be made in the French version.

The PRESIDENT (translation) : Allow me tothank the Rapporteur for the excellent reportsubmitted to the General Conference and to con-gratulate him on the form as well as on the subs-tance of this document, which will remain oneof the factors guiding the activity of Unescoduring the coming year. It will be one of ourmost useful working implements.

Let me also thank the Secretariat for theirachievement in circulating this document, bothin English and French, the final draft of whichwas only ready yesterday at 3 p. m.

It does not seem, therefore, necessary to makean oral translation of it at the meeting, since theFrench version has been circulated. The inter-preter will only read out a short correction ofthe French text, after which I shall call uponthe Director-General, who will comment uponthe report before the discussion begins.

The interpreter then read out the text of a convec-tion on page 10 of the French text.

The DIRECTOK-GENERAL : I wish to makea few specific suggestions. First, I must say thatthe translation and documentation services havecarried out a technical feat in view of the limitedtime at their disposal. I must also stress that itwas no mean achievement on the part of Mr. Mac-Leish to make a choice, in so short a time, of thewealth of detail to be included in the introductionof the programme he has submitted as rapporteur.

Here are my suggestions : first, that we adoptthe report of the Chairman of the Commissionby a motion of approval. This report would thusbe incorporated in the general report, togetherwith the six reports of the sub-sections or Pro-gramme Sections,

Secondly, this introductory report could bewidely circulated, and especially among peoplewho are not technicians, among the press, for ex-ample, as it is more readable than reports of amore technical nature, like those of the othersections.

Thirdly, I wish to point out that the GreenBook, drawn up by the Preparatory Commission,contains many ideas, especially in the introduc-tion. It would be unfortunate if all this were tobe wasted.

I therefore think that it would be worth whileto circulate this introduction together with copiesof the report, for information, for these docu-ments contain useful reading matter and showthe foundation upon which our programme studyhas been based.

The PRESIDENT (translation) : The discus-sion is now open and I call upon Mr. Hardman.

Mr. HARDMAN (United Kingdom), : Mr. Pre-sident, ladies and gentlemen, fellow delegates,first let me tell you that I have been much im-pressed by the achievements before us, which arethe result of the efficient work of our sub-com-missions. These achievements were not the mono-poly of the Great Powers or of war-devastatedcountries in search of relief and which we intendto help.

All the countries represented at Unesco, ofcourse, have had their own interests in mind,

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but have also made a point of co-operating withother nations for the benefit of all.

We congratulate the Commission on its reportand I think that I express the opinion of allwhen I address these congratulations more. espe-cially to the Chairman.

The Report of the Programme Commissionstresses the urgency of rehabilitation, more espe-cially in countries which bore the brunt of thewar.

I entirely agree with the insistent demandsmade on governments for contributions. I canguarantee the participation of my government inthe supplying of materials, most needed in war-devastated countries and can say that we areready to co-operate with other nations in thesharing of all technical equipment available.

a world where half of the population is unfortun-ately still illiterate. These discussions illustratedthe threat of encroachment on the culture ofbackward peoples by peoples who are highlydeveloped technically and who consider their ownculture as a surplus for exportation. These privi-leged countries, among which I number my own,should be ready to supply handicapped countrieswith the maximum of information and materialresources. They would thus be in a position todevelop their own cultures, and we, in our turn,would benefit by their advance.

Mr. President, fellow delegates, what finer taskis there than to place the advantages of scienceand culture at the disposal of a knowledge-hungryworld?

My country is among the nations which haveaided the technical advance of our generation.It would, however, be a privilege for us to makeuse of our experience, efficiency and personnel forthe service of mankind. I also request that thereport stress the welfare of mankind and the defi-nition of this term. I agree that peace is notonly the cessation of war but the efficient anddynamic implementation of human co-operationfor the benefit of all. Such is the foundation ofcommon interest.

As the representative of Great Britain, I ammuch interested by the observations containedin the report of the Programme Sub-Commissionconcerning the dissemination of knowledge byteaching and mass communication. The task ofmy country is to administer vast expanses of theworld. For this very reason we have invited someof our most competent colonial experts to thisconference with the idea that they would carryaway with them a new spirit of objectivity withwhich to consider the scientific education of themasses and the culture of the peoples to whomthey devote their activity.

We all know the “ dark zones ” in our ownknowledge, as well as the “ bright zones ” of ourcommon culture. Among the commissions work-ing for our common aim, let me mention theSciences Commission, the delegates of which,speaking the common language of facts and needs,have set up a programme which demands theco-operation of the more advanced nations withthose which are not so favoured and are in needof technical assistance. Our project is both crea-tive and practical; it contains the problems atwhich we must work,, and transports us to thedifferent countries of South America, to Africa,to the Far East. The bright picture of the Ten-nessee Valley casts its reflection upon other darkervalleys in other parts of the world; in fact wemay wonder if it is not the very picture of peaceitself.

In the United Kingdom we have, during thelast twenty years, shown a marked interest in thenew media of mass education, and I think thatwe have widely contributed to the advance whichhas been achieved in this field. We think thatthe experience thus acquired could be appliedwith energy and enthusiasm to the implementa-tion of the general programmes which Unesconow proposes.

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Since the beginning of the Conference I havebeen back to my country and have been in closetouch with my Government and members ofParliament. I noted a friendly but critical inte-rest in our work. Members of the House of Com-mons have discussed Unesco and it would appearfrom their discussions that the statesmen of GreatBritain have a realisticview of our Organization,and that they wish to see the nations concernedimplement a realistic programme. This is onlyfeasible if we make the conclusions of this Confer-ence available to public opinion in our country.It must be clearly realized that the economicdevelopment of rehabilitation is one of the essen-tial tasks which Unesco must undertake if civil-ization is to survive.

Mr. President, our world-wide experience alsoaccounts for my specialinterest in the observationsmade concerning mass media of information. Weare to-day in a position to develop internationalcontacts for the benefit of the masses, and weare perfectly aware of the international signi-ficance of the radio. However, I would not res-pect the spirit in which my government has adher-ed to Unesco, if I did not again stress the needfor each country to have its own means of com-munication and information, and the desirabilityof developing national cultures throughout theworld. In discussions on the media of mass com-munication, the experts of the various delegationshave taken into account the technical opportu-nities which are due to the advance of the mod-ern world. The press, the radio and the filmcan pave the way to common understanding in

If we sincerely believe in what has been accom-plished here — and personally I do believe in theaims we have reached by our common effort —we must, as delegates, return to our countries,decided to carry out what we believe in, throughthose governmental organizations upon which wecan exert some influence. That is why I movea resolution, the implications of which must berealized by all.

Let Unesco recommend that the governmentof every State Member use every means andavenue to carry out the programme of Unesco,as it is here defined.

Twenty years ago I had the honour to sit onthe commissions which met at Geneva in thoseoptimistic days in the nineteen-twenties. At thattime we talked a lot and thought we were doinga lot. Mr. President and fellow delegates, let that


experience be useful to us and let us to-dayaccomplish a realistic and constructive task.

The PRESIDENT (translation) : I call upon thedelegate of Yugoslavia.

The delegate of YUGOSLAVIA (translation) :Mr. President, as spokesman for the Yugoslavdelegation, I shall comment only generally uponthe report of the Programme Commission.

During the general discussion, the Yugoslavdelegation made known its point of view, accor-ding to which the success of Unesco dependsupon a programme based on the following threeprinciples :

I) Absolute respect for the individuality ofthe culture of every country and for its inde-pendence and integrity.

2) Effective support for the natural develop-ment of the culture of every people.

3) Prevention of all activity directed againstpeace or against international co-operation.At the same time the Yugoslav delegation

drew attention to the fact that a certain numberof proposals, moved last summer at the meet-ings of the Preparatory Commission, were atvariance with this principle.

We have realized with satisfaction, at the Ge-neral Conference, that many delegations shareour point of view and that the work of the com-missions, in a certain measure, has developed inharmony with the three principles outlined above.Thus, some of the proposals of the PreparatoryCommission have been amended, for example,those concerning international literary reviews,the International Theatre Institute, the Internat-ional Translation Office, etc. Others have beendeferred; lastly, certain delegations have sub-mitted new proposals tending to circumscribe theinfluence of Unesco in the development of thespecific cultures of each nation.

Apart from questions which have been finallysolved in the Commissions, there are a numberof problems concerning the programme of Unesco— these are of paramount importance to the fu-ture cultural relations between peoples — whichhave, in fact, first been raised in the Commis-sions and are now before the General Conference.Most of them are to be settled in 1947 or later, byconferences of expert committees to be convenedby Unesco.

To sum up the work of the Conference in thelight of decisions so far taken, we can say that, inthe majority of the most important cases, the Con-ference has only assigned to the executive bodiesof Unesco for 1947 the task of examining tho-roughly and exhaustively (after preliminary sur-veys and investigations on an international scale)basic questions of cultural co-operation, so as tosupply the next General Conference with enoughconcrete material to take new decisions on thesequestions.

This being the case, we can only welcome thefact that the General Conference has taken nofinal decisions on questions which have not before-hand been the object of sufficient study. But, wecan also conclude that this attitude is the resultof a basic weakness of the whole organization — aweakness due to the lack of information which

would afford a general view of the scientific andcultural life of peoples. Since all the United Na-tions are not represented at the Conference ofUnesco, the latter has to allow for the absence ofrepresentatives of Soviet culture and science,which constitute an all-important factor in thecultural life of mankind.

If the draft projects which are to be submittedto the Secretariat are to be worked out in theabsence of representatives of the Soviet Union,it is doubtful whether the premisses for the tak-ing of final decisions on these important ques-tions will be any more favourable in a year’s timethan they are today.

Allow me to make a few remarks of a generalnature concerning this future work of the Secre-tariat.

It sometimes happens, and it may happen inour case, that general agreement is easily reachedon certain formulae, but that their implementa-ing gives rise to differences of opinion. This maybe due to the fact that some of the technical termswe use are not universally accepted.

Take the words “ democracy ” and “ freedom ”for example, words much used in the past, andmuch used — not to say abused — today. Thereare some who give them the meaning attached tothem by the literature and the political traditionsof the governing classes of the nineteenth century,others who understand them in a wider or a nar-rower sense. There are differences of interpretationnot only between the nationals of different count-ries, peoples and cultures, but among individualsand groups of the same nation. These differencesappear even in practice : the democracy of Yugo-slavia cannot be compared with the democracy ofcertain countries of Western Europe or America,for example, or even with that of present-dayGreece.

Let us take another example. We are speakinghere of the “ dignity of, and respect for, man ’’. Weall know that this conception, too, is not the samefor all. The “ struggle for human dignity and res-pect ” means for some the struggle for full equal-ity of rights between individuals, for the removalof economic shackles, for the prevention of theexploitation of one man’s work by another. Otherssee in these words abstract ideas of ethical or moralsignificance.

Again, Unesco contemplates a conference witha view to making a Declaration of the Rights ofMan. I am not satisfied that this declaration willcontain one of the fundamental human rights :the right of each man to work. This right is as arule ignored, for the simple reason that, outsidethe Soviet Union, there is not a single countrywhere it is safeguarded. The Soviet citizen, whomwe cannot afford to neglect in our work, actuallypossesses this right and prizes it above all others.The same applies to a Code of Civil Rightsapplicable to all nations.

I may quote another term used in the report ofthe Preparatory Commission : the word “ total-itarianism ’’. It was introduced into the politicalvocabulary of pre-war days by the exponents ofFascism, to describe their anti-democratic politicalsystem and their social and economic organiza-tion. Today, in a section of the reactionary press,

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which does not hide its fascist sympathies, theword is used tendentiously, with the propagandistaim of sowing distrust among the United Nationsand thus obstructing the organization of a lastingpeace throughout the world.

Unesco should not become, unwittingly, theinstrument of such propaganda. Each time thatthe words “ totalitarianism ” or “ totalitarianideology ” appear in the documents of Unesco, itshould be stressed that they mean “ Fascism ”and “ the system of Fascist domination ’’.

The Secretariat has undertaken to establish aninternational glossary of the different meaningsof technical terms used in the social sciences. Thisglossary should be conceived on a really scientificbasis, points where a double interpretation ispossible being meticulously defined.

Since we are considering the report of the Pro-gramme Commission, allow me to make a fewmore general remarks. I deplore the fact that theprogramme of Unesco does not take sufficientaccount of the third principle upon which theYugoslav delegation insisted during, the generaldiscussion. Thus, not one of the proposals of theProgramme Commission would enable Unescoeffectively to oppose activity directed againstpeace and friendly co-operation between peoples.

Contending that the problem of war and peacecan be solved, in a great measure, by the educa-tion of youth and a higher cultural level of themasses, the Programme Commission has centredits attention on the question of instruction andeducation of peoples. But although general edu-cation is admittedly an important factor in thepolitical conscience of peoples, we do not considerthat the premisses adopted by the ProgrammeCommission touch the core of the problem. His-tory shows that wars are not caused by the massesand that their cultural level has no decisive in-fluence on their being drawn, against their will,into wars of conquest. Today, for example, it isobvious that the masses of free peoples deeply andsincerely want peace. Nor does youth constitutea factor which can shake the foundations of peace.War-mongers are not to be looked for amongthe masses of the people, nor among youth; oppo-sition between nationalism and internationalismdoes not create “ tension spots ’’. These war-mongers are to be found among certain socialgroups which are very influential in certain coun-tries. These groups have an interest in draggingpeoples into wars of conquest and to this end makeruthless use of all the means of propaganda attheir disposal. Unesco, whose first and foremosttask is to safeguard peace and security, must di-rect its activity against these anti-peace media ofpropaganda, against their press, their radio, theirfilms and. their publications. This specific part ofUnesco’s work should not be restricted to the fieldsof culture and art, but should extend to all mediaof general information — especially political in-formation, which is the most penetrating, themost effective for good as for evil — thereby in-fluencing culture itself.

The Mass Communication Sub-Commission hasconsidered this problem; it has discussed how toprevent the dissemination of false news in thepress: Someone declared that it was impossible to

give a definition of the term “ false news ’’. Onthe contrary, we consider that it is by no meansdifficult to expose false news in the press. As anewspaper-man myself, this seems to me a verysimple matter. Let me give you a recent example,which I can guarantee, all the more as it concernsmy own country.

A few days ago, during the General Conference,the papers printed sensational news of a conflict onthe Greek-Yugoslav border, inferring that theYugoslav Army was moving towards Greece. Thisnews was repeated systematically by the pressall the time that the debate on Trieste, of para-mount importance to Yugoslavia, was taking placein New York.

Suddenly these reports ceased, at the very mo-ment that the question of Trieste was removedfrom the agenda.

Such reports are circulated every time thatvital issues for peoples arc at stake at internationalconferences. They are most often an organizedcampaign on the part of papers connected withthe no less influential groups that I have alreadymentioned. I do not think that those who seek thetruth, and more particularly Unesco, would find itdifficult to establish the falsity of such reports.

The above observations are of a general natureand apply to the programme proposals and to theterminology used. I have one more remark tomake. I said that it was easier to agree upon for-mulae than upon their interpretation. Those whowill first have to construe and carry out the adopt-ed proposals are those whom the General Confer-ence has placed at the head of Unesco. Unesco’sfuture work will be dependent upon these direc-tors, upon their capacity for organization and theirbreadth of view on cultural questions of inter-national moment. I am convinced, therefore, that,for countries which have not yet taken their standtowards the Organization, the question of the di-rectorial set-up of Unesco is as important as theprogramme itself. The substance of Unesco’s pro-gramme, and to an even greater degree, the wayin which this programme is carried out, and alsoUnesco’s ability to overcome its initial handicapof having no representative of the Soviet Union —all these factors will determine whether or notStates Members of the United Nations who havenot joined Unesco will be able to co-operate withthis Organization.

Only when Unesco has overcome this weaknessshall we be able to say whether the words “ inter-national ” and “ universal ’’, of which Unescomakes frequent use, have any definite meaning,or whether they are limited to the ideology of afraction of mankind and mean, in culture, domi-nation by one nation or group of nations.

The PRESIDENT (translation) : I now callupon the delegate of France.

M. CASSIN (France) (translation) : The Frenchdelegation deplores that it was not able, becauseof the haste with which the Drafting Commissionhad to work, to co-operate as much as it wouldhave wished, and take its full share of responsibi-lity. It is all the more pleased to pay tribute to thequality and the importance of the report whichMr. MacLeish has drafted in such lofty terms.

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A summing up of the work of the ProgrammeSub-Commission became an obvious necessity;several sub-commissions had already endeavour-ed to group, under more general headings, a seriesof projects which, though interesting in them-selves, needed classifying in wider categories. Theeffort made in this direction has resulted in a gene-ral clarification and will give great assistance tothe men responsible for executing the first pro-gramme, as drawn up by the 1946 Conference.

The small modifications to thre Report whichthe Chairman agreed to make it more in harmonywith the realities of our work. In the SocialSciences field, the study of Nationalism and Inter-nationalism, the enquiry into war psychoses,were discussed. This whole series of problems isall related to the same idea : that Unesco shouldmake a scientific and objective study of Inter-national Relations.

Around this one idea, international relations,many apparently divergent studies could be group-ed. Obviously if the terms of the “ Commentary ”had been too rigid in the matter of responsibilities,the Executive Board and the Director-General.would perhaps not have been able to adopt theclassification now possible.

I wish to stress the French Delegation’s interestin the suggestion of publishing a certain number ofworks already printed by Unesco, but I ventureto doubt whether the proposed methods of dis-tribution strictly correspond to the Director-Gen-eral’s point of view. Having spent 25 years in thefield of popular education, I would hesitate toput the Preparatory Commission reports into thehands of people who did not know much aboutUnesco. These reports were for people sharing inUnesco’s activities, who were in a position toappreciate the wealth of ideas accumulated in ayear’s work. However, the Conference documents,i. e. the resolutions which have been passed and arestill to be passed, should be distributed as wideIyas possible among the general public.

It is time for me to leave the plane of technicaldiscussion and to turn to the question presentedin so interesting a manner a few minutes ago. Ourdelegation, like many others, is convinced thatthe supreme aim of Unesco, its very substance andjustification is to become universal and to achieveco-operation with all organized states, with organ-izations like Scientific Societies which are notstrictly governmental, and lastly, with men, inall the countries of the world, whatever their race,creed, language and political ideas. If I may makea suggestion, I think we might achieve universal-ity quicker if, in carrying out the world stock-taking necessary to a survey for the next con-ference, we extended our enquiries not only to thecountries which have joined Unesco, but to allother countries as well. In this manner we shouldavoid big gaps in our information, a danger towhich the delegate of Yugoslavia alluded.

Further, still with a view to universality, thefirst duty of Unesco is to give a constructive cha-racter to its work, stressing all that unites peoplesinstead of all that divides them.

It is very fortunate that the discussion of poli-tical questions in the commissions — which wasnot our task — has been eschewed, and that the

definition of certain terms was avoided as long asall nations are not represented, for these termshave different meanings in different countries.

Alongside with universality, independence isamong the basic aims of Unesco.

True, we have tried to make Unesco a specia-lized organization, one of the agencies of a wholesystem, geared for the establishment of peacethroughout the world. But Unesco must not be-come a spiritual isolationist state detached fromthe United Nations, from the great SpecialisedAgencies already in existence or which we wishto create. At the same time Unesco must beindependent in its choice of methods, which is whywe think that it. must not, at the outset, adopt auniform philosophy, which would hamper thevariety of thought, not only of nations, but of theindividuals making up those nations.

Apart from this negative aspect of Unesco’sindependence there is a positive aspect. You refus-ed, in the commissions, to limit the role of Unescoto that of a co-ordinating agency, although theimportance‘ of co-ordination and stock-takingwill be paramount for some time; Unesco musthave other aims, creative aims, original aims, mo-dest as they may be. This is neither too vast nortoo ambitious a project. Men are willing to co-operate and all the goodwill of the human race isin search of a meeting place.

The great project of the Tennessee Valley wasmentioned; our programme contains a notableand well-defined project for the Amazon Basin.In the past, astronomers co-operated to draw amap of the sky. Now, it is for Unesco to become alaboratory of new enterprise, capable of develop-ing initiatives which are entirely independent ofwhat any nation, or group of nations, has everconceived.

I now come to the third rule for Unesco’s work :the rule of effectiveness. All new-born organiza-tions are threatened by a flood of written and prin-ted matter, to the point where thoughts and ideasarc submerged in paper. We do not want Unesco— and this is borne out by recent votes — to be-come a paper machine, we want it to be a centreof thought. And this centre of thought must ap-pear to the outside world, as rapidly as possible,as the initiator of useful and effective action. Wewere glad to hear Mr. MacLeish declare in his pre-liminary commentary that the first task of Unescowas the rehabilitation of countries devastated bythe war, by a war waged for all nations, for allpeoples are the debtors of those who suffered forthe comity of nations.

Speaking of effectiveness, allow me to stress thedanger there is of attempting to prescribe a uni-form pace for all. During the war, when it was ne-cessary to transport soldiers, passengers and goodsacross mine and submarine infested oceans, shipswere assembled in convoys. The fastest steamerswere often obliged to reduce their speed to fourknots, so that the slowest cargo boat could keeppace.

But peace has come: the development of nationsvaries with their geographical situation. The greateffort we are contemplating, to raise the generallevel of peoples, must by no means handicap theforward march of pioneers, whose pace is quicker.

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They pave the way for future convoys and, with-out them, we could not even discuss the generaleducation of the masses.

We must, therefore, in Unesco always bear inmind the advance of the masses and favour thegrowth of talent, development of thought, scien-tific discoveries, new research methods in the var-ious fields of science, which will result in a betterstandard of life for mankind and also in a higherlevel of general education.

“E d u c a t i o n ” is not enough. The final aimtowards which Unesco must strive, with otherinternational organizations, the specific responsi-bilities it will shoulder in the field of action inwhich it is engaged, impel it to demand of peoples,and of their leaders, that they become more keenlyaware of the meaning of an international spirit.

Mere knowledge must not be confused with an

international spirit. We have a recent example ofpeoples of a high level of education becoming thevictims of propaganda which all but led them todestroy human civilization.

Nor must knowledge and civilization be confus-ed. Civilization implies, besides added knowledge,a response from the heart, and what I called justnow an awareness of the common elements whichbind the people of one country to the people ofanother.

That is the fundamental aim of Unesco. It is nodenial of the tremendous importance of materialprogress to say that material conditions and edu-cation combined did not ensure peace and theprogress of human civilization, unless there wereabove it all a will and a capacity to understand,and a desire to act in an international spirit in thehighest sense of the term.

THIRTEENTH PLENARY MEETINGMonday, 9 December 1946 at 2.45 p. m.

President : Mr. HARDMAN (United Kingdom)

13 . CONSIDERATION OF REPORTS OFTHE COMMISSIONS (cont inuat ion)

D. — REPORT OF THE PROGRAMMECOMMISSION (continuation) (Annex I).

The PRESIDENT : I imagine delegates wouldlike to know a little of the business we have beforeus this afternoon. Three other delegates wish tospeak on the general programme which was. sub-mitted this morning; then there will be a brief re-port from the Unesco Month Sub-Committee anda resolution to be proposed and discussed. Afterthe discussion of the resolution from the UnescoMonth Sub-Committee, there will be a report andresolution from the Comittee on Procedure. Afterthat, of course, there is a very important discus-sion on the budget, so we have a very full after-noon.

I now call upon Miss Bose, one of the Delegatesfrom India, to address the Conference.

The delegate of INDIA : Mr. Chairman, andfellow-delegates. On behalf of the Indian dele-gation I should like to express our whole-heartedapproval of the recommendations of the Pro-gramme Commission, so ably presented to us byits Chairman. We especially welcome the sentencewhich reads ‘as follows :

“The present educational inequality be-tween nations represents a danger to the peaceof the world which cannot become one if halfof it remains illiterate.”To this word “ illiterate ” I should like to add

“ hungry and in bondage ’’ Thiswould meet fromanother angle the sentiment expressed by the lead-er of the British Delegation to the effect that our

spiritual enrichment should be built up on thebasis of economic security.

I am glad that the Programme Commission haswarned us that we should not bite off more thanwe can chew — it is one condition necessary forour success. There is a second condition which Ishould like to emphasize. In this organisation weshould be willing to eschew all political considera-tions so that we may not only visualize, but alsorealize, our cultural and educational and scientificprogrammes as an integral whole.

I should like to express, on behalf of the IndianDelegation, its sincere desire that the universalitythat M. Cassin has emphasized should be speedilyrealized by the inclusion of all these nations whoare not vet members of Unesco. I need, hardly addthat India would be a willing co-operator in givingeffect to the programme, both within her frontiersand in the wider field of international effort.

I therefore gladly support the proposal of theBritish delegate.

The PRESIDENT : I call next upon the Dele-gate of Australia, Dr. Mills.

The delegate of AUSTRALIA : Mr. President,I wish first of all to move that the report nowbefore the Conference be adopted. Next, on behalfof the Australian Delegation, I wish to associatemyself with the views expressed by the otherspeakers on their admiration for the task perform-ed by the Committee which drew up this report.

I further would like myself to offer, specialthanks for the following reasons : it had been myintention to point out that the test shad not beensufficiently applied and to suggest that a smallCommittee of three should be appointed as a Draft-ing Committee, and should be asked to draw upthe total programme to be adopted by the Com-

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mission. The document before us is a reply to myunspoken speech and it is for this reply that Iwish to thank the Committee and the Secretariat.The report is admirable, clear and concise in defin-ing Unesco’s various objectives. My delegation’sviews as to the tests we have agreed upon and tothe plans have been exposed in this document. Itwas always clear to us that the test of coherenceshould only be applied when the programme as awhole had been adopted by the Programme Com-mission. It has now been applied in a way whichcertainly deserves all our admiration. The othertests have been applied with all the goodwill ofthis Conference and with constant emphasis plac-ed on the urgency for action which is necessary ifUnesco wants to succeed.

This report furnishes a basis for our activitiesbut it does not go as far as Unesco will go. The testof coherence is of wider application; we must seethat our programme is consistent not only in itself,but also within the planetary system of collabora-tion. We must work in harmony with the UnitedNations and with the other Specialized Agencies.In this report there is a reference to the study ofpopulations. We hope that Unesco in its demo-graphic studies will make the fullest use of theorganizations already. established for the study ofpopulation problems in the various countries. Wehope it will encourage the organizations to put intheir programme materials for Unesco studies.These studies should serve to relax those statesof tension which lead to war, and should deal withthe broad, economic and social aspects of demo-graphy, which the United Nations DemographicalCommission is itself responsible for studying.

With regard to the Director-General’s proposalthat the first part of this report should be circul-ated along with the Green Book, I should likehim to reconsider the point of view of this delega-tion, i. e. that the Green Book has served its pur-pose, as it has helped to produce the documentnow before us and I think one would be forced tosay that the document would not be as it is if theGreen Book had not been prepared. The GreenBook is now merely historical; it is headed “ Re-port on the Programme of Unesco ’’; if it werecirculated with this Report it might be confusingto the people who wonder what Unesco will doin 1947.

Mr. President, I move the adoption of thereport now before us.

The PRESIDENT : I call upon the delegate ofGreece.

The delegate of GREECE (translation) : Wewish to give our full approbation to the work ofthe various commissions which have prepared theprogramme for 1947.

This programme represents a wonderful efforton the part of the Preparatory Commission andalso on that of the Secretariat. Both the form andthe substance of this programme are fully approv-ed by the Greek Delegation.

As for questions relating to the ideas inspiringall those who respect intellectual values, valuesspringing from that Mediterranean civilizationwhich commands the admiration of the great

majority of races, we think we should not dimi-nish their significance by disputing their impor-tance.

The idea of liberty rests on an age-long tradit-ion, and any discussions on this subject could notalter the conception of civilized peoples that thisidea of liberty should be deep-rooted, not onlyin the minds of men, but in their hearts.

The examples cited here by observers regardingthis idea of liberty or democracy, should not en-courage delegates at this Conference to use this asa platform for political propaganda or policy.There are other Sections of the United Nationsdealing with differences of a political character,and my own country has already thought it wiseto apply to them in various very delicate ques-tions, and not to appeal to Unesco, which is a cul-tural organization.

The French Delegation and the Indian Delegat-ion have clearly expressed that point.

Let us respect the well co-ordinated work ofthe United Nations delegations, and let us sayhonestly that an agreement has been reached bet-ween us. The gaps mentioned will be filled if weadopt the principle of fraternity, broad and eff-ective fraternity, which will prove that the unityof all nations has its foundation in the minds andhearts of men.

The PRESIDENT : That brings us to the endof the speeches on the Programme. I want to sug-gest that on page I, paragraph 4 of the English

-text be omitted. I have discussed this with theDirector-General and Mr. MacLeish, and, if theConference agrees with us that it is the right thing,we will delete that paragraph. This report willbe circulated all over the world. It is such an ex-cellent report that we should, as far as possible,deal with the most important things, and this pa-ragraph 4 is only information for the membersattending the Conference. We agree with the Di-rector-General and Mr. MacLeish that this para-graph should be omitted. (Document Unesco/C/23Page I, paragraph 4 of the English text.)

The Australian delegate, Dr. Mills, had pro-posed that the Report should be printed as wehave it here, without the omission of paragraph 4.I want to ask Dr. Mills if he wants to modify hisproposal and will allow us to omit it; I refer topage I, paragraph 4, in the English text, page I,paragraph 3 of the French text.

The delegate of FRANCE (translation) : I agree.I merely want to point out that the next, paragraphdoes not follow on if only paragraph 4 is deleted.

“The PRESIDENT : I suggest that in the para-graph starting with “ faced with this situation ’’,the word ‘‘ nevertheless ” should be put in to fol-low “ has ” in the third line. “ Faced with thissituation ” is omitted and it will read as follows :‘‘ The Drafting Committee, appointed to developfrom the reports of the various Sub-Commissionsa coherent and single programme, has neverthe-less found itself obliged, etc. ” Paragraph 4 ofthe English text is therefore deleted.

May I suggest also to the Conference that, asthis report was done in a great hurry and then had


to be typewritten, it be left to the Director-Gene-ral to arrange for these small amendments?

The DIRECTOR-GENERAL : And occasio-nally as regards the form, to bring the Sub-Com-missions into harmony without altering the senseat all.

E. — DRAFT RESOLUTION SUBMITTED TOTHE GENERAL CONFERENCE BY THEUNESCO MONTH SUB-COMMITTEE (Annex 5.)

The PRESIDENT : We now pass on to the Re-solution submitted by the Unesco Month Sub-Committee. I call on the Rapporteur.

The PRESIDENT : May I now propose thatthe report of the Programme Commission be adop-ted formally by the Conference?

The UNITED KINGDOM delegate : May Iask in what form exactly the report will be pub-lished? Will the final text consist of the introduc-tory report of the Programme Commission withthe reports of all the Sub-Commissions, and notthe Green Book?

The DIRECTOR-GENERAL : I gather thatnothing has formally been decided. Views havebeen expressed, and I find myself in the unenviableposition of being in two places at once. No formaldecision has been made about the Green Book. Ithas been decided that now that Mr. MacLeish’sintroduction has been approved, it should go outas an integral part of the Programme Report.

It has also been agreed that it be separatelyprinted to go out to a wider public. In spite of thecriticism there has been, I would still propose thatthe Programme Report, when printed, should goout accompanied by a copy of the Green Book,with a statement that the book, although datingback to the Preparatory Commission, contains anumber of passages that can be used as a moreuseful background than the Programme Report.Many of these general introductions to the sepa-rate subjects have not been reproduced in thesmall reports. Immense thought and time wentinto the preparation of some of the chapters inthe introductions : I remember the work on edu-cation, social science and creative art, and anequal amount of work was done in the other divi-sions. It would be useful to send this out as col-lateral reading matter. We have a large numberof these green books and I think we should be

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depriving the delegates of something useful if wedid not send it to them, but it should be sent assomething which is not binding : the Conferenceis not bound by anything in the book.

The delegate of the UNITED KINGDOM :The order of circulation should be, first, the pre-amble, next, the preamble plus the report of theSub-Commissions and, thirdly, the Green Bookwith the reports.

The PRESIDENT : I think this is a small mat-ter. I want you to know there is a great deal to dothis afternoon. We have a number of copies, wecan stamp it “ draft copy ” and then it could goout with the Report. I think you know that itwould be quite all right, and would be a fair safe-guard — if it is agreeable to you. Is that agreed?Any further comments? Now we will pass on tothe report from the Unesco Month Sub-Committee.

The RAPPORTEUR (Mr. Kennedy Cook, Uni-ted Kingdom) : The question of the organization ofthe Unesco Month first came up in the Arts andLetters Sub-Commission. It arose on a point as towhether Unesco itself, or the host-countries,should be in charge of the organization of futureUnesco Months. It was decided in general at theArts and Letters Sub-Commission, that Unesco,and not the host-countries, should be the organ-izer of this ‘‘ Month ’’; the matter was then re-ferred to the Administrative and Legal Commis-sion. In the meantime, the Secretariat paper onthe Unesco Month was circulated, and the Admi-nistrative and Legal Commission appointed a Sub-Committee of nine nations to study the matter,and to present a resolution to the Plenary Confe-rence. The Sub-Committee met, but unfortuna-tely only seven nations, and not nine, were repre-sented. The decision of the Sub-Committee- wasthat (for reasons which I will give presently),though they appreciated the hard work and mag-nificent achievement of the Secretariat in organ-izing the present Unesco Month, it was impos-sible to accept the paper as a whole, particularlyas there was the danger that one nation after an-other might increase the scope of Unesco Month insomething of a competitive spirit. The reasons thatled the Sub-Committee to place the resolutionthat you now have before you were mainly three.First, the Sub-Committee felt that the object of“ Unesco Month ” had become slightly confused.One of the main objects was to acquaint the gene-ral public in every country with the aims of Unesco,and, in due course, with its achievements. They feltvery strongly about it. The voting was six for, oneabsent, none against. The best way to do this wasfor each country to organize a “ Month ” in con-nection with Unesco and to reduce the “ UnescoMonth ” accompanying the Conference to such,celebrations as the host-country of the Monthconsidered appropriate. The second reason for thisrecommendation was that they felt that, withthe budget which was not in any case going toexceed 8,000,000 dollars, and might be consider-ably less, there was no money to be taken awayfrom the projects and devoted to the type of cele-bration that we had had this year. Thirdly, theSub-Committee was anxious that the activitiesof the staff of Unesco should not be diverted fromthe vastly important task it has to perform, towhat was, after all, a temporary matter : that hasled to the resolution which is now before the Ple-nary Conference.

I do not think I need read that resolution, as ithas been circulated. There is only one point : theSub-Committee which met the other day would,I think, agree with me — that is, if the Conferencesees fit to amend the order of this resolution inany way — that it would be of advantage if thepoint which came up at the original meeting of


the Arts and Letters Sub-Commission were decid-ed : who is to be responsible for the organizationof any celebrations that will take place?

If they decide it is Unesco, Unesco will consultthe host-country. If it is the host-country, thehost-country will equally consult the Unesco Se-cretariat.

The DIRECTOR GENERAL : I am sorry tointerfere hut I think I may be saving time. Firstof all, I would like to say that in a few days a re-port will be issued to all delegates on the successor otherwise of the present Unesco Month. I wouldmention one particular point which came to mynotice yesterday. M. Lavalier, who helped to or-ganize the Science Exhibition, has asked that theexhibition should be kept open beyond the origin-al date because he is getting so many applicationsfrom conducted parties of schools and techniciansfrom the provinces and all parts of France, thathe feels it would be a waste if it were not open forthree or four weeks more.

I was going to say, we are all agreed that thisyear we were too ambitious both as regards themanifestations to be undertaken by the host-country (wonderful as they have been, we havenot all been able to keep up with them); secondly,those we organized ourselves have been too multi-farious. We in the Secretariat realize that, but wedo feel that both the manifestations by the host-country and some, at any rate, of those organizedby Unesco have been outstanding successes. Itis not for me to say, but the delegates will knowwhat a wonderful opportunity they have had ofseeing French and other artistic manifestations.I have mentioned Science and will also mentionthe Exhibition on Modern Art which far exceededthe expectations of the most enthusiastic amongthe members of the Secretariat concernedwith itspreparation. It has been a most remarkable andunique manifestation of artistic trends in theworld today. While welcoming this general stat-ement, I hope that some loophole may be left forUnesco to collaborate, through its Secretariat, andwith its own funds, in the Unesco Month. I feelthat it would be impossible for many host-count-ries — I think any host country, however powerfulor important — to organize certain types of exhibi-tions or manifestations.

Yet it is only by the organization of such an exhi-bition on a world-wide scale that we can live upto one of our principles of work; namely, to com-pare the results achieved in different countriesSO that the good results achieved in some regionsmay prove a beneficial stimulant to others. Sucha subject might include the conservation of natur-al resources, like salt water, forests, national parks.and the conservation of wild life and of beautifulscenery, beautiful buildings, etc., and, what theMexican Government has undertaken on a largescale, the possibility of introducing the conservat-ion of natural resources into fundamental edu-cation, I would humbly suggest that the first twoitems ‘‘Continuation of publicity for Unescowhich might take the form of, etc.” might bere-grouped so that (a) and (b) would be groupedtogether with the omission of the words ‘‘ if pos-sible ” at the beginning. I entirely agree (and Iam sure that- everybody in the Secretariat doestoo) that “ the manifestation of cultural trendsand contributions of thehost country and itsneighbours ’’ is the most valuable contribution;but in the place of (c) I would like to suggest ad-ding a new (b) along some such lines as :

‘‘ (b) Jointly by the host-country and theSecretariat, demonstrations of programme pro-gress and aims in one or two major fields ofUnesco activities.”

This would limit us to, at most, two major activi-ties and prevent us wasting our energy, as I knowwe are doing now, by attempting too much. Ifyou want to limit it to one, I should be willing todo so, but I should be very sorry if the Secretar-iat were debarred from participating in theseexhibitions, which, if limited in number and care-fully planned over an adequate ‘space of time,could, I think, play a very useful part in theirwork.

The PRESIDENT : I think the delegate ofMexico wishes to speak.

I should like to see (and to read in the form ofa minute) the number of projects reduced to oneor two, organized jointly by the host-country andthe Secretariat. I should try always to make thoseof a very general character, covering the work ofthe sections of Unesco and collating educationexhibitions here and science exhibitions there.

Next year we hope that the Conference maymeet in Mexico. I am going to give a concreteexample on the hypothesis that Mexico City willbe the seat of the next Conference. The Mexicandelegation has suggested, through the PlenaryCommission, that Unesco should deal with theproblem of “The Conservation of Nature and Na-tural Resources ’’. This open’s the possibility foran international exhibition on this problem, whichwould require the services of the Secretariat. Withalldeference to Mexico, they would have extremedifficulty in organizing this on a world-wide scale.

The delegate of MEXICO (translation) : Mr.President, if you will permit me, I would like tomake a few comments on behalf of the Mexicandelegation regarding Unesco Month. I agree entire-ly with the remarks made by Dr. Huxley that theUnesco Month is very important. Certainly I amagainst all over-ambitions projects which wouldinvolve considerable expense, but I would like tasay that Unesco Month would be an extremelyimportant feature for my country, and I am assur-ed it will also have great importance for othercountries. It will offer the population of the townin which the Conference meets an objective andclear idea of what Unesco is.

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It has been proposed that Unesco Month shouldbe restricted to activities organized by the host-country. Now, there may be countries who feelthat they have made important progress on someparticular point of Unesco’s programme, andwould like to draw attention to this progress inUnesco Month. Is this to be refused? I am. surethat is not the intention. I think that Unescoshould have some share in the organization andalso in the expenses of the Unesco Month. Thismatter of expenses is important. When the Con-


ference is held in a poor country the organizationof the Unesco Month will involve the governmentin extremely heavy expense, whereas a rich coun-try, of course, will have greater facilities for muchmore elaborate manifestations.

Therefore, people may be inclined to say : “ Whenthe Unesco Month is held in a small country it isa small kind of affair and not very interesting,whereas in a large country the exhibitions, etc.are much more interesting. Therefore, I think itwould be important to consider the possibility ofUnesco itself taking some share in the organizationand the expenses of Unesco Month, it being under-stood, of course, that the programme would notbe so ambitious or so vast as the one just givenin Paris.

The PRESIDENT : Do other delegates wish toaddress the Conference on this report?

Perhaps Mr. Kennedy Cook will tell us the reac-tions of the Sub-Committee.

The delegate of the UNITED KINGDOM :Mr. President, after slightly hasty consultationwith the British delegation — I am afraid I amspeaking in a dual role, both as rapporteur andas a member of the British delegation — after dis-cussion with the British delegation, to meet thewishes of the Secretariat we suggest the amend-ments to this paper which follow very largely thelines of Dr. Huxley’ suggestions.

The first amendment is to cut out the words‘‘ if possible ’’ at the beginning of 2 (a) and torun 2 (a) and (b) together into one section. Thewording may have to be altered slightly, that is tosay that it throws on the nations themselves theentire responsibility for reaching the generalpublic with their own manifestations and alsothrows on to the host country the responsibilityfor the sites of any exhibitions or manifestationsit wishes to hold at the time of the Unesco Confe-rence; but we should then cancel what is now sub-paragraph (c) and put in place of it a new (b) whichwould read as follows :

“ (b) By the Secretariat, under the directionof its Executive Board and in consultation withthe host country, demonstrations of progressand aims in one or two fields of Unesco’s act-ivities. ”That would mean that, whereas the basic organ-

ization of the exhibitions, and so on, would beentirely with the host-country or, in the case ofthe individual countries, entirely in their hands,there would be one or two fields which, under thedirection of the Executive Board, the Secretariatmight organize entirely in connection with theannual conference.

The delegate of MEXICO (translation) : Theamendment proposed by the United Kingdomdelegation gives every satisfaction to the Mexicandelegation. It therefore thanks the United King-dom delegation for having proposed this amend-ment.

The delegate of NORWAY : The Norwegiandelegation supports the amendment moved bythe delegation of the United Kingdom.

The PRESIDENT : May I take it that is thegeneral view of members of the Conference?

I now ask the Conference to agree to this amend-ment.

You will remember we omitted the words ‘‘ ifpossible ” in paragraph (a) and paragraph (b) andmade it one paragraph, and then added as para-graph (b) the new amendment, the paragraph asread out in English and French.

It reads as follows : ” By the Secretariat un-der the special direction of the Executive Boardand in consultation with the host country, demon-strations of progress and aims in one or two fieldsof Unesco’s activities. ”

The delegate of FRANCE : What expenditureby the Secretariat would be involved?

The delegate of the UNITED KINGDOM :I think the answer to the French delegate’s querywould be that the Executive Board will be dealingwith this matter, and that we authorize theSecretariat to allocate the necessary, but verylimited, funds.

The PRESIDENT : May I take it then the Con-ference agrees to these amendments?

Adopted.

3. — REPORT OF THE PROCEDURECOMMITTEE (continuation)

The PRESIDENT : The next i tem on theAgenda is a report of the meeting held on g De-cember 1946 by the Procedure Committee, andI would ask the Chairman of that Committee nowto propose the amendment to Rule 33.

The RAPPORTEUR OF THE PROCEDURECOMMITTEE (translation) : I should like to rem-ind you that when I presented the report of theProcedure Committee we had deferred consider-ation of Rule 33, in respect of which the Delegateof Ecuador had submitted an amendment. At ameeting held at 9.30 a. m. on 9 December 1946 theProcedure Committee adopted the followingamendment to Rule 33 :

“When the Conference is held in a countrywhere the national language is neither of the twoworking languages, the Executive Board shallhave the power to make special arrangements asto the use of the national language of the countryconcerned, during the Conference.

This amendment would figure as sub-paragraph(d) to Rule 33, which, when this amendment wasadopted, had 13 votes in favour, 6 against, andI abstention.

I now move the adoption of the amended textof Rule 33.

The delegate of ECUADOR (translation) : Imust apologize for again bringing up the questionof languages before this Conference, but the dele-gates of Latin America are not satisfied with theRule of Procedure adopted, that is to say, Rule 33;the situation arising therefrom is quite unaccept-able. By the adoption of this rule we have depart-ed completely from the United Nations practice,


and we cannot understand why here in Unescothere should be less breadth of mind, less generosity,as regards languages than in the United Nations.There is a considerable difference between the Unit-ed Nations Rule of Procedure and the rule to beapplied to Unesco. At the United Nations meetingin London approval was given for the use by-speak-ers of the five official languages, the Secretariatbeing responsible for translation into the two work-ing languages. Rule 33 of our Rules of Procedureenvisages something quite different. Speakers canuse any language they choose, but must supply atranslator from their own delegations.

We can see no reason for this difference. The caseis the same as regards documents. According toRule 33 only documents having reference to theUnesco Constitution must be translated. There isno obligation to translate any other importantdocument. We, therefore, ask the Conference toapprove the adoption by Unesco of the same Ruleof Procedure as regards languages as in the UnitedNations.

Somebetween

days ago we passed a draft Conventionthe United Nations and Unesco, wherein

it was explicitly agreed that we should conform asfar as possible to the practices favoured by theUnited Nations. Gentlemen, I cannot see why lan-guages should be the only exception to the generalrule of agreement between the Rules of Procedureof the United Nations and Unesco.

A more surprising thing still is that Unesco is acultural institution, and culture is very closely link-ed to language. It would probably be true to saythat there was no single cultural element moreessential for any people than its own language. Wefail to understand why Unesco, which is first andforemost a cultural institution, should see fit tolimit the number of permissible languages, as pro-posed in Rule 33. We, therefore, ask the Confer-ence to approve Rules 59 and 64 of the Rules ofProcedure of the United Nations, and to insertthem in our own Rule 33 now under discussion.

To sum up, we ask that approval be given forthe use in these meetings of any of the five officiallanguages, and that the Secretariat should be res-ponsible for supplying the translation.

Secondly, we ask that the translation of all im-portant documents into the five official languagesbe made obligatory.

The delegate of PERU (translation) : The Pe-ruvian delegation echoes the words of the delega-tion of Ecuador. We wonder why a solution whichhas been adopted by all countries, and even by theILO, should not be accepted by Unesco. A pointwhich should not be forgotten is that there aretwenty-four countries in Latin America, all speak-ing the same language and forming a solid Span-ish cultural bloc.

We, therefore, support the proposal of the dele-gate of Ecuador.

The delegate of CHINA : Regarding specialarrangements for languages according to theplace of the Conference, I wish to call attention tothe fact that this problem has two different as-pects : the internal use of language within theOrganization itself, and the contacts of both cul-

tural and business natures, with the communityin which the Conference is held.

As regards the first, it makes no difference wherethe Conference is held, and therefore we shouldfollow the procedure of the two working languages.

As regards the second, it is obvious that thenational language of the place of the Conferencewill have to be used, and since that involves theintroduction of a third language, it would be morepractical to leave that matter to the decision ofthe Director-General and the Secretariat ratherthan make it a formal part of procedure. Thiswould mean the danger of having three workinglanguages instead of two, except when it is in acountry speaking one of the two working langua-ges, but that is not going to happen for at leastthree years.

The de lega te o f NEW ZEALAND : Mr .President, it seems to us that the first pointmentioned by the delegate of China is sufficientlycovered by the very broad terms of the Amend-ment which is now before us, the meaning of whichwas purposely worded to cover the distinctionbetween the actual working languages of the Con-ference and the language for contacts with localcommittees. I think that by leaving the matter tothe Executive Board it should be possible to makesuch an arrangement as that suggested, as manyof the host-countries may themselves be prepa-red to, have the third language included, bymaking such provision for additional translatorsand other facilities as might be necessary. Forthese reasons we support the Amendment as itstands.

The delegate of VENEZUELA : Mr. Presi-dent, on behalf of my delegation, I second theproposal just made by the delegate of Ecuador,and seconded by the delegate of Peru. I havenothing to add to the reasons they have givenbut on the other hand I believe that there aretwo other questions to be considered.

The proposal made by the delegate of Ecuadoris slightly different from the motion presentedby the United Kingdom delegation, supportedby the Sub-Commission, and which I also second-ed. But there are two quite different questions.On the one hand : the necessity for the Confe-rence to meet in a certain town and to be incontact not only with the population, but alsowith the authorities; and a second problem forthe recruiting of staff. These questions were tou-ched upon by the delegate of the United King-dom, supported by the Sub-Commission, and Isecond that motion, but I also want to secondthe proposal made by the delegate of Ecuador.

The delegate of INDIA : A point of order.Can such a general and important amendment,bearing on the whole question of Rules of Pro-cedure, be made without reference to a specia-lized body or Commission?

The PRESIDENT : I think the answer is thatthe question is in order. I shall first put theamendment as proposed by the delegate of Ecua-dor.

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The delegate of ECUADOR : I request thatthe two rules be read in French and English;Rules 59 and 64.

The INTERPRETER : Rule 59. ‘‘Speechesmade in any other than the official languagesshall be interpreted into both working languages.”

in favour of the amendment moved by the dele-gate of Ecuador please raise their hands. Thoseagainst? On that count, seven voted for andsixteen against. So the amendment from the dele-gate of Ecuador is rejected. Now we shall takethe amendment as suggested in the report of theProcedure Committee, Rule 33 on Languages.

Rule 64. “All resolutions and other importantdocuments shall be made available in the officiallanguages. Upon request of any representative,any other document shall be made available inany or all of the official languages.”

I am going to ask the Conference to voteupon this. Those in favour of the proposed amend-ment to Rule 33 hold up their hands. Thoseagainst? The original proposition is thereforecarried by 17 votes to 2.

The delegate of the PHILIPPINES : On apoint of order, there seem to be two proposals;one is to adopt Rule 33 as we now read it, with,an amendment. The representative of Ecuadorproposes an amendment to strike out Rule 33 andsubstitute Rules 59 and 64. Consequently, thefirst question to be submitted should be theamendment by substitution. I wish to place my-self on record as being in favour of the proposalsubmitted by the delegate of Ecuador.

The delegate of the UNITED KINGDOM :At the end of Mr. Hardman’s speech this morn-ing, he moved a certain resolution, in very stir-ring terms, which was greatly applauded bythe Conference. I suppose, owing to the multi-plicity of matters which have since engaged us,that resolution was never put to the Conferenceand, on Mr. Hardman’s behalf if he will allow meto, I would like to put it now.

The delegate of, ECUADOR (translation) :Mr. President, in reply to the delegate fromthe Philippines. I did not ask for the suppres-sion of Rule 33. I merely asked that Rules 59and 64 of the United Nations be incorporated inRule 33 — that is to say, Rule 33 should beamended in such a way as to permit incorporationof these two Rules.

The resolution is as follows : ‘‘That Unescoshall make representation to the governments ofall member states to request that each, in theterms of its own goodwill and capacity, shall doits utmost to implement and fulfil the programmeof Unesco here defined.”

The PRESIDENT : I think I shall have tohave this resolution seconded.

The delegate of the PHILIPPINES : I se-cond it.

The PRESIDENT : I will now put the proposalas an amendment by the delegate of Ecuador

The PRESIDENT : It has been formally se-

and we shall have a vote on this.conded by two of the delegates. Is the resolutionthen agreed to? (Agreed.) Thank you very much.

The delegate of the UNITED KINGDOM :Could the Secretariat give an indication of thecost to the Organization if these amendmentswere carried?

The PRESIDENT : I can speak from the Chairthat an approximate figure has been given, ifthis were passed, of 150,000 dollars a year. Thatwould be the cost to the finances of Unesco. Iam going to put this amendment to a vote. Those

I would like to tell the Conference now thatthe budget figures will not be available untillater. I therefore propose that the Conferenceadjourns today and that, although tomorrow wehave certain matters to discuss (there is not agreat deal of work and this matter of the budgetis extremely important), it would be much betterif, after this tidying-up afternoon, we were ableto start quite fresh after a good sleep and gointo this question. If you agree, we will adjournnow and meet again at 10.30 tomorrow morning.

FOURTEENTH PLENARY MEETINGTuesday, 10 December 1946 at 10.30 a. m.

President : Mr. A. A. ROBERTS (South Africa)

13. CONSIDERATION OF THE REPORTSOF THE COMMISSIONS (confirmation)

C. — REPORT OF THE ADMINISTRATIVEAND FINANCIAL SUB-COMMISSION

SUPPLEMENTARY RULES OF THE GENERAL CONFE-RENCE RELATING TO THE EXECUTIVE BOARD (Draftamendment proposed by the Executive Board).

The PRESIDENT : The first item on theAgenda is the presentation of the Report of theAdministrative and Financial Sub-Commission(Annex 3).

The RAPPORTEUR (Dr. Beeby, New Zea-land) : I merely wish to report on a certain ratherunusual procedure adopted in the case of thisparticular report. Yesterday morning at its last

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meeting the Administrative and Financial Sub-Commission had some supplementary rules refer-red by the General Committee, coming from theExecutive Board. But there was an ExecutiveBoard meeting at the same time and there was noone from the Executive Board to explain theexact significance of these rules to our Commis-sion. We had a discussion and certain amendmentswere made. Then a member of the ExecutiveBoard came and explained that there were per-haps other factors which we had not had a chanceto study, and he moved, as a member of the Sub-Commission, that the matter be referred back tothe Executive Board for further consideration, tosee if they could manage to achieve their particu-lar aims and yet reconcile what they wanted withthe amendment proposed by the Sub-Commission.It was agreed to adopt this particular procedure,and the matter was then referred back to theExecutive Board. The Executive Board have sincemade some changes in the original rules that haveto be applied, and the final document is beforeyou. Because of this rather unusual procedurethe Executive Board have suggested that I shouldpresent the document to you. The ExecutiveBoard is not empowered to make recommendat-ions to the Conference without referring first tothe Sub-Commission, which, in this case, has noobjection to the procedure now adopted.

In order to comply with rules of procedure Iam willing formally to move the adoption of thisreport.

The PRESIDENT : Is it seconded? Secondedby Mexico.

The RAPPORTEUR : It is understood thatthe Sub-Commission is not committed formally

in one way or another.

The delegate of CANADA (translation) : I wishfirst to thank Dr. Beeby for the remarks just madeon behalf of his Sub-Commission, and I am pleas-ed to move the following amendment for adop-tion by this Conference :

I. In view of the provisions of Article V,B, II of the Constitution, the Organization willbear all necessary expenses incurred by mem-bers of the Executive Board in the dischargeof their functions.

2. The Executive Board shall fix, for theyear 1947, the scales of travel and subsistence

allowances payable in connection with the workof the Executive Board, and the conditionsunder which out-of-pocket expenses will bere-imbursed. The scales so fixed, and the condit-ions applying to them, should be comparablewith those established by the United Nations,and they shall be reported to the next GeneralConference.

3. The Director-General shall take all neces-sary action to ensure that members of the Boardreceive such diplomatic privileges and otherfacilities from Member States as may be neces-sary for the performance of their duties, bear-ing in mind that these are undertaken onbehalf of the General Conference as a wholeand not as representatives of the respectiveGovernments of the Members of the Board.

4. All members of the Executive Board shallbe entitled to attend all meetings of the Gene-ral Conference and its Commissions.

The PRESIDENT : This document has beencirculated in both languages, and unless there isa specific request I do not propose to have ittranslated. If there is no request for translationI will ask for a seconder. Seconded by the dele-gate of the Netherlands. Any discussion? I pro-pose to put the paragraphs separately. Any dis-cussion on (I)?

The delegate of the UNITED STATES OFAMERICA : I think it is important to conform ourpractice concerning the Executive Board and theCommissions to those that have been so carefullyworked out by the United Nations. This, I amglad to see, is in this reference. There is a dis-tinction between the Members of the ExecutiveBoard, between the men who are employees ofGovernments, and men who are on the Board asindividuals. I am told that distinction is clearalso in the United Nations Regulations, in whichper diem expenses are not paid to Members ofUnited Nations Committees who are serving asemployees of Governments. I will not, and donot, suggest pressing the point this morning. Isuggest calling the attention of the ExecutiveBoard to it because I feel they should have thisresolution at the next General Conference. It musthave come to the attention of many here, as ithas to mine, in Paris, that Unesco is here beingcriticized for creating too many jobs for too manypeople. Non-productive overheads may burdenthe organization.

The delegate of NEW ZEALAND : I haveno objection to the particular method we haveadopted in bringing this amendment before themeeting. I have not expressed the Commission’sopinion at all on the question of substance. I amspeaking today pro forma; but I do not expressthe opinion of the Sub-Commission either for oragainst, except that I can say that in certain quitedefinite instances, a very real attempt has beenmade to, meet some, at any rate, of the Commis-sion’s objections.

The President took a vote on the Report, para-graph by paragraph, and then as a whole.

The paragraphs and the Report as a whole wereADOPTED unanimously.

The PRESIDENT : With your permission Ipropose to insert an item in the Agenda.

The delegate of MEXICO (translation) : I wouldlike to interrupt the discussion of the Agendain order to point out, with the permission of theExecutive Board, that representatives of the Span-ish Republic are here this morning as our guests.

Your applause shows what your feelings are,and the Mexican delegation shares those feelings.I would like to say a few words on behalf ofMexico. I am very glad to be able to welcomethese representatives of Spain here today. In re-cent years and in recent times, there has been acloud on her horizon, but Mexico has never neglect-

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ed the culture and traditions of Spain nor ignor-ed what they mean to the world.

Even in the dark days Mexico never gave uphope. Spain is a sister country. Mexico, however,

developed on democratic lines. Her ties with Spainhave never been severed. In conclusion, let memention that the great artist, Picasso, is amongthe representatives of this delegation, here today.

The PRESIDENT : This is not a matter whichis open for discussion. The Delegate from Colom-bia would like to say something but I would liketo know in what connection.

The delegate of COLOMBIA (translation) :I do not want to discuss anything. I only wantto greet our Spanish guests. A welcome is not adiscussion. I am not speaking as a diplomat, noteven as a delegate of Unesco, but as an intel-lectual, as a writer, as one of Spanish blood.

Spain is represented by a man of Spanish race,and it is eternal Spain whom I am welcomingtoday. My forbears, the Arangos of Asturias, theJenes of Catalonia, and the Mejios of Castille arewith me to welcome eternal Spain, which out-lives men who come and go, and which is reflec-ted in the artists who chose Spain as their adopt-ed land. El Greco, if he had remained in Italy,would have been a native of Byzantium, workingunder the guidance of Tintoretto. Instead hebecame a great Spaniard in the mystic shadowsof dramatic Toledo. Spain is, in the first place,a state of the mind, conditioned by the intoxi-cating violence of a creative passion. Spain isDon Quixote, St John of the Cross, Philip II.the Great Isabella la Catolica, the country ofUnamuno, Goya and Picasso.

Although today one only hears a sob fromSpain I am proud to be able to salute, in thedelegation here, eternal unchanging Spain.

15. ADDRESS FROM THE WORLDFEDERATION OF TRADE UNIONS

The PRESIDENT : The next item on theAgenda is a communication from the World Fe-deration of Trade Unions. This document, Unesco/75 of 9 December, has been circulated, and Iwill ask the Director-General to make a generalstatement.

The DIRECTOR-GENERAL : As our Presi-dent has said, this document has been circulated.I would only remind Delegates of one or twoimportant points in the document. The WorldFederation of Trade Unions, recently organized,has now more than seventy million organizedworkers in it. Mr. Louis Saillant is its Secretary-General. I had the honour to meet him the otherday at his office in Paris and discuss the possibi-ities of collaboration. The document draws atten-tion to the similarity of aims laid down for thetwo organizations in their constitutions. One ofthese aims of the World Federation is to preventwar and eradicate the causes of war as well asto work for a stable and lasting peace. The Fede-

ration intends to act as the representative of theinterests of workers at international conferencesdealing with problems of world organization. TheWorld Trade Unions Congress was held at Parisin 1945. As a result the World Federation wasformed; it adopted a resolution expressing theview that one of the most important tasks ofTrade Unions consisted in the furtherance of educ-ation and general culture of their members —a task which has already been carried out to avery considerable extent in a number of nationaltrade unions. It is essential that Unesco shouldcollaborate in this work.

Attention is drawn to the fact that the WorldFederation of Trade Unions, like Unesco, is pledgedto strive against all forms of discrimination —racial, religious, national, and others: and also,that it intends to take an active part in the workof re-educating German and Japanese workers,as well as in the general raising of the educationallevel of agricultural, industrial and intellectualworkers. Further, the Federation is interested inwhat we are undertaking — the exchange ofstudents and research workers in various fields,and also the problem of mass communication,mass media, one of the aims laid down in ourConstitution.

The resolution draws attention to the fact thatthe Federation has succeeded in reconciling widelydivergent points of view, also a task which Ihope Unesco will succeed in accomplishing. Forall these reasons, the Federation wishes to sharein Unesco’s activities.

I am very glad this declaration has been made.The next step, I take it, will be for a definiteproposal for an agreement between the two Orga-nizations for the exchange of information, to bedrawn up and submitted to the Executive Boardwhich is the body entrusted, under our Consti-tution, with the negotiation of agreements, andI am sure we all welcome the proposal.

The PRESIDENT : This is merely for infor-mation.

We pass to the next item on the Agenda.

13. CONSIDERATION OF REPORTS OFTHE COMMISSIONS (continuation)

C. — ADMINISTRATIVE AND FINANCIALSUB-COMMISSION ON THE BUDGET

(Annex 4)

The delegate of the UNITED STATES : Ihave before me the final report of the Sub-Com-mission on Administrative and Financial matters.The Sub-Commission held its last meeting yest-erday, under the very able and inspiring, but withalvery stern leadership, of the distinguished dele-gate of New Zealand, Dr. Beeby.

The General Conference approved on 6 and 7December the Financial Regulations and the StaffRegulations. The report on these two items isnot included in this report; nor is the reportalready adopted by the Conference on the Orga-nization of the Secretariat.


In presenting, this report I would call yourattention to the fact that there are nine itemsupon which action is required this morning. Ishall avoid reading certain of these items, becausethe intent of the Resolution is quite clear andthe Resolutions are presented merely in order toprovide a procedure for putting into effect thedecisions taken. I wish, however, to take all thetime necessary to present in detail the report ofthe Sub-Commission on the Budget. This is ne-cessary because all the work of the Conferenceto date depends on the budget adopted for theOrganization. I would like to depart from theprinted report to state that the Sub-Commissionwas very much aware of its great responsibility,and that it tried to arrive at a reasonable budgetfigure to meet with all the facts before us. In itsdeliberations on the Budget for the year 1947,the Sub-Commission had before it two differentaspects : the Budget decided upon by the Prepa-ratory Commission for the year 1947 and theBudget based on the projects of the ProgrammeCommittee. After careful consideration of boththese estimates which were substantially the same,the Sub-Commission concluded that a very carefulanalysis was required, and that until this hadbeen made the Sub-Commission could reach nodefinite figure,

The Sub-Commission felt that the estimates forthe Budget were inadequate. Moreover, the pro-gramme must be carefully re-formulated, as spe-cific projects, and then cost estimates must beprepared on the priority basis according to avail-able funds. The Sub-Commission felt that thisprocedure would take some time, and that itcould not take place while the Conference wasin progress. It would need a month or two beforea sound budget estimate could be prepared. TheSub-Commission decided to vote a large sum,leaving the preparation of the details to the Dir-ector-General, subject to approval by the Exec-tive Board. It agreed upon certain limitationswhich, it recommends, should be referred to theDirector-General and the Executive Board. Thisis set forth in the Resolutions I will move in aminute. In view of the number of absences, andthe low majority by which the decision was pas-sed, the Sub-Commission recommended that thevotes cast should be recorded in this report.

Three specific proposals were moved :I. A proposal of a Budget of 6,650,000 dol-

lars; defeated by IO votes to 8.2. Another proposal of 6,950,000 dollars;

adopted by IO votes to 9.In both the above, there were II absences from

the meeting.3. A third proposal for 8,561,139 dollars; did

not come to a vote, in view of the decisiontaken on the 6,950,000 dollars.

I. — BUDGET.

The following Resolution was adopted by theAdministration and Finance Sub-Commission andI submit it to the Conference for adoption.

The total amount is 6,950,000 dollars for allthe approved activities of 1947 and for all ex-

penses incurred for 1947, with the reservationthat, at the earliest possible time, the Director-General shall submit the projects to the Execut-ive Board for approval, it being understood thata total of six million dollars must be allocatedto Unesco’s activities, including Reconstructionin the fields of Education, Science and Culture,and a substantial amount must be allocated forunforeseen expenditure; and, a sum not exceeding950,000 dollars must also be allocated for minorexpenses incurred prior to I January, 1947.

In view of the reduced Budget the Director-General and the Executive Board will examinevery carefully all the different expenses, profes-sorships, etc.

II. — AUDIT OF THE PREPARATORY ACCOUNTS.

The next resolution proposed deals with Pre-paratory Commission Accounts. I merely callyour attention to the report, and I need not readthe Resolution. Provision is made for the accountsof the Preparatory Commission for the periodending with the end of 1946. It recommends thisresolution to the General Conference for adoption.

III. — TAXATION OF SALARIES AND ALLOWANCESPAID BY THE ORGANIZATION.

The third point concerns salaries paid by theOrganization and deals with the taxation ofemployees of Unesco. The Preparatory Commis-sion drew attention to the special problems raisedby the different fiscal laws applicable to the per-sonnel of international organizations. This pro-blem has also been discussed in the United Statesin conjunction with the United Nations and simi-lar organisations. The Sub-Commission thereforeagrees with the Preparatory Commission to drawup the resolution which you will find in theIndex ; its intent is entirely clear.

IV. -STAFF OF PREPARATORY COMMISSION.

We come now to item IV : it concerns the Secre-tariat of the Preparatory Commission. I believeI need not read the resolution, I merely call yourattention to the report. Considerable time willelapse before the Secretariat is constituted. TheSub-Commission took note of the informationoffered by the Preparatory Commission and re-commended the following resolution : “ Membersof the staff may continue in employment until28 February 1947, or may be treated on adifferent basis at a prior date, as the Director-‘General may decide.”

V. — COMING INTO FORCE OF STAFF REGULATIONS.

The fifth item concerns the date the Staff.Regulations will come into force.

VI. — COMING INTO FORCE OF FINANCIALREGULATIONS.

The sixth item concerns the coming into forceof the Financial Regulations.

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VII. — COMMUNICATIONS WITH MEMBER STATES.

The Sub-Commission had two kinds of questionsin mind when it considered that an appropriateresolution should be drawn up for the Secretar-iat, defining the channels for communicationsbetween Unesco and the various governments.There was also the question of the relationshipbetween Unesco and the National Commissions.Should Unesco communicate directly with thegovernments of the Member States, or should itdo so through the intermediary of the NationalCommissions, and to what extent should govern-ments be informed? The Sub-Commission consid-ered that the Director-General should issue in-structions to provide the proper channels.

VIII. — SCALE OF CONTRIBUTIONS.

The eighth item should have careful conside-ration. It concerns the Scale of Contributions ofthe States Members to Unesco’s budget. The Sub-Commission was faced with the problem of fixingadequate scales of contribution; and extensiveinvestigations were carried out to arrive at ascale acceptable to all members of Unesco. Itwas decided to adopt the same system as thatof the United Nations for its budget. However,differences in membership made some adjust-ments necessary. The Sub-Commission, therefore,recommends the adoption of the following Reso-lutions :

(I) ‘‘ The General Conference recommendsthat the scale of contributions be that adoptedby the United Nations with the adjustmentsspecified in paragraph 2, below.

(2) “ Since the Members of Unesco are notidentical with the Members of the United Na-tions, the scale established under ( I) aboveshall be adjusted so as to cover the budgetof this Organization.

(3) ‘‘ The Executive Board shall be consul-ted for the promulgation of the scale and willenter into consultation with the Member States,if so desired. ”

IX. — REVOLVING FUND.

The last item to be presented here relates to theestablishment of a Revolving Fund. The Sub-Commission found that essential in order thatUnesco may have a sound financial system. It wastherefore prepared by the Sub-Commission.

(I) “ The General Conference resolves thatthere be established a Revolving Fund of threemillion dollars.

(2) Member States are to contribute to theRevolving Fund. These deposits shall remainthe property of the Member States, proportion-ally to their contributions to the 1947 budget,and shall not bear interest. ”This report contains nine appropriate resolu-

tions in all, and I move the adoption of these onbehalf of the Administrative and Financial Sub-Commission?

The PRESIDENT : The report has been moved.Who offers to second it?

Seconded by the delegate of Belgium and theNetherlands.

I propose to give the Director-General the op-portunity of making a statement.

The DIRECTOR-GENERAL : I propose onlyto state a few facts. After the Budget FinancialCommittee had made its report, I asked our Bud-get Section to prepare a hasty estimate of whatthis would mean to the various chapters of ourBudget. I think the facts will interest the dele-gates. Originally our Budget, as you remember, wasdivided into five chapters — the first item provid-ing for the meetings of commissions and com-mittees was estimated at a figure of 690,000 dol-lars. If we cut the Budget to the extent suggestedby the Commission it will have to be reduced to 30per cent. The second Chapter “ Expenses of Per-sonnel Service” was nearly 3,000,000 dollars; itis suggested on the basis of the new arrangementthat it should be cut by 38 per cent. In this con-nection, I would like to remind delegates of theway we framed the Provisional Budget. TheBudget experts asked the different Sections forthe estimates of personnel they would need tocarry out the programme recommended by thePreparatory Commission. It was obvious that theestimate was too high. These estimates were thencut by no less than 66 2/3 per cent. So roughlyspeaking, the estimate for personnel, which wasproposed to you under this Budget, was I/3 ofthe original estimate made by the Sections. Thisis now a further cut of 40 per cent. I am surethat a number of heads of Sections were over-ambitious, but the cut was certainly a consider-able one. I must also point out that, so far ascan be calculated land the diversity of salaryscales makes this difficult), it is clear that theBudget now before us will necessitate considerablereductions in personnel and may even lead to asmaller staff than we had in the PreparatoryCommission.

The third item is for expenses of common ser-vices, typing, motor cars, telephone, etc. Thatwas put at about 1,200,000 dollars, which is tobe reduced by 30 per cent. I have gone over thispoint with the budget experts and they agree thatactually it would be impossible to make such a cut.For instance, the rent of the Hotel Majestic cannotbe cut: it is a fixed sum. A great many other com-mon services are unavoidable overheads whichcannot be cut by more than a few per cent withoutcurtailing the efficiency of the whole organization.

Expenses for initial recruitment, which will ob-viously burden Unesco very heavily during thisfirst year, comprise travel expenses and installationexpenses for new staff. The original estimate forthis item was a million dollars which it is proposedto cut by 40 per cent.

Then there is a small item for restaurant andCo-operative Store which is left the same.

The Unforeseen Expenses and ContingencyFund was originally put at 400,000 dollars and isnow being increased by the wish of the BudgetCommittee to I.000,000 dollars.

The estimated expenses of the Preparatory Com-

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mission of course remain the same, just under amillion dollars. We cannot alter that.

The supplementary budget for Relief has beenleft at the same figure of 434,000 dollars.

Finally I must mention that if it is agreedthat an appreciable cut in our overheads is im-possible, the cuts in all the other fields would haveto be proportionatey increased; that is to say abouta 35 per cent cut would have to be made in Chap-ter I, Sessions, over 40 per cent in Personnel, andso on with the other items.

Finally, a summarised re-allocation of Pro-gramme versus Administration has been made. Thecut in the Programme Sections under the presentbudget would amount to just under 2,000,000 dol-lars on a total of less than 5,500,000 dollars.

I would simply like to lay these facts before thedelegates. Some of the arithmetical calculationsare purely tentative — but I do not suppose theyare very inaccurate.

The delegate of the UNITED KINGDOM :On behalf of the United Kingdom Delegation Iam going to propose an amendment to the reso-lution on page 2 of the English text, but beforedoing so and giving my reasons for so doing mayI suggest to the Conference that Sir Cecil Kisch,our financial consultant and authority, might begiven the opportunity of saying something aboutthe currencies in which Members of Unesco areto make their contributions.

The PRESIDENT : Unless there is any oppo-sition I propose to ask Sir Cecil Kisch whetherhe will be good enough to make a statement.Mr. Hardman, you may continue after Sir CecilKisch has made his statement.

Sir Cecil KISCH : I am standing on this plat-form because I think the matter I am going tomention to you is of profound interest to the Or-ganization, though it does not have the excitingcharacter that the dissemination of culture andthe other tasks which Unesco is taking on possess.Nevertheless if these tasks are going to be faith-fully and fully carried out as we all wish, Unescomust be given a solid financial basis.

I was aware, when I was invited to come out andgive such help as I could, that there were difficul-ties in this field. There are bound to be difficultiesin the setting up of any new organization, butthere are special difficulties in setting up an inter-national organization which has to meet expendi-ture in all parts of the world at a time when, as aresult of the war, there is a great deal of currencyconfusion. We took account of these facts in theFinance Committee and, as a result, some mattersare left vague in this document which all of uswould have much preferred to have laid down indefinite terms. For instance, we have had to saythat, though for budget purposes the RevolvingFund will be expressed in dollars, the contribut-ions of Member States to the Fund, though assess-ed in dollars, will be made in a currency or cur-rencies to be determined by the General Confe-rence. That is Rule II . Rule 29 states that thecurrency in which States Members make their con-tributions to the first annual budget and initialdeposits to the Revolving Fund shall be determin-

ed by the Executive Board. All these questionshave been discussed continuously with the repre-sentative of the French Government since I arriv-ed in Paris and the issue has been examined fromthree points of view. We first took into accountthe position of States Members. A great many ofthese, as a result of the war, are in a state of mone-tary confusion. We then considered the positionof the French Government, our generous host,which is also faced with many thorny financialproblems, not yet solved. And last but not least,the position of Unesco itself. All questions wereconsidered from the viewpoint of the three partiesinvolved. I wish to express our appreciation of thecomprehension shown throughout by the repre-sentative of the French Government of the spe-cific problems of Unesco.

Although we have not yet reached an agreementon the best manner of dealing with States Membersin financial difficulties, I think that the delegatesshould be given as clear an idea as possible of thecomplex problems with which we are faced and ofthe proposed solutions.

Broadly speaking, we have endeavoured to re-duce as much as possible the payments to be effect-ed in dollars or pounds. Many countries, we aresure, wish to pay in their own currency; remit-tances effected in strong currencies should be usedto cover expenditures in countries where the cur-rency is weak. We expect that a great part of theexpenditure of this Organization will be in termsof French francs. Countries, whose currency isdollars or pounds, will effect remittances in theirown currency in centres such as New York or Lon-don. Receipts for expenditure will be given inFrench francs; this will enable deposits to be usedwithout the need of transfer. Banks always claima percentage of transfers, and the fewer of suchoperations there are, the greater the economy;Unesco must have an economical financial policy.

During our discussions, we have had the inte-rests of States Members, of the French Govern-ment and of Unesco at heart; and I think that ifwe can produce a plan along these economicallines, the burden of financing this Organizationwill be reduced to the lowest possible proportion.I wish to add that the task of controlling the trea-sury of Unesco demands skill and forethought;estimates will have to be made at the beginningof each year for the areas where expenditures areexpected to be incurred, the distribution of fundsbetween the various centres will have to be basedupon these factors, and changes in the situationwill have to be dealt with as soon as possible. Theofficer in charge will have to keep in close contactwith the French Treasury and the Treasuries ofother countries.

I do not doubt that other countries will appre-ciate the difficulties with which we have to copeand I am convinced that they will readily contri-bute in such a manner as to enable Unesco to havea firm and solid financial basis.

The PRESIDENT : On behalf of the GeneralConference I want to thank you, Sir Cecil Kisch,for your statement and the assistance you havegiven. I call upon the delegate of the UnitedKingdom.

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The delegate of the UNITED KINGDOM :I also wish, on behalf of the delegates, to adda word of thanks to Sir Cecil Kisch. He is, weall know, a great financial expert and it is an ho-nour for Unesco to have a Counsellor such as SirCecil Kisch. It was decided at the General Confe-rence this morning that Sir Cecil should make abrief statement and I am sure I am voicing theopinion of the floor of the House when I say thatwe feel extremely grateful.

Now, may I very briefly move an amendmentof the Resolution on page 2 of the English text. Imove, on behalf of the United Kingdom delega-tion, that the figure of 6,950,000 dollars for allapproved activities in 1947, and for all expensesincurred prior to January Ist 1947 be increasedby I,500,000 dollars. As delegates will at once rea-lize, the effect of this motion will be to raise thefigure of 6,000,000 dollars for approved and prio-rity activities for 1947 to 7,500,000 dollars. Thisis, in fact, the figure proposed by the Secretariat,rounded off, except that the Supplementary Bud-get for Unesco activities in the work of Rehabili-tation and Reconstruction will be included in it,instead of being additional. May I explain, Sir, ina very few words, why we think that 7,500,000 dol-lars rather than 6,000,000 dollars is the appro-priate figure for 1947. We are all entitled to ouropinion on this matter and I want to explain asbriefly and clearly as I can why I think we shouldcome back to the old figure. We appreciate thedifficulties which the Secretariat has had in sub-mitting a close estimate for 1947. Had the Confe-rence been able to engage in a more leisurely exam-ination of the Budget in relation to the pro-gramme, it would have been possible to elaboratethe Budgetary statement and to have reachedsome exact conclusions. We must, however, pro-ceed upon the information we have. We have beentold that the programme for 1947 which we thinkis a useful, practicable and necessary programme,and which has been endorsed by the General Con-ference, requires the provision of financial re-sources on the, scale proposed in my present mot-ion. Moreover, 7,500,000 dollars was the figure(as we all remember) which the Programme Com-mission mentioned in its instructions to the Sub-Committees as the financial yard-stick which theyshould use in determining the priority work forthe year 1947.

I have only two further observations to make.The first concerns Rehabilitation and Reconstruct-

ion. It is our view that the claims of the devastat-ed countries should have, and undisputedly enjoy,first priority in the disposal of the resources ofUnesco next year. Whatever may be decided asthe final figure for the total budget, I hope it maybe regarded as the view of this Conference thatsuch expenditure as is necessary to facilitate Re-habilitation and Reconstruction should be willing-ly undertaken and that with the maximum speedand effectiveness and with the minimum adminis-trative routine.

I know already, Sir, that there is considerablesupport for that point of view from my fellow dele-gates assembled here this morning.

Finally, I would ask you to think for a momentof the psychological implications of this discus-sion on the Budget. This Conference must keepfirmly in mind the necessity of establishing andsafeguarding the status of Unesco. If we believein our cause we must demonstrate our belief init. We must make it clear to the world that wethink international co-operation in Education,Science and Culture is no less important and noless worthy of effort and sacrifice than internation-al collaboration in matters of labour, health, foodand agriculture. We have to convince our publicthat the life of the mind, the sunshine for the hum-an spirit, is not less significant to welfare andpeace than calories or power units. It seems to theUnited Kingdom delegation that we would betrayour trust if at the very outset of Unesco’s career amove were made to reduce its financial resourcesto a point below what we believe necessary for theimplementation of its approved programme. Sucha gesture is to my mind wrongly inspired. If we,who have lived and worked together here forthree weeks at this Conference, have not the cour-age and vision to pledge our resources to an extentwhich we believe to be required, how can we ex-pect our governments and people to believe in thevital importance of the tasks which we have setourselves? We believe it is essential that thisamendment should be carried during this budget-ary. discussion. And we believe it should be car-ried, because like so many of our fellow delegatesassembled here during the last three weeks, weknow that the world of the mind and of the spiritis of vital importance to the future of mankind.

The PRESIDENT : The motion is seconded bythe delegate of Denmark, who reserves his rightto speak in the debate at a later stage.

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FIFTEENTH PLENARY MEETINGTuesday, I0 December 1946 at 2.45 p. m.

President : Dr. Y. R. CHAO (China)Later : M. LÉ O N BLUM (France)

13. CONSIDERATION OF THE REPORTSOF THE COMMISSIONS (cont inuat ion)

C. — ADMINISTRATIVE AND FINANCIALSUB-COMMISSION (Continuation) (Annex 4)

The PRESIDENT : We continue our sessionwith the discussion of the Budget. I shall state theorder of those who desire to speak on that item :the delegates of Denmark, Czechoslovakia, UnitedStates of America, Poland, Australia, India,France, Brazil and the Union of South Africa. Asthe delegate of Denmark has to leave early thisafternoon, it is necessary that he should be allowedto speak first.

The delegate of DENMARK : In secondingthe proposal put forward by the United King-dom delegation, I want only to add a few words.

First of all, let me state that after more than5 years of occupation and suffering, the economicdifficulties of the post-war period make themselvesfelt in my country to the same extent as in anyother. But I take the view that the delegates tothis General Conference ought not to look uponthemselves as representatives of the differentcountries only, but rather as the body constitut-ing the central authority of Unesco itself and res-ponsible for Unesco’s success. So we must lookupon the budget figure in relation to the goal whichwe intend to reach; then, I do not think that theamount proposed in the United Kingdom amend-ment is out of proportion.

At the beginning of this Conference, I emphasiz-ed that we should concentrate upon the tangibleand short-term items of the programme and leavethe more ambitious plans for later development,as our Organization grows in strength. Many otherdelegates have taken the same view and, as a mat-ter of fact, the Programme on which we haveagreed is in accordance with this view. One may,therefore, state that the necessary reduction ofthe original programme has already taken place.I therefore think that we must now back this pro-gramme, and not cut it down once more by fixinga percentage reduction for which no reasons basedon programme considerations have been given.

There is one more point I want to make : I amfully aware that the carrying out of this or thatitem of the programme implies the inclusion ofsuitable experts on the staff of Unesco. Here Iwould favour some caution in the first year. Aslong as we do not know the Budget figures for theyear 1948 and the following years, we should becareful to limit the permanent staff wherever pos-sible and try to solve some of the questions bytemporary personnel in order not to bind the bud-

gets of the coming years by exceedingly high fixedstaff expenses. This applies even to the Amend-ment beingcarried — as I hope it will be.

In concluding, I endorse the suggestion by theUnited Kingdom delegate that we should now,at the start of Unesco as a fully established Organ-ization, support it by showing our faith that itwill reach its final goal, that we should allow theUnesco engine to be run full power and not app-ly the brakes at the very beginning,

The delegate of CZECHOSLOVAKIA : Thebudget proposed to the General Conference by theAdministrative and Financial Sub-Commissionwas accepted in this Sub-Commission on theproposal of our delegation. It seems to me, there-fore, to be my duty to support this proposal alsoin this General Conference.

I would like to add only a few words : the amountproposed by us was not the lowest proposed in theSub-Commission. It was accepted after an interimdiscussion, in which the majority of speakers ex-pressed their opinion that the budget proposed bythe Preparatory Commission should be reduced.

In my opinion, all those who supported ouramendment were led by the desire that the workof Unesco should be a success. But it seemed to usthat we should avoid the great danger of temptingUnesco to grow too quickly.

The success of Unesco depends in the first placeupon choosing the best type of personnel for theSecretariat. But this cannot be done in a hurry.

Secondly, it seems to me that Unesco shouldlearn to avoid uneconomic expenditure from thevery beginning. In my opinion, even waste of pa-per should be avoided.

I would not like to go into details, but I may bepermitted to mention just one item : the Director-General drew our attention to the fact that Chap-ter III (Common Services) could not be reduced by30 % without endangering the work of the Secre-tariat.

It seems to me, however, that the Director-General with the Executive Board could solve thisproblem by transferring the necessary amountfrom Chapter VII (Unforeseen Expenses) to makeup the deficiency of Chapter III. But, of course,this matter need not be discussed in the GeneralConference, if we do not wish to present an amend-ment on this matter to the proposed resolutionconcerning the Budget, on page 2.

Above all it must not be possible for MemberStates to object that the amount they have to payduring this first year is not proportionate to whatwas done.

We all wish the best success to Unesco. But Icannot help thinking that expenses which mightbe judged excessive during the first year might

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prove a danger to the idea of Unesco instead of asupport to it.

The delegate of the UNITED STATES : Iam going to make a brief statement only. I at-tended the meeting last night of the ExecutiveBoard when the opinion was expressed that it wasan unhappy situation when the Executive Boardmeets concurrently with this General Conference.It was my understanding that the Executive Boardwould not meet today until the General Conferencehad finished its session this afternoon. I have justsent word in to the Executive Board that I amexpected to speak, and, in view of the importancethe Members of the Executive Board attach tothe deliberation of the delegations here represen-ted, I would like to wait a few minutes until Ihave the message whether the Executive Boardremembers the decision of last night, as I re-member it, and whether it can adjourn tempora-rily to join this group, while I make a statementwhich is important to this Conference and to thefuture of Unesco.

to the President, and I am grateful to him for yield-ing to my- suggestion for the Executive Board tojoin us here to listen to my announcement on thesubject of the Budget.

The matter before us this afternoon, it seemsto me, is the Unesco Budget for 1947. The matterbefore us is not Relief or Rehabilitation, nor is itthe question of the currency in which contributionsto Unesco are to be paid. However, I would liketo speak briefly of these two subjects, which figur-ed so largely in the discussions of this morning,before I pass on to the real matter ‘before us, the’Unesco Budget for 1947.

May I suggest that that message be sent to theExecutive Board, Mr. Chairman? If there is amessenger here to convey the message, I wouldappreciate it.

The PRESIDENT : Does the Chair understandcorrectly that the delegate of the United States iswilling to yield the floor to other speakers untilthe meeting of the Executive Board is finished?

The delegate of the UNITED STATES : Iwould gladly yield to the next speaker. If a mes-sage arrives from the Executive Board that theywill come here, I would prefer, if the ExecutiveBoard agrees, and if I properly understand thedecision of last night, to withhold the statementuntil the Executive Board is present.

The PRESIDENT : What is the wish of the As-sembly on the sending of this message?

First, as to the matter of Relief; Relief, as I seeit, is not under discussion and need not take ourtime. The same allocation for Relief appears in bothviews of this Budget. Whether the Unesco operat-ing Budget is 6,000,000 dollars or 7,500,000 dol-lars, the provision for Educational Relief andRehabilitation would be the same, or approximat-ely the same: also, in comparison to the tremen-dous needs of the world, it would be pitifully small— a pittance in fact. We in the United States, forexample, have established a special voluntary Or-ganization devoted exclusively to raising fundsand materials for Educational, Scientific and Cul-tural Rehabilitation. This Organization alone hasthus far been able to raise the equivalent of40.000.000 dollars and its task has just begun. Iwill not compare the allocation for Relief in Unes-CO’S Budget with other contributions to Relief,of which the world is well informed. As you know,there is under discussion a Budget of twenty tothirty times the total of the proposed Unesco Bud-get for the Relief and Rehabilitation of displacedpersons. To this Budget the United States was,when I left the country, considering contributionsfar in excess of any proportionate contributionconsidered by the United States for Unesco. Therewas, further, under consideration a still larger Bud-get for food to feed the hungry in a world that iscrying first and foremost to be fed.

The delegate of BELGIUM (translation) : I sup-port the suggestion of my colleague of the UnitedStates of America.

The PRESIDENT : If we all agree, we shall dos o .

The delegate of POLAND (translation) : Ifthe statement to be made is so important, I thinkit would be well to wait until we have heardit; it might change the opinion of those countriesconcerned.

The PRESIDENT : If that is the opinion of theAssembly, we will send the message and wait forthe reply in a few minutes.

We shall therefore adjourn for fifteen minutesand come back at 3.45.

Now, as to the comments of Sir Cecil Kisch, Iregard these as highly inappropriate at this point.Under the Financial Regulations passed by thisConference this technical problem is assigned tothe Executive Board. The hope and expectationexpressed by Sir Cecil this morning were not dis-cussed in definitive terms in the Sub-Commissionon Administration and Finance, nor has it beendiscussed with me, nor with the United StatesGovernment. I cannot in any way commit theUnited States Government to the financial proce-dures outlined by Sir Cecil, though it is my hope,as it is the expectation of the American delegation,that our Government will certainly carry its shareof the Budget in such ways as will prove helpfuland constructive from the standpoint of Unesco.

Mr. BENTON (United States) : I understandthe Executive Board has just adjourned and is onits way in. That solves the problem.

Along with many others among you, I havedealt with money for a long time. It is certainlythe most important consideration in the conclud-ing hours of this Conference,. That is why I tookthe liberty to adopt the position I just expressed

This brings me to the subject before US, the 1947Budget for Unesco. It is important that differencesbetween us regarding the amount of the Budgetshould not appear to be differences. concerningthe objectives and enormous potentialities ofUnesco. On these, I hope, we are in general agreed.The interest of the people of the United States inUnesco, through their important private organ-izations, is well attested by the make-up of theAmerican delegation here at this Conference. The

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United States has, from the very beginning, urgedthe establishment of Unesco and will continue topress for a strengthening of the Organization inorder that its high objectives should be realized.Our delegation is greatly cheered by the work ofthe Programme Sub-Commission, and we earnest-ly commend the programme recommendations tofull and detailed consideration by the Secretariat,for which obviously there has, as yet,, been notime.

Now, how largefHere at this Con

should this 1947 Budget be?erence, it seems to me, we face a

major problem of finding a figure which will notendanger the life of the Organization. It is my opi-nion that the life of Unesco in this first year ismore gravely endangered by too large a budgetthan it can possibly be in this first year of its lifeby a small one.

In my opening statement at this Conference Istated the position of the United States Govern-ment as favouring a “fledgling budget ’’. I discove-red that that word ‘‘ fledgling ” is not easilytranslatable and it has been somewhat misun-derstood.

I stated it might well be advisable to scale down-ward the first year’s expenditure prepared by thePreparatory Commission. By a ‘‘ fledgling bud-get ’’, believe me, I did not mean a helpless birdwithout wings. I meant a budget suitable for anewly-born organization, a budget adequate forUnesco to carry out its first year’s tasks both com-petently and carefully. The total figure should notbe so large as to encourage mushroom growth anddevelopment of projects not thoroughly practic-able.

In the judgment of the United States delegation,there is no justification in the projects now underconsideration for a first year’s operating budgetexceeding the total of 6,000,000 dollars, which hasbeen agreed upon by the Sub-Commission onAdministration and, Finance. In the proposal ofthe Sub-Commission there is, of course, another950,000 dollars for the repayment of monies owedfor the Preparatory Commission. Added to this7,500,000 dollars must be another 3,000,000 dollarfor the proposed Revolving Fund. This gives atotal roughly of 10,000,000 dollars, to which eachMember-Government represented here must makeits proportionate contribution.

Let us remember that this Conference has mere-ly indicated the broad range of projects of whichit approves. The task of translating our resolut-ions into a working programme will require time,and time-consuming labour on the part of compet-ent personnel. The programme of Unesco mustnecessarily, therefore, get under way slowly if itis to be competently directed. The means of carry-ing out the proposed programme are still to hedeveloped. Staff must still be selected. It isunlike-,ly that, under prudent administration, the Or-ganization can be in full operation before the lasthalf of 1937 and possibly not even then.

I would like to point out to the Conference thatDr. Huxley’s analysis of the Budget at this, morn-ing’s Conference does not present to this Confe-rence what can be done with 6,000,000 dollars. Hisfigures were presented to us on the basis of theold budget of the Preparatory Commission.

Why have we held this Conference, unless therewas a need for re-shaping the programme and thebudget in terms of the recommendations of theSub-Commissions? A re-examination of the pro-gramme proposed by the Preparatory Commissionin the light of what has happened here, and deve-lopment of the best ways to implement the pro-gramme developed here, will, in our judgment,call for a wholly different administrative organ-ization and budgetary breakdown than that which‘was exposed to us this morning.

If this new approach is made efficiently andconstructively, very material savings can be effec-ted in department overheads and in operatingcosts.

Moreover, the American delegation believesthat, in the first year, when Unesco is learninghow to carry out its work, there should be majorreliance upon small working groups of tempora-rily employed consultants and also of temporarycommissions and committees. The fullest useshould be made of interim appointments, whilewe feel our way and learn to operate effectively.Many officials should be borrowed from the Uni-versities, Governments and other sources andthis will also develop lists of candidates for ourpermanent staff.

I must further point out that the percentagereductions mentioned by Dr. Huxley this mor-ning, in their impact on his proposed budgetarybreakdown, were increased artificially. The Sub-Commission recommended a substantial contin-gent fund. Dr. Huxley chose to make this fund1,000,000 dollars, which automatically thereforegave larger percentage reductions than wouldhave occurred had he chosen a lower figure.

Starting new enterprises is indeed very diffi-cult. Many of you have experienced the problem,as I have many times in my own personal back-ground prior to joining the Department of State.It is difficult even when a group participatingin a new enterprise have a common background,common language, and common nationality. Thisproblem in itself is an argument for caution as weapproach this pioneer year in the history ofUnesco, the success or failure of which may bedecisive in determining our long-range goals. Ido not refer to the risk of mistakes because, ofcourse, many will be made; I do refer to thedanger of waste. If there is waste, many of ourGovernments will not forgive us who are herecharged with the responsibility of representingthem and their people.

We are dealing here with one of the world’sgreatest experiments in international co-opera-tion. Nothing of this kind has been tried before.The stakes are too great, it seems. to us of theUnited States delegation, to take the chancesinherent in hasty decisions and ill-conceived pro-jects, which, no matter how idealistically conceiv-ed, inevitably create waste and reap the whirl-wind of public criticism.As the Rapporteur pointed out this morning,

there were eleven countries which did not voteeither way on the 6,950,000 dollars reported tous as the recommendation. of the Sub-Commis-sion. Further, there were nine who voted againstthis proposed budget. I do not know how many

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of these favoured :I smaller budget or favoureda larger one, but it seems to me that we heretoday face a question which is not merely oneof a single majority vote. I feel we face a questioncalling for statesmanship of a very high order.

An important objective of Unesco must be toretain the support of all its member countriesand to induce other countries who are not yetmembers to join hands with us.

Prior to this conference it was the judgmentof the United States Government that the increas-ing burdens of the contributions required of thevarious United Nations Organizations might, inthe opinion of smaller countries, be deemed tobe too great for them to carry a share which mayseem modest to Great Britain and the UnitedStates, but which seems very substantial to them.It is more important for the United Nations andall its Specialized Agencies to have the widestpossible governmental participation than it is toopen ourselves to the charge of waste and tothe risk of the lack of wide-spread support.

International organizations depend upon theparticipation of all countries, and the total cost,particularly in this year, when the struggle forsubsistence is the paramount problem of theworld, must not reach the point where somemembers may feel compelled to withdraw.

One further point of clarification. There hasbeen a misunderstanding on one criterion laiddown for the Budget. This criterion stated : “Pro-jects approved should be feasible on a budgetwhich will not exceed a total commitment of7,500,000 dollars for the first year.” The UnitedStates understood the phrase “total commit-ment” to mean total commitment, and to includethe monies owed for the Preparatory Commission.Some other delegations did not so understandthis phrase. As a matter of actual fact, includingthe 3,000,000 dollars Kevolving Fund, the totalcommitment recommended by the Sub-Commis-sion is approximately 10,000,000 dollars. I feelthat all of us here as delegates, however, can takepride in the wide extent of agreement and thefact that our misunderstandings have been so few.

In conclusion — I speak for the eight Americandelegates who are here associated with me aswell as our Advisers and Staff — may I mentionthe great hopes for Unesco and its programmewhich are shared by all of us and with which

we return to the United States. I am sure therehas been no country in which there has beenmore widespread interest in the Unesco pro-gramme and its goal of achieving peace throughunderstanding. There is no other country in whichprivate groups have so much to contribute. Evenmore important, the desire to contribute is there.This desire, if the Unesco programme is soundlyconceived in its opening year and constructivelyadministered, will have the full support of theAmerican people.

Towards this end the United States delegationtherefore supports the Budget recommendation ofthe Sub-Commission on Administration andFinance.

The PRESIDENT : I see that M. Blum, thePresident of the Conference, is here and I have

pleasure in returning the Chair to him to bringthis Conference to a successful conclusion.

M. Léon Blum took the Chair.The delegate of POLAND (translation) : The

‘Polish delegation desires to associate itself whole-heartedly with the proposal of the United King-dom delegation. We do this all the more readilysince we voted against this proposal in the Sub-Commission, but since then we have seen theProgramme Report, which was not available atthe time of the Sub-Commission’s discussions.Since then we have also heard the convincing elo-quence of Mr. MacLeish and we aresatisfied thatany reduction in the amount proposed wouldcertainly entail difficulties in the execution of theprogramme. We must remember that we are en-gaged in creating Unesco, and that it is the chiefwork of this General Conference to give Unesconot only life but the means to live.

This is to be the result of three weeks’ workin this Conference, during which we have expend-ed a great deal of effort, and, if now we are toeliminate one and a half millions from our bud-get, then I feel that our work will be in danger.These one and a half million dollars are neededfor the construction of the trenches, the earth-works of peace. You may be sure the Director-General and the staff and the Executive Boardwill ensure that this programme is faithfully andwell carried out, so that next year we shall beable to consider, not one and a half millions, butthirty millions of expenditure with enthusiasm.

But what we need now is to build a first in-stalment of this great work, the first portion ofthe task of constructing future peace. The victor-ies won by force of arms must be followed bya victory of the spirit. A victory that is won byatomic bombs must be followed by the exertionof the moral efforts of man. We must declarepeace just as war was declared. We must startan offensive for peace. We must make quite surewe do not lose this peace as it was lost after thelast war. We must be prepared to put forth forthe purposes of peace the same energy and makethe same sacrifices as we made for the purposesof war. We need now to have the ideal of peacebefore us, we need not merely to clear away theruins of schools that have been destroyed, butto clear away the psychological ruins that havebeen left in the train of war.

It is our duty to think of rearing the new gene-ration, to reconcile in the coming generations theideal with reality. The ideal to which we mustdirect our efforts is the ideal of true democracy.We are all agreed that the ideal democracy is tobe found in the harmony of the liberty, orderand duty of the citizen. I ask more than thedelegate of the United Kingdom has asked; Iask that this proposal shall be adopted by a un-animous vote, and I hope and believe that theUnited States delegation will accompany us inthis effort on behalf of Unesco.

Let us remember that each dollar spent this yearis worth more than ten dollars next year. So farwe have done nothing in the realm of culture,everything remains to be done. In conclusion Iwould like to recall what was said by the dele-


gate of Denmark, when he reminded us that weare here not merely as delegates of our owncountry but as delegates for peace, delegates whohave to ensure that people shall work and livetogether for peace. Before such an enormous ob-jective as that, the question of one and a halfmillion dollars more or less is so small that itreally is not worth further discussion,

The delegate of AUSTRALIA : On behalf ofthe Australian delegation, I rise to support theoriginal motion and not the amendment. Thefact, I think, is fairly well-known, and I have nodesire to conceal it, that at the Sub-Commission,on behalf of the Australian delegation, I movedthe first of the three resolutions referred to onpage 2 of the document we are now discussing.

I think, however, I should spend a moment inexplaining my reasons for moving that resolution,which perhaps are not obvious to all of you. Ithink, Mr. President,, the Australian delegationhas consistently held, and perhaps insistently held,the view that our task in this Conference was toprovide a practicable programme for 1947. WhenI spoke two days ago to the Sub-Commission,there was before us a programme that I can onlydescribe as large, diffuse, and one to which thecritical tests had not then been applied. The pro-jects were not few, they were not crucially im-portant and they were not obviously useful, somy argument then was that if the sum of approxi-mately eight and a half million dollars was pro-vided for that programme, it was too much forthe practical part, and if it had been granted, itcould not have been well spent in 1947. Now, the position has changed since I madethat speech. You will remember that in the Ge-neral Conference yesterday we had the documentwhich I might call the “ MacLeish Report ’’. Ido not wish to repeat the laudatory remarks Imade about that report, but I merely say thatthey were made in all sincerity. Rut our delega-tion understood that that report meant a defi-nite reduction in the size of the programme for1947 compared with the basis of the original bud-get, and the definite approval and the enthusiasticreception which that report got from this GeneralConference led us to believe that our view wascorrect — I mean our view that it was a definitereduction in the size of the budget. Are we mis-taken, Mr. President? If we are not mistaken,then in our view it is for those who suggest theprogramme of eight and a half millions for thenew budget to see that that sum is necessary for1947. In legal language, the onus is upon them.Have they done that? I suggest that they havenot.

I deplore the insistence with which the term‘‘ reduction ” is used. I suggest the issue is not to

be put in terms to cut or not to cut. It is simplyto fix, and in that connection I was rather sorryto see the phrase used by the leader of the UnitedKingdom delegation. If I may quote it — it wastowards the end of his speech — it was that weshould be betraying our trust if at the very outsetof Unesco’s career a move were made to reduceits financial resources to a point below what we

believe necessary to get execution for its approv-ed programme.

I suggest that he gives the wrong emphasis toour discussion and rather places those of us whofavour the motion in a false position. I shouldlike to offer the alternative phrase. We shouldbe betraying our trust if we did not establishUnesco’s final financial resources on a level nohigher and no lower than we believe necessary toput into execution its approved programme.

So I suggest, in line with what the leader ofthe United States delegation has said, that thequestion in front of us is what should be the sizeof the budget and, in my view, the practical pro-gramme determines the size of the budget. Isuggest that we leave the other figures alone andconcentrate on an absolute figure, forgetting thatwe have had various tentative figures given uson all kinds of estimates. If anyone suggests thatan absolute figure means little when peace is inthe balance, my answer is that, when you arelooking at a practical programme for 1947, thatissue is relevant. We are not dealing with a pro-gramme for 1948, 1949 and 1950 and I want itto be understood that, in supporting this motion,I am supporting it as, in our opinion, we have tomaintain a practicable programme in 1947.

Mr. Hardman is in a very happy position. Heis not only” the distinguished leader of a distin-guished delegation, but he has the perhaps evenmore onerous position of being a member of theGovernment of the United Kingdom. I cannotclaim any such happy position in regard to myGovernment, but like other members I have toconsult my Government on this point. I cannot,of course, reveal to you the instructions I got,but I can say this — that I have authority formy insistence on a practical programme for 1947,and again I can say this — that the AustralianGovernment will still be vitally interested in thesuccess of Unesco.

The Australian delegation’s considered view isthat we support the figure given in the motionbefore us. I would prefer to refer to it as six mil-lions, because I have heard nobody suggest thatthere should be any reduction in the item foralready incurred expenses — namely 950,000 dol-lars. So I wish to address my remarks to the sixmillions, that is really the basis of the suggestion.Now we discussed it as a delegation and the dele-gation rather relied upon my practical judgment,so I have to take any of the blame which is comingfrom those who think that my remarks and viewsare both rather foolish. You could say “whatdo you know about all this to make remarks ofthis kind?” With the permission of the President,I am going to go back on my own background.May I say first that I fully realize the differencesbetween national organizations and their cost andinternational orgsnizations and their cost. I willjustify myself in making some sort of practicaljudgment. For many years I have been on theGoverning Board of the University of Sydney. Iam not insinuating that it is a big establishment,nor that it is known all over the world. It hasonly about 3,000 students, a staff of 400 inclu-ding 50 professors. Some of you will smile atthese small figures, but nevertheless I am certain

— 101 —


that it will not celebrate its centenary untilUnesco decides to visit it. It has been going nowfor some 50 years, and the budget never exceededa million dollars. I am now Chairman of the Na-tional Research University set up this year, andI can use these facts for indicating that the Aus-tralian Government is most interested in educa-tion, science and culture. We are proposing tostart four Institutes, a Medicine Institute (a veryexpensive one), Natural and Social Sciences andPacific Affairs. This last one will deal particularlywith our personal relations with our neighboursin the Pacific, and we expect the figures of thebudget not to be higher than a million dollars.

I was also Chairman appointed by the Govern-ment for examining the budget of six differentuniversities and we did it very exhaustively, andwe recommended the Government to consider thestatements. If I say all this, it is just for you toknow that I am familiar with the cost of staffand things of that sort. I admit that I am dealingwith national organizations and that they aredifferent from international organizations, butfor the past four years the organizations establi-shed by our Government kept constantly in touchwith me, and I am familiar with that problemand the expenses. With the basis of that exper-ience and in the absence of detailed estimate,my practical judgment is that six millions is anadequate sum for 1947 and for the programmewhich has been adopted by the Conference. The-refore, Mr. President, I support the motion.

The delegate of FRANCE (translation) : TheFrench delegation found itself in the minority,which voted with the United Kingdom and was notsuccessful in carrying the whole Assembly withit : that is to say, we were in the minority invoting for the highest figure and I would liketo add that we regret that, in this matter, wefound ourselves in disagreement with the Aus-tralian delegation. Since yesterday, we have re-considered the position. We have in mind thenecessity of doing what is most favourable in thegeneral interest of Unesco. We considered thatwe should not ask small nations to make sacri-fices beyond their capacity. We have taken noteof the objection that it is difficult for a new in-stitution to spend all its budget usefully. Thereis a limit to the capacity of useful spending, andthis is particularly true with regard to adminis-tration and programme expenditure. Moreover ifthe budget is fixed at 6,000,000 dollars, the Frenchdelegation expresses a specific desire that admin-istrative expenditure within this figure be consi-derably decreased and the maximum portion de-voted to programme expenditure. In the sectionsas a whole, and within each section, the greatestpossible effort should be made to ensure thatexpenditure is for immediate action.

This would lead us — if the British amendmentdid not give rise to further considerations — tovote against that amendment and, therefore,loyally support the proposal which the Sub-Com-mission put forward yesterday,

However, we must admit that these objectionshave not the same force in the matter of recons-truction and rehabilitation expenditure. It must

be recognized that on this point the disadvan-tages inherent in a new mechanism do not apply.

In the field of relief, reconstruction and reha-bilitation there are extremely urgent needs, sogreat that I venture to say that the Reconstruct-ion Commission had minimized its demands be-cause it feared to present too wide a programme.

For my part, I know that, in this sphere, thereis great work for Unesco to do. We know, forinstance, that in Europe there are countries with-out books, They must be supplied with booksfrom countries which have not been occupiedand where printing is possible. I have also beeninformed of children of displaced persons in Ger-many, and I have been told, with proofs, thatthere were more than 35,000 Jewish children whoare absolutely deprived of means of learning thealphabet, who go to a school of sorts, in barerooms, who sit on the ground, and whose teacher,having no blackboard, has to teach by usingpebbles.

It is clear that solidarity between the nationsof the world in this sphere — that solidarity towhich Mr. MacLeish’s remarkable commentaryyesterday has contributed a new element — can-not be left solely to our generous friends in Ame-rica. It must be the work of us all.

We were told just now of the immense move-ment which has led to a wave of generous giftsfrom America to Europe. We are all aware ofthis, but our idea is that all countries, even thesmallest and poorest, must play their part. Unescoas a collective organization now has a mission,and must give proof of its vitality by setting anexample.

This leads to the second portion of our pro-posal. If, as I said just now, the British amend-ment, which aims purely and simply at increas-ing the budget, were maintained in that form,we should vote against it, but, if the Conferencedecided to attach to that amendment a specialrecommendation to the effect that the whole ofthe 550,000 dollars increase proposed by the Unit-ed Kingdom should be devoted to work of recon-struction and rehabilitation, then we should votefor the proposal, and we are sure that we shouldthus enable all who bear responsibility here toreturn to their countries and, if need be, to faceany reproaches that might be levelled againstthem, because they would have an easy consciencethrough the knowledge that the addition theyhad voted for would be devoted to work of recon-struction.

I would add that our country has no selfishinterest to serve in this matter — firstly becauseit receives no share in any distributions that mightbe made for reconstruction, and, secondly, be-cause if the rate of contributions remains at thelevel proposed by the Sub-Commission, the FrenchGovernment intends, by other appropriate means,to aid Unesco by lightening its burdens as faras it can.

The delegate of INDIA : I have to expressthe views of the Indian delegation on the pro-posal before us. Before I do this, may I drawyour attention to the views of the NaturalSciences Sub-Commission, of which I have the


honour to be the Chairman? The Natural SciencesSub-Commission was the only one to draw up abudget for its programme in 1947, and it hasrecorded its opinion in the report which is nowbefore you “ that no sum less than 1,000,000 dol-lars in any year would allow of the carryingthrough of an effective programme’’. The reasonsfor this recommendation were put before theProgramme Commission by the rapporteur, Mr.H. A. Compton, of the United States delegation.The public today is fully aware of the large sumsthat are spent on scientific work. Even in India,a sum of 1,000,000 dollars would be consideredinadequate to establish a National Laboratory inone branch of science alone. A single instrumentof research, like a Betatron or Cyclotron, may cost’1,000,000 dollars. The expenditures for scientificenterprises are well known, at least as to the orderof magnitude. In the face of these facts the mem-bers of the Natural Sciences Sub-Commission feltthat for an effective programme Unesco wouldhave to spend at least 1,000,000 dollars a year inthe Natural Sciences Section. Anything else wouldappear to the scientists of the whole world andeven to the informed lay public as totally inad-equate. Indeed, many may feel that if the Budget,and possibly the allocation for Science be reduced,the inclusion of science in Unesco was unfortunate,in that, instead of promoting, it might in fact resultin hindering the growth of enterprises in scienceinvolving international action and co-operation.We scientists believe that science should be asso-ciated with the educational and cultural activitiesof the United Nations, but it would be difficultto support such an association if the price wasthe crippling of the very activities it was ourintention to promote. We therefore urge stronglythat the total budget for the year 1947 shouldnot be substantially reduced below the figureenvisaged by the Preparatory Commission. I referto the remark made by the Australian delegate inthe commentary presented yesterday by Mr. Mac-Leish, Chairman of the Drafting Committee, thatthere was in fact no choice of schemes made.You will see on page 2 of Mr. MacLeish’s report :“There are, of course, many additional proposalslisted in the reports of the Sub-Commissions which,equally with the proposals here named, are beforethe Conference for adoption.” So, in fact, thereare now before us many proposals from, whichwe yesterday selected some, but the whole reportof Mr. MacLeish was adopted, and, in fact,Mr. MacLeish’s report was a preamble to thereport of the Sub-Commissions that followed it.

Speaking now on behalf of the Indian delega-tion, I wish to say that my delegation supportsthe British amendment. The sums involved areindeed small. The whole budget of Unesco issmall compared with the billions of dollars, mil-lions of pounds and milliards of roubles whichare spent by the Great Powers annually, not onlyon armaments, but on scientific research for mili-tary purposes.

Mr. Benton, in his first address to this Confer-ence, said that the combined budget of all na-tions for military and naval establishments forthis year is at least ten thousand times the sizeof the budget now contemplated for Unesco, and

it is proposed to cut this mark. If we truly believein the activities of Unesco, we must prove it tothe people of the world by our acts. The varioussmall savings of money involved in the reductionof the budget ‘at this stage would be more thanofffset by the adverse psychological effect, whichis a very important consideration at this point.It would show the world that we who are methere to draw up the plans for this great enter-prise lack faith in ourselves. India is a poorcountry, and it is not easy for us at the presenttime, when we wish to utilize all our financialresources for a rapid development of the country,to make large contributions to international organ-izations. Nevertheless, India is prepared to con-tribute her full share to the work of Unesco andfeels it would be very regrettable if its activitieswere crippled at the beginning by a reduction inthe budget at this stage.

The PRESIDENT (translation) : I call onthe delegate of South Africa.

The delegate of SOUTH AFRICA : The stir-ring appeals of the delegates, particularly fromthe United Kingdom and from Poland, havebrought to us a very gratifying realization of thehigh ideals which prompt every single delegationto come here and take part in these discussions.

I submit, however, that these high ideals neednot be emphasized at this stage. We are all aimingat the stars, and, with God’s help, we will geta bit higher than we have done in the past’ onthe way to Peace. But, at this moment, one hasto be realistic — and I very much regret I havenot heard any arguments which can satisfy thedoubt that I have entertained as to the practic-ability of a programme larger than that forwhich the Sub-Commission has made provision.I have heard no answer to the argument whichhas been advanced by the delegate from the Unit-ed States. I had sincerely hoped we would havebeen able to get figures which would have con-vinced me that, before the end of 1947, we wouldbe in the position to buy even that million pounds’worth of apparatus which could possibly be util-ized in the interests of science. I would havebeen heartily in favour of such an extension, andfeel that there must be no limit, as far as it ishumanly possible for us to meet the financialburden. But the time, I am satisfied, is not yet,and for that reason I am going to support theproposal which I seconded in the Sub-Commis-sion. I do so in all confidence that, if the motionis carried, it will not interfere with the goodwork of the Organization, and that, in fact, SOfar from having a bad psychological effect onthe world, it will have a very Salutary effect,because it will make the world realize we arepractical men and women in spite of Unesco’shigh ideals, and are setting about our task in abusinesslike manner.

The delegate of NEW ZEALAND : I knowthat what I have to say has been said already,but I will make it very brief. I feel I could notcast my vote without giving briefly my reasonfor voting against this amendment. May I makeone or two things clear? The New Zealand dele-


gation believes Unesco must grow, and that inthe future years more money must be spent.

There is no difference of opinion among us inthis, as in the opinion of spending money imme-diately on reconstruction. The only difference Ican see between us is how far and how fast weshall go in the first year. May I pick up the meta-phor dropped by my colleague from Denmark,who used the words “Let the engine run fullpower ’’! As a careful driver, I believe in runningmy engine in. When we have run it in, I am wil-ling to open the throttle. I can’t speak for mycountry, on the question of an open throttle, butshall be glad to enjoy the exhilaration of speedin the engine we have tested and tried.May I be more explicit? One of our fundamental

problems is that of staff. Anyone who has builtup a staff knows the time it takes to build up a

‘good corps of men. If we do one thing apart fromreconstruction in the first year, if we get ten first-rate men (nine-we have one already who is nothere now) — if we get ten first-rate men at thehead of this Organization and we may have someof them already (I am very ignorant of most ofthe members of the Staff) — we shall have donea main job. Dr. Huxley said he was afraid thisBudget might mean the staff could not be increa-sed this year. That does not fill me with fears.It may be necessary to cut the staff. I say thatwithout a personal feeling of preference, becauseI do not know the majority of the members of thestaff at all, and the ones I have met have pleasedme. But I know you cannot build up in twelvemonths a staff of 400 or 450 that rank as firstrate. If I may again change our metaphor (Unescohas been a phœ nix, a fortification, a weapon anda motorcar) may we return to the original“ baby ’’. If I could ask some fairy godmotherto give me one wish for this new infant of ours,I should ask for ten first-rate men. If she was aniggardly godmother, I would be satisfied withfive. It is for that reason we feel we can build upin that time.

Also another question is the question of com-mitments. It is going to take a long time to buildthat staff up, and commitments for the followingyear will build up rapidly. We were told in theSub-Commission the other day, when I askedwhat each project was going to cost in 1947 andthen for 1948, it would cost the same in 1948as 1947. That is contrary to all my experience,and all of you who have dealt with projects, takenover in this way must know likewise. I am readyto be convinced, and spent today hoping I wouldbe convinced that the Budget would be higher.It is the first time in my life I have voted againstspending money on education which is one ofmy chief hobbies. I am not prepared to be con-vinced by oratory, but by facts and figures,because this is a matter of facts and figures.

May I say, take one example. There is one fig-ure worrying me on the budget — 200,000 dollarsfor covering the expenses of the Executive Boardin the next year. Since that was prepared, theExecutive Board has decided to meet four timesa year. It may be decided we shall hold our Con-ference at a very far distant country and one Iwant to visit more than any other place except

Paris. I cannot believe really that that figure,200.000 dollars would bring the members of theExecutive Board here for four times in the yearfrom their scattered corners of the world, thoughsome of them are close I know, and that it wouldtake a staff of a hundred, say, from here acrossthe Atlantic and keep them two or three monthsand bring them back. That figure might be a goodargument for the raising of the budget and ithas not been made. It worries me. I feel we shallspend more than that and have less than everto spend on our programme, That is the kind offigure I felt we needed.

With regard to what was referred to by theSouth African delegate, by Mr. Hardman andthe delegate for India, I do not think it will havea bad psychological effect if we spend less money,if we tell the world why we are doing it. It will notif they realize our funds ‘were no greater thanthey were when we came to this meeting, butwe have first of all to build on solid foundations.That is the only reason why I have spoken.

The PRESIDENT (translation) : There areno more speakers on the list. The vote will nowbe taken.

The delegate of the UNITED KINGDOM :May I, for a few moments, exercise the right ofreply to this very interesting and, if I may sayso, friendly and amiable debate.

I want to say first of all that the United King-dom delegation is standing by its original amend-ment. I want to read that amendment again. Imove that the figure of 6,955,000 dollars for our ap-proved activities in 1947 and all expenses incurredprior to January 1947 be increased by 1 1/2 mil-lion dollars. I would like to remind the leaderof the Australian delegation, who referred delight-fully and pictorially to the MacLeish report, ofcertain words on page 2. In the English text ofthis report of the Programme Sub-Commission,page 2, paragraph 3, we find “Needless to say,the selection we have made is in no sense intend-ed to eliminate any item recommended by anySub-Commission and approved by the PlenarySession of the Programme Commission ’’, and thenturning in the same text to page 8, we find thesewords at the bottom of that page “ There are,of course, many additional proposals listed in thereports of the Sub-Commissions which, equallywith the proposals here named, are before theConference for adoption. It is clearly the respon-sibility of the Director-General to determine‘within the limits of the funds made available tohim, which of the many projects proposed by theSub-Commissions and approved by the ProgrammeCommission and the General Conference, he willundertake.” Again, what is to me most signifi-cant and important is on page 9 ‘‘ In presenting,therefore, this report, and in proposing that theprogramme which it outlines should be adopted,— we are speaking not to the General Conferenceof Unesco alone but to the peoples of the world.”

We have heard, Mr. President, this afternoonsomething of the economy of the poorer nations,but I would remind this Conference that thereis something which is richer than dollars or pounds


sterling. and that is the spiritual strength andthe response of nations to the appeal of idealismand the appeal of a visionary, imaginative pro-gramme. Therein lies the strength of the nationshere represented today.

Surely it is right to say that at this first Con-ference of Unesco we are not going to make anycheese-paring suggestions. We are going to appealto that spiritual strength and idealism among thepeoples of the world who are suffering the depriv-ation. of war. The peoples of the world are await-ing an imaginative lead, and I do want to stressin this reply the urgency of showing the peoplesof the world that we believe completely in thespiritual and visionary and imaginative strengthof peoples. It is for this reason that I think weshould be prepared not to lay emphasis upon aquestion of a million or one and a half milliondollars cut or economy, but to lay emphasis upona question of the larger sum which is proposed inmy amendment.

Are you to say that across the future of Unescothere falls the shadow of cheese-paring and theforbidding handicap of skinflint politics and econ-omies? There falls already across our path thedark shadow of war, and I appeal to this Confer-ence that it must not allow the question of oneand a half million dollars to baulk the high ideal-ism of the work of the last three weeks. There-fore, Mr. President, I do most earnestly appealto our fellow-delegates to be prepared to makethe big, imaginative gesture, because so manythings will require doing in 1947 that might noteven appear in detail upon the programme wehave considered.

The PRESIDENT (translation) : The questionbefore the Conference is perfectly clear. We arecalled upon to consider the proposals embodiedin that report put forward by the Commission.To these proposals the United Kingdom delega-tion has put forward an amendment. The Frenchdelegation has proposed a resolution, the firstparagraph of which reads as follows : ‘‘ The Gene-ral Conference recommends that the 550,000 dol-lars voted by it over and above the Sub-Com-mission’s proposals amounting to 6,950,000 dol-lars should be allotted to a supplementary increaseof the special reconstruction budget.”

The figure proposed by the French Delegationis in fact 550,000 dollars. It is an intermediatefigure between the proposals of the Commissionand the amendment put forward by the UnitedKingdom delegation, Therefore, this is not anamendment, but a separate proposal.

M. CASSIN (France) (translation) : I agree —the figure in question is 550,000 dollars.

Mr. MacLEISH (United States) : In view ofthe fact that my name has been called to yourattention several times in connexion with thisdebate, and in view of the extreme unhappinessI feel about it, I should like to take a few minutesof your time,

I think it is a lamentable debate; a most unfor-tunate way to end this session. I want to speakfor a few minutes for those who feel as I do, tosay that I am perfectly certain that my good

friend, Mr. Hardman, did not mean to suggestthat those who wish to support the report of theSub-Commission are doing so merely for reasonsof cheese-paring and petty economy, any morethan we on our side propose to suggest that thosewho would like to see another figure do so for rea-sons other than those of finance and other thanin the interests of Unesco.

I beg you to consider that, if these are theconsiderations, this question is one of finding afigure really commensurate with the spirit of theconsiderations herein involved.

Let us, for God’s sake, not part on this note.There is not a man or woman here in this roomwho does not believe in Unesco — there is nota man or woman who does not know that whatis going on here is more important than what isgoing on in the Security Council; more importantthan what is going on in the Economic and SocialCouncil; more important than anything else inthe world, because, as we know, the real issuesare the issues we are talking about here.

I beg you to approach this question as what itis — a simple question of what is the wisest andeconomic thing to do.

The delegate of CHINA : The Chinese dele-gation supports the proposition put forward bythe French delegation, with the understandingthat the figure of 550,000 dollars is for relief andrehabilitation.

The PRESIDENT (translation) : In the firstplace I apologize for not having fully seen theimportance of the French resolution. Being French,it is for me doubly important; I understood it wasa sub-amendment to the United Kingdom amend-ment. If that is the true position, we have twoseparate amendments : the proposal of the UnitedKingdom for 8,450,000 dollars, and the proposal ofthe French delegation for 7,500,000, it being un-derstood that the 550,000 dollars would be allottedto relief and reconstruction. The vote has to betaken first on the British proposal, which is toincrease the figure proposed by the Commission,namely 6,950,000 dollars.

According to the regulations, the vote by rollcall is only necessary if it is asked for by five dele-gations, or if the vote by show of hands has pro-duced a doubtful result; but, in view of the import-ance of the vote, I think I am within my rightsas President in proposing that the vote should betaken by roll call. We will therefore vote on theBritish amendment.

Australia . . . . . . . . . .Belgium. . . . . . . . . . .Bolivia . . . . . . . . . . .Brazil. . . . . . . . . . . .Canada. . . . . . . . . . .China. .Czechoslovakia . . . . . . .Denmark. . . . . . . . . .Domican Republic . . . . .

Egypt . . . . . . . . . . .France . , . . . . . . . . .Greece . . . . . . . . . . .

No

AbsentYesNoNo

YesNoYes

NoYes


Haiti. . . . . . . . . . . . NoIndia. YesLebanon . . . . . . . . . NoMexico . . . . . . . . . . . NoNetherlands. . . . . . . . . NoNew Zealand . . . . . . . . NoNorway. . . . . . . . . . . YesPeru . . . . . . . . . . . . NoPhilippines . . . . . . . . . NoPoland . . YesSaudi Arabia . . . . . . . . AbsentSyria. . . . . . . . . . . . NoTurkey. . . . . . NoUnion of South Africa . . . . NoUnited Kingdom. .United States of America . . .

YesNo

Venezuela. . . . . . . . . . No

The PRESIDENT (translation) : Thirty dele-gations are entitled to vote, two absent. Eightfor, twenty against : therefore it is rejected.I shall now put to the vote the French proposalwhich is to increase the Sub-Commission’s figureof 6,950,000 dollars, to 7,500,000 dollars, of which550,000 will be devoted to relief and reconstruc-tion. The vote will be taken again by roll call.

The delegate of SOUTH AFRICA : What isthe total amount to be spent on Relief and Re-construction?

Mr. BENTON (United States) : Mr. Chairman,there has been no discussion of the points beforeyou and I wonder if it is possible for me to makeone comment.

The PRESIDENT : Certainly.

Mr. BENTON (United States) : I have onefear on this proposal that I would like to pointout to this Conference. I wish to call your atten-tion to the fact that private organizations in theUnited States are making very large contributionstowards Relief and Reconstruction funds. Theyamount now to 40,000,000 dollars in cash andmaterial. Please note that it is only a beginning,and I fear that the feeling that Unesco is reallysubstantially contributing in this field, or hasassumed the role that seems to be in the mindof some of the people here taking part in thedebates, to judge by these two resolutions, Ifear that if Unesco begins to fill the role of aRelief Agency, it will handicap the opportunityto raise money through private sources in theUnited States; whether this is true in other coun-tries I cannot say.

The delegate of FRANCE (translation) : NO-body could possibly consider that Unesco withits extra 550,000 dollars was claiming to takethe place of the generous gifts coming fromAmerica for the devastated areas. But this mo-dest sum is nevertheless of great importance atthis moment because there are in Europe itselfscientific apparatus, books and scholastic mate-rial lying idle. With this money scholastic recon-struction work could be started in the devastatedcountries before the very much greater fundscollected for other objects can arrive in theselands in need of rehabilitation, That is why I

find no incompatibility between the modesty ofwhat we are proposing to do as a supplementaryeffort and the vastness of the generous effortwhich is being made by other peoples.

The PRESIDENT (translation) : In order togive the delegate of the Union of South Africathe exact figures, I would like to say that thefigures are, in fact, these : 433,700 dollars, towhich would be added 550,000 dollars under theFrench proposals, making a total of 984,700 dol-lars.,

Now the vote will be taken by roll call.

Australia . . . . . . . . . NoBelgium. . . . . . . . . . . NoBolivia . . . . . . . . . . . . AbsentBrazil. . . . . . . . . , . . YesCanada. . . . . . . . . . . NoChina. . YesCzechoslovakia. . . . . . . . NoDenmark . . . . . . . . . . . YesDominican Republic . . . . . NoEcuador. . . . . . . . . . . YesEgypt . . . . . . . . . . . NoFrance . . . . . . . . . . . YesGreece . . . . . . . . . . . YesHaiti. . . . . . . . . . . . NoIndia. . . . . . . . . . . . NoLebanon . . . . . . . . . . NoMexico . . . . . . . . . . . NoNetherlands. . . . . . . . . NoNew Zealand . . . . . . . . NoNorway. . . . . . . . . . . YesPeru. . . . . . . . . . . . NoPhilippines . . . . . . . . . NoPoland . . . YesSaudi Arabia . . . . . . . . AbsentSyria . . . . . . . . . . . . NoTurkey. . . . . . . . . . . NoUnion of South Africa . . . . No United Kingdom. . . . . . . YesUnited States of America . . . NoVenezuela. . . . . . . . . . Yes

The PRESIDENT (translation) : The votingis as follows: States entitled to vote, 30; numberof votes cast, 28; number of votes against, 18;number of votes for, IO. The French amendmentis therefore rejected.

Now we will take a vote on the amendmentproposed by the Sub-Commission which is thefigure of 6,950,000 dollars. Will heads of dele-gations in favour of the adoption of that figurekindly signify in the usual way.

The vote was taken by show of hands and the amend-ment adopted unanimously.

16. PLACE OF SECOND SESSION OF‘THE CONFERENCE

We will take the next item on the Agenda,which is the determination of the place wherethe next General Conference is to be held.

There is a report by the Executive Board onthis question and I shall call on the Chairmanof the Executive Board to submit the Report,


The CHAIRMAN of the EXECUTIVE BOARD(M. Doré, Canada) (translation) : Mr. President,the Executive Board decided to recommend tothe General Conference that it should acceptthe invitation of the Government of Mexico tothe effect that the Second Session of the GeneralConference should be held in that country in.1947. Further, the Executive Boards take notewith gratitude of the invitations addressed toUnesco by the Governments of Egypt and Nor-way in respect of the Third Session of the GeneralConference to be held in 1948. A decision willbe taken later.

The PRESIDENT (translation) : I call uponthe delegate of Mexico.

The delegate of MEXICO (translation) : Theproposal by the Executive Board delights theMexican delegation as greatly as it honours us.I am authorized to say that, if you agree to acceptthis invitation, then for its part Mexico wouldwelcome your decision with enthusiasm.

Therefore if you agree, Mexico with all itsbeauties awaits your visit.

The delegate of FRANCE (translation) : Thedelegate of the country which has had the ho-nour of being the seat of the first General Confe-rence confines himself to seconding the proposalby the Executive Board.

The PRESIDENT (translation) : If there areno objections, the Report of the Executive Boardis adopted.

13. CONSIDERATION OF THE REPORTSOF THE COMMISSIONS (continuation)

C. — ADMINISTRATIVE ANDFINANCIAL SUB-COMMISSION (continuation)

This morning we had before us the report ofthe Administrative and Financial SubCommis-sion; we have so far adopted only the first part,namely, the budget. I assume that the subsequentparagraphs will not call for much further discus-sion.

Chapter II deals with the Audit of the Prepar-atory Commission Accounts. The text is beforeyou, does anyone wish to speak?

If there are no speakers the Chapter is adopted.Chapter III is taxation of salaries and allow-

ances paid by the Organization.

The delegate of BELGIUM drew the attentionof the Conference to a slight error in the Frenchtext of the first paragraph.

The PRESIDENT (translation) : Chapter IIIis adopted. Any observations on Chapter IV : TheStaff of the Preparatory Commission? Adopted.

Chapter V : Date of coming into force of theStaff Regulations. Any observations? Adopted.

Chapter VI : Date of coming into force of theFinance Regulations. Any observations? Adopted.

Chapter VII : Communications with MemberStates, Any observations? Adopted,

Chapter VIII : Scale of Contributions of MemberStates. Any observations?

The delegate of ECUADOR (translation) :Mr. President, I would like to make two remarkswith reference to paragraph 3 of section 8 on page 5of the English text. The paragraph at presentreads :

“The Executive Board, to whom the duty ofmaking the adjustment is hereby entrusted,shall, before promulgating the scale, enter intosuch consultation with Member States as maybe desirable.”I think it would be advisable to add to this text

something to say that, in making this adjustment,the Executive Board should be guided by the prin-ciples that have been adopted by the United Na-tions. It will be recalled that, at the session heldin London, the United Nations adopted certainprinciples in this matter. We feel that the Execut-ive Board should take them as a guide, and Ithink, therefore, that they should be incorporatedin this amendment. In the second place, I wouldpropose to delete the suggestion that consultationsshould be made with such Member States ‘‘ as maybe desirable ’’. I think that consultation shouldtake place with all Member States, and therefore,if my proposals are adopted, the sentence wouldread as follows :

“ The Executive Board, to whom the duty ofmaking the adjustment is hereby entrusted,shall follow the principles adopted by theUnited Nations in the matter of contributionsand, before promulgating the scale, enter intoconsultations with all Member States.”

The PRESIDENT (translation) : The proposalis therefore first for taking away a phrase, andsecondly for adding a phrase.

The DIRECTOR-GENERAL : The Englishtext reads that “ the Executive Board shall, be-fore promulgating the scale, enter into such con-sultations with Member States as may be desi-rable ” and unfortunately this has been translatedin the French text as ‘‘ entrera en consultationsavec tous les Etats membres avec qui il jugera bonde le faire’’.

The delegate of ECUADOR (translation) : Ifthat means that the Executive Board shall enterinto consultations with all States Members, Iagree. The addition concerning on the principlesby which the Executive Board should be guidedwould still have to be made.

The DIRECTOR-GENERAL : ‘‘Taking as aguide the principles adopted by the, United Nationsin the matter of contributions:..

The UNITED STATES delegate : Mr. Presi-dent, I have two small points I wish to call theattention of the delegates to, particularly to thephrase “ for 1947 ’’. The delegation of the UnitedStates approves the proposal as outlined here for1947 without implying a commitment on the partof the United States to any particular proposal incoming years.

Secondly, it is the attitude of the United StatesGovernment that — and here is the application


of Point 3 to which we have just been referring —the percentage of the contribution of the UnitedStates should not vary perceptibly from the per-centage of the contribution to the United Nationsthat is now being negotiated at Lake Success.

The PRESIDENT (translation) : There is nonecessity to take any vote on this point. The textis perfectly clear as it stands. It refers to the scaleof contributions to Unesco for 1947. I think, there-fore, that the United States delegation will thinkthe text quite satisfactory. Moreover paragraph 3,if not already clear, is still more clarified by theaddition of the suggestion of the representativeof Ecuador.

Is there any objection to the adoption of Chap-ter VIII : Scale of Contribution of the MemberStates?

Chapter VIII is adopted. Chapter IX : Revol-ving Fund. Are there any observations? No obser-vations. The last paragraph is adopted and with itthe whole of the report is adopted. The Agendaof the Conference is therefore complete. Are thereany further statements?

The delegate of the UNITED STATES : My. Pre-sident, you were a little too fast for me on the Re-volving Fund — I am revolving a little myself. Ihave a comment, if I may make it, on the Revol-ving Fund.

The United States delegation is not in a positionto bind the United States in any way on its appro-priate contribution to the proposed RevolvingFund. It was an issue presented here in Paris, be-cause of the need of Unesco for money. We do nothave the legal authority in the United States toadvance the monies called for to this Fund with-out an act of Congress. This must be passed byCongress. I return home with every confidencethat Congress will support the percentage contri-butions, as I have just attempted to clarify them,for the operating budget of Unesco, and the repay-ment, of course, of the monies spent by the Pre-paratory Commission. I cannot feel equally sureof the same action with regard to the RevolvingFund. I say this with some embarrassment be-cause I know this may quite well cause difficultiesto the operation of Unesco, and there will be anuncertainty that will hang over the head of Unescoduring an initial period, pending discussion of thissubject. There is no legal authority in our Govern-ment covering a contingency of this kind.

Therefore, though I shall do my best on this sub-ject on my return to Washington, I would like toabstain from casting the vote of the United Stateson this particular point of the Revolving Fund.

The delegate of-NORWAY : Mr. President, Iam afraid that a similar reservation will have to bemade by several other delegations as well withregard to contributions to the Revolving Fund.We have no authority for committing our govern-ments definitely to contributions for this Fund.

The PRESIDENT (translation) : I take it thatthe paragraph is voted, but of course the recordswill contain a reservation by the delegate of theUnited States and the delegate of Norway,

The delegate of the PHILIPPINES : Mr. Presi-dent, I wish to inform the Conference that our de-legation has no authority to make financial com-mitments, as the delegate for the United Statesand the delegate for Norway have said, and there-fore I abstain from voting on this matter.

The PRESIDENT (translation) : The name ofthe delegate of the Philippines will therefore beadded to the names of the delegates already men-tioned who have abstained from this vote.

The d&legate of EGYPT : I should like to addthe name of Egypt as not having authority to voteon this subject,

The delegate of LEBANON : I wish my reser-vation also to be noted with regard to the Revolv-ing Fund.

The delegate of FRANCE (translation) : TheFrench delegation finds itself faced with the samelegal situation, but we nevertheless undertakefirmly here to do everything in our power to seethat the credits are voted by the French Parlia-ment. It certainly cannot be allowed to happenthat Unesco, hardly born, should perish for lackof sustenance.

The delegate of INDIA : I merely wish to pointout that these declarations are hardly necessary,because none of us here is in a position, in the legalsense, to commit our Governments on these reso-lutions. What is implied is that each one of uswill exercise the influence of the delegation as awhole to get this point accepted. I do not see thepoint in all these reservations being noted.

The delegate of BELGIUM (translation) : Per-haps you will allow me to make a small suggestionto those of my colleagues who find themselves em-barrassed on this point. I happen to be a memberof an administration which is subject to many re-proaches but which has certain good features. Mycountry has ratified this Constitution and hasaccepted the financial consequences that ensuefrom ratification, among them being the necessityto pay a contribution. It is true the RevolvingFund may not be specifically mentioned, but never-theless it might be understood. The RevolvingFund is one of the financial consequences, toge-ther with the payment of the contributions, which,nevertheless, follow from the adoption of the Con-stitution. I throw out that suggestion in the hopeit may help some of my colleagues.

The PRESIDENT (translation) : I am sure thedelegates of France, India and Belgium have ex-pressed the feeling of the whole Conference. It isclearly understood no delegation is in a positionexplicitly to bind its Government on a matterwhich had not arisen when the Government nomin-ated the delegation. We have adopted a principle,and I am sure we may rely on all delegations tourge their Governments to pay their contributionto the Revolving Fund. Therefore, I think wemay now take it that the report is adopted andthat our Agenda has been disposed of.

Any other speakers?


The delegate of PANAMA : Mr. Chairman, theenormous importance of this first Conference ofUnesco, an organization which without doubt willhave great and lasting results for humanity, makesit imperative that, in the name of the delegationof Panama, I take this opportunity, before theclose of this Conference, of stating that the reasonwhy the formalities of ratification and deposit ofthe instrument of acceptance by Panama are notyet completed is due to the fact that our Nationalassembly is at present in recess.

rence ’’; who can surely use these words betterthan myself?

The delegate of the UNITED KINGDOM :

Panama upholds the principles that gave birthto the United Nations. It has always supportedwith deep enthusiasm all efforts to create unionand brotherhood among the nations of the world.It is for that reason that Panama adheres toUnesco and its effort in establishing the unity andfraternity of nations and to promote human hap-piness through the channels of education, scienceand culture and the creation of the ‘‘ one world ”referred to in the report presented to this Confe-rence by the Preparatory Commission — a reportof profound significance and optimism.

May I, Mr. President, warmly support what thedelegate of China has just said and remind ourfellow-delegates that three weeks ago to-day wehad a beautiful reception at the Sorbonne? Thatis one of the great memories we shall take awaywith us. The other great memory is the charm andgraciousness of your Presidency of this Conference,and we thank you, and we say, all together, ‘‘ ViveM. le Président, et Vive la France! ” Here are thetwo great memories of this Conference.

Unesco, born of the ideal that created the Unit-ed Nations, will naturally be influenced by thefuture of the parent body. As harmony exists inthat organization, so will it develop in Unesco. Butin this case, as in many instances of history andeveryday life, the off spring may influence the des-tiny of the parent. A new generation, brought upon the principles of real brotherhood and freedom,without selfishness, may be capable of preventingthe recurrence of yet another catastrophe.

The delegate of the UNITED STATES : Thedelegation of the United States associates itselfwith China and the United Kingdom in expressingour thanks to you, M. le Président, and to the Cityof Paris for something we feel very deeply, and Ishould like to call attention specially to the ma-nifestations of the great Art of France that wehave enjoyed during these three weeks. We reallyhave the impression that we are back in civiliza-tion, a thing we seemed to have lost during theyears past, and we shall all go home very gratefulto France.

I do not wish to speak for too long in this hall,which has heard the voices of illustrious and greatmen today. However, the deep and sincere opti-mism of my country urges me to state, togetherwith so many others who have expressed the sameconfidence, that the work put forward by the Pre-paratory Commission, revised and polished bythis Conference, now carries within itself strongand durable material on which to build.

I shall give only one example of this; as statedin the report, a project will be launched to deletefrom school textbooks the spirit of war and nation-al prejudice. This alone will do much to annihilatethe seeds of international disputes. The defenceof truth in mass communication media, the creat-ion of an international newspaper, are projectswhich will lead towards a guarantee of an effectivedemocracy, of justice and, above all, a guaranteeof the liberties and happiness of all peoples.

The delegate of INDIA : Mr. President and.fellow delegates : We are coming to the end ofour labours and I hope to the beginning of ourgreat work. I have no doubt that we all feel grati-tied and sober at the great responsibility we haveassumed. But, if you will permit me to say one ortwo words which may convey a general impression,I should like, in the first instance, to associate my-self heartily with the attitude of the United Statestowards the French government, the French peopleand particularly to the people of Paris. To thepeople of Paris, not only for what they have donefor our comfort and convenience but also for thewonderfully conceived festivals they have provid-ed for our minds and our spirits : the exhibitions,theatres, ballets at the Opera, showing. whatFrance can do in the way of culture. All that hasbeen done at a time when France is still sufferingfrom all the hardships and deprivations due to thewar, and I like to think that this gesture is notonly an expression of French hospitality, but alsoshows a deep interest in the success of this Con-ference.

These indirect results, and many others I couldname, will uphold and enlarge the plans of Unesco.One of its immediate and more practical plans isthe more urgent one of amelioration of the condi-tion of the underprivileged peoples of the world.

All of this work merits the co-operation of allcountries within the limits of their possibilities —whether these are great or small, material or moral.

It will be the feeling of everyone present herethat our French host should accept our thanks inthe-spirit in which they are offered. May I remindyou of two remarks made by Mr. MacLeish thismorning? It has been a pleasure to find that wehave been working in an atmosphere of friendlysympathy and almost of cordiality. There wouldbe no need to mention this at all if I had not beentold about other Conferences that it is not alwaysnormal and it is this great success which will fillthe hearts of Humanity with hope.

The delegate of CHINA : On behalf of the Chi- We feel happy that we have found great readi-nese delegation, I propose that this Conference ness to accommodate points of view. As many ofmove a vote of thanks to the French Government the delegates said, there was a cloud on men’sand also a vote of thanks to the Conference, the minds, but we are very happy that through theSecretary and his assistants of the Preparatory wisdom of the representatives of the ExecutiveCommission and that we remember these words Board this cloud has blown away. I think it is good“ to be friends with the Secretariat of the Confe- to make compromises, but we in Unesco ought to

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go further and, with time, discover exact methods,pleasing to everybody, of choosing what is rightand proper in the implementation of the futureprogramme. That can only be done if we envisageall the problems as a trust given to us on behalf ofhumanity.

One last word I would like to share with you. Iwould request all the members of the Delegationsto try to use, not only that great instrument ofUnesco, but also the great national agencies attheir disposal for empbasizing the bases of morallife.

To you, Mr. President, I would like to conveyour thanks for the distinction your Presidency hasconferred on this Conference.

We must be the apostles of Unesco. We mustpreach the gospel that Unesco is a single whole,not only politically, but also financially and intel-lectually. There was once a little girl who asked anold man if the load he carried on his back was nottoo heavy for him. The old man replied that theload was his brother and therefore was no weightat all. The wisdom of that maxim should be un-d e r s t o o d e v e r y w h e r e .

Lastly, I would like to thank our President forhis distinguished conduct of our debates.

The delegate of FRANCE (translation) : I shouldlike to add to the thanks that have already beenexpressed, a word of gratitude to the staff and allthose who in various unseen ways have facilitatedand helped forward our work.

The DIRECTOR-GENERAL : I have one verysmall announcement to make. The English. ver-sion of the work on Fundamental Education, whichhas been prepared for the Conference and of whichyou have had the first chapter distributed, hasnow arrived. It will be placed in the rooms of allthose delegates who are accustomed to receivetheir documents in English and, if not called forin the next few days, will be sent on. The Frenchversion will arrive shortly and will be distributed.It is quite an imposing and interesting book.

The PRESIDENT (translatiort) : I am convin-ced that I am speaking not only on behalf of theFrench Government, but also of the French peopleand, as the delegate of India said, of the citizens ofParis in thanking you in their name for the cordialwords of appreciation uttered by several speak-ers in turn. We have made a great effort to receiveyou in Paris as best we could and you are right inbelieving that this constitutes a proof of friendshiptowards the nations you represent, as well as ofinternational solidarity and passionate devotion tothe work you embody.

May I add, on my own behalf, that I have beendeeply and profoundly touched by the affectionatewordswhich were addressed to me personally withso much feeling and delicacy.

I shall, in a few moments, declare the GeneralConference of Unesco closed.

I am fully convinced that I shall now be inter-preting your own sentiments in expressing mythanks to all those who have co-operated in yourwork and have helped you to bring it to a success-ful conclusion.

First and foremost, the Preparatory Commission

itself, and its Executive Secretary, who is nowDirector-General.

Thanks are also due to all his collaborators whoplayed their part in the technical preparation ofthis Session and, as my friend Professor Cassin sorightly stated lust now, to the personnel of allgrades who did the practical everyday work.

You will not be surprised if I also include in thisvote of thanks the press representatives accreditedto Unesco who followed the proceedings with suchfriendly attention.

I should also like to thank the Governments ofthe Member States of Unesco for having appointeddelegations to represent them here, all of whichconsisted of men eminent in their own right, andsome of which comprised a real and complete elite,representing every branch of intellectual and spi-ritual activity and every form of administrativeand political experience.

I am convinced that the Executive Board andthe Director-General and his assistants will profitfrom the experience they have gained during thesetwo first Conferences when it comes to organizingfuture Conferences of Unesco.

I should like to express my personal feeling atthis point quite frankly : namely, that this yearonce more, and perhaps to an even greater degree,the genuine work which is very appreciable bothin quality and in quantity, has been too strictlyconfined to, and split up among the Commissionsand Sub-Commissions, without being sufficientlysubmitted to the full light of public discussions.

In my opinion, it would be expedient in futureto modify the allocation of time and particularly,if I may say so, of energy between the meetings ofthe Commissions and the plenary sittings of theConference. All of us have performed our part inthe common task; many of you nevertheless, Ifeel convinced, will leave this Conference withouthaving had adequate opportunity of viewing it asa whole. The reports of the Commissions have, inmost cases, been approved without giving rise tothose thorough and stimulating debates whichalone are capable of establishing real contact be-tween this Institution and that international publicopinion on which our success in the last resortdepends. These reflections are perhaps inspired bymy parliamentary habits or my political pre-judices: I hope nevertheless that an example likethe one which the delegate of the Yugoslav Govern-ment has given us on two separate occasions willbe followed more frequently in the future. It isnow the task of the Executive Board, and of theDirector-General and his assistants, to implementthe resolutions you have adopted or approved,whose real importance will appear from the wayin which they are put into practice.

What I wish particularly to stress as the char-acteristic feature of this Assembly, and in sayingthis I mean to pay a great and well-deserved tri-bute to its work, is that it has succeeded, thanksto the general character of our debates in bringingout clearly the essential character of the Organ-ization.

The formula I have ventured to employ is per-haps somewhat obscure, may I therefore endea-vour to define what I mean as follows : freedom ofthought and freedom of discussion in this Assem-

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bly have been absolute, and all the Nations, greator small, have worked, discussed and voted on afooting of perfect equality.

No attempt has been made by anyone to imposeon others, in whatever form, his own special con-ception of the world or of society. All opinions, allpreferences, have been treated with equal respect.Our unity has resulted solely from our communityof purpose : to serve, by means which are our veryown, the universal cause of peace, of internationalsolidarity, of progress, and human happiness.

The work of Unesco, as clearly revealed by the

resultsof this Conference, and thanks largely tothe Conference itself, cannot arouse legitimateapprehensions on the part of any State, of anypeople, or of any man of goodwill. I therefore earn-estly express the hope, and these will be my con-cluding words, that we shall meet again next year,not only those who are present now, but more num-erous still and reinforced by those friends whoseabsence we regret today.

It only remains for me to thank you once moreand to declare the General Conference of Unescoclosed.


SUMMARY RECORDSOF THE GENERAL COMMITTEEO F T H E C O N F E R E N C E

8


SUMMARY REPORTS OF THE

GENERAL COMMITTEEF I R S T M E E T I N G

‘Thursday, 21 November, 1946The meeting opened at 9.45 a. m. with M. Léon

BLUM (France) as Chairman.Delegates of the following countries were pre-

sent: Brazil, China, France, Mexico, Norway, Phi-lippines, Poland, Saudi Arabia, Union of SouthAfrica, United Kingdom, United States of Ame-rica.

I .INTERPRETATIONS .The General Committee decided that, in order

to shorten discussion of Item 8, the communicat-ions submitted by the various delegations on theactivities of the Preparatory Commission shouldnot be interpreted orally during the meeting exceptat the express wish of a delegate.

The communications will be published in theJournal of the Conference in the two official lan-guages of Unesco. To save time, it would be desir-able for delegates to hand the translation of theircommunications to the Secretariat in advance.

The suggestion by the delegate of SOUTH AFRICAthat the interpreters should give a very brief sum-mary of the communications was rejected, becauseit was feared that the argument of the speakersmight be distorted.

M. THOMAS (Secretariat) stated that the ques-tion was concerned with the invitations to be sentto certain governments who wished to send observ-ers to the Conference.

(a) Sweden and Iceland having been acceptedthe previous day as members of the United Na-tions, were automatically admitted to Unesco.(Adopted.)

(b) Switzerland had expressed a wish to joinUnesco. Pending her official admission, shecould be invited to send an observer. (Adopted.)

(c) As far as Republican Spain was concerned,the General Committee decided to send a mes-sage to the Spanish Republican Government inParis to the effect that the Conference regrettedthat for legal reasons it could not invite theSpanish Republican Government to nominatean official observer; it was further cordially sug-gested that representatives might be present atthe meetings of the Conference, which were infact public. (Adopted.)The delegates of FRANCE, MEXICO and POLAND

emphasized that, if the question came up for gene-ral discussion in plenary session, they would votefor the admission of observers from the SpanishRepublic.

3. ALTERATION TO THE AGENDA .

It was decided that Item 9 would be consideredby the Conference before Item 8.

The meeting rose at 10.25 a. m.

S E C O N D M E E T I N GFriday, 22 November, 1946.

The meeting opened at 9.35 a. m., under thechairmanship of M. Léon BLUM (France).

Delegates of the following countries were pre-sent : Brazil, China, Norway, Philippines, Poland,Saudi Arabia, Union of South Africa, United King-dom, United States of America.

I. COMPOSITION OF SUB-COMMISSIONS.

After a discussion whether the Chairmen of theSub-Commissions should be appointed by the No-minations Committee or by the Commissions, itwas decided that the two commissions to be sub-divided into sub-commissions (the ProgrammeCommission and the Administrative and LegalCommission) should elect the Chairmen of theirsub-commissions, who should be technicians.

2. PROCEDURE OF THE CONFERENCE .

The Committee on Procedure had not finishedits work. It would meet again that day and pre-sent its report to the plenary meeting the nextmorning.

3. ELECTION OF THE MEMBERSOF THE EXECUTIVE BOARD .

The method of electing members to the Execu-tive Board was discussed. The Executive Secre-tary proposed that each country should appoint adeputy delegate, chosen for his technical qualifi-cations, to sit on the Executive Board. He sugges-ted that Article V, A, I of the Constitution shouldbe interpreted in such a way as to extend the term“ delegates ” to cover deputy delegates.

The delegate of the UNITED STATES observedthat this suggestion should be referred to the Com-mittee on Procedure, which would decide whetherthis interpretation was legally admissible.

This proposal was adopted.Once the form of procedure had been established

by the Committee on Procedure, it would be sub-mitted to the General Conference for approval andonly then would the Nominations Committee beable to meet for the nomination of members to theExecutive Board under the terms of the procedurefinally adopted.

4. INTERPRETATIONS.

The delegate of the UNITED KINGDOM suggestedthat speakers scheduled to take part in the discus-sion of Item 8 should give a summary of theirspeeches to the interpreters so that a brief trans-lation might be given after each speech.

The CHAIRMAN agreed to make the experiment,remarking, however, that the proposal came ratherlate, as discussion on Item 8 was almost finished.

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T H I R D M E E T I N GSaturday, 23 November, 1946

The meeting opened at 9.40 a. m. under thechairmanship of M. MONIZ DE ARAGAO (Bra-zil) .

Delegates of the following countries were pre-sent : Saudi Arabia, China, United States of Ame-rica, France, Norway, Poland, Philippines, UnitedKingdom and the Union of South Africa.

I. M. THOMAS (Secretariat) stated that the Pro-cedure Committee had finished its study of thedraft rules of procedure for the Conference, withthe exception of Rule 33 dealing with the use ofthe official languages of Unesco. This article hadbeen reserved at the request of the delegates ofECUADOR, CHILE and COLOMBIA for further con-sideration.

The MEXICAN delegate said that he was not infavour of admitting Spanish as a working language,but that he agreed that Arabic should be addedto the official languages.

The Executive Secretary thought that this ques-tion should be referred for further study to a spe-cial committee. The Chairman agreed and thisdecision was carried.

2. With reference to Rule 13, the SOUTH AFRIC-AN delegate insisted that government consulta-tions with a national commission or with culturalinstitutions should be optional and not compul-sory. This amendment raised a very delicate pro-blem and a decision was made to postpone its con-sideration for study at a subsequent meeting ofthe General Committee.

3. With regard to the choice of alternate dele-gates appointed as members of the ExecutiveBoard (Rule 15), the UNITED STATES delegate re-quested that a recommendation be sent to theNominations Committee to make it clear that thechoice should be made according to personal abi-lity and not on a geographical basis. It was deci-ded that these views should be presented to theNominations Committee.

4. With regard to the request of the DemocraticRepublic of Viet-Nam, it was decided that theDemocratic Republic of Viet-Nam should be au-thorized to send a guest who would be present atthe meetings of the Conference.

The Venezuelan instruments of acceptance. hadnot yet reached London, but a telegram had an-nounced that they were on the way. It was there-fore decided that Venezuela was entitled to takepart in the work of the Conference.

5. The Programme Commission and the Com-mission on Reconstruction and Rehabilitationwould meet on Monday at 10.30 a. m.

6. At the request of the MEXICAN delegate itwas decided to add to the agenda of the Pro-gramme Commission, after the election of theChairman, the election of two Vice-Chairmen.


F O U R T H M E E T I N GMonday, 25 November, 1946.

The meeting opened at 9.40 with M. LéonB L U M ( F r a n c e ) i n t h e C h a i r .

Delegates of the following countries were pre-sent : ‘Brazil, China, Mexico, Norway, Poland,Union of South Africa, United Kingdom, UnitedStates of America.

I. MEETINGS OF COMMISSIONS.

M. THOMAS (Secretariat) announced that theProgramme and Rehabilitation Commissions wouldmeet at 10.30. The Secretariat would be repre-sented on the Programme Commission by Dr. Hux-ley, and on the Rehabilitation Commission byDr. Wilson. He suggested that the meetings shouldbe opened by the Vice-Presidents of the Confe-rence and reminded the Commissions that theGeneral Committee was proposing M. Martinez-Baez (Mexico) as Chairman of the ProgrammeCommission and M. Drzewieski (Poland) as Chair-man of the Rehabilitation Commission.

It was decided that Mr. MacLeish (UnitedStates) would attend the Programme Commissionand Sir John Maud (United Kingdom) the Reha-bilitation Commission.

2. APPOINTMENT OF OFFICERSOF SUB-COMMISSIONS .

It was decided that the Programme Commis-sion would make proposals to its Sub-Commis-sions for the election of a Chairman and a Rap-porteur to each Sub-Commission, taking dueaccount of qualitications and geographical distri-bution.

This was not in contradiction with Rule 61,which said that the Sub-Commissions should ap-point their own officers. These were only “pro-posals ” and the Sub-Commissions remained freeto choose whom they pleased.

3. CO-ORDINATION COMMITTEE.

It was decided that the Chairman of the Pro-gramme Commission, the Chairmen and Rappor-teurs of the six Programme Sub-Commissions,and the Chairman of the Rehabilitation Commis-sion would meet every day to ensure the necessaryco-ordination of their work. This meeting wouldconsist in lunching together in Room 7 of UnescoHouse.

4. CONVENING OF EXECUTIVE BOARD.

The Chairman would convene the ExecutiveBoard for Tuesday, 26 November at 3 p. m.

The Secretariat would distribute to membersof the Board draft Rules of Procedure it had pre-pared, so that members may study them beforethe meeting.


F I F T H M E E T I N G

Tuesday, 26 November, 1946.

The Meeting opened at 9.45 a.m. with Mr. MacLEISH (United States) in the Chair.

The delegates of the following countries were

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present : Brazil, China, Mexico; Norway, Philip-pines, Poland, Union of South Africa, UnitedKingdom.

I. ADMITTANCE OF HAITI .

The CHAIRMAN announced that the Republicof Haiti had deposited its instruments of accep-tance. It was therefore a member of Unesco, andhad the right to vote.

2 . G I F T S .

The CHAIRMAN announced that the Americ-an Society of Chemistry had offered a gift of25,000 dollars to Unesco to enable foreign chem-ical engineers to come and study in the UnitedStates for a period of two years. This offer wasmade under certain conditions which would haveto be studied by the Board.

Dr. HUXLEY announced that the Oxford Uni-versity Institute of Education and an AmericanAssociation of Teachers had also made gifts toUnesco .

3. COMPOSITION OF THE CO-ORDINATINGCOMMITTEE.

The provisional composition of the Co-ordinat-ing Committee was as follows :

I. The Chairmen and Rapporteurs of the sixsub-commissions of the Programme Commission :

Sub-Commission. Chairmen Rapporteurs

— — —Education . . H. E. S HAFIK Miss Margaret

GHORBAL BEY

(Egypt).READ (UnitedKingdom).

Natural Scien-ces . . . . . P rof . H. J . B H A - M . P i e r r e A u -

BHA (India). G E R ( F r a n c e ) .S o c i a l S c i e n c e s . M m e A L Z O N A M r . C h a r l e s

(Philippines). JOHNSON(Uni-ted States).

L ib ra r i es andM u s e u m s . . Prof. C IBULKA Mr. Carl H. MI-

(Czechos lova-kia).

L A M (Un i t ed

Creative Arts . M . R E I N I N K M . J e a h C A S -

Mass Communi-(Netherlands). sou (France).

cation. . . . M.J . KUYPERS Mr. J . GR I E R-(Be lg ium) . S O N (Un i t ed

Kingdom).In the case of sub-commissions which had not

yet elected their officers, the names of the Chair-men and Rapporteurs given above were forinformation only. The General Committee propo-sed t h e m p r o v i s i o n a l l y , b u t e a c h s u b - c o m m i s s i o nh a d , o f c o u r s e , t h e r i g h t t o c h o o s e i t s C h a i r m a nand Rapporteur as it wished.

2. The Chairman and the Rapporteur of theReconstruction and Rehabilitation Commission;M. DRZEWIESKI (Poland) and Mr. BRUMBAUGH(United States).

3. The Chairman of the Budget Sub-Committee :Dr. C. E. B EEBY (New Zealand).

4. To ensure a better geographical representa-

—

tion on the Co-ordinating Committee, the dele-gates of Brazil (M. MONIZ DE ARAGAO ), China( M r . C H E N Y U A N ) , a n d N o r w a y ( M . S O M M E R -F E L T ) .

5 . Dr. H UXLEY and a representative of theSecretariat of Unesco : in other words a total oftwenty people, who would meet that day atI p. m. for lunch in Room No 8.

The General Committee reserved the right toa d d n e w m e m b e r s t o t h e C o - o r d i n a t i n g C o m -m i t t e e , i n o r d e r t o e n s u r e a b e t t e r g e o g r a p h i c a lr e p r e s e n t a t i o n o r f o r s o m e o t h e r r e a s o n .

4 . R E P R E S E N T A T I O N O F F R A N C E

O N T H E C O M M I T T E E .

On the MEXICAN delegate’s proposal, it wasdecided that, if M. Léon Blum were absent, hewould be replaced on the Committee (but notas Chairman) by a French representative.


S I X T H M E E T I N G

Wednesday, 27 November, 1946.

The Meeting opened at 9. 40 a. m. with M.SEBASTIAN (Philippines ) in the Chair.

Delegates of the following countries were pre-sent : B r a z i l , C h i n a , F r a n c e , M e x i c o , N o r w a y ,Union of South Africa, United Kingdom, UnitedS t a t e s .

I . N O M I N A T I O N S T O T H E A D M I N I S T R A T I V EA N D L E G A L C O M M I S S I O N .

M. SO M M E R F E L T was Chai rman of the Commis-sion.

M . T H O M A S ( S e c r e t a r i a t ) m a d e t h e f o l l o w i n gproposals :Vice-Chairman : Mr. E ISENHOWER (United States).Chairman of the Administrative and FinancialSub-Commission : Mr. B EEBY (New Zea land) .Chairman of the Legal and External RelationsSub-Commission : M. PARRA -P EREZ (Venezuela).

A d o p t e d .

It was decided that M. MONIZ DE ARAGAO (Bra-z i l ) would open the meet ing of the Adminis t ra t ivea n d L e g a l C o m m i s s i o n .

2 . Q U E S T I O N O F C O P Y R I G H T .

As the Creative Arts Sub-Commission had ex-pressed its wish to take part in the discussion oncopyright when it came before the Mass Commu-nications Commission, it was decided to forwardthis wish to the Co-ordinating Committee, whichwould decide how to give effect to it.

3 . S UB - D I V I S I O N O F S UB -C O M M I S S I O N S .

The General Committee strongly recommendedthat sub-divisions of Sub-Commissions be avoided,since they were prejudicial to the general interestand tended to exclude representation of countrieswith small delegations

It decided that each Sub-Commission would

117 —


make a single report to the Commission it belongedto, and that in turn the Commission would makeone report to the General Conference. The Confe-rence would not examine the Sub-Commissions’ re-ports.

4. CO-ORDINATING COMMITTEE.

As M. AUGER (France) and M. CASSOU (France)could not attend the meetings of the Co-ordinat-ing Committee, M. Auger asked if they could bereplaced by another representative of France. Per-mission was granted.

Further, M. MONIZ DE ARAGAO as authorizedto be replaced if necessary by M. CARNEIRO.

5. G IFT .The delegate of the UNITED STATES read a letter

from the Chairman of the Board of the Encyclo-paedia Britannica offering to make Unesco a giftof 300 copies of the Encyclopaedia for distributionto libraries in devastated countries.

It was decided to inform the Reconstructionand Rehabilitation Commission of this offer, whichwould then forward it to the Executive Board forthe necessary action. On the proposal of the dele-gate of the UNION OF SOUTH AFRICA, Dr. WILSONwas requested to get in touch with the pressin order to publicize gifts made to Unesco.


S E V E N T H M E E T I N G

Thursday, 28 November, 1946.

The Meeting opened at 9.40 a. m. with Sir JohnMAUD (United Kingdom) in the Chair.

Delegates of the following countries were pre-sent :

Brazil, China, France, Mexico, Norway, Phi-lippines, Poland, Saudi Arabia, Union of SouthAfrica, United States of America.

I. CO-ORDINATING COMMITTEE.

The MEXICAN delegate reported briefly on thework of the Co-ordinating Committee. The Com-mittee was very pleased with the work of the Com-missions and Sub-Commissions. It transmitted tothem the General Committee’s wish that Sub-Com-missions should not sub-divide and that thereshould be only one report made by each Sub-Commissions to the Commission it belonged to,and only one report by the Commission to theGeneral Conference.

The delegate of MEXICO said that the Co-ordi-nating Committee had emphasized the importanceof co-ordination between the work of the Direc-tor-General of Unesco and that of the Direc-tors-General of other Specialized Agencies of theUnited Nations. He thought that the General Com-mittee might submit a resolution to this effect tothe General Conference.

The UNITED STATES delegate thought that partof the Co-ordinating Committee’s role was to makesure that there was no overlapping of Commissions,and the delegate of CHINA thought that the bestway of avoiding this was for Commissions to send

their reports direct to the Co-ordinating CommitteeThe CHAIRMAN said that the General Committee

quite agreed. He thought it might be well for re-presentatives of the Commissions to meet amongthemselves to study questions of common interest,but that large meetings, which would be difficultto handle, should be avoided.

The NORWEGIAN delegate stressed the import-ance of liaison between the Programme Commis-sion and the Administrative and Financial Sub-Commission, the latter being unable to frame thebudget until it knew what projects the ProgrammeCommission had finally decided upon.

2. BROADCASTS.

The delegate of POLAND asked the General Com-mittee for permission to make two broadcasts, oneon the pamphlet entitled “The Teacher and thePost-War Child in War-devastated Countries ’’, theother on the work of the Reconstruction and Re-habilitation Commission.

The CHAIRMAN thought there was every advan-tage in this, provided it was pointed out that thereports examined by the Commissions had not yetbeen approved by the General Conference.

3. THE CONFERENCE JOURNAL .

The UNITED STATES, MEXICAN and POLISH de-legates having referred to frequent mistakes in theJournal, the General Committee recommended theeditors, while continuing to publish the recordsof meetings speedily, to see that they were draft-ed with more care. It would also be a good thingto emphasize the provisional nature of these re-cords, in order that foreign journalists might notattach undue importance to them.

The General Committee suggested that the Se-cretariat, in revising the records, should consultthe Chairmen of Commissions.


E I G H T H M E E T I N GFriday, 29 November, 1946.

The Meeting opened at 9.40 a. m. with Mr.ROBERTS (Union of South Africa) in the Chair.

The delegates of the following countries werepresent : Brazil, China, France, Mexico, Norway,Philippines, Poland, Saudi Arabia, United King-dom.

The CHAIRMAN drew the Committee’s attentionto Sections 2 and 4 of the Journal, which contain-ed the decisions taken by the Committee the daybefore and the action taken thereon by the Secre-tariat.

He announced that, according to informationreceived from the Foreign Office, the Instrumentof Acceptance of Ecuador had been sent to Lon-don to be deposited with the Foreign Office. Heproposed therefore that the delegation of Ecua-dor should be granted the right to vote, even be-fore the arrival of these documents, as had beendecided in the cases of Peru and Venezuela.

The motion was carried.The meeting rose at 9.45 a. m.

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N I N T H M E E T I N G

Saturday, 30 November, 1946.

T E N T H M E E T I N G

The Meeting opened at 9.40 a. m. with M. LeonBLUM in the Chair.

The delegates of the following countries werepresent : Brazil, China, France, Mexico, Norway,the Philippines, Poland, Saudi Arabia, UnitedKingdom.

M. THOMAS (Secretariat) asked the Administra-tive and Financial Sub-Commission and the Legaland External Relations Sub-Commission to meetin the small hall, in order to allow the Sub-Com-mission for Mass Information to meet in the largerRoom 8.

This proposal was adopted.After a statement by M. Thomas on the trans-

mission of a text on the powers of the ExecutiveBoard from the Executive Board to the Adminis-trative Sub-Commission, the General Committee,at the suggestion of the delegate of the UnitedKingdom, took note of the fact that the ExecutiveBoard had issued a statement to the Administra-tive Sub-Commission, and it expressed the hopethat the various Commissions and Sub-Commis-sions of the Conference would take such commu-nications emanating from the Executive Boardinto account.

The Executive Secretary informed the GeneralCommittee that the Government of Albania hadasked to take part in the present session of theGeneral Conference by sending an observer withthe right to speak. Dr. Huxley regretted that therequest of the Government of Albania was receiv-ed too late to allow of taking any practical action,and proposed that a letter should be sent invitingthat government to send a representative, whowould be present, unofficially, at the deliberationsof the Conference.

The question of the subsequent participation ofAlbania in the future work of Unesco would haveto be referred to the Executive Board.

This proposal was adopted.The delegate of BRAZIL stated that, as head of

his delegation, he had received a letter from theChairman of the Executive Board to the Presidentof the General Conference concerning the appoint-ment of the Director-General. At his suggestion,the General Committee decided to endorse the re-quest by the Chairman of the Executive Boardto all heads of delegations, in the hope that effect-ive collaboration would thus be achieved in thegeneral interests of the Conference and of theOrganization.

This proposal was adopted.The Executive Secretary then stated that the

Sub-Commission for Creative Arts would meetagain during the afternoon to examine M. Cassou’sreport. Dr. Wilson said that the ReconstructionCommission would hold another meeting, pro-bably on Wednesday, and that the Sub-Commis-sion for Social Sciences, Philosophy and Huma-nistic Studies would meet again on Mondayafternoon.


Monday, 2 December, 1946

The Meeting opened at 9.40 a. m. under theChairmanship of M. MONIZ DE ARAGAO (Bra-zil) .

The delegates of the following countries werepresent : China, France, Mexico, Norway, thePhilippines, Poland, Union of South Africa,United Kingdom, United States.

I. POWERS OF THE CO-ORDINATINGCOMMITTEE.

The MEXICAN delegate, after asking that thepowers of this Committee should be defined moreclosely, and after the United States delegate hadstressed the importance of its functions, whichwere intended not only to assure proper liaisonbetween the different Commissions but also tosubmit suggestions to them, the Committee adop-ted the following resolution :

“ The General Committee empowers the Co-ordinating Committee to carry out the purposesfor which it was established. ”

2. FORM IN WHICH REPORTS SHOULDBE SUBMITTED .

The UNITED KINGDOM delegate thought thatreports to be submitted to the General Conferenceshould be both coherent and complete; in otherwords, they should take due account of the con-clusions of Commissions and Sub-Commissions,while at the same time avoiding repetitions andoverlapping as much as possible. He asked whatprocedure it was intended to follow in draftingreports in their final form.

The Secretariat explained that the six reportsof the Sub-Commissions would first be submittedto the Co-ordinating Committee; that Commit-tee would examine them quickly with a view todeleting possible reduplications and clearing upcontradictory points. It would be entitled to mod-ify the form, but not the substance of reports.These would then be referred to the ProgrammeCommission, whose duty it would be to make asynthesis of their contents and prepare a generalreport. This general report would be submitted bythe Chairman of the Programme Commission tothe General Conference.

The proposed procedure was agreed to by theCommittee; and the Secretariat was requested toprepare a time-table which would give the Co-ordination Committee and the Programme Com-mission sufficient time for revising the draft reportsand presenting a final report during the periodbetween-the termination of the Commissions’workand the opening of the plenary meetings of theConference. It was desirable that this reportshould be duplicated and distributed in time fordelegates to become acquainted with its contentsbefore the resumption of the plenary meetings.

A proposal from the delegate of the UNION OFSOUTH AFRICA that the Conference should beprolonged for two days was not adopted.

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3. DUTIES OF THE EXECUTIVE BOARD.The UNITED STATES delegate suggested that

the General Committee should, at one of its nextmeetings, examine the nature and extent of thepowers of the Executive Board, a point on whichthere seemed at present to be some doubt. Theproposal was adopted.

The meeting rose at 10. 20 a. m.

E L E V E N T H M E E T I N G

Tuesday, 3 December, 1946

The Meeting opened at 9.40 a. m. with M.MONIZ DE ARAGAO (Brazil) in the Chair.

Delegates of the following countries were pre-sent : China, France, Norway, Philippines, Poland,Union of South Africa, United Kingdom, UnitedStates.

I. LETTER AND NOTE FROM THEEXECUTIVE BOARD .

The CHAIRMAN read a letter addressed to thePresident of the Conference by the provisionalChairman of the Executive Board, requesting thatthe part of the Staff Regulations and FinancialRegulations of Unesco concerning the functionsof the Executive Board and those of the Director-General should be considered by the General Con-ference at a full meeting, to be held on Fridaymorning, 6th December, in the light of the reportprepared by the Administrative and Legal Com-mission.

After discussion, and having regard to the re-quirements of the Programme Commission and thetime needed for the establishment of its generalreport, it was decided that the full meeting of the.General Conference arranged for Friday morning,6th December, should be devoted, not to the dis-cussion of the report on Fundamental Education(already examined by the Education Sub-Com-mission), but to the discussion of the Staff Regul-ations and Financial Regulations in the light ofthe report of the Administrative and Legal Com-mission.

The plenary meetings of the Programme Com-mission booked for Wednesday, 4 December werecancelled; the Programme Commission would holdfull meetings on Thursday, 5 December, at thesame time as the Administrative and Legal Com-mission.

The CHAIRMAN then read a note from the Exe-cutive Board, previously communicated to theAdministrative and Legal Commission, concern-ing the programme of work and the functions ofthe Executive Board during the coming months.It was decided that this note should be circulatedto all delegations.

2. REQUEST FOR ADMISSION FROM THESWISS FEDERAL GOVERNMENT .

The CHAIRMAN read a letter from the SwissFederal Government expressing a wish to becomea Member of Unesco.

In accordance with the Constitution and withthe procedure existing for cases of this kind, it was

decided that the Swiss Government’s requestshould be communicated to the Executive Boardbefore being transmitted to the Economic andSocial Council of the United Nations.

3. ESTABLISHMENT OF FINAL REPORTS.At the request of the United States delegate,

the Secretariat described the procedure to bea d o p t e d :

I. Rapporteurs of Sub-Commissions wouldhand in reports of two or three pages to the fullCommission ;

2. These reports would be examined and dis-cussed by the Co-ordination Committee;

3. They would be sent back to the Rappor-teurs, who would prepare memoranda takingaccount of the observations of the Co-ordinationCommittee:

4. A drafting committee would draw up thegeneral report of the Commission, with annexesincluding the reports of the six Sub-Commis-sions. The meeting rose at IO. 25 a. m.

T W E L F T H M E E T I N GWednesday, 4 December, 1946

The Meeting opened at 9.50 a. m. with Dr. Y. R.CHAO (China) in the Chair.

Delegates of the following countries were pre-sent : the United States of America, Brazil,France, Union of South Africa, United Kingdom,Philippines, Poland, Norway.

I. SEAT OF 1948 CONFERENCE.The CHAIRMAN read a letter from the Egyptian

delegation confirming the Egyptian Government’sinvitation to Unesco to hold the 1948 GeneralConference in Cairo.

The delegate of Norway reminded the meetingthat the Norwegian Government had alreadyinvited Unesco to hold the 1948 Conference inOslo.

The Executive Secretary stated that the Nor-wegian government’s invitation had been trans-mitted to the Executive Board and the Egyptiangovernment’s letter would also be transmitted tothat body.

2. MEETING OF ADMINISTRATIVE ANDLEGAL COMMISSION.

The delegate of NORWAY said that, as the Ad-ministrative and Financial Sub-Commission didnot expect to finish its agenda by the end of theday, it was unlikely to be ready for the full meet-ing of the Administrative and Legal Commissionscheduled for Thursday.

As the Staff Regulations and the FinancialRegulations were to be discussed at the plenarymeeting of the General Conference on Fridaymorning, it was agreed that the full meeting of theAdministrative and Legal Commission on Thurs-day should examine the report of the Legal andExternal Relations Sub-Commission and part ofthe report of the Administrative and FinancialSub-Commission.

The meeting rose at I0 a. m.


T H I R T E E N T H M E E T I N G

Thursday, 5 December, 1946

The Meeting opened at 9.45 a, m. with M.SEBASTIAN (Philippines) in the Chair.

Delegates of the following countries were pre-sent : Saudi Arabia, Brazil, China, United States,France, Norway, Poland, United Kingdom, Unionof South Africa.

I. DRAFT BUDGET .

At the request of M. SOMMERFELT (Norway),Chairman of the Administrative and Legal Com-mission, Mr. BEEBY (New Zealand), Chairman ofthe Administrative and Financial Sub-Commis-sion, was admitted to submit a request to theGeneral Committee.

Mr. BEEBY explained that the Administrativeand Financial Sub-Commission had been unableto draw up the budget, since-it considered that itwould first have to see the report of the Pro-gramme Commission. But this report would notbe available before the next day. He asked whattime would be allowed for the presentation of thedraft budget to the General Conference.

The UNITED KINGDOM delegate thought thatthe Sub-Commission should prepare the Budgeton the basis of data supplied by the PreparatoryCommission, and should check whether the portionallotted to each Section had been modified bythe Sub-Commissions in the course of the debate.

The UNITED STATES delegate said that the ques-tion of money was not the main point in the pre-paration of the budget; it was necessary to takethe standards set up by the Preparatory Com-mission into account. He suggested that the Pro-gramme Commission, at the full meeting that after-noon, should, even before. examining the reports,make a survey of the budgetary proposals of eachSub-Commission, to enable the Administrativeand Financial Sub-Commission to set to workimmediately on this basis.

It was decided that, in order to give the Admi-nistrative and Financial Commission a little moretime, the budget report should only be presentedto the General Conference on Monday afternoon.

Mr. BEEBY said he was satisfied with these ex-planations, and with the date fixed.

2. PROGRAMME OF MEETINGSOF THE GENERAL CONFERENCE .

The General Committe laid down the programmeof the meetings of the General Conference from 7to IO December.Friday, 6 (morning) : Plenary meeting of the

General Conference; examination of the reportof the Administrative, Financial, Legal and Ex-ternal Relations Commission, and in particu-lar of the report of its Legal and External Rela-tions Sub-Commission.

Friday, 6 (afternoon) : No meeting (to allow timefor the final drafting of the reports of the var-ious Commissions).

Saturday, 7 (morning) : Plenary meeting of the

General Conference; examination of the reportof the Rehabilitation Commission.

Saturday, 7 (afternoon) : Plenary meeting of theGeneral Conference; continuation of the morn-ing’s discussion, and examination of the reportof the Administrative and Financial Sub-Com-mission on the organization of the Secretariat.Monday, 9th (morning) : Plenary meeting of theGeneral Conference; examination of the reportof the Programme Commission.

Monday, 9 (afternoon) : Plenary meeting of theGeneral Conference; examination of the draftbudget prepared by the Administrative andFinancial Sub-Commission.

Tuesday, IO (morning and afternoon) : Conclusionof the work of the General Conference and closeof the 1946 Session.The General Committee decided to delete from

the-Agenda of the Conference Item No. 14, Gene-ral Discussion on the Principles and Methods ofUnesco.

3. REQUEST FOR ADMISSION FROM ITALY.The CHAIRMAN read a letter from the Italian

Ambassador in Paris expressing his Government’sdesire that Italy should be admitted to Unesco.

The General Committee decided to refer thisquestion to the Executive Board.


F O U R T E E N T H M E E T I N GFriday, 6 December, 1946

The Meeting opened at 9.50 a.m. with M.MONIZ DE ARAGAO (Brazil) in the Chair.

Delegates of’ the following countries were pre-sent : China, France, Norway, Philippines, Poland,Saudi Arabia and United Kingdom.

I. The DEPUTY EXECUTIVE SECRETARY remind-ed the meeting that the Committee on Procedurehad not settled- the question of Rule 33 concern-ing the working languages and the official lan-guages of Unesco.

The UNITED KINGDOM delegate suggested thatthe Procedure Committee should be convened toresume discussion of this point.

The CHAIRMAN thought that this would be thebest solution. The General Committee would in-form the Committee on Procedure that, in viewof the material difficulties of increasing the num-ber of working languages, it was in favour ofmaintaining the status quo for the time being.

2. At the request of the SECRETARIAT the Ge-neral Committee decided that, if M. Léon Blumwere absent that morning, the plenary meetingof the General Conference would be presided overb y the delegate of the Philippines.

3. The delegate of NORWAY informed the Gen-eral. Committee that the Executive Board wouldbe ready between 11.00 a.m. and 12.00 to presentproposals to the General Conference for the elec-tion of the Director-General.

It was therefore decided that the General Confe-rence should meet in private at 11.30 a. m. to electthe Director-General. In conformity with Rule 72the voting would be secret.

The rneeting rose at 10.20 a. m.


F I F T E E N T H M E E T I N G

Saturday, 7 December, 1946.

The Meeting opened at 9.40 a. m. with Mr. MacLEISH (United States) in the Chair.

Delegates of the following countries were pre-sent : Brazil, China, Norway, Philippines, Poland,United Kingdom, United States, Union of SouthAfrica.

The General Committee decided to makeMr. ROBERTS (Union of South Africa) responsiblefor arranging the details for the formal inductionof the Director-General. The ceremony would bevery simple and include only one speech.


S I X T E E N T H M E E T I N G

Monday, 9 December, 1946

The Meeting opened at 9.45 a. m. with Sir JohnMAUD (United Kingdom) in the Chair.

Delegates of the following countries were pre-sent : China, France, Norway, Philippines, Poland,Union of South Africa, United States.

I. MESSAGE FROM THE WORLD FEDERATIONOF TRADE UNIONS .

The SECRETARY read a letter from M. LouisSaillant, Secretary-General of the World Federat-ion of Trade Unions, asking that a message fromthe Federation should be read at a plenary meet-ing of the General Conference. The message outlin-ed the general aims of the Federation and ex-pressed a wish for close collaboration betweenthe W. F. T. U. and Unesco.

It was decided that the text of the messageshould be translated, duplicated and circulated todelegates. On the day on which the documentwas circulated, the President of the General Con-ference would inform the Conference that he hadreceived the message and would invite delegatesto take cognizance of it.

1. REQUEST BY AUSTRIA FOR ADMISSIONTO UNESCO.

The SECRETARY read a letter from the AustrianChargé d’Affaires in France expressing his Govern-ment’s wish that Austria be admitted as a mem-ber of Unesco.

The General Committee decided to refer thematter to the Executive Board.

3. ADDITIONAL ARTICLES FOR THE DRAFT RULESOF PROCEDURE FOR THE GENERAL CONFERENCE— EXECUTIVE BOARD (DOCUMENT UNESCO /CONS.

ExEc./5)

The CHAIRMAN, speaking as a member of theExecutive Board, stated that the Executive Board

had referred the draft articles to the General Com-mittee, with a request that they should be sub-mitted by the latter to the General Conference.

On the suggestion of the SOUTH AFRICAN dele-gate, the General Committee decided first to referthe articles to the Administrative and FinancialSub-Commission for examination, since they rai-sed financial problems. However, if the Sub-Com-mission had not time to deal with them, thearticles would be referred to the General Confe-rence direct.


S E V E N T E E N T H M E E T I N G

Tuesday, IO December, 1946

The Meeting opened at 9.45 a. m., with Dr. Y. R.CHAO (China) in the Chair.

Delegates of the following countries were pre-sent : France, Mexico, Norway, Poland, SaudiArabia, United Kingdom, Union of South Africa.

I . RULES OF PROCEDUREOF THE EXECUTIVE BOARD .

At the request of Sir John MAUD (UnitedKingdom), a member of the Executive Board, theGeneral Committee agreed that the General Con-ference should examine the Rules of Procedureof the Executive Board at the beginning of themorning meeting. The Conference would first hearthe Administrative and Financial Sub-Commis-sion’s Report on the question. The Chairman ofthe Executive Board would then speak.

The SOUTH AFRICAN delegate raised the ques-tion whether membership of the Executive Boardwas independent of a change of nationality. Inreply, it was stated that the members of the Exe-cutive Board were chosen initially from amongthe members of the various delegations to ensurethat the various national cultures enjoyed equit-able representation on the Executive Board; theywould not cease to be members of the ExecutiveBoard if, for any reason, they ceased to be mem-bers of their national delegations. They had infact been chosen for their competence and notas national representatives. They were elected forthree years regardless of any changes which mightin the meantime be made in the composition ofdelegations.

2. DRAFT BUDGET.

The SOUTH AFRICAN delegate was anxious thatthe Secretariat should make quite clear to theConference. whether the estimated budget of7,5000,000 dollars covered all the expenditure re-quired to carry out the 1947 programme, or whe-ther it covered only those parts of the programmeconsidered to have priority over the others.

This request was noted by the Secretariat.


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SUMMARY RECORDSOF THE THREE MAIN COMMISSIONS


PROGRAMME COMMISSION

F I R S T M E E T I N G

Held on Monday, 25 November 1946 at IO.30 a. m.

Chairman : Dr. M. MARTINEZ BAEZ (Mexico).

Dr. Martinez-Baez, who had been elected asChairman by the Nominations Committees, ex-pressed his thanks and proposed as Vice-Chair-men of the Programme Commission Sir SarvepalliRADHAKRISHNAN, delegate of India, and ProfessorPHOTIADES, delegate of Greece. These two appoint-ments were approved.

At the proposal of the CHAIRMAN,the Commis-sion next adopted the Provisional Agenda.

The CHAIRMAN then called upon the Execu-tive Secretary of the Preparatory Commission,Dr. HUXLEY, who presented the Draft Programmeprepared by the Preparatory Commission andmade the following observations :

The programme had been determined by thebudget, the two questions being closely connected.The Budget Committee had suggested that theDirector-General should regard the first year’sbudget as provisional, in which case it would bepossible to transfer funds, if necessary, from oneitem to another; this would give the budget moreelasticity. Also unexpended credits could be car-ried over to the following year.

In order to co-ordinate the work of the Commis-sions, their Chairmen and Rapporteurs would meetevery day:

Criticism passed on parts of the programmeshowed the need of a few explanations, and Dr.Huxley began by saying that it was a personalreport and must not be included in the generalreport on the programme.

The Yugoslav delegate had complained of atendency in the report to repudiate materialisticphilosophy. On the contrary, the programme con-templated the adoption of a general philosophy,which would incorporate all systems and apply toall domains. The aims of the programme would beas much practical as theoretical. As Sir Sarve-palli Radhakrishnan had said, it was desirableto reach a general agreement on spiritual values,which was possible in the domains of truth andlove.

The programme had also to consider the needsof humanity in the fields of education, science andculture. There was no question of creating a uni-form culture, as the YUGOSLAV delegate had feared,a single culture for all the world. On the contrary,they would defend cultures in danger of extinct-ion and would encourage new ones, preservingthe maximum diversity among them. Only in thescientific sphere must uniformity be aimed at,for in this field they had to obtain the approvalof the whole world.

In reply to a remark by the Australian dele-gate concerning the place given to education inthe budget, Dr. Huxley pointed out that all thechapters in the programme contained items affec-

ting education; indeed, nearly half the total budgetwas devoted to education.

Regarding mass information, the quality of thatinformation was of greater importance than thequantity.

As regards the speed with which projects shouldbe set on foot, a point raised by the United Sta-tes delegate, the first year had certainly had tobe spent on preliminary study and it was desi-rable that concrete results should be recorded dur-ing 1947. To avoid budgetary competition be-tween the different sections, each project wouldbe the subject of a discussion at which represen-tatives of all sections, without exception, wouldbe present. An effort would also be made to re-group all the projects. As the United States dele-gate had said, unification must be based on theprinciples of peace and security, which indeed wasthe mission of Unesco, as set out in Article I ofthe Constitution. The Belgian delegate had feared that the budgetprovided too much for administration’ and notenough for concrete schemes. It should be observ-ed in this connection that such things as thegranting of travelling and study scholarships werenot among the functions of the Organization, whichin this matter should only co-ordinate such initia-tives on an international scale; it could only sup-plement deficiencies or restore these enterprisesw-here they were lacking. The delegates of theUnited States and Brazil had referred to theuseful part played by the National Commissionsin this connection.

It had been said that the projects should beexamined as a practical and urgent matter. A listof priorities had already been prepared and theschemes could be classified in chapters, number-ing not more than a dozen.

Certain parts of the programme, especially reliefand reconstruction, which were particularly urgent,were temporary; this section would later be con-verted into a “construction” chapter.

The main function of the Organization, Dr. Hux-ley said, was to help, encourage and co-ordinategovernmental and intergovernmental effort (ex-change and training of staff, cultural and artisticexchanges, establishment of libraries and informa-tion centres. The scientific section of the programmeprovided, in regard to the regional decentralizat-ion of work, for the creation of scientific institutesin certain of the most backward parts of the globe.This should extend to some eight or ten areas.As regards study and research, they must advo-cate the adoption of identical methods by govern-mental and inter-governmental bodies. At present,plans for research work and for the study of re-sources were proposed for the tropical zone ofthe Amazon Basin; other plans covered work forthe development of the human mind, town plan-ning, artistic questions, establishment of inter-national laboratories, training of internationalstaff, campaign against illiteracy in various coun-tries, the edition of translations which would allow

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for an exchange between the intellectual output ofcountries, etc. Finally, studies would be under-taken in association with hygiene and health or-ganizations, the Atomic Commission, the UnitedNations Information Department, etc.

These were general, suggestions submitted, forthe attention of the Commission and Sub-Com-missions.

The UNITED STATES delegate thought that inface of the many proposals before the Commission,some criterion was needed to place them in theorder of their importance.

This criterion was logically to be sought inthe Constitution, according to Article I of whichUnesco proposed to establish peace and securitythrough international co-operation in education,science and culture.

Peace was not merely the absence of w&r, butthe existence between peoples of concrete bondsof confidence and co-operation.

It was by their capacity to forge such links thatthey must judge the relative importance of theproposals submitted to the Programme Commis-sion.

Unesco, besides stimulating and aiding existingorganizations, had a field of action of its own,in which it must apply its own methods to remedythe spiritual disintegration of the world and foundan International Republic of Letters, the symbolof a sane world.

As a world organization, Unesco must appeal tothe experts of all countries specializing in a givenfield, so as to draw up a precise plan of action inthat field; it must mobilize all the world resourcesat its command, in order that this programmemight work out in the interests of peace.

As examples, the United States delegate sub-mitted a number of concrete proposals :

I) a world enquiry into the education of youth,with suggestions for improvements;

2) a similar enquiry concerning mass informa-tion;

3) an attempt to arrive at a common doctrinefor all the different creeds and ideologies;

4) to combat nationalism, although encourag-ing the development of each country in confor-mity with its characteristics;

5) to remedy men’s incapacity to interpret re-cent scientific discoveries in terms of peace andprogress.

He proposed that a Co-ordinating Committeeshould classify Unesco’s tasks in accordance withthe above criterion.

Lastly, he called upon the Commission to drawup a short list of plans which were, of crucialimportance, with a general bearing and of ob-vious advantage for all. But these plans must cons-titute a frank and bold answer by Unesco to ques-tions asked of it, which were questions confron-ting the whole world.

The delegate for INDIA apologized for not beingable to accept the Vice-Chairmanship as he had toleave Paris on 5 December.

He regretted the subordinate and reduced placegiven to philosophy in the Preparatory Commis-sion’s programme. Present-day education did notteach how to distinguish the true from the false.The world knew how to read, like Don Quixote,

and. like Don Quixote. it was mad. Only philo-sophy could furnish nations with a common con-ception of the world and life.

Philosophy was not a science and it was wrongto classify it among the humanistic sciences. Itwas a form of creative thought, individual andisolated, and it alone could give wings to cultureand to co-operation between minds.

Accordingly he proposed that the Co-ordinationCommittee should adopt the following classifica-tion : education, sciences, culture, the last inclu-ding philosophy on the one hand, and the artson the other.

The delegate for CHINA hoped that the Com-mission would be content with a few immedia-tely practicable projects and would execute themon a regional scale and with due regard for theseparate needs of each region. In the realisationof these schemes appeal should be made to educ-ationists in every country.

He therefore proposed :I) the setting-up of Unesco regional centres:2) the framing of an international charter for

teachers;3) the strengthening of the scientific and cultur-

al links between the Far East and the West and,concretely, the establishment of a Centre of Ma-thematics in China and the translation of FarEastern classics little known in the West.

Lastly, he would like to see Unesco concernitself with the development of music and singing,as one of the most effective means of bringingpeople together.

S E C O N D M E E T I N G

Held on Monday, 25 November, 1946 at 3. p. m.C h a i r m a n : Dr. M. MARTINEZ BAEZ (Mexico).

The CHAIRMAN called upon Dr. R. C. MILLS,head of the Australian delegation.

Dr. MILLS began by emphasizing the basic im-portance of the work of the Commission and ‘itsSub-Commissions. Upon the work of the comingyear and its success, depended not only the amountof help that Unesco would receive from its Mem-ber States, but also the attitude of those UnitedNations which had not yet joined Unesco.

He thought that the Preparatory Commission’sreport was an excellent basis of work, but it wasonly a basis and he hoped that the report whichthe- Commission would submit to the Conferencewould be in many respects a very different docu-ment from the first one and that in particularit would only run to some fifteen pages. This re-port must consist of a definite list of urgent andimportant projects and activities, accompaniednow and then by a short description, but on noaccount by a philosophic justification. The Aus-tralian delegation urged the exclusion from theprogramme of all theoretical discussions and phil-osophical generalizations likely to lead to ideolo-gical dispute.

Dr. Mills thought that the reports to be pre-pared by the Commission would also decide thegeneral lines of the organisation of the Secreta-riat and the establishment of the budget. That


was another reason why it should be concrete andconcise. He also said that the Australian delegateson the administrative, financial and legal commis-sions would be asking those commissions to studybudget questions in the light of the reports ofthe Programme Commission, since it would be ab-surd to recommend a budget based upon the re-port of the Preparatory Commission, before theyknew whether the General Conference would beamending it.

The Australian representative proposed that theCommission should study not only the individualprojects but the programme as a whole; the Com-mission would have to give guidance to the sub-commissions in their work.

It was the view of the Australian delegationthat a larger proportion of the budget oughtto be devoted to education. However they real-ized the special activities of the scientific and cul-tural sections connected with education.

The Australian delegation had made a closestudy of the programme and struck out certainprojects which it thought neither important norurgent. On the other hand it had some additionalschemes to propose for 1947, taking due accountof staff requirements and expense. It asked theCommission to bear its views in mind when giv-ing instructions to the sub-commissions. The prin-cipal points the Australian delegation wished toemphasize were these :

I. More importance ought to be given to edu-cation.

2. Some of the proposals in the Natural Scien-ces and Social Sciences sections should bestruck out.

3. Other parts of the report contained toomany generalities and not enough urgentand practicable concrete projects.

In regard to organs of Mass Communication,the Australian delegation recommended a morelimited programme to start with, calling for onlya small technical secretariat.

In the field of libraries, museums and arts, theAustralian delegation would propose a number ofamendments.

In conclusion Dr. Mills drew the Commission’sattention to three points :

I. The undue importance attached to confer-ences.

2. Attention to be given to the study of thequestion of relief.

3. The need for study of the reports of the Re-construction Commission by the Commis-sion or its Sub-Commissions.

The CHAIRMAN next called upon Sir John Maud,delegate of the United Kingdom.

Sir John MAUD first stressed the importance anddifficulty of the task now confronting the Commis-sion : it had to give instructions to the sub-com-missions before the latter had started their work.The bases of work for these sub-commissions were :

I. The Preparatory Commission’s programme;2. Fresh proposals made by various delegations

since the Conference began.The British delegate thought that it would be

a waste of time for the sub-commissions to discussthe general and philosophical statements in theCommission’s report on which they would not

agree. Agreement must be sought upon concreteprojects and not upon philosophies, still less upona single philosophy.

Sir John thought that all the sub-commissionsshould adopt the same order of work and classifyall projects in three groups :

1. Projects to be undertaken in 1947 (recon-struction of Europe and the Far East).

2. Projects to be studied in 1947 by nationalbodies and taken up by Unesco after 1947(relations between technical training andgeneral education, between the arts and thesciences).

3. Projects to be deferred.The United Kingdom delegate then reverted

to the excellent proposal made by the UnitedStates representative that morning. He thoughtthat common standards might be applied by allthe sub-commissions, to establish the categories towhich the different projects should belong. Thefour standards to be applied were these :

I. Peace. Will the particular projects add to theprosperity of nations?

2. Will the projects form a coherent whole?3. Can the projects be financed by a budget of

seven and a half million dollars, plus fundsfrom other sources?

4. Can the projects be executed by a reasonablysmall and rapidly recruited staff?

The Sub-Commissions should ask themselvesthose questions in the case of all the projects sub-mitted to them.

Sir John Maud thought that, to establish a con-sistent programme, they must proceed by two sta-ges :

I. All the sub-commissions should apply thecommon standards suggested, above. Theywould be helped in their work by the Steer-ing Committee.

2. The Programme Commission would combinethe various reports into a coherent whole.

The United Kingdom representative concludedby stressing the programme’s importance. It would,he said, affect the very organization of Unesco, andthe latter’s permanent structure would be builtupon its foundations. They must therefore be bold,practical and business-like.

The CHAIRMAN next called upon the Belgian de-legate.

M. KUYPERS (Belgium) said that it was needlessonce again to emphasize the great importance ofthe instructions to be given to the sub-commis-sions which would be meeting next day. He alsoexpressed his full agreement with most of thesuggestions made by Dr. HUXLEY, Mr. Mac LEISHand Sir John MAUD.

In studying the budget he thought that toomuch had been allocated to Unesco’s administrat-ive work. He would like a small permanent staffand a very large staff of specialists engaged onshort contracts.

He further declared that it would be dangerousfor Unesco to take the place of specialized organ-izations. He commended the draft agreement be-tween Unesco and the Geneva Bureau of Educationand would be glad to see similar agreements con-cluded in other fields, the radio for example. Thesphere of activity to which Unesco should devote


its whole effort lay outside that of existing organ-izations.

M. Kuypers then said that one of the most im-portant tasks was to overcome scepticism aboutUnesco. There were two ways of doing that : acommon standard to be submitted to all the sub-commissions, and success in their work. Theywould have to do something big and practical.

The Belgian delegate ended by appealing forfrankness, personal ideas and hard work.

The NETHERLANDS delegate raised the questionof cultural relations with Germany. It was urgentto throw open that country to democratic andpacific influences. They could not leave eighty mil-lions to “ stew in their own juice ” behind an im-penetrable wall.

The CZECHOSLOVAK delegate said that they couldnot number Fascist and Nazi doctrines amongthose allowed to develop freely. Fascism must befought wherever it existed and whatever maskit might assume.

The delegate of BRAZIL remarked that it wasidle to discuss priorities in general terms. Everypart of the world had its own priority problemsand Unesco’s programme should be sufficientlyelastic to adapt it to the specific needs of differentgroups of countries.

The delegate of the LEBANON made two sugges-tions of principle ;

I. The institution in states members to Unesco,side by side with national education, ofteaching having a universal character,with syllabuses, examinations and Unescodiplomas giving admission to the inter-national universities already proposed.

2. In the case of Arabic-speaking countries, themost urgent problem was the campaignagainst illiteracy. For the purpose of thiscampaign’ Unesco could enlist the aid ofLebanese living abroad.

The YUGOSLAV delegate took note of the repliesgiven by Dr. Huxley and other delegates to thestatements made earlier by M. Ribnikar in thename of the Yugoslav delegation. He was pleasedto see Unesco repudiate the idea of a unified cult-ure and base international co-operation on thefree cultural development of peoples.

This closed the general discussion of the pro-gramme.

ESTABLISHMENT OF SUB-COMMISSIONS.

The delegate of DENMARK having suggested asub-commission for the Exact Sciences, the CHAIR-MAN asked the Commission to. abide by the sixsub-commissions arranged for. (Approved.)

The CHAIRMAN proposed to the Commission thefollowing names as Chairmen of the sub-commis-sions :

I. Education : M. GHORBAL BEY (Egypt).2. Mass Communication : M. KUYPERS (Bel-

gium).3. Libraries and Museums : M. CIBULKA (Cze-

choslovakia).4. Natural Sciences : Mr. BHABHA (India).5. Social Sciences : Mme ALZONA (Philippines).

6. Creative Arts : M. REININK (Netherlands).These nominations were adopted.Mr. MacLEIsH (United States) proposed that

the Commission should adopt a number of recom-mendations for the use of the sub-commissions.

These recommendations consisted of four prac-tical rules, one basic principle and two injunctions.

Practical Rules. — To be adopted, all pro-jects must :

I. Conform to Article I of the Constitution;2. Form a coherent whole;3. Not exceed Unesco’s financial means;4. Take account of the small available staff.Basic Principle. — Was the project the best

way of attaining the objective in view?Injunctions :I. From the point of view of time, projects to

be classified as : realizable in 1947, to besubmitted for study in 1947, and deferred.

N. B. — Classification to be by regionswith due regard for the different needs ofdifferent countries.

2. Plans to be restricted to a few projects ofcrucial importance and obvious benefit.

The CHAIRMAN reminded the Commission thata committee would co-ordinate the work of the dif-ferent sub-commissions of the Programme Com-mission and of the Reconstruction and Rehabili-tation Commission.

T H I R D M E E T I N G

Held on Thursday, 5 December 1946 at 10.30 a. m.Chairman : Dr. M. MARTINEZ-BAEZ (Mexico).

Before proceeding with the examination of Items7 and 8 of the Agenda, Dr. WILSON (Secretariat)explained the procedure adopted with regard tothe Programme Commission : In order to facili-tate discussion, six Sub-Commissions, each cover-ing one section of the programme, as well as aCo-ordinating Commission, were created.

M. CASSIN (France) requested that a sort of cal-endar of the day’s discussions be established.

The CHAIRMAN stated that the reports from theLibraries and Museums, Social Sciences and Edu-cation Sub-Commissions would be examined dur-ing the morning meeting.

Report of Libraries and MuseumsSub-Commission.

M. CAIN (France), Rapporteur of the Sub-Corn-mission, gave a summary of Doc.Unesco/C/Prog.Com./S.C.Lib. & Mus./3 and he brought out thefollowing points :

Collaboration with specialized international or-ganization.

Public Libraries and Museums.Reconstruction of collections and safeguarding

of monuments.Removal of obstacles to free flow of informa-

tion.Exchanges and distribution.Bibliographical services.

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Training of the technical staff of libraries, mus-seums and archives.

This was a vast programme, but most of theprojects under consideration could be undertakenwithin the first few months of 1947. It would benecessary to give the Section the necessaryfinancial assistance, and the Sub-Commission con-sidered that the present credits at the disposal ofthe Section were insufficient.

As the CHAIRMAN was due to attend a meetingof the Executive Board, he requested that a Vice-Chairman be elected.

mission’s Rapporteur, Dr. Margaret READ, sub-mitted the report, specified its important pointsand made a re-arrangement of items. At the endof her speech, she recalled the priority order ofthe projects, which was indicated at the end ofthe report.

The delegate of the UNITED STATES proposedthat M. TURCOTTE, delegate of Canada, be elected.

The delegate of GREECE seconded this motion.M. TURCOTTE was requested to take the Chair.The general discussion of the report was then

taken up again point by point, starting with pointB : Collaboration with specialised internationalorganizations.

The UNITED KINGDOM delegate fully approvedthe whole Report and thought that amendmentsmade in a hurry would not improve it. Unescoshould be judged by its influence on the masses andthe interest it aroused in them, and this reportwas a first step towards success. Heavy respon-sibilities had purposely been laid upon the Nat-ional Commissions, so that they might co-operateseriously with Unesco. The United Kingdom de-legate recommended that the report should be una-nimously approved with no amendments.

The delegate of POLAND pointed out that thefour main international organizations mentionedhad already undertaken a number of tasks, and heasked what Unesco could do to ensure :

(I) the continuation of the work already under-taken:

(2) that overlapping, which often occurred in thistype of bibliographical work, be avoided.It might be possible to publish a recordof the works undertaken in this field, toensure that they were co-ordinated.

On behalf of Mr. MacLeish, the delegate of theUNITED STATES submitted an observation concer-ning point g, paragraph 4. The observation re-commended that this paragraph be extended andenlarged, by adding to it that Unesco should ren-der appropriate services in exchange.

M. CAIN (France) moved that the Sub-Commis-sion accept Mr. MacLeish’s proposal.

This proposal was unanimously accepted.The UNITED KINGDOM delegate warmly suppor-

ted the Report, but made a reservation about theend of it. In his opinion, projects ought to be con-sidered in relation to the budget.

The RAPPORTEUR mentioned that the tasks ofthe Libraries and Museums Section concerned allthe Sections of Unesco, and ought not to be charg-ed against only one of them. He agreed to thereferring of this question to the Budget Commit-tee.

The UNITED STATES delegation supported theproposal of the United Kingdom delegate.

The delegate of INDIA made a few remarksabout the priorities : (a) Aid to International Re-lations Clubs should have A priority : (b) a WorldPeace Day should also have A priority : (c) whatpriority should be given to the re-education of ex-enemy countries? (d) youth movements should beincluded in item 1 (a).

The RAPPORTEUR agreed with the Indian dele-gate’s last point.

The delegate of FRANCE stressed the importanceof establishing equivalence between diplomas andthe teaching systems in the different countries. Hethought that this question should be studied atonce as part of the work of the Information Cen-tre on international exchanges of personnel.

The RAPPORTEUR agreed with the French dele-gate.

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After indicating the order in which the reportsof the different Sub-Commissions (social sciences,natural sciences, mass communication, creativearts and general report) would be examined, theCHAIRMAN closed the meeting.

F O U R T H M E E T I N G

Held on Thursday, 5 December, 1946 at 3 p. m.Chairman : M. MARTINEZ-BAEZ (Mexico).

Report of the Education Sub-Commission(continuation)

In answer to a remark by the BELGIAN delegate,he explained that the term “ site ” meant ‘‘ archaeo-logical site ’’.

With reference to point g, paragraph 2 of ofthe Report, the delegate of POLAND asked for the.legal aspect of the question to be examined by theExecutive Board.

Mr. STODDARD (United States) reminded themeeting that the American delegation had second-ed the proposal by the delegate of the UnitedKingdom for acceptance of the Education Sub-Commission’s Report. Regarding the observationsby the INDIAN delegate concerning priorities, hereplied to two of his questions :

Adopted.(I) As regards section V, paragraph (b), the

question would be referred to the Executive BoardThe Commission then adopted the whole Re-

p o r t .of Unesco;

Report of the Education Sub-Commission.

After stating the working documents of the Sub-Commission and thanking the staff of the Sectionfor its excellent preparatory work, the Sub-Com-

(2) As for the question concerning paragraph(d) of the same section, the Secretariat had beenasked to undertake this study in 1947. He agreedwith the INDIAN delegate’s proposal on youthclubs, but thought that it was better to put itinto section I, I (e), rather than in section A.

The delegate of INDIA signified his approval andthe proposal was adopted.

9


The CHAIRMAN pointed out that the delegateof the UNITED KINGDOM had requested that noamendment should be made in the report.

The NEW ZEALAND delegate supported that sug-gestion.

Mr. STODDARD proposed the addition of the fol-lowing phrase in paragraph (d) of the section :‘‘ including the study of the equivalence of schoolstandards and university diplomas ’’.

M. WALLON (France) seconded Mr. Stoddard’sproposal.

The delegate of INDIA asked whether this meantthat youth movements were included in item I (e),

The CHAIRMAN said that this was so.The proposal was adopted.The CHAIRMAN suggested appointing a small

drafting committee to put the Programme Com-mission’s report into final shape and he propo-sed as members Mr. GRIERSON, Mr. MacLEISH andM. GILSON. These suggestions were accepted.

The CHAIRMAN added that the reports of theSub-Commissions would figure as annexes to thegeneral report of the Programme Commission.

Report of the Social SciencesSub-Commission.

Dr. JOHNSON, Rapporteur of the Social SciencesSub-Commission, read the report of that Sub-Commission (Document Unesco / C / Prog. Corn. /S. C. Soc. Sci./ 6).

The delegate of DENMARK proposed a slightamendment to the paragraphs on page 6 of theFrench text and page 4 of the English text. Thesentence beginning with the words : “ As a resultof its deliberations...” was number 4. To this pa-ragraph the following should be added: ‘‘ Mean-while Unesco must serve as a centre of mutualinformation concerning the efforts made in thedifferent countries to assemble, publish and com-ment upon documents relating to the history ofthe second World War, including the social andpsychological problems of Nazism and Fascism.”

The delegate of FRANCE proposed a small amend-ment in the drafting of the paragraph on compar-ative international law. This could be put in thefollowing way : “ With the assistance of expertsUnesco will, during 1947, draw up a plan for com-parative studies of national judicial systems andof international law, with a view to the advance-ment of the latter and to acquainting the generalpublic with studies on that subject.”

The delegate of GREECE then took the Chair.The resolution was adopted by thirteen votes.The delegate of FRANCE submitted .a proposal

on a point of detail, namely, on page 7 of theFrench text and page 5 of the English text, totransfer from paragraph 3 to paragraph 2 all thatconcerned Group VI.

The RAPPORTEUR of the Sub-Commission ex-plained why studies on international law weregiven Priority 2. All the projects had been thoughtimportant, and only those that were discardedreceived no priority order.

The delegate of FRANCE accepted the report asit stood, but asked the drafting committee totouch up the phraseology. He suggested that, onpage g of the French text and page 6 of the Eng-

lish text, Item E and F should be placed after G.The delegate of DENMARK remarked that pro-

ject G had in fact been dropped.The delegate of INDIA thought that not enough

emphasis had been placed in Group V on thequestion of nationalism.

The delegate of FRANCE withdrew his proposal.The RAPPORTEUR expressed full agreement with

the-delegate of INDIA , but explained that theyhad had to condense the report.

The delegate of INDIA proposed that the word‘‘ minority ” should be omitted from the phrase“ minority racial or cultural groups ’’.

There was no objection and the item wouldtherefore be drafted accordingly.

The whole report was adopted.

Report of Natural SciencesSub-Commission.

The delegate of the UNITED STATES, Rappor-teur of the Natural Sciences Sub-Commission, saidthat, owing to the importance of the questions,the Sub-Commission desired to recommend a num-ber of proposals on projects chosen for their spe-cial importance, two of which were given priority,namely :

(I) the study of the effects of different degreesof malnutrition on large groups of the po-pulation;

(2) the study of living conditions in tropicalareas and of the natural resources of thetropics.tropics.

Details would be found in Document 23.Details would be found in Document 23.The RAPPORTEUR then summarised the recom-The RAPPORTEUR then summarised the recom-

mendations of the Natural Sciences Sub-Commis-sion (Document Unesco / C / Prog. Corn. / S. C.sion (Document Unesco / C / Prog. Corn. / S. C.Nat. Sci. / 22).Nat. Sci. / 22).

The INDIAN delegate pointed out that a para-The INDIAN delegate pointed out that a para-graph had been omitted on the first page of thegraph had been omitted on the first page of theFrench text :French text :

“ The Sub-Commission considers that a budget“ The Sub-Commission considers that a budgetof less than 1,000,000 dollars a year would notpermit the fulfilment of an adequate programme.”

The RAPPORTEUK (Dr. A. H. Compton) declar-ed that, if the budget was less than this amount,the Sciences Section could not survive as one ofthe three independent fields of Unesco, but wouldhave to be incorporated in the Education or Cul-tural Sections.

The CHAIRMAN having stated that the opinionexpressed by the Rapporteur would be noted, theCommission adopted the whole of the report.

Report of the Mass CommunicationSub-Commission.

After enumerating the amendments to the textof the report, which were then circulated to themeeting, the RAPPORTEUR, Mr. Grierson, submit-ted the report and indicated the main points towhich his Sub-Commission had devoted its efforts :

I. Freedom of every country to develop and ex-press itself, which implied assistance byhighly developed countries to those lessdeveloped;

2. Free dissemination of information and immed-iate technical requirements;

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3. Proposals which were practical and economicdespite their number.

The RAPPORTEUR ended by asking that thereshould be no reduction of the budget.

The FRENCH delegate called attention to anomission.He considered that project 3 should men-tion the plans for a survey of press legislation inthe different countries. In addition, the words ‘‘ ororganizations” should be inserted after the word“ sy

Tstems ” in project 4 (a).he RAPPORTEUR having agreed to these alte-

rations, the whole of the report was adopted by theCommission.

Report of the Creative Arts Sub-Commission.

After recalling that the Creative Arts Sub-Com-mission had divided into two Sub-Committees, forthe better accomplishment of its work, the RAP-PORTEUR, Professor Morey, submitted the reportand made two observations: the word “ assist ”at the top of page 3 did not mean “ financialassistance ’’; on page 4, after paragraph 4 (c), thefollowing sentence should be inserted : “ The Crea-tive Arts Section takes an interest in everythingconcerning the improvement of the present prac-tice in regard to copyright. ”

The FRENCH delegate pointed out that the word-ing of the French text was faulty, and askedin particular that the title “Arts de Creation ”

(Creative Arts) should be replaced by “ Arts etLettres ” (Arts and Letters).

The Commission agreed to this alteration.The FRENCH delegate asked for the inclusion

of a recommendation in point A (I) : ‘‘ To disco-ver means of defining the relations between au-thors, translators and publishers. ”

The RAPPORTEUR having agreed to this propo-sal, the FRENCH delegate asked that out of thesix French proposals, at least two should be in-cluded in the report, viz. :

I. Establishment of a chronological index ofworld literary activities.

2. Creation of an international literary Year-Book.

The RAPPORTEUR agreed to this proposal.Referring to the publication of an Anthology

of Suffering and Resistance, the FRENCH delegatereminded the meeting that he did not supportthis project.

After a discussion on this point, the Commissionadopted by g votes to 6 a resolution

bproposed by

the CANADIAN delegate and amended y Dr. HUX-LEY, as follows:

‘‘ That Unesco should encourage, and if neces-sary undertake, in 1947 the publication of anAnthology of Suffering and Resistance.”

The report of the Sub-Commission on Arts andLetters was adopted, with the above amendments.

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ADMINISTRATIVE AND LEGALCOMMISSION


Held on Wednesday, 27 November 1946 at 3.15 p. m.

Chairman : Dr. SOMMERFELT (Norway).Dr. Y. R. CHAO (China), Vice-President of the

General Conference, proposed M. SOMMERFELT(Norway) as Chairman of the Commission.

M. SOMMERFELT was elected unanimously andtook the Chair.

The CHAIRMAN proposed the following appoint-ments :Vice-Chairman of the Commission : Mr. EISEN-

HOWER (United States) ;Chairman of the Administrative and Financial

Sub-Commission : Dr. BEEBY (New Zealand);Chairman of the Legal and External Relations Sub-

Commission : M. PARKA-PEREZ (Venezuela).M. PARRA-PEREZ (Venezuela) proposed that

M. Luis Alberto SANCHEZ (Peru) be appointed inhis place.

With this alteration, the proposals of the Chair-man were adopted unanimously.

Finally, M. GRUZON (France) was chosen asRapporteur of the Commission.

The CHAIRMAN submitted the draft Agenda forapproval.

The delegate of AUSTRALIA proposed that thefollowing addition be made to Item 6 of theAgenda : “ as well as other questions raised dur-ing the general discussion ’’. The Agenda wasadopted with this amendment.

The CHAIRMAN expressed the opinion that mostof the items on the Agenda should first be exa-mined by the two Sub-Commissions. Consequentlyhe proposed that the Commission should holdonly one Plenary Meeting and that the two Sub-Commissions should start work the next morning.This proposal was adopted.

The CHAIRMAN called on M. Jean THOMAS, De-puty Executive Secretary, to present DocumentC/7, Report of the Preparatory Commission on theGeneral Conference, Administrative and FinancialQuestions, Legal Questions and External Relations.

Chapter I, relating to the General Conference,had already been examined by the Conference andadopted.

The Commission had to consider Chapters II,III and IV :

Chapter II : Administrative and Personnel Ques-tions;

Chapter III : Budgetary and Financial Arran-gements;

Chapter IV : Legal Questions and External Re-lations;. relations with the United Nations, rela-tions with the Specialized Agencies, relations withNon-Governmental International Organizations.

The following would also be submitted for theconsideration of the Commission : the Draft Agree-ment with the United Nations, the Draft Conven-tion between the Member States of Unesco con-

The delegate of CHINA made three observations :I . He considered that the Director-General

should have power to change the allocation ofcertain sums within the budget; 2. He recommen-ded that the selection of the staff of Unesco bemade with due regard to an equitable geographi-cal distribution; 3. He stated that China wouldbe glad to welcome centres for scientific co-ope-ration and internationa1 laboratories.

The delegate of CZECHOSLOVAKIA noted that thebudget provided for a total of 9 million dollars, athird of the budget for the United Nations for1947. He was of the opinion that the four mil-lions allocated to staff expenses should includeunforeseen expenditure, and he was supportedin this by the delegate of VENEZUELA. These twodelegates considered that, while a certain elastic-ity in the budget was necessary for the first yearthe Director-General should only be authorized totransfer funds from one item of the budget toanother in exceptional circumstances, and thatsuch a transfer should only be made after consul-tation with the Executive Board or a Superv is ryCommission. 0

The CHAIRMAN observed that, under Rule 23of the Draft Financial Regulations, the Director-General had the power to make transfers withinthe budget, during the financial year of 1947.

The delegate of AUSTRALIA made the followingtwo suggestions: I. that the Administrative andFinancial Sub-Commission should not meet until

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cerning Privileges and Immunities, the DraftAgreement with the Government of the FrenchRepublic concerning the Privileges and Immu-nities of Unesco, and the Draft Agreement withthe International Council of Scientific Unions.

The Administrative and Financial Sub-Com-mission would consider Chapters II and III, andthe Legal and External Relations Sub-Commis-sion, Chapter IV.

M. THOMAS then described the steps taken inthe preparation of the budget by the PreparatoryCommission; he said that its preparation had ne-cessitated the drawing up of a plan of the organ-ization of the permanent Secretariat. As the Execu-tive Board had requested the submission of se-veral plans, Chapter II contained three schemesfor the organization of the Secretariat. The Bud-get estimates were based on the first of these.’

M. Thomas added that a supplementary budgethad been provided (pages 88-89 of the booklet)for an intensified propaganda campaign for therehabilitation of culture in devastated countries.

The CHAIRMAN thanked M. Thomas for his sta-tement. While the majority of the questions wouldbe considered by the Sub-Commissions, he pro-posed that the problem of the size of the budgetshould be discussed immediately, in order to sa-tisfy the requests of the Czechoslovak delega-tion, which had raised this point in the Prepara-tory Commission.


after the Programme Commission had finished itswork, because the budget could only he drawn upwhen the main lines of Unesco’s work had beendecided; 2. that the Secretariat should prepare aprovisional scale of the contributions to be madeby the 28 States at present Members of Unesco.

The delegates of VENEZUELA and SOUTH AFRICAseconded these proposals.

M. THOMAS said that the Secretariat was pre-pared to draw up the scale requested, but that itcould be only provisional, as the number of Mem-bers States of Unesco was increasing rapidly. Mo-reover, he feared that postponement of the Admi-nistrative and Financial Sub-Commission meetingsuntil the end of the Programme Commission wouldprolong the General Conference.

The delegate of the UNITED STATES thoughtthat the Administrative and Financial Sub-Com-mission could meet next day and begin its workby considering questions of organization, postpo-ning consideration of the budget until later. Hewas supported in this by the delegate of FRANCE.

The delegate of BELGIUM thought that Unescoshould be guided by principles of economy — itshould not try to build up too vast an admini-strative machine, but should rely on the co-operat-ion of national and international intergovern-mental institutions and act as a co-ordinating pointbetween them.

It was decided that the Administrative andFinancial Sub-Commission would not consider thebudget until after the report of the ProgrammeCommission had been received. It would, however,meet the next day to start discussion of the organ-ization of the Secretariat and the Draft StaffRegulations.

The delegate of NEW ZEALAND, as Chairman ofthe Administrative and Financial Sub-Commis-sion, asked for precise instructions for the workof his Sub-Commission on Chapters II and III.He asked if they were to prepare recommendationsto the Director-General, or definite instructions:

M. THOMAS explained the plan of Chapter II :in the first part, the Preparatory Commission maderecommendations to the General Conference; thesecond part contained a report on the general prin-ciples of the organization of the Secretariat, andthe third part consisted of Draft Staff Regulations.It was not possible to give rigid orders to theDirector-General at the First Conference, but itwould be as well to establish guiding principlesin line with international practice.

The delegate of NEW ZEALAND, supported bythe delegate of BELGIUM , observed that if theconditional form were used it would be difficultfor the Director-General to decide what line ofaction to take. They considered also that theConference should avoid the official adoption oftexts drafted in the conditional, which could notbe binding.

The CHAIRMAN proposed that this question bereferred to the Sub-Commission. This proposalwas adopted.

The delegate of CANADA suggested that the me-moranda referring to the powers of the Execu-tive Board, mentioned in paragraph II of Article Vof the Constitution, be submitted to the consider-

ation of the Administrative and Legal Commis-sion. This proposal was adopted.

The CHAIRMAN fixed the time-table for the Sub-Commissions.


Held on Thursday 5 December 1946 at 3.15 p. m.

Chairman : Dr. SOMMERFELT (Norway),later Dr. BEEBY (New Zealand).

The CHAIRMAN proposed to begin with the exam-ination of Item 3 of the Agenda : Appointmentof a Sub-Committee to study the Report on theUnesco Month.

As the Commission had not the time to consi-der this report (Doc. Unesco/C/Admin. & Jur./S.C. Leg. & Ext. Rel./18), the CHAIRMAN proposedthe setting up of a Sub-Committee, made up of re-presentatives of countries most closely interestedinthe Unesco Month, namely : China Egypt, France,Mexico, New Zealand, Norway, Poland, the Uni-ted Kingdom, and the United States. Mexico hav-ing invited the General Conference for next year,the Chairman suggested that this Sub-Committee

‘should be presided over by that country.This proposal was adopted.The delegate of the UNION OF SOUTH AFRICA

asked if delegates of countries not on the abovelist could be represented on the Sub-Committee.The answer was in the affirmative.

The CHAIRMAN then announced that the Admi-nistrative and Financial Sub-Commission had notyet been able to examine the report of the Pro-gramme Commission on the organisation of theSecretariat and on the budget. He therefore pro-posed that the Sub-Commission should be autho-rized to submit its report on these questions directto the General Conference, by-passing the PlenaryCommission.

After Mr. BEEBY, the Chairman of the Admi-nistrative and Financial Sub-Commission, hadpointed out that the shortage of time made anyother procedure a practical impossibility, thisproposal was adopted.

The CHAIRMAN then called upon the Rappor-teur of the Legal and External Relations Sub-Commission, M. Louis GEERAERTS (Belgium), whoread the Sub-Commission’s report (Unesco/C/Ad-min. & Jur./S. C. Leg. & Ext. Rel./5).

The CHAIRMAN opened a discussion on the dif-ferent items in this report.

Item I. (Draft Agreement with the United Na-tions) was adopted. The United Nations Observerexpressed his pleasure and said that the work wasprogressing in New York on parallel lines and ina satisfactory way.

Items II, III, IV, V, VI and VII were adop-ted.

A discussion arose in connection with Item VIII(Relations between Unesco and Member States),paragraph 3, in which the French and Englishtexts differed slightly. It was decided to instructthe Secretariat to bring the English translationinto agreement with the French text by restoringthe English text originally adopted by the Sub-Commission.

— 133 —


With this alteration, Item VIII was approved.Item IX (Relations between Unesco and the

other Specialized Agencies) was adopted withoutdiscussion.

The C HAIRMAN then submitted for discus-sion the Draft Staff Regulations (Doc.Unesco/C/Admin. & Jur./S. C. Adm. & Fin./17).

Mr. Walter LAVES (United States), Rapporteurof the Administrative and Financial Sub-Commis-sion, presented this document.

The preamble was adopted without discussion.Section I (Regulations I to 5) was adopted

with out discussion.In Section II (Regulations 6 to 21) two amend-

ments were made to Regulation 8 by M. Doré(Canada) Chairman of the Executive Board, na-mely, to add to the first paragraph the words “ orsuch Committee as the Executive Board maynominate” and, in the second paragraph, to de-lete the last part of the sentence : “ having regardto the opinions expressed by the NominationsCommittee appointed by the Executive Board,from amongst its own members ’’. These amend-ments were rejected. The same fate attended anamendment by the delegate of Chile, who, in Re-gulation 9, suggested that the words “ one of thetwo working languages ” should be replaced bythe words “ one of the three..., etc. ’’, in case theGeneral Conference should admit Spanish as athird working language of Unesco.

The delegate of the UNITED KINGDOM propo-sed the deletion of Regulation IO concerning can-didats files and information to be supplied aboutthem by the National Commissions.

This proposal was voted on and adopted, butthe FRENCH delegate protested against this voteand said that he would ask the General Confe-rence to revert to this point.

With this deletion, the whole of Section II wasadopted.

Sections III, IV, V, VI, VII and VIII wereadopted.

In Section IX an amendment submitted by theCHAIRMAN of the EXECUTIVE BOARD to omit thewords “with the concurrence of the ExecutiveB o a r d ” was rejected. After correction of a mis-take in Regulation 32 (Regulation 28 should readRegulation 31), Section IX (Regulations 31 to 34)was adopted.

In Section X the French text of Regulation 36was rather different from the English text and itwas decided that the Secretariat should bringthem into agreement on the basis of the Englishtext. Section X was adopted.

Sections XI, XII, XIII and XIV were adopted.The whole of the Draft Staff Regulations were

thus adoped.Mr. BE E B Y (New Zealand) took the chair

and submitted for examination the draft Finan-cial Regulations prepared by the Administrativeand Financial Sub-Commission (Doc. Unesco/C/Admin. & Jur./S. C. Adm. & Fin./16). This docu-,ment was presented by Mr. Walter LAVES (UnitedStates), Rapporteur of the Sub-Commission.

Regulations I to 14 were adopted without dis-cussion.

At the proposal of the SOUTH AFRICAN delegate,a small correction was made to the English textof Regulation 15 where “are payable” should beread instead of “ will be payable ’’. With thisamendment Regulation 15 was adopted.

Regulations 16 to 31 were adopted without dis-cussion.

With regard to Regulation 32, discussion aroseon when the Financial Regulations should comeinto force. In the opinion of the LEGAL ADVISORthis should be on the day of the appointment ofthe Director-General, since the Preparatory Com-mission of Unesco would be dissolved on that day.However; at the proposal of the delegate of BEL-GIUM, the Commission decided that it would notitself fix this date.

The whole of the Draft Financial Regulationswere adopted.


Held on Saturday, 7 December 1946 at 4 p. m.

Chairman : Dr. SOMMERFELT (Norway).

The CHAIRMAN explained that the purpose ofthe meeting was to examine a proposal by theExecutive Board to replace the provision adoptedby the Administrative and Financial Sub-Com-mission concerning the Deputy Director-General,(Document Unesco/C/22 Section C I).

M. DORÉ (Canada), Chairman of the ExecutiveBoard, suggested the following amendment :

“A Deputy Director-General shall be appoin-ted.

“ This Deputy Director-General shall be thesecond official of the Organization and shall sub-ject to the authority of the Director-General,be responsible for administration, staff andfinance.

“ Since the Director-General will necessarilybe away from Headquarters at frequent inter-vals, the Deputy Director-General must be fa-miliar with all aspects of the Organisation’s ac-tivities, and his duties and responsibilities shallconsist in the execution of programmes and allmatters relating to administration and finance. ,,Mr. BEEBY (New Zealand), Chairman of the

Administrative and Financial Sub-Commission,expressedsurprise that the Executive Board, paral-lel with the Sub-Commission, had examined a ques-tion that had been entrusted to the Sub-Commis-sion by the General Conference and had adopted adifferent text without informing it.

The delegates of the UNITED KINGDOM and ofthe UNITED STATES said there was no fundamentaldifference between the two texts and that it wouldhe easy to agree on this point.

The AUSTRALIAN delegate was of the same opi-nion. He said that the procedure seemed perfect-ly correct.

Dr. BEEBY associated himself with the view ex-pressed by the AUSTRALIAN delegate as regardsprocedure, but maintained that, if these questionsof administration, staff and finance were entrus-ted to the Assistant Director-General, he would be


unable to deal with them satisfactorily, as hewould often have to deputise for the Director-General, when the latter was absent.

The CHAIRMAN put to the vote the amendmentproposed by the Executive Board.

The amendment was adopted.The GREEK delegate drew the Commission’s at-

tention to the vote on the budget total, whichhad taken place at the last meeting of the Admin-istrative and Financial Sub-Commission. He did

not think that this vote was in order, since thelist for the roll call was not complete.

Dr. BEEBY, Chairman of the Administrative andFinancial Sub-Commission, observed that thisquestion was a matter for the Sub-Commission,and not for the full Commission.

The CHAIRMAN accepted this view and referredthe point of order made by the Greek delegateto the Administrative and Financial Sub-Commis-sion.



The CHAIRMAN said that the experience of thepast year had shown that, if Unesco’s work wereto be related to actual conditions in the present-day world, it must include educational recon-struction and rehabilitation. He expressed deepgratitude to those countries — Denmark, the Uni-ted States of America, Great Britain, and others —which had contributed during the year to therelief of the most urgent needs.

Held on Monday, 25 November 1946 at IO. 30 a. m.Chairman : M. B. DRZEWIESKI (Poland).

The Chairman suggested that General Sir Ro-nald ADAM (United Kingdom) should be electedVice-Chairman of the Commission, and that Mr.BRUMBAUCH (U.S.A.) should be elected Secretary.

Agreed.Item 2 of the Agenda: ADOPTIONOF PROVISIO-

NAL AGENDA .The Agenda was adopted.Item 3 of the Agenda : PRESENTATION OF RE-

PORT AND RECOMMENDATIONS ON EDUCATIONAL,SCIENTIFIC AND CULTURAL RECONSTRUCTION ANDREHABILITATION, AS APPROVED BY THE TECHNI-CAL SUB-COMMITTEE AND THE PREPARATORY COM-MISSION.

Dr. WILSON (Deputy Executive Secretary) madea statement on the future reconstruction and re-habilitation programme of Unesco, set forth indocument Unesco /C /II.

Unesco’s future policy in this domain woulddevelop along four main lines :

I. All plans would in future be based upon theintegration of reconstruction and rehabilitationprojects in the general programme. It would berecommended that the Technical Sub-Committeebe liquidated, and the General Conference wouldbe asked to appoint a special committee dealingwith educational, scientific and cultural rehabilit-ation.

The problem of reconstruction was bound upwith an equal distribution of the world’s educa-tional, scientific and cultural resources.

2. The voluntary relief organizations, both loc-al and international, were the best reservoir ofrelief resources. Unesco should stimulate, facili-tate and help the work of these organizations andco-ordinate their efforts.

3. An intensified campaign should be launchedto raise funds and secure materials to help thework of the voluntary organizations. Althoughgovernments were not exempt from responsibilityin this field, it was not proposed to ask them toallocate large sums for rehabilitation. The mainburden would be carried by voluntary organiza-tions.

4. One responsibility which governments couldproperly be asked to assume was the provisionof sufficient funds to enable Unesco to conduct theappeal campaign.

With regard to other intergovernmental agen-cies (e.g. FAO, ILO, World Health Organiza-tion, Commission for Displaced Persons), Unesco’sreconstruction programme had been planned inrelationship with their programmes. Unesco hada specially close relationship with Unrra, many ofwhose tasks had educational implications. Negot-iations were in progress for the taking over byUnesco of certain of Unrra’s activities and assets.

The CHAIRMAN thanked Dr. Wilson, in the nameof the Commission, for his excellent report.

The General Committee had decided to esta-blish a Steering Committee consisting of the mem-bers of the General Committee and the Chairmenand Vice-Chairmen of the Commissions.

The CHAIRMAN opened the general discussionon the Secretariat’s report.

The delegate of IRAN praised Dr. Huxley’s re-port. Reconstruction was an essential task forUnesco and must extend to all-devastated coun-tries, whether they had been occupied or not. Thedelegation of Iran had filed a report with the Se-cretariat on the conditions in its country.

The delegate of CANADA wanted details aboutthe devastated countries and their needs, so thatCanada could continue helping them. Canada wasparticularly interested in the children of Norwayand the Netherlands, but was ready to help chil-dren of any country.

The delegates of the PHILIPPINES and CHINAstated that their countries had especially sufferedfrom the war and had sustained heavy losses ofmen and material.

The CHAIRMAN mentioned that 63,000,000 dol-lars were needed for the restoration of school build-ings in the Philippine Islands, and the materiallosses of China were assessed at 788,000,000 dol-lars.

The BELGIAN delegate thought that the budgetestimates of administrative expenses were too highin comparison with the expenses of reconstruc-tion and rehabilitation. The budget figure of10,000,000 dollars was too low. He recommendedcalling upon Governments for a money contri-bution towards reconstruction, which he thoughtwas the most important of Unesco’s tasks.

The delegate of LUXEMBURG suggested thatrelief work should be systematic and not left toprivate organizations. Enquiries should be madeof governments, which alone could give informa-tion about the damage to their countries and theimmediate needs to be met. Furnished with thisinformation, the Commission could then make con-crete proposals and a wise distribution of the fundsat Unesco’s disposal for this purpose.

The FRENCH delegate reminded the Commission

RECONSTRUCTIONAND REHABILITATION COMMISSION

— 136 —


that his country had greatly suffered during thewar, and thanked those powers which had al-ready given aid, in particular the Canada, UnitedStates, Sweden, Denmark and Belgium. He ad-mitted that other countries had been even moredevastated and said that France was preparedto take a lower place in the queue.

He wished to stress three points :I) Unesco’s task of reconstruction was not only

of immediate value, but also meant a lot fromthe point of view of solidarity and internationalco-operation. Its efforts must not be confined topurely intellectual fields, but must penetrate thelife of nations.

2) Everything Unesco did must aim at the ideaof peace, and one way of attaining that aim wasto teach peoples about the horrors and devastat-ion of recent years.

3) The French delegation would speak at theafternoon meeting to give its point of view aboutthe technique of the work. He thought thatUnesco’s role should be one of research, co-ordi-nation, and spread of information. Unesco wasnot an institution for the receipt and distributionof gifts.

The NORWEGIAN delegate thought that Unescoshould encourage private initiative. He suggestedthe setting up of National Commissions to en-courage reconstruction work. In this effort thedominant factors were material and labour, notmoney. Unesco must co-ordinate, but would leavethe choice of methods to the national bodies.

The N ETHERLANDS delegate considered thebudget figure of 10,000,000 dollars too low. Heagreed with the Belgian delegate and thought, likehim, that there was need to obtain grants fromgovernments and not count only upon help fromprivate organizations.

Dr. W ILSON drew attention to a typing errorin the report : the budget figure was 100,000,000dollars, and not 10,000,000.


Held on Monday, 25 November 1946 at 3 p. m.Chairman : Sir Ronald ADAM (United Kingdom).

Item 3 of the Agenda : REPORT AND RECOM-MENDATIONS ON EDUCATIONAL, SCIENTIFIC ANDCULTURAL RECONSTRUCTION AND REHABILITA-TION (Continuation of discussion).

The delegate of GREECE congratulated Dr. Wil-son on his excellent report.

The war had caused extensive destruction anddevastation in Greece, and the Greek delegationwished to thank the different organizations whichhad helped to bring relief to the Greek people.There was still much to be done in the, educat-ional field : according to Unrra statistics, 80 %of the primary schools in Greece were either des-troyed or so badly damaged that they were use-less.

The Greek delegation were glad to note thatthe Unesco teams Co be sent to the devastatedareas would include both resident staff and mo-bile units. They were also glad to learn that

Unesco’s general programme would include med-icine.

The delegate of INDIA expressed his country’sdeep sympathy with the war-devastated countries.Educational, scientific and cultural reconstructionin these countries should be one of Unesco’s chieftasks.

The proposals submitted in the Report mightbe divided into two main categories : material relief(provision of books, scientific apparatus, funds),and psychological rehabilitation. The Indian dele-gate welcomed the proposal to expand the scopeof Unesco’s work to include the important questionof the equalization of educational, scientific andcultural opportunities throughout the world. Par-ticular emphasis should be laid on the help thatcould be given by voluntary organizations, andone, of Unesco’s tasks should be to stimulate andco-ordinate the work of those organizations.

The delegate of DENMARK thanked Dr Wilsonfor his excellent report.

With regard to the appeal, he thought that thetarget of 10,000,000 dollars to be contributed in1947 was by no means too high. He was, however,doubtful whether Unesco needed such an intensivepropaganda campaign as that forecast in the Re-port. The main work of collecting information onthe needs of the devastated areas should be doneby the National Commissions. He therefore pro-posed a simplification of the programme on thispoint.

The delegate of AUSTRALIA said that his dele-gation wished to associate itself with those whohad already advocated a complete Unesco pro-gramme for reconstruction and rehabilitation.

He stressed the importance of enlisting the helpof voluntary organizations, and cited the expe-rience of Unrra, whose resources from governmentcontributions had been greatly increased by giftsfrom voluntary associations. Governments could,however, play an important part in encouragingand assisting the campaign for voluntary contri-butions.

The Australian delegation was in favour of theThe Australian delegation was in favour of theestablishment by Unesco of a standing committeeestablishment by Unesco of a standing committeeto take the place of the former Technical Sub-to take the place of the former Technical Sub-Committee. There should also be a small staffCommittee. There should also be a small staffwithin the Secretariat to organize both the intens-within the Secretariat to organize both the intens-ified campaign and the services which Unescoified campaign and the services which Unescowould be called upon to provide.

The delegate of the UNITED STATES asked theCommission to allow Mr. Brumbaugh, an expert.on the work of voluntary organizations, to speakfor the American delegation.

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Mr. BRUMBAUGH expressed his delegation’s ap-preciation of Dr. Wilson’s report.

In the United States, the voluntary agencieswere the largest potential source of educationalreconstruction. They were also the best means ofkeeping people informed of conditions in the war-devastated countries and of enlisting their help.,A new co-ordinating agency-the Commission forInternational Educational Reconstruction -hadbeen established and had recently held a confer-ence in Washington. In the course of a brief des-cription of the activities of organizations in theUnited States, Mr. Brumbaugh said that, besidesgifts in kind and scholarships, these organizations


had contributed to the relief of war-devastatedcountries, since 1939, 40,000,000 dollars. It mightbe expected that aid from these sources wouldamount to 10 to 15 million dollars annually.

Unesco’s collaboration with the organizationsshould take the following forms : (I) disseminat-ion of information about the needs of the devastat-ed countries; (2) dissemination of continuous andaccurate information regarding the relief activitiesundertaken by different countries; (3) collectionand distribution of gifts either in cash or in kind.

The UNITED STATES delegate pointed out thatthe disappearance of Unrra necessitated the creat-ion of a body responsible for administering anddistributing donations. The United States wereready to give substantial aid to the devastatedcountries.

The delegate for POLAND agreed with those de-legations which advocated systematic and officialreconstruction. She said that there was close con-nection between problems of reconstruction andreparations; the aid given should correspond tolosses sustained. Unesco’s task was to assess theselosses and then draw up a plan for allocating re-lief. She proposed that the problems should besubmitted to the United Nations through theEconomic and Social Council, for it lay with theUnited Nations to find the means by which Unescocould achieve its work.

The delegate for C ZECHOSLOVAKIA thankedUnesco for its programme of reconstruction andrehabilitation. He asked that aid should be thesame for all countries that needed it, whether theyhad been devastated by the war or for any otherreason. Czechoslovakia had sustained enormouslosses: her universities had been closed for six yearsbut since the liberation she had proved her wishto recover by her own resources. He thought thatinternational aid should be combined with a con-structive programme within each country. The pro-gramme of reconstruction and rehabilitation mustbe put in hand quickly and it was to Unesco’sinterest. to make use of international organs suchas Unrra. The Czechoslovak delegation took thisoccasion to express its country’s thanks to Unrra,whose distribution of foodstuffs had saved the lib-erated countries from starvation. Czechoslovakiafully realized the need of a speedy solution to theseproblems and would gladly fulfil her obligation to-wards Unesco.

The delegate for the UNITED KINGDOM congrat-ulated the Secretariat on its report and approvedthe recommendations on page 5. He agreed withthe Norwegian delegate in favouring the use ofprivate co-ordinating bodies.

The SWEDISH observer emphasized the role ofthe Unesco National Commissions in the collec-tion of information and distribution of relief. Shestated that the Swedish Government had just gran-ted two million crowns for cultural institutions incountries most afflicted by the war. This grantcould be used for the publication of books forforeign countries, the organization of internation-al meetings and for exchanges between teachers.The first duty of Unesco must be to collect in-formation and lo co-ordinate the work of the Na-tional Commissions.

According to the FRENCH delegate, the discus-

sion showed that they were all agreed in recog-nising that Unesco must be an information centreconcerning the devastated countries and a propa-ganda organ for their assistance. Two views how-ever seemed likely to conflict : some delegationswere asking for Unesco to become a centre forthe receipt of gifts in cash and in kind, and fortheir distribution. The French delegation on theother hand thought that Unesco ought rather tobe a liaison organ between countries undamagedby the war and devastated countries. The bestway of developing international solidarity andobtaining effective relief was to establish directcontacts between one school and another, oneuniversity and another. For example, if an Ameri-canuniversity wanted to help a university in acountry affected by the war, it would apply toUnesco for a list of universities, from which theuniversity in America would make its choice.

To organize this assistance systematically, theFrench delegate suggested the following methods :

I. Agents in the devastated countries would in-form Unesco of the situation in those coun-tries;

2. An information office would centralize theseparticulars;

3. A propaganda bureau;4. Propagandists in countries undamaged by the

war;5. A liaison office which would put countries in

in touch with one another.


Held on Tuesday, 26 November 1946at 10.30 a. m.

Chairman : M. B. DRZEWIESKI (Poland).

The CHAIRMAN said that, as Sections (a) and (c)of Item 4 of the Agenda had already been discus-sed, the Report could now be examined chapterby chapter. The delegate of China had, however,some general remarks to make.

The delegate of CHINA congratulated Dr. Wilsonand the Technical Sub-Committee on their workduring the past year.

The Chinese delegation approved the suggest-ed programme and noted with satisfaction thatrehabilitation would be integrated in the generalprogramme of Unesco.

Owing to the war, China had suffered consider-able losses both in material and in personnel. Shehad received help from several quarters-notablyfrom the American Government and the BritishCouncil — for which she was very grateful.

One of Unesco’s main tasks in the domain ofrehabilitation would be to collect and disseminateinformation on the needs of the various countriesand to draw the attention of donors to the mosturgent problems. The Unrra assets to be takenover by Unesco would include staff for relief work.Mobile field units should be sent into the devast-ated areas, and there should also be a small nu-cleus of Unesco staff well acquainted with localconditions.

— 138 —


The CHAIRMAN read a list of the countries whichhad been invaded and devastated during the war.These were : Belgium, Burma, China, Czechoslova-kia, Denmark, Ethiopia, France, Greece, Iran,Luxemburg, Netherlands, Norway, Philippines,Poland, United Kingdom and Colonies, Yugosla-via, White Russia, Ukraine.

Dr. WILSON (Deputy Executive Secretary) madea commentary on the general discussion of the pro-posed rehabilitation programme.

Wherever feasible, Unesco would work in closecollaboration with the National Commissions.

The proposed appeal would be addressed largelyto teachers and schoolchildren, but the appeal cam-paign should reach all other sections of the popula-tion.

Propaganda should be directed towards makingall sections of the population aware of the needfor educational relief and towards keeping organ-izations engaged in relief work informed of oneanother’s activities.

It was expected that most relief organizationswould undertake on their own account the pur-chase and distribution of materials. Unesco’s rolewould probably be confined to co-ordinating theactivities of existing relief organizations and tosecuring funds.

With regard to work in the field, Unesco pro-posed a small resident staff and certain mobilefield units.

As regards the problem of the world-wide lackof supplies, Unesco would be able to profit byUnrra’s experience. Many of the voluntary agen-cies would also receive direct gifts in kind for re-lief purposes.

The CHAIRMAN suggested that as pages I, 2 and3 (English text) of the Report were a history ofpast work, they might be adopted without com-ment. The discussion would therefore start fromthe chapter on page 4 entitled ‘‘ A RecommendedPolicy for Unesco ’’.

The UNITED KINGDOM delegate proposed thatthe first three paragraphs of page 4 (English text)and the first two paragraphs of page 5 should beaccepted.

The motion was seconded by the NEW ZEALANDdelegate, and approved.

The delegate of FRANCE said that, thoughUnesco’s chief responsibility lay in the domain ofeducation and culture, it could not entirely dis-sociate itself from problems of material relief. Hetherefore suggested, as an addition to the thirdrecommendation on page 5 of the English text ofthe Report, that the United Nations should berequested to consider the transformation of Unrra,on its dissolution, into a permanent relief organ-ization for children of war devastated countries.

As the programmes of all the Programme Sub-Commissions included relief projects, the Recon-struction and Rehabilitation Commission couldonly adopt provisionally any recommendationsmade to it. At the end of the Conference, a finalmeeting of the Reconstruction Commission shouldbe held, to review all the recommendations andtake final decisions.

In reply to the French delegate, the CHAIRMANexplained that Unesco’s role was confined to edu-cational relief. The second point made by the

French delegate was closely bound up with thebudget, which would have to be submitted firstto the Finance Committee and then to ‘the Gene-ral Conference.

The important thing now was to reach agree-ment on general principles.

The delegate of IRAN said that three importantfactors had emerged from the discussion : the roleof the voluntary organizations, the role of Govern-ments, and Unesco funds.

The Iranian delegation had no comments tomake on the first point. On the second, theythought that the governments of countries re-ceiving relief should be encouraged to allocate acertain proportion of their national resources torelief work; only those states who fulfilled thiscondition should be qualified to benefit fromUnesco funds. On the third point, Iran hoped that,besides the funds freely distributed to needy coun-tries, an international central loan fund might beestablished.

The UNITED KINGDOM delegate submitted thefollowing amendments to recommendations 2and 3 on page 5 of the Report.

For No. 2, an additional recommendation wassuggested, to the effect that it was most desirablethat the National Commissions should take an ac-tive and practical part in Unesco’s work, and thatthey might therefore be charged with the dutyof raising funds and materials. It was also sugges-ted that a Unesco liaison officier should be avail-able in receiving countries to give advice and as-sistance with regard to distribution.

For No. 3, an addition was suggested to theeffect that the precise amount of expenditure underthe various headings would be for decision by theBudget Committee. All gifts in cash received byUnesco for reconstruction purposes should be plac-ed in a separate fund to be administered by theSpecial Committee mentioned in recommenda-tion I. The Special Committee would have veryfull powers for administering such funds.

The CHAIRMAN drew attention to the impor-tance of the amendment by the United Kingdomdelegation, which he thought fully satisfy the dele-gate of France. The amendment and resolutionswould be distributed to delegates that afternoonfor discussion.

He took a vote on Article I, which was adoptedwith only one adverse vote.

Articles 2 and 3 would be voted on that after-noon after discussion of the amendment.

The UNITED STATES delegate proposed to addto the production of scientific material, produc-tion of educational material.

The CHAIRMAN opened the discussion of docu-ment Unesco/C/II.

There were no observations on the Introduction,which was adopted.

I. INTENSIFIED CAMPAIGN .

The CANADIAN delegate emphasized that theproposed committee should furnish information toprivate organizations, to tell them how they mightaid the devastated countries. The cost of raisingfunds should be reduced to a minimum. He thoughtit might be useful to use such publicizing means


as wireless, films and publications to raise the ne-cessary money. Paragraph I was adopted.

2. PUBLICATIONS.

Subject to a remark by the Canadian delegatethat five or six (instead of twenty) good and wide-ly circulated pamphlets would be enough, pa-ragraph 2 was adopted.

3. FELLOWSHIPS .

Paragraph 3 was adopted without discussion.

4. FIELD CONSULTANT GROUPS .

The FRENCH delegate pointed out that expertssent to the devastated countries should exercisegreat tact and he suggested that they should notbe parties, but individuals — psychologists, so-ciologists -who would get into direct touch withthe schools.

The UNITED KINGDOM delegate agreed, and sug-gested that the second sentence in paragraph 4should be amended as follows : “ Unesco, at theinvitation of governments and in co-operation withvoluntary agencies, could organize the despatchof qualified experts to visit war-torn areas. ”

Dr. WILSON proposed that the first sentenceshould be amended to read : “ ...It is equallydesirable to send to damaged areas individual per-sons or groups of qualified specialists from morefortunate lands. ”

With these amendments paragraph 4 was adop-ted.

5. YOUTH SERVICE CAMPS.

The UNITED KINGDOM delegate asked whetherthe question of Youth Service Camps was alsobeing studied by the Programme Commission andthe Education Sub-Commission.

Dr. WILSON replied that the question had twoaspects, an educational aspect, which was the con-cern of the Education Sub-Commission, and therelief aspect, which was on the agenda of the Re-habilitation and Reconstruction Commission. Heexplained that six international organizations wereengaged in organizing youth camps, but that therewas no liaison between them, and that Unesco’stask should consist in co-ordinating and encoura-ging their work.

The CANADIAN and CHINESE delegates thoughtit would be better if fellowship funds were used tosend students from devastated countries to morefortunate countries rather than organize YouthService Camps.

Dr. WILSON, supported by the delegate of CZE-CHOSLOVAKIA, was of opinion that Youth ServiceCamps, by bringing young men and girls fromdifferent countries into contact with one anotherin their daily lives, and by helping to establishfriendly links between them, were an importantfactor in creating better understanding betweennations. He thought that government collaborat-ion was necessary in the maintaining-and organ-

ising of these camps, It was a special form ofstudent collaboration. The expenses were oftenpaid by the families or national bodies concerned.As in the awarding of fellowships, the selectionwould be made through Unesco.

The DANISH delegate stated that his country hadinvited three hundred Polish and Czech studentsto come to Denmark to pursue their studies. Theyhad been able to meet during vacations and followcourses under their own professors. On that basishe proposed to add to Unesco’s programme thepossibility that countries undamaged by the warmight invite groups of students, teachers and evenchildren from the devastated countries. He sug-gested that the Commission take the advice ofexperts in these matters, who had been author-ized by the London Conference to assist the pre-sent Conference in the capacity of observers.

On behalf of Poland and Czechoslovakia, theCHAIRMAN warmly thanked Denmark for her verygenerous reception of students from those twocountries.

The delegate of CZECHOSLOVAKIA associated him-self with the Polish delegate’s thanks to Denmark.He hoped that one day Czechoslovakia might comesimilarly to the aid of children from other coun-tries, and thought that the bonds of friendshipbetween young people created by these visits werea pledge of future peace.


Held on Tuesday, 26 November 1946 at 2.45 p. m.

Chairman : Sir Ronald ADAM (United Kingdom).later M. DRZEWIESKI (Poland).

5. YOUTH SERVICE CAMPS (continuation).

The delegate of the UNITED STATES underlinedthe importance of youth service groups in theformation of mutual international understanding.He considered that the sums necessary for thesecamps should not come from fellowships, butthat donations on the part of charitable organ-izations should be encouraged.

He proposed two amendments to Item 5. Thefirst sentence of the first paragraph would read :“ In co-operation with students organizations andall other interested agencies, Unesco should seekto encourage the* establishment of youth servicecamps and to provide for theequitable distribut-ion of such camps in the devastated regions inthe course of the summer of 1947. ”

The first sentence of the second paragraphwould read : ‘‘ If Unesco were to take the ini-tiative in organizing such camps, this is not tosay that Unesco would bear the main costs ofsuch establishments...”

This proposal was presented in English and, fromthe rest of the discussion, it emerged that therewasconsiderable difference between the French andthe English texts of Item 5. It was therefore de-cided to redraft both these texts in order to bringthem into line; the discussion would be resumedwhen the new texts had been circulated to dele-gates.

140 —


The delegate of the UNION OF SOUTH AFRICAthought that this problem should be envisagedfrom the widest angle; he moved the referenceto the Education Sub-Commission of the followingquestions : (I) reception of students and pupilsorganizations from the devastated regions in themore favoured countries, for education and assis-tance; (2) organization of journeys in foreign coun-tries; (3) exchange of correspondence; (4) assis-tance to all youth services.

The proposal of the South African delegate wasadopted.

6. EMERGENCY ACTIVITIES.

The FRENCH delegate agreed that Unesco musthave an emergency fund for the more imperativerequirements, but he did not think that this acti-vity should be too extended, Unesco’s essentialtask being to approach official or private nationalor international organizations, in order to obtaintheir assistance and to intervene financially onlywhen these organizations were unable to do so.

On an observation of the UNITED STATES de-legate, the FRENCH delegate proposed that Item 6,first paragraph, last sentence, should be amendedas follows : “ Hence. the necessity of establishinga small reserve fund, which, in an emergency,might be used and regarded as tacitly renewable. ”

Item 6 was adopted with this amendment.

RESOLUTIONS PROPOSED FOR CONSIDERATIONBY THE RECONSTRUCTION AND REHABILITATION

COMMISSION

The CHAIRMAN opened the discussion on thetext of the resolutions. (Document Unesco/C/19).

Resolutions Nos. 2, 3 and 7, paragraph I.After a long discussion concerning resolution

No. 2, proposed by the United Kingdom delegate,No. 3, proposed by the United States delegateand No. 7, paragraph I, proposed by the Greekdelegate, it was decided, on the suggestion of theDanish-delegate, to suspend the meeting for a quar-ter of an hour in order to enable the represen-tatives of the countries having presented theseresolutions to agree among themselves, with thehelp of the French delegate, in order to presenta single and clear text in English and in French.

The meeting was suspended from 4.15 to 4.40 p. m.When it was resumed, the Chairman announced

that it had been possible to reach an agreementand that the typescript would be circulated thenext morning for discussion,

Resolution No.1 (presented by the Polish delega-tion).

The UNITED KINGDOM delegate thought thatthe proposals of the Polish delegation were soimportant that it was impossible to approve themwithout having had time to consider them. Heproposed that they should be referred to the Exe-cutive Board.

The CHAIRMAN preferred that the discussion ofthis question should be adjourned till tomorrowmorning in order to enable the United Kingdom

delegation to study it more thoroughly. The Com-mission agreed to this arrangement.

Resolution No. 4 (presented by the Uruguayandelegate).

It was decided to refer this resolution to theSub-Commission on Education.

Resolutions 5 and 6 would be discussed whenthe original French texts had been circulated.

Resolution No. 7 (presented by the Greek dele-gate).

The GREEK delegate recalled that paragraph Ihad been incorporated with Resolutions 2 and 3.He suggested that paragraph 2 should be discus-sed during the examination of Item IV, b and c,of the Agenda. This proposal was adopted.

Resolution No. 8 (presented,.by the Iranian dele-gate).

The CHAIRMAN proposed that this resolutionshould be referred to the Executive Board forstudy from the legal angle.

The I RANIAN delegate urged that his ideasshould be taken into account in the recommen-dation referring his resolution to the ExecutiveBoard. He emphasized Item 2 : creation of aninternational loan fund for the assistance of coun-tries to enable them to undertake their culturalreconstruction themselves.

In order to prevent this extremely importantquestion from being rejected by the Commissionowing to an insufficient study of the matter, itwas decided to refer it to the Executive Board,with a recommendation reflecting the opinion ofthe Iranian delegate.

Resolution No. 9The CZECHOSLOVAK delegate asked if contact

had been already established with internationalorganizations and in what way they had reacted.

Dr. WILSON explained that the Technical Sub-Committee had approached international organ-izations; meetings had taken place, letters hadbeen exchanged, some of them had sent observersto the Conference. It was certain that many ofthese organizations would approve the creation ofa council for the co-ordination of their activitiesand of an Executive Committee of that council.

The SOUTH AFRICAN delegate had some doubtas to Unesco’s competence in this matter. He pro-posed that the Legal Advisers should be consultedand that the question should be referred to theExecutive Board.

Dr. HUXLEY explained that Unesco had a per-fect right to conclude agreementswith non-govern:mental international organizations. This principlehad been approved by the General Conference, andUnesco had even been encouraged to promotethe creation of new international organizations. ACommittee had already undertaken to establishrelations between them; it would be easy to trans-form it into a council.

The CHAIRMAN put resolution No. g to the vote.It was adopted unanimously.

— 141 —


Resolution No. 10Resolution No. IO, proposed by the Belgian de-

legation, and seconded by the French and Greekdelegations, was unanimously adopted.


Held on 27 November 1946 at 10 a. m.

Chairman : M. B. DRZEWIESKI (Poland).

RESOLUTIONS PROPOSED FOR CONSIDERATION BYTHE RECONSTRUCTION AND REHABILITATION

COMMISSION.

(Doc. Unesco/c/19) (continuation).

It was decided that some of the resolutionswould be set aside, either because they had al-ready been dealt with, or because it was advisableto postpone their discussion.

Resolution No. I was referred to the ExecutiveBoard for consideration.

The Meeting then dealt with the text whichthe delegations of the UNITED STATES, FRANCE,GREECE and the UNITED KINGDOM proposed tosubstitute for paragraph 2, page 5, of DocumentC/II (English). This text was approved.

Resolution No. 2 submitted by the U NITEDKINGDOM delegation, which provides for the mo-dification of Recommendations Nos. 2 and 3 (ap-pearing on page 5 of the English text of C/ II)and for the addition of a Recommendation No. 4,was then taken up.

With regard to the proposed alteration to Re-commendation No. 2, the CHAIRMAN consideredthat this Recommendation should be taken asadopted, by virtue of the approval given to thetext submitted jointly by the delegations of theUNITED STATES, FRANCE, GREECE and the Unit-ed Kingdom.

The United Kingdom’ delegate having statedhis views on the amendment to RecommendationNo. 3 and on the adoption of RecommendationNo. 4, these items were also considered as appro-ved.

Resolution No. 3, proposed by the UNITED STA-TES. and Resolution No. 5, proposed by FRANCE,were considered as adopted by virtue of the Com-mission’s approval of the text submitted jointlyby the delegations of the United States, France,GREECE and the UNITED KINGDOM .

The same decision was taken in regard to thefirst part of Resolution No. 7, proposed by theGREEK delegation. The second part of this Reso-lution would be considered when the question ofUnesco’s relations with other international organ-izations was reviewed.

The CHAIRMAN pointed out that Proposal No. gand paragraph I of Proposal No. IO had alreadybeen adopted. As there were no objections madeto paragraphs 2 and 3, the latter were also con-sidered as approved.

The discussion then began on Resolution No. II.The CHINESE delegate hoped that Unesco wouldcontinue the work undertaken by Unrra. The

GREEK delegate expressed the same hope. TheUNITED KINGDOM delegate pointed out that whenpursuing the task undertaken by Unrra, unlessprecautions were taken, there was a danger ofencroaching on other international organizations,such as the World Health Organization. Unesco’sfunctions must be clearly determined.

The F RENCH delegate supported the UnitedKingdom delegate and proposed the addition toResolution No. II of a motion which the Frenchdelegation would communicate to the Chairmanand which would provide for the establishmentof an organization to continue the work of Unrrain the material field, and stipulate that Unescoshould concern itself with questions of an intellect-ual character and with vocational training.

The CHAIRMAN proposed the adjournment of thediscussion on this question until the problem ofUnesco’s relations with other international organ-izations was dealt with.

The meeting then turned to Resolution No. 12,After taking into consideration the observationsby the UNITED STATES and FRENCH delegates, theCHAIRMAN suggested that the first part of this Re-solution could be submitted for the Commission’sapproval and that they should wait until the Sec-tions were in a position to send in more detailedreports before taking up the second part.

The DANISH delegate suggested that the firstpart of a project which he had communicated tothe Chairman, concerning the assistance to begranted to teaching staff, should then be consid-ered.

The CHAIRMAN proposed that this questionshould be postponed until they had dealt with theResolutions submitted to the Commission.

With regard to Resolution No. 13, it was pro-posed to alter the English text in order to makeit quite clear that national organizations will beable to operate not only in war-devastated coun-tries, but in any other country. In reply to a ques-tion by the UNITED KINGDOM delegate, the CHAIR-MAN pointed out that these organizations couldbe under either government or private control.

Resolution No. 14 was adopted.With regard to Resolution No. 15, the FRENCH

delegate proposed that the term ‘‘countries re-ceiving assistance” should be substituted for “im-poverished countries’’, The Resolution was adop-ted with this alteration.

The CHAIRMAN stated that Resolution No. 17would be considered in conjunction with Item 4(c) of the Agenda (co-operation with private in-ternational organizations).

The Meeting then dealt with the alterations tobe made to the draft of the second paragraph ofArticle V concerning Youth Camps (DocumentC/II, English text page 9). After a short discus-sion, the delegates of the UNITED STATES, FRANCEand the UNITED KINGDOM agreed upon the sub-stitution of the following text for that which ap-pears at the beginning of paragraph I : “ Evenif Unesco takes the initiative of organizing camps,this in no way implies that...” The reason forthis proposed alteration was that it was not nor-mally Unesco’s responsibility to take the initia-tive in this respect.

The proposal submitted by the DANISH delega-

— 142 —


tion, concerning the assistance to be given to tea-chers and eventually to students, was then takenup and was supported by the NORWEGIAN delega-tion. The delegates of FRANCE and the UNITEDSTATES having suggested that more emphasisshould be laid on the assistance to be given to chil-dren, the CHAIRMAN asked them to consult withthe Danish delegate in order to re-draft the pro-posal.

The meeting then resumed consideration of theAgenda, and, in relation to Item 4 (c), studiedProposal No. 17, which was adopted.

The CHAIRMAN suggested that they should deallater with a motion submitted by the FRENCHdelegation. This motion expressed “ the hope thatthe work of Unrra will be continued for the bene-fit of needy and ill-nourished children in war-de-vastated countries ’’.

Dr. WILSON asked permission to move an amend-ment to Resolution No. g in spite of the factthat the latter had already been adopted. He con-sidered that the first paragraph should be altered,so as to make it clear that the Councilwould main-tain a certain degree of independence in regardto Unesco. The text should therefore read “ Unescoshould take immediate steps to urge the establish-ment of a Council...”

The amendment was adopted.The CHAIRMAN then took up Resolution II, con-

cerning which the FRENCH delegate desired totable a motion. Pending communication of thetext to the Chairman, the meeting adjourned fora few minutes.

The meeting was resumed at 11.55 a. m., underthe Chairmanship of M. DRZEWIESKI.

The CHAIRMAN informed the Commission thatthe officers of the Commission had suggested thatthe report should be drafted by the rapporteur,Mr. BRUMBAUCH , assisted by M. HEMPKIN , andthat it should subsequently be approved by theChairman.

This procedure was agreed to.With reference to the budget of the Techni-

cal Sub-Committee, the officers proposed that itshould not be discussed by the ReconstructionCommission until it had been examined by theFinancial Sub-Committee.

This proposal was agreed to.The CHAIRMAN submitted for the Commission’s

approval an amendment to Resolution No. 17, pre-sented by the FRENCH, delegation.

Resolution No. 17 was adopted, subject to thisamendment.

At the proposal of the GREEK delegate, it wasdecided to insert in Resolution No. 7 words indi-cating that the World Health Organization shouldfigure at the head of the list of bodies dealingwith the health of young people.

The CHAIRMAN pointed out that, as the World.Health Organization was affiliated to the Econo-mic and Social Council of the United Nations, thewish thus expressed by the Unesco Conferenceshould be transmitted directly to this Organiza-tion.

The CHAIRMAN submitted Resolution No. 5, con-cerning the part to be played by Unesco in thetask of rehabilitation, for the Commission’s ap-proval.

He drew attention to the fact that reference wasmade in paragraph I of the Resolution to a pointalready dealt with in the introduction to the re-port. He thought it would be expedient, whendrafting the report in its final form, to eliminaterepetitions as far as possible.

The UNITED STATES delegate pointed out thatthe Resolution in question was too important todiscuss without having a written text available;and it was therefore decided to have it duplicatedand distributed to members, and to adjourn thediscussion to a later meeting.

The CHAIRMAN announced that the Agenda ofthe Commission was nearly exhausted, since thedebate on the budget had been adjourned to alater meeting. He also recalled that ResolutionNo. 12, paragraph 2, had been referred to theEducation Sub-Commission for their opinion. ThisResolution would therefore not be discussed bythe Reconstruction Commission until the Educa-tion Sub-Commission had expressed its opinion onthe question.

The GREEK delegate proposed that the nextmeeting of the Commission should take place onWednesday, 4 December, at 3.0 p. m. This pro-posal was accepted.

In order to comply with requests submitted bythe UNITED KINGDOM delegate, it was decidedthat delegations which had views to express onthe allocation of funds earmarked for certain pur-poses in the budget estimates should forward theirobservations to Room No. 438 before 12 o’clockon Thursday. These recommendations would betransmitted to the Finance Sub-Commission.

The FRENCH and UNITED STATES delegates, onbehalf of all the delegations which had partici-pated in the work of the Reconstruction Commis-sion, expressed their thanks to M.DRZEWIESKI forthe firmness and efficiency with which he had pre-sided over the Commission’s proceedings.

The CHAIRMAN replied that he had endeavour-ed, above all, to secure agreement between allthe members of the Commission, as an expressionof the general desire to build a better world.

S I X T H M E E T I N G

Held on Wednesday, 4 December 1946 at 3 p. m.

Chairman : M. DRZEWIESKI (Poland).

The CHAIRMAN requested the Rapporteur to sub-mit the amendments to the Report contained indocument Unesco/C/II Corrigendum.

All these amendments were adopted, exceptpage 3 of the corrigendum, Article 4 “ Field Con-sultants”, fourth line : delete the word “ consul-tation’’.

The Commission adopted two additional amend-ments :

I. Page 7 of the Report, instead of “ Publica-tions ” read ‘‘Publications for teachers’’.

2. Page 7 of the Report, penultimate paragraph.For ‘‘Unesco should prepare pamphlets”read ‘‘Unesco should promote the publi-cation of pamphlets....”

— 143 —


EXAMINATION OF RESOLUTIONSPREVIOUSLY ADOPTED.

The Rapporteur submitted nine resolutions, oneby one, which were all adopted by the Commission,with the following amendments :

Resolution I.Cancel the last two words : ‘‘I of youth ’’.

Resolution 4.Delete the last part of the last sentence star-

ting withtask. . .”

“this system...” and insert “this

Resolution 5.Instead of “ the Governments will send ” say

“ will be invited to send. ”

Resolution 10.The delegates of DENMARK and of the UNITED

KINGDOM suggested slight alterations to the Frenchand English texts, which were adopted.

The FRENCH delegate suggested that the follow-ing sentence should be included in the resolut-ion : “Devastated countries can also contributeto the task of rehabilitation by placing their ownteachers and scientists at the disposal of othercountries, their influence being thus extended.”

The CHAIRMAN then suggested an amendmentrecommending that the French proposal shouldbe extended to cover teachers and professors ofdevastated countries, in as much as their war-time experience might be of value to their collea-gues in other countries; and the text of theFrench resolution, thus amended, read as fol-lows : ‘‘The devastated countries can also con-tribute their ideas to the task of rehabilitation byplacing at the disposal of other countries the ex-perience gained by their scientists and teachersduring the terrible years of war.”

This was unanimously adopted.Before dealing with the next question, the Rap-

porteur made two statements.He proposed that the introduction to the final

report be omitted.The budget submitted by the Secretariat to the

Financial Sub-Commission was in reality merely ar-e-arrangement of the original budget, since thetotal had not been altered.

EXAMINATION OF RESOLUTIONS FORWARDEDBY OTHER COMMISSIONS.

A resolution from the Education Sub-Commis-sion, concerning the creation of reconstructioncamps, was forwarded to the Reconstruction andRehabilitation Commission, with a view to therealization of this scheme.

The CHAIRMAN pointed out that the Commission.itself had already adopted a resolution coveringthis matter.

A double resolution from the Mass Media Com-mission concerning the examination of the immed-iate needs of devastated countries and the crea-tion of fellowships for the exchange of staff engag-

ed in Media of Mass Communication, was ac-cepted on the understanding that it was alreadycovered by other resolutions.

The R APPORTEUR presented the statementstaken from the report of the Libraries and Mus-eums Sub-Commission. The Sub-Commission em-phasized that :

I. Unesco’s activities, as regards libraries andmuseums, must be directed towards pur-poses of reconstruction and rehabilitation:

2. Unesco must help in reconstituting collectionsand restoring monuments which had suf-fered from the war;

3. Unesco must collect reports on the needs oflibraries, museums and archives, and frameplans to meet those needs;

4. The Executive Board must create a specialfund for this purpose;

5. The services for the protection of collectionsmust be permanent.

The R APPORTEUR submitted further extractsfrom the report, as follows :

I. The Secretariat must gain the support of theAllied Control Authorities;

2. The necessary steps must be taken to createan International Clearing House for pub-lications;

3. The publications Clearing House must facili-tate exchanges between organizations andgovernments;

4. Unesco must take the necessary steps in orderthat libraries may encourage loans and ex-changes of books.

Special efforts must be made to improve theprofessional training of library, museum and ar-chives staff.

The U NITED STATES delegate proposed anamendment to No. G I, to which he wanted thefollowing sentence added: “This should be a veryimportant project in the re-establishment ofplans, but it should not become a project therealization of which would require large fundsand a big staff.”

The delegate of FRANCE recalled that page 75of the Green Book referred to the InternationalClearing House for publications. A definite propos-al should be formulated about this. As regardsbooks stolen by the Germans from their owners,it should be mentioned that Unesco would be en-trusted with the distribution of any surplus tocountries in need of it. He added that it had justcome to his notice that the Libraries Sub-Com-mission had adopted his recommendation,

The CHAIRMAN thought they should accept thereport of the Sub-Commission for purposes of in-formation, but that they should entrust their ownCommission with the practical execution of thescheme. They could not accept the UNITED STATESproject.

The UNITED KINGDOM delegate thought that pa-ragraph 2 touched upon the question of repara-tions.

The CHAIRMAN was in favour of referring thatmatter to the Executive Board for elucidation bythe Legal Adviser.

The delegate of FRANCE pointed out that thiswas a question of restitution and not of reparation.

— 144 —


The CHAIRMAN said he would agree if GreatBritain were not mentioned.

The UNITED KINGDOM delegate asked the Corn-mission to refer this project to the ExecutiveBoard.

The CHAIRMAN decided to accept the text withthe amendment submitted by the United Statesdelegate, except Point 2, concerning which theywould ask the Executive Board to consult theLegal Adviser.

The CHAIRMAN had a letter read out addressedby the Director of the Encyclopaedia Britannicato Mr. MacLeish, who had referred it to the Com-mission. It contained an offer of three hundredcopies of the latest edition of the Encyclopaedia.The Director had asked Unesco to distribute thevolumes.

The CHAIRMAN proposed that a letter should besent to the University of Chicago expressingtheir thanks, and that the question should be re-ferred to the Executive Board.

He mentioned further that the Report wouldbe submitted to the General Conference by Mr.Brumbauch.

The delegate of FRANCE expressed his thanks tothe members of the Commission, and in particularconveyed to the Chairman the Commission’s sym-pathy for martyred Poland.

The delegate of POLAND warmly thanked theFrench Delegate, and expressed his great pleasureat the work done by the Commission on behalfof international democracy and in order to enablechildren in all countries to lead a happier life.

— 145 —10


SUMMARY RECORDSO F T H E

SIX PROGRAMME SUE-COMMISSIONS


SUB-COMMISSION

F I R S T M E E T I N GHeld on Tuesday, 26 November 1946 at 10.20 a. m.

Chairman : H. E. SHAFIK GHORBAL BEY(Egypt).

Dr. WILSON(Deputy Executivesecretary) askedthat the Chairman of the Sub-Commission be elect-ed.

H. E. SHAFIK GHORBAL BEY, delegate for Egypt,was unanimously elected (on the proposal of theCHINESE delegation, seconded by the delegationsof FRANCE and the NETHERLANDS).

Mr. George D. STODDARD, delegate of the Uni-ted States, was unanimously elected Vice-Chair-man (on the proposal of the INDIAN delegation,seconded by the FRENCH delegation).

Dr. WILSON, (Deputy Executive Secretary) brief-ly listed the documents submitted for the exam-nation of the Sub-Commission, the basis of whichwas the Chapter “Education” in the Report ofUnesco’s programme. He pointed out that the pre-paratory technical work of the conferences contem-plated for 1947 could be done by correspondencebetween experts. He stated that projects A, F,H, I, M and N of the report on Unesco’s Pro-gramme had been given priority on account of theirimportance and because they could be executedeasily.

The CHAIRMAN moved the acceptance of theAgenda.

He read the resolutions adopted at the meetingof Monday, 25 November by the ProgrammeCommission regarding the work of the Sub-Com-missions (contribution to peace, coherence, prac-tical and financial feasibility, time-limits, generalinstructions).

The supplementary reports and documents, whe-ther they figured on the agenda or not, but whichDr. WILSON did not refer to, were also enumerat-ed.

There followed a general discussion.The delegate of the NETHERLANDS asked for

the creation of a small group of competent ex-perts, who would be responsible for opening upGermany to education, by visiting the countryand establishing the necessary contacts with Ger-man circles and the occupying powers.

The CHAIRMAN pointed out that, since this wasa new proposal, it would have to be discussedlater, at the same time as paragraph 6, whichwas especially set aside for the study of new sug-gestions.

The delegate of BELGIUM proposed, with a viewto preventing minds from being distorted by un-sound education, and in order to convert the mindsaffected by harmful propaganda :

I. That a short statement on the ends andmeans of Unesco should be drafted and widelydistributed among teachers of all grades in allcountries;

2. The publication of an illustrated historical

ON EDUCATIONalbum of Unesco, in which photographs wouldreplace words; these pictures would be groupedunder various general headings. They wouldconstitute a sort of illustrated epic of human-ity;

3. The publication of a history text-book ofworld civilization, which would constitute abasis for history-teaching in each country;

4. The preparation of illustrated synopticalcharts, specifying the great discoveries and in-ventions that had influenced history and theprogress of man.The delegate of INDIA urged priority for certain

projects — those that could be executed at onceand were of the first importance to the mainten-ance of peace. He approved the suggestions madeby the Belgian delegate as well as the proposednew procedure for the preparation of conferencesby correspondence.

The delegate of of NICARAGUA and COSTA RICAsupported the suggestion that a pamphlet onUnesco be distributed in all schools throughoutthe world and among the masses of the peoplein every country; it would be a pamphlet in which,without preaching hatred against the conquered,efforts would be made to explain how certain ideo-logies had been harmful. From the financial pointof view, he pointed out that Unesco must takeaccount of poor countries, so that all nations ofthe world, without exception, could be represent-ed. He regretted that Nicaragua and Costa Ricahad not yet the right to vote.

The delegate for BRAZIL pointed out that, tojustify faith in secular education, the latter mustcreate an ideal; that ideal must be universal andhuman and be based on a deep knowledge of man.The aims of secular education must be to love,know and serve humanity. It was only by deve-loping this ideal that the work of secular edu-cation could be useful and lasting, that altruismcould triumph over egoism.

The delegate of AUSTRALIA raised a simple ques-tion of procedure; he asked that the projects pre-sented be examined in order and one after theother, until the list was exhausted.

The delegate of POLAND asked that Unescoshould establish close relations with the big in-ternational teachers’ organizations (associations,unions, organizations of world intellectual co-ope-ration). Taking the example of Denmark, whichfor nearly a century had had an advanced schoolof popular education, he pointed to the value ofdemocratic education, particularly for countrieswhere the population was mainly rural. He advo-cated the creation of a special international peda-gogic review dealing with sociology and socialhistory.

The CHAIRMAN announced that at the after-noon meeting the proposal of the Australian de-legate, seconded by the delegate of the UnitedKingdom, relating to procedure, would be thefirst to be examined.

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S E C O N D M E E T I N GHeld on Tuesday, 26 November 1946 at 3 p. m.

Chairman: Mr. G. D. STODDARD (United States),

Sir Philip Morris (United Kingdom) referredto the suggestion made by the delegate of Aus-tralia in the morning, and suggested that consid-eration should be given first to the six proposalschosen as being the most important among thoseput up by the Secretariat, then to other pro-posals and finally to any new proposals whichd e l e g a t e s m i g h t p u t f o r w a r d .

Dr. R. C. MILLS (Australia) supported this pro-p o s a l .

Dr. WILSON (Deputy Executive Secretary),whileagreeing with this proposal, remarked that itwould not do to neglect the other projects putforward by the Secretariat and suggested that awide interpretation be given to the motion by thed e l e g a t e o f t h e U n i t e d K i n g d o m .

Adopted.GROUP I

I. THE PANEL ON FUNDAMENTAL EDUCATION(Document Unesco/C/Prog.Com/S.C.Educ./2).

Rajkumari Amrit KAUR (India) emphasizedthe importance of fundamental education in thefight against war. She gave an account of thebattle against illiteracy in India and of the ge-neral principles adopted there in adult education.India would welcome any help which Unesco couldgive in this field, whether in the form of maps,books or the training of teachers. She regrettedthat a more important place could not be givent o s t a t i s t i c s .

Dr. R. C. MILLS (Australia), while agreeing withthe proposals of the Secretariat, raised two ques-tions on the method of conducting the surveys.Firstly, Unesco should refer to Member Statesfor the collecting of information which it requi-red. Secondly, it was primarily the EducationSection which should deal with these surveys, al-though with the help of experts from other sec-t i o n s h a v i n g l e s s i m m e d i a t e i n t e r e s t .

Sir Philip MORRIS (United Kingdom) agreedwith the plan for Fundamental Education pre-pared by the Secretariat and thought that it sat-isfied the conditions set out by the ProgrammeCommission. It would not involve great financialoutlay, as the information would be provided bythe Member States; it mould be easy to recruitthe necessary qualified staff. In fact this scheme,being admirably adapted to the aim in view, couldbecome an integral part of the general programmeof Unesco. The delegation of the United Kingdomtherefore approved this proposal and consideredthat it should form one of the immediate tasksfor Unesco.

Professor WALLON (France) was glad that prio-rity had been given to the question of fundament-al education. In his opinion it presented threed i f fe ren t p rob lems :

I. The Campaign against illiteracy : He pro-posed the setting up of a study committee tocollect information, prepare programmes, and ad-

vise Member States; it would only be an advisorycommittee. One of the concerns of this Committeewould be to provide the peoples with a good know-ledge of their own language, together with thefacilities for learning one of the principal modernl a n g u a g e s .

2. Popular Education : He quoted the exampleof the Workers’ Universities organized in Francefor adult education and stated that the Frenchdelegation would support any enterprise of thisk i n d .

3. The Technical Question of Material : Pict-ures, books, films, etc. It was desirable to preparea selection of this type of material, not to bethrust on Member States, but to be at theirdisposal.

Professeur Wallon also proposed that UnescoCommittees should be formed in each countryto act as a liaison between the different nationalorganizations for education and Unesco. Finally,he emphasized the danger of taking an over-intellectual view of education. An appeal shouldbe made to the emotions of the peoples if a realspirit of human brotherhood was to be created.

Dr. CHU SHIH-YING (China) emphasized that theproject for fundamental education implied a de-mocratic view of education. He gave an accountof the gigantic problems which fundamental edu-cation represented in China. He remarked thatresearch and experiment must play an important.part in this field, and that fundamental educationmust be an integral part of the programme of soc-ial reconstruction. The delegation of China wouldlike to see the Secretariat’s project for fundament-a l educa t ion accep ted .

The CHAIRMAN, on behalf of the United Statesdelegation, made three suggestions in this con-nection. First Unesco should stimulate and encour-age States Members in this field, but should nottry to undertake work pertaining to the govern-ments. Secondly, it should be borne in mind thatthe cost of education was generally enormous, of-ten only inferior to that of armaments. Finally,he suggested that Unesco might rightly carry ondemonstration projects in fundamental educationwhich would be of assistance to governments.

The Sub-Commission went on to the followingp o i n t :

ENQUIRY CONCERNING EDUCATION AS A MEANSOF FOSTERING INTERNATIONAL UNDERSTANDINGS(proposal A, page 151 of the programme reportof Unesco, English text — Proposal No.1 of docu-ment Unesco /Prep .Com. /Educ . I ) .

The delegate of CANADA stressed the impor-tance of this proposal, He thought that the Com-mittee of Experts which it was proposed to setup would have a twofold duty : to persuade teach-ers in all countries to take joint steps to pro-mote understanding between the nations and toprovide for the training of teachers capable of be-nefiting by information collected in all countries,concerning methods likely to foster such under-standing.

Rajkumari Amrit KAUR (India) asked if it wereproposed to set up a committee of 15 experts,which would be in session throughout the yearto study the question or whether the Secretariatwould first collect information from the different

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Member States and only then convene the Com-mittee of Experts. This was an important ques-tion, for there was the financial aspect to be con-sidered.

Dr. W ILSON explained that the circulation ofa questionnaire to governments had not been con-templated. This was a long-range project embrac-ing the whole question of the revision of schoolcurricula, the execution of which would requirenumerous questionnaires and a number of confe-rences. The first step would be the creation ofa Committee of Experts, which would undertake :

I. To collect information on the best methodsof developing mutualinternational understanding;

2. To prepare a list of the obstacles encountered;3. To receive suggestions from psychologists,

teachers, specialists and experts of every kind.Sir Philip MORRIS (United Kingdom) asked if

it would not be preferable, for the first year, toconfine oneself to preliminary enquiries in thedifferent countries, in order to collect suggestionsand study the various methods of education onthe spot. The National Commissions and the var-ious co-operating agencies could play an impor-tant part and the results of these preliminary en-quiries could be embodied in a report which wouldbe submitted to Unesco and studied by the Con-ference next year.

Dr. WILSON pointed out that, in substance, theSecretariat’s plan was no different from that pro-posed by Sir Philip Morris. He explained thatthere would not be, as certain delegates seemedto think, three committees, but a single committeeperforming three separate tasks. This committeewould be composed of experts presented by theStates Members, and it would be for the Sub-Com-mission to define the task which it would have toaccomplish during the first year.

Mr. COOK (Union of South Africa) said thathis country was somewhat distrustful of anythingthat came from abroad. The first step, therefore,in his opinion was to encourage people to have”confidence in Unesco and, for this, it would bewell to rely upon local organisations.

Dr. WILSON pointed out that Unesco had alwaystaken the line of non-interference in the domesticaffairs of states. For the project in question, itproposed to work in liaison with the NationalCommissions and with the co-operating agencies,its object being to disseminate such informationas it might be able to collect on methods of edu-cation likely to foster international understand-ing.

The CHAIRMAN said that it would neverthelessbe a good thing to increase the number of localorganizations in order to make allowance for thepsychological reactions mentioned by the SouthAfrican delegate.

Dr. M ILLS (Australia) drew attention to thedifference between the point of view of Sir PhilipMorris and that of Dr. Wilson. Sir Philip thoughtthat they could begin by collecting informationfrom the different States, relying, if neccessary, onexperts in those countries. Dr. Wilson thoughtthat it might be possible this-year both to col-lect information from Member States and to setup a committee. The Australian delegation wouldbe in favour of Sir Philip Morris’s proposal.

Sir Philip MORRIS (United Kingdom) emphasizedthat the Secretariat should be in a position toconsult the greastet possible number-of people,since this would enable it to work more construc-tively.

The CHAIRMAN proposed that a vote should betaken on the question of the establishment-of acommittee. Sir Philip Morris pointed out that thequestion was not quite so simple and that it wouldperhaps be as well to compromise and leave itto the Secretariat to decide whether a committeeshould be set up, once it had collected the neces-sary information from the Member States.

The dlelegate of INDIA thought that the firsttwo duties of the proposed Committee (collectionof information on methods of education and studyof obstacles) could be performed by the Secretariat.It would first be necessary to circulate a memo-randum to Member States and to receive their re-plies; then the Secretariat could consider set-ting up a committee.

M. WALLON (France) observed that, in practice,everyone was agreed as to the need of a committee.The whole question was whether that committeeshould be established by the Secretariat or bythe Conference. Owing to the distrust that stillexisted in certain countries of anything comingfrom abroad, he thought it would be better tohave the committee appointed by the Conference,since this would invest it with more authority.

The SOUTH AFRICAN delegate felt that no Com-mittee of Experts, even if appointed by the Con-ference, could be as effective as regional organ-izations in which the peoples could themselvesparticipate in the discussions.

The CHAIRMAN summed up the possible solu-tions as follows :

I. To establish a Committee at once, as pro-posed in the Secretariat Report.

2. To authorize the Secretariat to set up, inthe course of the year, groups of experts whowould merely act in an advisory capacity andwith whom the Secretariat could collaborate.

3. To allow the Secretariat a free hand as towhether they should or should not set up Com-mittees of Experts or Groups of Consultants.Solution No. 3 having been rejected by a show

of hands, a new vote was taken which resultedin ten votes being given to solution No. 2 againsteight votes in favour of solution No. I.

The CHAIRMAN then proposed the adoption ofthis proposal, after providing for the substitu-tion of the term ‘‘ Groups of Consultants ” for“ Committee of Experts ’’.

The delegate of the UNITED KINGDOM was askedto make known his views on how such groups ofexperts could be set Up.

Subject to this amendment, the proposal wasconsidered as adopted.

The meeting then proceeded to consider theproposal entitled : INTERNATIONAL EDUCATIONALSUMMER COURSES (Proposal number 6, documentUnesco/Prep.Com./Educ.I).

The INDIAN delegate proposed that in the condi-tions required for participation in these seminars,the provision -‘concerning. the ability to under-stand lectures and talks in English and French

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should be altered so as to imply abi1ity to under-stand lectures or talks in English or French. Healso asked that the persons appointed to take partin these seminars should be chosen on the widestpossible representative basis, and that teacherswho had attended such courses should be giventhe possibility of utilizing the specialized know-ledge they had thus acquired.

This proposal was considered as approved, sub-ject to the above alteration.

The meeting then dealt with the proposal con-cerning the COMMITTEE FOR EDUCATIONAL STA-TISTICS (Proposal M, page 151 of the Report onthe Unesco Programme).

The INDIAN delegate emphasized the importanceof this question; the establishment of statisticswould enable the stimulation of backward coun-tries and help every country to solve problemsrelating to education.The C HAIRMAN pointed out that this project

was linked with that concerning the publicationof an international year-book, and suggested thatit might be useful to consider both proposals simul-taneously.

The UNITED KINGDOM delegate pointed out thatthe publication of the year-book would have tobe considered in any case. Such a year-book wouldpermit the standardization of terminology, andwould facilitate the interpretation of statistics.

The CHAIRMAN thought the two proposals weretherefore inseparable and that the Sub-Commis-sion could recommend their adoption to the Con-ference.

The two proposals were adopted.

T H I R D M E E T I N GHeld on Wednesday, 27 November 1946 at 10 a.m.

Chairman : H. E. SHAFIK GHORBAL BEY(Egypt).

The discussion began on Item 4 of the Agenda“ Revision of School Textbooks ’’.

Mme Natalie GASIOROWSKA (Poland) mentio-ned the importance of the teaching of history andits influence on world peace. Some form of inter-national control should be exercised on general his-tory and national history text-books, so as to pre-vent the distortion of events for war-like purposes;such control should particularly apply to thosecountries where harmful doctrines had taken rootand where the desire for power dominated. Theteaching of history must be scientific and impar-tial, and the treatment of social evolution andhuman progress must also be considered in its so-cial, economic and diplomatic, as well as in its

Mgr. Jean MAROUN (Lebanon) considered itwould be useful to encourage authors of new schooltext-books by the award of generous scholarships.

Dr. Gabriel R. MANALAc (Philippines) favouredthe drafting of a Charter defining the essentialprinciples to be followed by the various countriesin regard to school text-books. Unesco would beresponsible for drafting and publishing this charter

M. Osman HORASANLI (Turkey) said he wouldlike to see the establishment of a revision com-mittee for school text-books, possessing effectivecensorship powers.

M. P. CARNEIRO (Brazil) recommended thatscientific and technical treatises should be imbuedwith a sounder historical sense and should reflectthe collective thoughts of men and women throughthe ages.

political aspects. Mr. G. D. STODDARD (United States) read the

various amendments proposed, as follows :

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text of the Unesco programme (Unesco/C./9,page 19, paragraphs I-7 and pages 22-23, para-graph 7). He observed that there were no govern-ment educational text-books in America and thatthere was absolute freedom in the publication ofschool-books. Unesco must not take on the roleof censor, and alter or revise books which appearedin America, but should confine itself to the draft-ing of reports and recommendations, which would

be submitted to American educationalinstitutions.M. Hans MOHR (Norway) proposed the creat-

ion of a Committee in every country for the col-lection of exhaustive historical documentation, inco-operation with the governmental authorities ofthat country, and the communication of this docu-mentation to Unesco.

Mr. K. G. SAIYIDAIN (India) observed that text-books were capable of giving a distorted view offacts. It was essential that regional conferences‘should be held to verify history text-books andthus contribute to better international relations.

M. P. VERNIERS (Belgium) thought that an en-quiry should be made regarding the most appro-priate ‘age for beginning the teaching of historyin schools, and the proportion of the curriculumto be devoted to this subject.

M. HAVRANEK (Czechoslovakia) pointed out thatthe essential factor in the problem of educationwas really the teacher, rather than the text-book.It was the teachers who must be imbued with atruly international outlook.

M. WALLON (France) recommended the esta-blishment of national enquiry and documentationcommittees, which would form the basis of a soundorganization. He emphasized the necessity of re-vising all school-books without exception, and notonly history and geography text-books. Finally,he hoped for the development of a truly interna-tional education.

Dr. C. E. BEEBY (New Zealand) considered thatthe Member States of Unesco should be asked tosend the Secretariat copies of all the school-booksused in their schools and colleges. The Secretariatcould then study these books.

The delegate of NICARAGUA and COSTA RICA saidthat the revision of text-books should also applyto books on religious history.

The CHAIRMAN then took a vote, first on the

I . Amedment proposed by N EW ZEALAND(addition to paragraph I, page 19 in Englishtext of Document C./g) :‘‘ ..each Member State is requested to sendUnesco the widest possible representative col-lection of text-books used in the educationalinstitutions of their country which might havean influence on the intellectual and moral trai-ning of Youth.”Seconded by AUSTRALIA.Adopted by II votes to 2.


2. and Section of the amedment proposedby NEW ZEALAND .

“ The Secretariat is requested to study thetext-books sent by the various countries, incollaboration with” the National Commissionsand Organizations and to make a report on thesubject at the following General Conference.”Seconded by the UNITED KINGDOM .Adopted by 9 votes to 3.

3. Amendment proposed by the INDIAN dele-gation.

“ The Secretariat shall study the text-bookssent by the various countries, in the light oftheir international outlook and understanding,and send a report on this subject to each coun-try concerned. ”Seconded by NORWAY.Adopted by 9 votes to 0.

4. Amendment proposed by the delegation ofthe PHILIPPINES (making a new paragraph 8).

“ In collaboration with the Committee,Unesco shall prepare a Charter in the light ofwhich the various countries will revise andmodify their school text-books.”Seconded by EGYPT.Adopted by 12 votes to 3.

5. Amendment proposed by M. W ALLON(France) (Addition to paragraph 5).

“ To get in touch with the various govern-ments and with the associations of teachers,scholars and historians in order to discoverthe facts on questions of universal historicalimportance and to avoid presenting them ina different form for each nation. ”Seconded by BELGIUM.Adopted by 17 votes to 0.

6. Amendment proposed by Dr. CHU SHIHYUING (China).

“ That the Secretariat publish a periodical listof documentation available to authors, in orderto facilitate the alteration or production of school-books. ”

Seconded by FRANCE.Adopted by II votes to 5.Following points raised by the UNITED KING-

DOM and SOUTH AFRICAN Delegates, a vote wastaken on whether the draft should be voted uponas a whole, with the inclusion of the amendmentsjust adopted, or whether a separate vote shouldbe taken on each paragraph. The proposal by theUNITED KINGDOM, seconded by NEW ZEALAND,that a separate vote should be taken on eachparagraph, was rejected by II votes to 6.

A vote was therefore taken on the draft as awhole, with the inclusion of the amendments al-ready adopted.

The motion that the whole draft with the amend-ments should be recommended to the GeneralConference was adopted by 14 votes to 4.

F O U R T H M E E T I N GHeld on Wednesday, 27 November 1946 at 3 p. m.Chairman : H. E. SHAFIK GHORBAL BEY

(Egypt).

The Sub-Commission resumed the discussion ofitem 4 of the Agenda ‘‘ General Discussion of the

Draft Programme ’’, and proceeded to consider thenote concerning the order of priority to be givento proposals.

GROUP I. No. 5 : LIAISON COMMITTEEON “ EDUCATION FOR HEALTH ."

The CHAIRMAN called upon Mme Thibert, re-presentative of the International Labour Office.

Mme THIBERT stated that the International La-bour Office was expecting much assistance fromUnesco in the promotion of social progress. Shementioned the community of interest betweenUnesco and the I. L. O., and also the necessityfor close co-operation between these two Organ-izations, particularly in regard to the educationalaspects of vocational training. Such collaborationcould either be bi-lateral or multi-lateral, when.the problems under consideration concerned otherspecialized organizations. Mme Thibert then quot-ed several typical examples of co-operation, forinstance, Proposal No. I “ Creation of a Committeeof Experts on Education for Health ’’. She em-phasized that it would be desirable for the I. L. O.to be represented on this Committee. Problems oforientation and selection, in which educationaland professional issues were closely associated,were of interest to both Unesco and the I. L. O.

In conclusion, Mme Thibert assured the meetingof the I. L. O’ s readiness to co-operate willinglyin all circumstances and with all its resources inany form of co-operation with Unesco.

Dr.WILSON (Deputy Executive Secretary)point-ed out that there were international organizationsdealing with health with which Unesco hoped towork other than those mentioned in the document.

The CHAIRMAN proposed the adoption of thefollowing Resolution derived from Document C/2 :

“ That Unesco and the World Health Organ-ization, in co-operation with the United Na-tions Food and Agricultural Organization,should set up a Committee of experts on Edu-cation for Health.”Adopted.The CHAIRMAN then proposed that, in order to

clear up doubts regarding Point 3 of Group I inthe Note on the Order of Priority, this pointshould be taken up again.

GROUP I. POINT 3 :INTERNATIONAL EDUCATIONAL SEMINARS .

Mr. STODDARD (United States) considered thatit would be advisable to organize not only one,but three or four international seminars, in orderto enable teachers to attend more easily. He as-sured Mr. K. G. Saiyidain (India) that this wouldnot entail the suppression of the Centre organizedat Unesco Headquarters.

The meeting adopted this interpretation of thetext approved at the morning meeting.

GROUP II. P OINT I :INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS CLUBS.

In reply to a question by the UNITED KINGDOMdelegate, the CHAIRMAN pointed out that the Sec-tion intended to pursue this project in 1947, iftime, staff and available resources permitted.

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Unesco and students belonging to InternationdRelations Clubs. Dr. Wilson emphasized thatUnesco had no intention of keeping the Govern-ments concerned unaware of their action, but toact through the authorities and organizations res-ponsible for education in each country,

The BELGIAN delegate then mentioned the exis-tence in his country of a ‘‘ Friends of Unesco ”organization.

In reply to a question by Professor WALLON(France), asking whether Unecco could obtain fac-ilities for travel, foreign currency, passports, etc.,Dr. WILSON replied that Unesco would certainlybe very glad to facilitate the interchange of mem-bers of these clubs, but such material considerat-ions were part of another project.

Sir Philip MORRIS (United Kingdom) said thatUnesco should not undertake direct action at pre-sent and that the year 1947 should he devotedto plans and discussions. He then proposed thefollowing Resolution :

“ To instigate. in 1947, in so far as time,staff, and available resources will permit, dis-cussions intended to determine how Unesco canbest stimulate the foundation or developmentof clubs attached to schools, and to study whatthe relations between Unesco and these clubsshould be ’’.The delegate of NEW ZEALAND seconded this

motion.The delegate of the UNITED KINGDOM, support-

ed by the delegate of NEw ZEALAND , thoughtthat “in the first place it was important to collectsubstantial documentation on the matter, and tomake contacts with all interested organizations,and that there was no need to attempt concretework before 1948.

Dr. WILSON said that the Secretariat wished tocontinue the work undertaken in this field in 1946,and to put into application the task already pre-pared.

The delegates for INDIA, the PHILIPPINES andBELGIUM agreed, the latter making a distinctionbetween Children’s Clubs, Youth Clubs and AdultClubs.

The proposal of the UNITED KINGDOM and NEWZEALAND was rejected, and the Secretariat’s adop-

2. CONFERENCE ON ADULT EDUCATION.

The delegate of AUSTRALIA proposed that thisconference should not take place before 1948 sothat information on the object and on the tech-nique of fundamental education, as well asresultsalready achieved, might be obtained from Mem-ber States in the interim.

Seconded by Dr. W ILSON , the amendment bythe Australian delegate to the proposal by theSecretariat was adopted.

3. RELATION BETWEEN PROFESSIONAL TRAININGAND GENERAL EDUCATION .

The delegate of FRANCE, supported by the de-legate of BELGIUM , explained how important itwas that general and professional education should

be merged, and asked that equivalence should beestablished between the degrees conferred in thedifferent countries. The delegate of N ICARAGUAstressed this last point. The UNITED STATES dele-gate proposed that these two projects should bepostponed, so that they could be more carefullystudied in co-operation with the Member States.

The United States delegate’s proposal was adop-ted.

4. T HE PROBLEM OF HANDICAPPED CHILDREN .

Dr. WILSON, and then the delegates of FRANCE,CHINA and BELGIUM, pointed out the importanceof this problem, and the proposal was adopted.

GROUP III : I . R ECONSTRUCTION CAMPS .

Dr. WILSON said this problem did not lie withinthe scope of the Education Sub-Commission butwithin that of the Reconstruction Commission,who should also finance it.

Dr. WILSON'S proposal was adopted and theEducation Sub-Commission would forward to theReconstruction Commission its endorsement of theeducational merits of this project.

2. CONFERENCE ON THE TEACHINGOF INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS .

Dr. WILSON said that this question should bediscussed by the Social Sciences Section, and theSub-Commission would forward it with its recom-mendations.

Dr. WILSON'S proposal was adopted.

The Sub-Commission approved the observationmade as the result of proposals about the publi-cation of an International Education Bulletin.

Item 6 of the Agenda :NEW PROPOSALS BY DELEGATES.

I . O PENING -UP OF EX-ENEMY STATES TO THEINFLUENCE AND CULTURE OF THE DEMOCRATIC

COUNTRIES.

The Sub-Commission first examined a proposalby the delegate of the NETHERLANDS, secondedby the BELGIAN and INDIAN delegates, recom-mending : “ that Unesco should immediately studythe general problem and issues arising in con-nection with the opening-up of ex-enemy coun-tries to educational and cultural influences fromdemocratic countries. ”

The CHAIRMAN stated that the Sub-Commissionhad no power to deal with this question, and thatit would be forwarded to the Executive Board.

2. WORLD TEACHERS' CHARTER.

The delegate of CHINA requested that Unescodraft and promulgate a “ World Teachers’ Char-ter ”, which would tend to (I) ensure the materialconditions of the teacher, (2) raise his moral con-dition, (3) protect freedom of teaching.

The first two points were immediately agreedupon, but the question of freedom of teachingled to discussion.

The FRENCH delegate considered that, by tak-

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ing a stand on the matter of freedom of education,Unesco would be interfering with the domesticpolicy of governments, and a difference must bemade between respect for teachers’ individualopinions, which nobody disputed, and the organ-ization of educationin the State, for which thegovernments must be responsible.

The delegate of the UNITED STATES suggestedthat the proposal of the Chinese delegation be sub-mitted to the Director-General, who would appointa Commission to study it. This proposal was ac-cepted. The CHINESE delegate withdrew the threepoints submitted and asked that only the generalprinciples be considered by this Sub-Commission.The proposal was then adopted.

3. INTERNATIONAL EXCHANGES OF STUDENTSAND TEACHERS.

The Sub-Commission adopted a proposal by thedelegate of the UNITED KINGDOM concerning in-ternational exchanges of students, teachers andyouth leaders. This proposal was seconded by thedelegate of FRANCE, who wished that these ex-changes should extend to leaders of adult cultur-al movements.

4. ANNUAL CELEBRATIONOF THE COMITY OF NATIONS.

The Sub-Commission adopted the followingproposal by the BRAZILIAN delegate : “ The Sub-Commission on Education recommends the adop-tion of a special day devoted to the celebrationof the comity of nations. The aim of such a cele-bration of mankind, bringing in all ages and allpeoples, would be to promote every year a senseof historical continuity and international solida-rity. It should be observed throughout the worldon the First of January, so that each year shouldopen on the keynote of universal brotherhood ’’.

5.PROBLEMS OF THE RECRUITMENT, TRAINING ANDSALARIES OF TEACHERS; SCHOOL BUILDINGS AND

MATERIALS.

A proposal by the AUSTRALIAN delegate for‘‘the comprehensive study of the teaching pro-fession, of the demand for teachers, of problemsof recruitment and training and of their statusand remuneration” was altered, and the follow-ing amendment, proposed by the UNITED STATESdelegate : “ that Unesco be a Clearing House forsuch studies already carried out in the MemberStates and that the Director-General maintain theappropriate contacts on these matters, ” was adop-ted.

Two other proposals by the AUSTRALIAN dele-gate for similar studies regarding educational me-thods and school architecture and equipment wererejected by the Sub-Commission.

The following proposal was then adopted :“ That Unesco should recognize the fundamentalvalue, both from the point of view of Educationand of creating individual goodwill, of schemes forthe exchange of children, students, teachers andyouth leaders, members of professions. Unescoshould act as the Clearing House for information

on all such schemes, whether governmental or non-governmental and whether international or bi-lateral, and should give every possible stimulationto such activities ’’.

6. TEXTBOOK OF CIVIC EDUCATION.

The delegate of ECUADOR suggested that a com-petition should take place throughout the worldfor a textbook of civic education, which would dealwith man’s duties towards : (I) his country, (2)the cultural group to which he belongs, (3) hu-manity.

The delegate of EGYPT and the CHAIRMAN com-sidered that this question fell within the compe-tence of the Social Sciences Section.

The delegate of ECUADOR maintained his mo-tion, which was rejected.

The work of the Education Sub-Commissioncame to an end with the study of these questions.A report would be made by the Rapporteur inconjunction with the Chairman, Vice-Chairman,and Secretary of the Sub-Commission.

F I F T H M E E T I N GHeld on Wednesday, 4 December 1916 at 12 noon.

Chairman : Mr. G. D. STODDARD(United States).

The Meeting considered the report (Unesco/C/Prog.Com./S.C.Educ.7), which was circulatedto members, and it was agreed that the addition-al items to this draft would be referred to theCo-ordination Committee.

The CHAIRMAN read a proposal which had al-ready been submitted to the Co-ordination Com-mittee, stating “ that the project concerning anInternational University contained in DocumentS. C. Educ./2, page 3, should be separated fromthe projected survey on training in internationalrelations, and linked up with the study of Educat-ion for International Understanding (S.C.Educ./7I a). ”

He also stated that two other projects had beencommunicated to the Education Sub-Commissionby the Rehabilitation Commission and that thesetwo projects were covered by the programme inits present form.

The AUSTRALIAN delegate considered that thisstudy could be carried out as provided under Sec-tion I (a) document 7.

The CHAIRMAN explained that this amendmentwas supported by the United States delegation.

The INDIAN delegate suggested the addition ofthe words “ and higher educational establish-ments ” after the words “ primary and secondaryschools ’’.

The CHAIRMAN considered that this proposalwas most appropriate and would extend the scopeof the project.

The AUSTRALIAN delegate seconded the amend-ment.

The amendment was adopted.The Representative of the Co-ordination Com-

mittee said that he had no comments to make.The CHAIRMAN asked the Meeting to consider

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the duplicated report (Document Unesco/C/Prog.Com./S.C./Educ.7).

The UNITED KINGDOM delegate asked if thisdocument must be adopted as-a strict record ofthe decisions taken or whether alterations couldbe made.

The CHAIRMAN replied that the main object wasto ensure that the document was a true versionof what had been adopted, but that a few amend-ments could be admitted within those limits.

The UNITED KINGDOM delegate said he wouldlike to see mention made of the very importanttask allotted to the National Commissions.

The NORWEGIAN delegate supported the UnitedKingdom delegate’s proposal.

The FRENCH delegate thought that Unesco’s re-lations with national or international organizationswhose aims were similar to its own, should bementioned in the text.

The representative of the SECRETARIAT read asuggested text to be inserted as an Annex to theDocument :

“The Education Sub-Commission emphasizesthe importance of the assistance which can begiven by the National Commissions in carryingout the general programme. The Internationaland National Organizations can also play a si-milar part in the fulfilment of this programme.”The UNITED KINGDOM delegate approved the

wording of the first sentence and suggested thatthey should vote on it separately.

The AUSTRALIAN delegate proposed to emphas-ize the optional and non-obligatory character ofNational Commissions, and asked that this shouldappear in the Preamble of the document and notin the body of the text.

The FRENCH delegate stressed that the secondparagraph should be voted upon at the same timeas the first.

The POLISH delegate remarked that the Nation-al Commissions were supposed to include all na-tional organizations whose aims were related toUnesco’s and that the opening of direct relationswith national organizations might have seriouspolitical repercussions.

The CHAIRMAN put the two following proposalsto the vote :

I. The Education Sub-Commission considersthat the National Commissions or national or-gans of co-operation can play an important part

in the encouragement and implementation ofthe programme outlined above. Unesco stronglyurges them to assume this responsibility.

The proposal was adopted.2. After the words “ national organs of co-

operation ” add the words ‘‘ together with othernational and international organizations.”The INDIAN delegate seconded the motion and

proposed the inclusion of the words “ qualified orcompetent national and international organiza-tions. ”

The CHAIRMAN suggested the word “ interes-ted. ”

The FRESCH delegate preferred “ qualified. ”The CHAIRMAN approved ‘‘ qualified ” and read

the new text to be added to the PreambleThe INDIAN and FRENCH delegates expressed

their approval of this text.The proposal was adopted by nine votes to one.The CHAIRMAN submitted for discussion and put

to the vote the whole of the report, to be takenas the official report of the Sub-Commission.

The CHINESE delegate proposed the adoptionof the report.

The representative of the Co-ordination Com-mittee pointed out that the delegates had neverbeen consulted on the question of priorities.

The CHAIRMAN said that the matter had beenreferred to the Executive Board and to the Direc-tor-General, and asked if this interpretation wasapproved by the meeting.

The CANADIAN delegate supported this propo-sal.

The representative of the UNITED NATIONS rais-ed an objection in regard to paragraph (a) Sec-tion IV, considering that it would be courteousto mention the United Nations before the WorldHealth Organization.

The CHAIRMAN said that he felt sure that suchwas the original intention of the Sub-Commission.He then reverted to an objection raised by theIndian delegate concerning paragraph (b) of Sec-tion I. The INDIAN delegate’s proposal was to de-lete the clause concerning the age-limit (35) andto substitute the words ‘‘ young members of theteaching profession. ”

He considered that the best procedure wouldbe to include a note in the Annex to the ef-fect that the Secretariat preferred to send youngteachers, without saying so in the text of thereport.

This deletion was accepted.The AUSTRALIAN delegate raised the question

of priorities. The programme of the Sub-Com-mission had to be examined by the Budget Com-mission and by the Programme Commission. Thelatter might have to drop certain projects andit was therefore necessary to classify them. Con-sequently he proposed that a special sub-commit-tee be set up to determine this classification.

The CHAIRMAN asked that a. vote should firstbe taken on the Report.

The Report was adopted.The CHAIRMAN put to the vote the proposal for

the establishment of a Special Sub-Committee todetermine an order of priority for the various pro-jects.

This proposal was adopted.He then proposed that this Sub-Committee

should be composed of the following countries :Australia, France, China, United Kingdom andCzechoslovakia, together with the Chairman ofthe Education Sub-Commission and the Rappor-teurs.

This proposal was adopted.

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SUB-COMMISSIONON MASS. COMMUNICATION

F I R S T M E E T I N GHeld on Saturday, 30 November 1946 at 10 a. m.

M. KUYPERS (Belgium) was unanimously elec-ted Chairman.

M.WANBERG (Denmark) was elected Vice-Chair-man (proposed by Norway).

The CHAIRMAN pointed out that he had to no-minate the Rapporteur himself. He requestedMr. GRIERSON (United Kingdom) to accept the ap-pointment.

The CHAIRMAN submitted the provisionalagenda to the Sub-Commission.

Mr. PRIESTLEY (United Kingdom) moved anamendment. He requested that the Sub-Commis-sion first examine the projects relating to thewhole of the activity of the Mass CommunicationSection, and, in particular, the projects dealingwith the rehabilitation and development of theresources of the warstricken countries, or of coun-tries insufficiently equipped, and those relating tovocational training in those countries. He sug-gested that a small Sub-Committee be appointedto deal with this subject.

Mrs. Anne O'HARE MACCORMICK (United States)emphasized the importance her country attachedto mass information. Aconference on the freedomof information of the press, radio and cinemawould be held in 1947. Unesco should be repre-sented at this conference. The speaker secondedMr. Priestley’s amendment to the Agenda. Shewished Unesco’s projects to be grouped round cer-tain striking ideas, capable of appealing to thefeelings of the people. Lastly, she wished that thepress should receive as much attention as the radioand the cinema.

The CHAIRMAN therefore proposed to start bydiscussing general projects, taking No. 3 first.

The question of copyright would be discussedat a meeting to which members of the Arts Sec-tion would be invited.

The proposal was adopted.Dr. W ILSON explained the Secretariat’s pro-

gramme. He urged that, to carry out this extre-mely important programme, the Mass Communi-cation Section should have a large and competentstaff which would receive a higher salary thanmembers of other Sections, corresponding moreclosely with those paid in corresponding spheresof private enterprise.

Mr. FREE presented the Section’s general pro-jects, which he summarized under the five fol-lowing headings :

I. Rehabilitation and development.2. Removal of the obstacles impeding the free

diffusion of information.3. Assistance to existing organizations.4. Documentation and research.5. Promotion of production and exchanges.

The CHAIRMAN requested that a small Sub-Com-

mittee, responsible for the study of a draft con-vention on films, be appointed.

The following were nominated : United States,United Kingdom, France, China, Canada, Mexico,Norway, Czechoslovakia and Egypt.

The CHAIRMAN opened the discussion on thegeneral projects, first, the rehabilitation and deve-lopment of mass information.

Mr. TURCOTTE (Canada) stressed some of thepoints of the programme. He thought the activ-ities of the Section should be along two mainlines :

I. To publicize the programme of Unesco asmuch as possible.

2.. To initiate a programme of mass educa-tion, in the broadest sense.After warning the meeting against the vague-

ness of the expression “ freedom of information ’’,a freedom which, to be genuine, must be accom-panied by a corresponding social responsibility,the speaker concluded by saying that the workof Unesco must take the form of liberal exchangesfor the promotion of international understanding.

Mr. PRIESTLEY hoped that the Sub-Commissionwould adopt quicker methods of work.

S E C O N D M E E T I N GHeld on Monday, 2 December 1946 at 10 a. m.

Chairman : M. KUYPERS (Belgium).

REHABILITATION AND EXTENSIONOF MASS COMMUNICATION FACILITIES.

The delegate of INDIA emphasized that one ofUnesco’s first tasks should be to correct the com-mon tendency of organs of mass communicationto distort the-truth. Hollywood films, for example,gave the peoples of the Far East an absolutelyfalse idea of American life, and an-equally falseidea of oriental life to Americans. Unesco shouldalso attempt to remedy the harmful effects of thecommercial radio and cinema on public taste.Mr. PRIESTLEY (United Kingdom) pointed outthat Unesco should not itself provide these faci-lities, but only encourage their use. For this, threeCommittees should be set up, to prepare, withinsix months, reports on the radio, the cinema andthe press. He also suggested that Unesco shoulddevise a plan by which the technically most highlydeveloped countries would invite professionals tocome from other countries for study courses.

The POLISH delegate stressed the importance ofa realistic programme and asked that priorityshould be given to immediately practicable con-crete projects. He gave a list of these, notablyas regards rehabilitation projects.

The delegate of FRANCE approved the suggest-ions of the UNITED KINGDOM and POLISH delegatesand presented as further amendments a number of

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proposals relating to technical equipment and tothe professional duties of staff, which were embod-ied in a report attached to the proposals.

The CHAIRMAN asked the Secretariat to preparefor Tuesday morning’s meeting a report whichwould combine all the proposals by the UnitedKingdom and French delegations concerning therehabilitation and extension of mass communica-tions facilities. He suggested that the Chairman orRapporteur of the Reconstruction and Rehabilit-ation Commission should assist in the drafting ofthis report.

This proposal was adopted.The CHAIRMAN communicated a proposal by cer-

tain delegations recommending that, in order tofacilitate the Sub-Commission’s work, the itemsof the agenda should be grouped under the follow-ing headings :

A. Rehabilitation (which the Sub-Commis-sion had just examined).

B. Stimulation of production, disseminationand exchange.

C. Information, research and studies.D. Removal of barriers to the free diffusion

of mass information.E. Aid to existing mass communication organ-

izations.The proposal was adopted.

STIMULATION OF PRODUCTION,DISSEMINATION AND EXCHANGE.

Mr. PRIESTLEY (United Kingdom) proposed theadoption of projects A. 3, 4 and 5 in the Britishdelegation’s report. These were :

3. Project concerning big world events,4. Bureau of International Ideas,5. An international forum.

After the SECRETARIAT had suggested that theseprojects should be regarded, not as strict injunct-ions but rather as examples of tasks to be accomp-lished, Mr. PRIESTLEY (United Kingdom) repliedthat the United Kingdom delegation had no wishto dictate to the Secretariat, but rather to addprecision to the rather vague programme of thePreparatory Commission.

The CHAIRMAN then pointed out that the word-ing of the United Kingdom delegation’s propo-sals was sufficiently elastic.

The delegate of INDIA approved the three pro-posals of the United Kingdom.

The delegate of BRAZIL agreed with the dele-gate of the United, Kingdom, except on the pointconcerning cinema prices.

The Sub-Commission unanimously adopted thethree proposals by the United Kingdom. delega-tion concerning cinema, radio and press.

RADIO .

M. PORCHÉ (France) submitted the proposal con-tained in the French delegation’s report, Annex2 E-3. This was to make use of certain transmit-ters in different countries for the purpose of broad-casts, whose international programmes would bemade up from programmes prepared by the Unescoradio station and would be put out by nationalstations.

The SECRETARIAT then informed the Sub-Com-mission of the plan for an International Broad-casting Station now under discussion in the Uni-ted Nations. Unesco would contribute to this sta-tion’s programmes in the fields of education,science and culture. This plan contemplated a long-wave station for Europe and a short-wave stationfor other countries.

Mrs. MacCORMICK (United States) approved theFrench delegation’s proposal and suggested thatthe Secretariat should get at once to work andprepare a specimen programme of a week of broad-casts.

The delegate of INDIA suggested that the per-manent Unesco station should maintain a trans-cription service in the different languages of theStates Members.

T H I R D M E E T I N GHeld on Monday, 2 December 1946, at 3. 30 p. m.


The UNITED STATES delegate, in agreementwith the French delegation, submitted a resolut-ion calling on the Secretariat to appoint a com-mittee of experts to examine the question of theorganization of an international broadcasting net-work, to be directed in the main by Unesco.

The CHAIRMAN remarked that this was a verycomplicated technical matter, very costly to car-ry out but he proposed that the Franco-Ameri-can motion should be accepted.

The CANADIAN delegate regretted that no time-limit was specified and suggested that, pendingthe conclusions of the experts, Unesco shouldmake use of existing organizations and establisha clearing house for the transmission of culturalprogrammes over national systems.

The UNITED KINGDOM delegate supported theFrance-American draft and withdrew his own re-esolution of that morning, finding the Franco-Am-rican plan more comprehensive. He also secondedthe Canadian delegate’s proposal for immediateaction and added to it a request for the settingup of an International Office of Broadcasting In-formation.

The P OLISH delegate supported the Franco-American proposal, provided this ambitious en-terprise was not to be a starting-point, but theoutcome of thorough study and on condition thatits execution followed in accordance with the pro-gress of the enquiry..

Mr. FREE (Secretariat) asked for the Sub-Com-mission’s instructions on three points :

I) A conference on the rehabilitation of edu-cational broadcasting equipment in Europe.2) An international programme transcriptionservice.

3) Co-operation with the United Nations, pen-ding the Experts’ Report.The INDIAN delegate observed that the first two

points had been implicitly approved at the morn-ing meeting, along with the United Kingdom pro-posals. As regards the third point, the Chairmanhad recommended prudence.

The CHAIRMAN then took a vote on the Franco-


American proposal, which was adopted unanimous-ly.

The United Kingdom proposal, seconded by theFrench delegation, concerning the establishment,under Unesco’s aegis, of an international commit-tee on cultural programmes to be broadcast overthe national networks, was also adopted unani-mously.

Mr. FREE pointed out that the question of co-operation with the United Nations in the sphereof broadcasting was now a practical one, and heproposed that the Secretariat should be author-ized to implement this co-operation, subject to ap-proval by the Executive Board.

The CHAIRMAN, in taking note of the adoptionof a British plan for an international Broadcast-ing University, thought that the Executive Boarddid not possess the necessary technical competenceto direct the Secretariat in this matter. The Sub-.Commission agreed.

The POLISH delegate asked the Secretariat toconcern itself further with the supply of cheapwireless sets for devastated or backward countries.This proposal was adopted.

CINEMA.The AUSTRALIAN delegate proposed that cer-

tain paragraphs in the United Kingdom memo-randum should be grouped together so as to hast-en the work.

The BRAZILIAN delegate stressed the artistic sideof the cinema; it was essentially an art of demons-tration and should contribute effectively* to thedemocratization of culture, provided that carewas taken to secure artistic quality. For this pur-pose, he urged the development of cinema clubsand libraries, and repeated a suggestion in theFrench memorandum about copyright. Finally, herecommended an international cinema prize to beawarded by Unesco.

The DANISH delegate stressed the need to takeaccount of such existing international institutionsas CITALS.

The UNITED KINGDOM delegate enlarged on pro-posals B 8, 9 & 10, and C 2, 3 & 4 in the Britishmemorandum. He communicated an offer by hisgovernment to distribute educational films for thebenefit of less well-equipped countries. Lastly, herecommended an international film council whichwould allow Unesco to stimulate film manufac-turers to develop the ideas and topics in whichUnesco is interested.

The LUXEMBURG delegate reverted to the ques-tion of instructional films and suggested thatsuch films should be tried out on schools in hiscountry, on condition that the necessary equip-ment was supplied by better equipped countries.

F O U R T H M E E T I N GHeld on Tuesday, 3 December 1946 at 10 a. m.


COPYRIGHT.The SECRETARIAT submitted the question of

copyright. An international conference was underconsideration, and its task would be to work out

a world convention on this subject. Belgium hadbeen entrusted with the preparation of this con-ference and negotiations had started between theSecretariat and the Belgian Government, with aview to establishing Unesco’s part in the organ-ization of this conference.

M. GUISLAIN (Belgium) esplained how, beforethe war, the Bureau of the Berne Convention hadentrusted the Belgian Government with the res-ponsibility for this conference. As to its aims, itwas intended to obtain the general application ofthe present systems of protection and their incor-poration in a world convention.

M. Julien CAIN (France) considered that the sub-stance of the question was a matter for the Gener-al Conference. When the Legal Section studiedthe problem as a whole, it would have to keepin close contact with the Mass Media, Arts, Edu-cation, Libraries and Museums and Sciences Sec-tions.

The delegate of CANADA proposed a motion re-commending that the new copyright conventionshould include the arts and. that there should beclose collaboration with associations of authorsand composers.

The CHAIRMAN said that the Secretariat wouldget in touch with the Bureau of the Berne Conven-tion with a view to organizing a world copyrightconference under the auspices of Unesco. Further,the Secretariat would set up a committee of ex-perts consisting of the following Sections : MassCommunication, Arts, Libraries and Museums,Sciences and the Legal Section. This Committeewould obtain all useful advice.

With regard to the motion proposed by the Can-adian delegate, it would be voted upon at a latermeeting, when the Secretariat would have workedout a text.

This proposal was unanimously adopted.

RADIO (continuation).

The CHAIRMAN requested the Rapporteur toread a draft resolution concerning radio :

“ The Secretariat is completely free to co-operate with the United Nations and all otherorganizations with a view to presenting inter-national programmes; however, Unesco cannotenter into any engagements concerning an in-ternational broadcasting network without ha-ving previously consulted the Committee ofExperts. ”The delegates of FRANCE and INDIA criticized

this text, especially in respect of the role of theProgramme Committee, and the respective powersof the Secretariat, the Technical Committee andthe Executive Board.

Mr. MUMFORD, United Nations observer, reserv-ed his opinion on the work. of the Commissionconcerning the negotiations that were taking placeat the moment between the United Nations andUnesco on the subject of the collaboration of theirinformation services.

At the CHAIRMAN'S proposal, it was decided toabide by the decisions adopted the day before,and to instruct the Secretariat to appoint the Pro-gramme Committee and the Technical Commit-tee as soon as possible.

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CINÉMA (continuation).

The CHAIRMAN reminded the meeting of the sixproposals the British delegation had made regar-ding films (U.N.-Unesco Film Office, clearing or-ganization, demonstration service, provision of ap-propriate films to backward countries, institutionin the various countries of a National Council ofVisual Media, co-operation with international or-ganizations and creation of national institutes ofscientific information).

Held on Tuesday, 3 December 1946 at 3 p. m.


The CHAIRMAN proposed that certain amend-ments be made to the text of the project of theSub-Committee on the convention dealing with thecinema.

These six proposals were adopted.The delegations of CANADA and BRAZIL propos-

ed a motion recommending the development ofthe visual rather than the auditory aspect of films.The delegate of the UNITED KINGDOM made reser-vations as to the efforts Unesco should make toimprove the technique of sound and sound-record-ing in the various languages.

The principle of the motion presented byCANADA and BRAZIL was agreed to subject to anagreement with the British delegation before thefinal drafting of the text.

A recommendation, submitted by the BRAZILIANdelegation, that “ the Cinema be considered as anart ” was also agreed upon.

With regard to the second part of the BRAZIL-IAN proposal, concerning the award of prizes byUnesco, directly or indirectly, the CHAIRMAN re-commended that the Brazilian and British dele-gates should agree on a text during the lunch-hour in order not to delay the work of the Sub-Commission.

These proposals were adopted.The CHAIRMAN then read the combined text of

the French and English proposals, which had beenadopted the previous day concerningrehabilitationand professional training.

This text was approved.Mlle Eve CURIE (France) moved that at the

beginning of the second text an amendment shouldbe added with a view to encouraging exchanges ofinstructors and probationers on the widest pos-sible international basis.

This motion was adopted.The delegate of the UNITED KINGDOM pointed

out the importance of the question of exhibitionsof Mass Media, and stressed the role Unesco couldplay in promoting and giving information on sub-jects coming within this sphere.

The CHAIRMAN also stressed that, in developingauditory and visual media, Unesco must not losesight of their possible application to education, andadded that its pressure in this field must not relax.

He read out a recommendation to this effectwhich was unanimously approved.

At the suggestion of the CHAIRMAN, the propo-sal of the LUXEMBURG delegation regarding thesupply of educational films and film material totheir country, was forwarded to the Rehabilitationand Reconstruction Commission for study.

A discussion then followed on the use of educat-ional and scientific films of German origin. Thequestion was whether this problem fell within thecompetence of Unesco or of the Peace Conference.Several delegates spoke, in particular the delegatesof the NETHERLANDS , UNITED STATES , LUXEM-BURG, INDIA, and POLAND, and the Sub-Commiss-ion finally agreed with the Chairman’s proposalthat these films be used only after all the necessaryde-nazification precautions had been taken.

Lastly, the CHAIRMAN submitted the conclusionsof the Sub-Committee responsible for studying thequestion of the Films Convention. M. TURCOTTE(Canada), Chairman of the Sub-Committee, reada French translation of the English text of theagreement. The French text, however, had notbeen finally drafted; it was therefore necessary totake the English text as a basis; the French textwould be circulated before definitive approval.

The delegate of POLAND, who proposed that aclause protecting national production in Article 6be maintained — a clause which M. Turcotte, onbehalf of the Sub-Committee, said he could notaccept — decided to approve this text pending fur-ther instructions from his Government.

The text was unanimously adopted (subject toproduction of the text in French).

Mrs. MacCORMICK (United States) emphasizedthe importance of telecommunications and insistedthat all measures be taken to promote their deve-lopment and reduce rates.

Mlle Eve CURIE (France) made definite propo-sals intended to stimulate production, dissemina-tion and exchanges to ease the task of journalists;

I. To improve the circulation of press organsbetween different countries.

2. To give free access to the sources at whichinformation can be checked.

3. To open working centres for journalists inthe big capitals.

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4. To organize collective tours for journalistsin the very first year.

5. To create a prize for journalism.6. To study carefully the problem of periodi-

cals for young people.Mlle Curie recalled the question of exchange fa-

cilities for foreign correspondents and centres ofprofessional training with international exchangesof students and professors.

The delegate of the UNITED KINGDOM pointedout that, if some of the projects submitted by theUnited States and French delegations did not ap-pear to meet with the approval of the delegationof the United Kingdom, it was that the latterwanted not so much to reject those projects. as tomake reservations as to the means of carryingthem out.

The delegate of CANADA said that the UnitedNations intended creating regional centres, and


PRESS.


Unesco could make use of them. These centrescould afford journalists advantages which wouldnot require great expenditure on the part ofUnesco.

The POLISH delegate emphasized the part playedb y the press in international relations. He wouldlike to see the technical conditions of the pressimproved and its cultural level raised. He assuredthe Secretariat that the Polish delegation was pre-pared to collaborate in all concrete projects whichmight assist the press in working for peace be-tween nations.

The UNITED NATIONS observer pointed out thatthese questions had already been discussed by theUnited Nations It had been recommended thatUnesco should participate in a Conference organ-ized by the Freedom of Information Sub-Commis-sion of the Commission on Human Rights. Thecreation of working centres, regional offices andinformation centres had also been discussed, andtheir principle agreed to.

The CHAIRMAN submitted the following reso-lutions for approval :

I. That of the United States delegation, witha view to making a study of the means forimproving, extending and cheapening of tele-communications and postal services for the useof the press;

2. That of the French delegation, which hadalready been read to the Sub-Commission;

3. That of the United Kingdom delegationunder the following headings : A, 12; 13, 14,B, 5, 6, 7, 8, of the delegation’s memorandum.These proposals were all unanimously adopted

by the Sub-Commission.

INFORMATION, RESEARCH , STUDIES .

The UNITED KINGDOM delegation stressed theexpediency of undertaking in 1947 an enquiryinto instructional and documentary films, and alsoconcerning the press, from the threefold point ofview of national and international diffusion, andthe main tendencies and features of its economicstructure.

The FRENCH delegation submitted a proposalwhich aimed, on the one hand, at undertaking astudy of press laws and the status of journalistsand, on the other, of summoning an internationalconference of journalists. This conference wouldlay the foundations for unifying the rules andpractices of journalism and for establishing spe-cial committees for investigating questions of pro-fessional misconduct.

The Vice-Chairman, M. WANBERG (Denmark),who referred to what had been done in this con-nection before the war, emphasized the impor-tance and the equally great difficulty, of esta-blishing such committees,

Both the British and French proposals wereadopted unanimously.

STUDY OF OBSTACLES TO THE FREE FLOWOF MASS COMMUNICATION.

The UNITED STATES delegation submitted a re-solution emphasizing the importance of the freeflow of communications and inviting Unesco toundertake immediate action, in conjunction withthe Human Rights Commission of United Nations,to draw up a clear and well-defined report deal-ing with the various obstacles to the free com-munication of information and ideas.

This motion was unanimously adopted.

ASSISTANCE TO ORGANS CONCERNED WITHMASS COMMUNICATION.

The FRENCH delegation asked that the questionof press agencies should be specially studied inall its aspects by a world conference of expertsand journalists. The report of this conferenceshould be very useful ‘for the next General Con-ference of Unesco.

The French proposal was adopted, after the Unit-ed States delegation had pointed out that theproposed conference might fit in with the Con-erence on Freedom of Information which theUnited Nations intended to summon; and in whichUnesco should take a prominent part.

GENERAL DISCUSSION.The UNITED KINGDOM delegation drew atten-

tion to two points :I) in view of the number and importance of

the projects adopted, it will be essential to main-tain the budget. of the Sub-Commission on MassCommunication at its present figure, if not toincrease it;

2) the staff of the Mass Communication Sec-tion must be numerous and of first-class qua-lity. These factors must be taken into accountin fixing salaries.The CHAIRMAN congratulated the Sub-Commis-

sion on its work. The FRENCH and UNITED STATESdelegation thanked the CHAIRMAN and the offi-cers in the name of the Sub-Commission for themanner in which they had conducted the debates.


SUB-COMMISSIONON LIBRARIES AND MUSEUMS

F I R S T M E E T I N GHeld on Thursday, 28 November 1946 at 10.15 a. m.

Professor CIBULKA (Czechoslovakia), proposedby M. Svend DAHL (Denmark), and supported bythe United Kingdom delegation, was unanimouslyelected Chairman.

Mr. Carl H. MILAM (United States), proposed bythe Netherlands delegation, was unanimously elec-ted Vice-Chairman.

M. Julien CAIN (France) was appointed Rap-porteur.

The Agenda was adopted.On the Chairman’s proposal, the following pro-

gramme was adopted :Meeting of 28 November — morning; Ge-

neral discussion.— afternoon; Libraries, archives.Meeting of 29 November — morning; Mu-

seums.— afternoon; General Report.

Owing to the extent and variety of businesswhich the Sub-Commission would have to handle,it was decided that, although official sub-com-mittees would not be set up within the Sub-Com-mission, members would have the opportunity ofholding separate talks during the discussions onspecial items (such as archives or museums), inorder to speed up the Sub-Commission’s work.

Dr. WILSON (Deputy Executive Secretary) sub-mitted the programme.

Mr. CARTER (Secretariat) gave details of thepreparatory work undertaken by the Secretariatan d introduced his collaborators.

Mr. A. A. ROBERTS (Union of South Africa)stressed the necessity of developing a spirit ofcollaboration and mutual assistance among libra-ries in different countries. He put forward thefollowing points :

I. The possibility of making a world cata-logue or out-of-print books;

2. The collection of information about dealersin out-of-print second-hand books;

3. A special campaign in order to induce in-dividuals as well as organizations to collect suchmaterial as is unused and unwanted.M. M. BARATA (Brazil) emphasized the neces-

sity of studying plans according to their urgencyand also according to what was feasible.

Mr. Svend DAHL (Denmark) thought that thesection on archives deserved more space than hadbeen given to it in the report. He stressed theimportance of keeping in close touch with all inter-national library and documentation associations.Further, the questions on the programme shouldbe classified according to what was most urgentand practicable. It seemed particularly desirableto envisage the creation of a clearing house and

of an international bank for publications in orderto facilitate purchases of books and periodicalsin all parts of the world. Such an organizationcould also be used for museum purchases,

Another important question was that of the re-printing of out-of-print works. The internationalclearing house might encourage the reproduc-tion, by photographic or other processes, of rareworks lacking in collections. He asked for the ex-planation of certain details in the budget.

Mr. CARTER observed, in respect of points raisedb y the preceding speakers, that Unesco’s relationswith international organizations were provided forin its Constitution: Round Table Conferences werecontemplated for the purpose.

With regard to budgetary matters, the Meetingexamined a proposal empowering the Director-Ge-neral to modify subsidiary items in the budget, ifnecessary.

Mr. Hu TIENSHE (China) pointed out the desir-ability of taking an inventory of the losses sufferedby libraries and museums all over the world sincethe outbreak of war. Unesco could base the assist-ance it granted to the various countries on suchan inventory. The creation of an InternationalLibrary, on the same lines as that established atGeneva in 1933, would be particularly useful toChina and to several other countries in the FarEast.

Mr. Carl H. M ILAM (United States) said thatthe International Libraries Federation was mostanxious to give its support to the plans underconsideration by Unesco. He considered that li-braries should not become static institutions; theyshould be an effective medium for training andeducating the masses. The Secretariat should notbe bound by unduly restrictive rules, and shouldmerely receive general recommendations giving ita free hand to deal with questions of detail.

M. Julien CAIN (France) was satisfied that thework of the Sub-Commission revealed certain guid-ing principles. These principles could be sum-marized as follows :

I) To come to the assistance of war-strickenlibraries in various countries.

To reconstitute collections by resuming theinterchange of books — to establish an In-ternational Clearing-House for, Publications.2) To create an International Bibliographical

Centre.3) To disseminate, through libraries, the ideals

and principles of Unesco.This task should be accomplished in close co-

operation with existing international associations(F. I. A. B. and F. I. D.). It was also necessaryto collect documentation concerning museums andthe arts; this process would continue the workdone in the past by the International Museum?Office.

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Mr. R. H. H ILL (United Kingdom) supportedthe United States delegation’s proposal that theSecretariat should be given some latittide.

S E C O N D M E E T I N GHeld on Thursday, 28 November 1946 at 3 p. m.

Chairman : M. CIBULKA (Czechoslovakia).

The Sub-Commission resumed the discussion ofITEM I : POPULAR LIBRARIES (Green Book, En-glish text, pages 72 and 73; French text, pages 80,81 and 82).

It also examined the proposal contained in do-cument Unesco/Prep.Com./L & M/12 :

II a. — ORGANIZATION OF CONFERENCEON POPULAR LIBRARIES .

M. CAIN (France) stated that this Conferencecould be organized by the Secretariat, and thatit would be advisable to send to every countrya questionnaire which should constitute the ne-cessary documentation for the Conference.

Mr. C ARTER (Secretariat) assured him thatUnesco would take an active part in calling thisConference, and that a questionnaire would bedrawn up as rapidly as possible, with the assis-tance of experts.

The UNITED STATES delegate emphasized thenecessity of inviting educationists and social scien-tists to this Conference.

The organization of the Conference was appro-ved, subject to the suggestions made above.

ITEM 2 : BARRIERS TO THE FREE CIRCULATION OFPUBLICATIONS (Green book, English text, page 74;

French text, pages 82 and 83).

Mr. CARTER (Secretariat), in submitting thisquestion for discussion, pointed out that currencyrestrictions came under item 4 : InternationalClearing House, and that the question of copy-right would be discussed by the Mass Communi-cation Sub-Commission.

The proposal contained in the Green book wasaccepted.

A number of proposals were made by variousdelegates.

The BRAZILIAN delegate proposed the followingrecommendation : that it would be advisable toexamine the question of lowering customs dutiesand postage and railway rates.

The UNITED STATES delegate stated that he wasin favour of the recommendation, which he in-terpreted in a very wide sense.

M. CAIN (France) said that the French delega-tion associated itself with the recommendation,and wished to know if it was proposed to set upa special body to examine the question.

Mr. CARTER (Secretariat) replied that this pos-sibility had been taken into consideration, as wellas the holding of mixed Conference of Experts.

Dr. ZUCKERMAN (Secretariat) suggested that thediscussion should be resumed when the Committeewas examining the question of the Bank for pu-blications.

Item 2 was approved, subject to the suggest-ions made above.

ITEM 3 : DOCUMENTARY REPRODUCTION (Greenbook, English text, pages 74 and 75; French text,

pages 83 and 84).

Mr. CARTER (Secretariat), after stressing the im-portance of the question, first proposed that theservices of an expert in methods of reproductionshould be secured; and, secondly, that a small com-mittee of experts should be convened, as soon aspossible, for the purpose of laying down certainstandards to which machines for reproductionshould be required to conform.These proposals were accepted.

The following suggestions were made by dele-gates :

M. CAIN (France), after referring to the destruc-tion of precious books during the war, proposed,on behalf of the French delegation, that lists ofunique works and manuscripts, which it was essen-tial to safeguard, should be prepared; and thatappropriate measures should be taken for thispurpose. He also proposed to consult legal expertson the questions of copyright in connection withmicrofilms.

M. PHOTIADES (Greece) seconded M. Cain’s pro-posal.

The NETHERLANDS delegate suggested that notonly unique works, but also library cataloguesshould be reproduced by means of microfilm.

Mr. CARTER (Secretariat) was entirely in agree-ment with M. Cain, and said that the questionwould be examined by the Secretariat.

Item 3 was adopted, subject to the above sug-gestions.

ITEM 4 : INTERNATIONAL CLEARING HOUSE FORPUBLICATIONS : REHABILITATION (Green book, En-glish text, pages 75-77; French text, pages 84-86.)

Dr. ZUCKERMAN (Secretariat) submitted thesedocuments and emphasized that the Libraries andMuseums Section was working in close contactwith the Reconstruction and Rehabilitation Sec-tion on this subject. He also drew delegates’attention to item 5 (d) of document Unesco/Prep.Com./L. & M./13, and asked them to do all intheir power to ensure that the lists in questionshould reach the Secretariat before I April, 1947.He also stressed the question of the assignmentof books looted by the Nazis; and that of an Inter-national Bank for publications.

Various suggestions were then made by dele-gates :

The UNITED STATES delegate proposed :(a) That Unesco should invite all devastated

countries to submit reports describing theirneeds,

(b) That the Executive Board should pre-pare a supplementary budget, providing for

direct aid to devastated countries, on the under-standing that Governments would not be com-pelled to contribute to this budget.

(c) That Unesco should encourage the grant-ing of travelling scholarships to librarians.Dr. ZUCKERMAN (Secretariat) pointed out that

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the budget of the Libraries and Museums Sectionmade provision for scholarships; and that assis-tance to devastated countries was provided forin the budget of the Reconstruction and Rehabi-litation Section.

ITEM 6 : COMPILATION OF BIBLIOGRAPHIES.

-The DANISH delegate submitted proposals :I. that Unesco be made responsible for the

disposal of books looted by the Germans andtaken to Germany during the war;

2. that a World Jewish library be set upunder the auspices of Unesco;

3. that a Special Committee be set up to dealwith these matters.

The UNITED KINGDOM delegate called the atten-tion of the meeting to the tasks to be assigned toa World Bibliographical centre.

The proposal for the compilation of bibliogra-phies was approved.

ITEM 7 : ARCHIVES.

Mr. CARTER supported the Danish delegate’sproposal concerning Unesco’s role in Germany, butpointed out that Unesco could not set up an Ad-visory Committee. on its own authority; he furtherconsidered that experts should be appointed, notonly in connection with the establishment of aJewish library, but for all libraries.

The NEW ZEALAND delegate took up the pro-posal, contained in the Unesco programme con-cerning the Herziana Library and the ex-GermanArchaeological Institute’s Library in Rome, andasked if it would not be possible to grant a directsubsidy enabling the immediate re-opening of theselibraries.

Mr. CARTER emphasized that the question ofarchives was one of the outstanding features ofUnesco’s work, and explained its main aspects.

The BRAZILIAN delegate proposed :I. the establishment of a Unesco “ Archives

Section ” parallel with the Libraries and Mu-seums Section;

2. the summoning of an international con-ference of experts, if possible in 1947;

3. a detailed survey by Unesco of all ques-tions relating to archives.

This proposal was supported by M. Julien CAIN(France), who further suggested :

I. that these questions be examined by theRehabilitation Commission, which would con-sider what could be done in this respect in1947;

2. that the projected Clearing House for Pu-blications should have a permanent and nota t empora ry charac te r . The BRAZILIAN delegate emphasized the impor-

tance of such a Clearing House, and suggestedthat, after having dealt with the urgent task ofrehabilitating libraries destroyed during the war,the Clearing House should send to impoverishedcountries books considered to be basic works ineach discipline.

Mr. CARTER observed that the establishment ofan Archives Section was the responsibility of theDirector-General, and that the summoning of ameeting of experts should be left to the initiativeof the parties concerned, rather than to Unesco.

Subject to these reservations, the Brazilian de-legate’s proposal was adopted.

The CHAIRMAN proposed that Item No. 7, con-cerning the interchange of archivists and libra-rians, be dealt with at the same time as the inter-change of Museum officials.

This proposal was approved.The CHAIRMAN added that the next meeting of

the Sub-Commission would first deal with the ques-tion of museums, but some proposals relating tolibraries might afterwards be submitted.

T H I R D M E E T I N GHeld on Friday, 29 November 1946 at 10 a. m.


In reply to the question raised by New Zealand,the UNITED STATES delegate, speaking more parti-cularly as Chairman of the International Unionof Academies in Rome, proposed :

I. that Unesco should be empowered to settlethe question of the ownership of the Germanlibraries seized by Italy during World War I;

2. that a subsidy be voted for the immediater&opening of these valuableinformation centres.He further suggested that, in view of the issues

raised during the discussion, a report should besubmitted to the Reconstruction and Rehabili-tation Commission.

The meeting opened with a discussion on theChapter on Museums.

Dr. MORLEY (Secretariat) began by emphas-izing the important part played by museums in thecivilized world. He said that the Museums Sectionhad already received suggestions from manycountries, and would be open to receive anysuggestions which might be given by the profes-sional associations which it served. The MuseumsSection aimed both at receiving and disseminatingopinions received from professional but not officialsources.

The proposal for the establishment of an Inter-national Clearing House for Publications was adop-ted with all the suggestions made by delegations.

ITEM 5 : BIBLIOGRAPHICAL SERVICES :WORLD BIBLIOGRAPHICAL AND LIBRARY CENTRE.

Mr. Leigh ASHTON (United Kingdom) submittedthe following proposal. Chapter IV of the Reporton the Programme, which was the outcome oftalks and deliberations in London, was not suffi-ciently definite. Dr. Morley’s additional reportwas admirable, and in spite of certain differencesof opinion was acceptable to all parties and couldvery well serve as a basis on which to work.

M. Julien CAIN (France) seconded the British

Mr. BESTERMAN (Secretariat) explained the aimsof this project.

proposal.

The Secretariat’s proposal concerning biblio-graphical services was approved.

Mrs. RUSSELL (United States), Mr. R. A. FALLA(New Zealand), and M. Mario BARATA (Brazil) fullyagreed with the British proposal, which was adop-ted.

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M. CAIN (France) advocated the recovery ofexhibits removed from national collections, andasked that Unesco should get into touch with eachof the national organizations concerned with suchrecovery for their respective countries. He alsoadvocated the preservation of architectural monu-ments in occupied countries, which were threat-ened with complete destruction through lack ofcare, and upkeep. While the armies of occupationmight not be prepared to admit a commission ofenquiry with full bowers, they might accept colla-boration of a scientific nature.

Dr. MORLEY (Secretariat) stressed a questionwhich also concerned the libraries, that of the re-lations with the Control Commission in Germany,who should recognize the powers of Unesco inthe occupied zones.

M. ROELL (Netherlands) suggested the esta-blishment of a kind of International Red Crossfor the preservation of historical monuments intime of war.

M. BARATA (Brazil) proposed that the Inter-national Museums, Office become the Sub-Sectionfor Museums in Unesco, extending its range tocover scientific museums in general, and adaptingitself generally to the new basic lines essential toUnesco.

The proposal was rejected.M. CAIN (France) asked that the work accom-

plished during twenty years by the InternationalMuseums Office should be continued by Unesco.The requisite funds must be supplied for this pur-pose, and it would be necessary to establish animportant documentation centre.

The French proposal was adopted.The CHAIRMAN opened the discussion on certain

projects suggested for immediate study, but onlyfor later action.

Dr. MORLEY (Secretariat) emphasized thenecessity of simplifying customs formalities in thecase of exhibitions. International agreements werenecessary. Bilateral agreements existed already,but it would be necessary to prepare an inter-national Conference. It would be useful to haveinformation as to which clauses of bilateral agree-ments had proved satisfactory. It would also bedesirable to arrange for the exchange of surplusexhibits in museums. Finally, access to districtsor sites which were important for scientific res-earch should be facilitated.

The first point was approved.The EXECUTIVE SECRETARY considered that a

special inquiry into the educational functions ofmuseums would be useful..

F O U R T H M E E T I N GHeld on Friday, 29 November 1946 at 2 p. m.


Mr. Leigh ASHTON (United Kingdom) recom-mended adoption of the principle of the itemsexamined at the morning meeting, and that theSecretariat should be left a certain amount of lati-tude. His proposal was agreed to. He pointed outthat Unesco was required to collaborate with manyinternational organizations, especially with the In-ternational Museums Office, the International

Federation of Librarians, and the National Councilof Museums, and emphasized the importance ofagreements with these bodies.

M. BARATA (Brazil) submitted two proposals :I. An international convention might be pro-

posed by Unesco with a view to restoring mis-sing objects, as they were found, to their originalcollections.

2. In the cause of peace, and in order to makeclear what tremendous responsibility restedupon those who made war, it was essential toexamine the conditions under which the des-truction of important monuments and art in-stitutions might be declared war crimes.The CHAIRMAN declared the general discussion

on museums and libraries closed.Mr. CARTER submitted proposals on the rehabi-

litation of libraries and museums that had suf-fered from the war, freedom of access to libraries,and copyright.

All these proposals were adopted.The delegate of CANADA proposed sending re-

presentatives to attend the Mass CommunicationSub-Commission when it discussed questions ofinterest to their own sub-commission.

This proposal was adopted.Mr. CARTER said that, if publications were to

circulate all over the world, it was essential thatthere should be adequate cataloguing.

Such material was indispensable to any inform-ation service on bibliographical sources. It wasdesirable to make collective lists, indexes, etc.Unesco should encourage, through appropriate in-ternational organizations, the adoption of uni-form terminology in bibliographies, catalogues, in-dexes, etc.

This proposal was adopted.As regards popular libraries, Unesco ought to

encouragethe establishment of mobile popular li-braries for adults and children and, in co-opera-tion with appropriate international organizations,promote conferences of librarians, educationalistsetc.

This proposal, too, was adopted.

EDUCATION.

Unesco should stimulate the increase andgrowthof organizations for the education and professionaltraining of librarians, museum curators, etc. Itshould also be a channel for gifts and scholarships,distribute these, and, if need be itself confer them.Unesco ought also to encourage exchanges ofstudents or experts.

These proposals were accepted.

ARCHIVES.

Unesco should help in the creation of inter-national organizations of archivists, take part inthe development of archive services and makethem more accessible.

DOCUMENTARY REPRODUCTION.

Unesco should recognize the increasing impor-tance of the reproduction of documents and ofmechanical accessories for research and should

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take practical steps to encourage their develop-ment.

This proposal was adopted.The delegate of BELGIUM stated that he had

that morning submitted a resolution which hadbeen accepted; it was a recommendation to theeffect that a certain percentage of building mater-ials should be assigned to the restoration of part-ly destroyed monuments. He asked for this reso-lution to be considered further.

M. CAIN (France) replied that there would bea report on the matter, as well as on the proposalsof the Brazilian, Belgian and Netherlands deleg-ates.

The UNITED KINGDOM delegate then raised thequestion of the priority of resolutions, and theUNITED STATES delegate pointed out that theBudget Committee was at present working in thedark and would be glad of suggestions as to theapproximate size of the budgets of the differentSub-Commissions.

Mr. CARTER said that the first proposal wouldbe included in a report. As regards questions ofpriority, they had tried to take account of thiswithout establishing any definite order. It wasobvious, however, that problems of reconstructionwere very urgent and of primary importance. Atthe same time the Director-General must be leftfree to choose.

Concerning the budget, the Director-General

would be authorized to transfer funds from oneSection to another to meet urgent requirements.

POPULAR LIBRARIES.

It was hoped to obtain help from other bodiesand associations of teachers or librarians. It wasdifficult to do more.

PUBLICATIONS .

This question had been omitted the day before,and Mr. Carter suggested drafting a short para-graph for inclusion in the summary report, men-tioning that the Libraries and Museums Sectionwould concern itself with questions affecting thepractical and theoretical aspects of publications.

This proposal was accepted.The AUSTRALIAN delegate raised two points. He

wondered whether Unesco’s budget would allowof assistance in the form of paper and printingmaterial, as provided in paragraph 2. Discussionthen turned on the term ‘‘ popular libraries ’’, andit was decided to adopt the word “ Public ” inEnglish, the word ‘‘ Populaire ” in French.

Lastly, M. CAIN (France) pointed out that theLibraries and Museums Section was not particu-larly favourably treated in the draft budget andthe attention of the Financial Sub-Commissionshould be directed to that point.

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SUB-COMMISSIONON NATURAL SCIENCES

F I R S T M E E T I N GHeld on Saturday, 30 November 1946 at 10. 30, a. m.

Dr. HUXLEY opened the meeting, and the Sub-Commission approved the nominations of Pro-fessor BHABHA (India) as Chairman, ProfessorOSORIO DE ALMEIDA (Brazil) as Vice-Chairman,Professor AUGER (France) as Rapporteur and Pro-fessor M. FLORKIN (Belgium) as Deputy Rappor-teur.

Professor BHABHA thanked the Sub-Commissionfor having appointed him Chairman. He pointedout that documents Unesco/Prep.Com./Nat.Sci.Com./13 to 16, were a summary of the informationcontained in the report on the Unesco Programme

Science ”(green booklet) and the pamphlet “ Unesco and

(white booklet). He therefore suggestedthat the Sub-Commission should take documents13 to 16 as a basis of discussion.

The Agenda was adopted, and the Chairman call-ed upon Dr. NEEDHAM, Head of the Sciences Sec-tion.

Dr. NEEDHAM reminded the meeting that theaim of the Sub-Commission was to encourage inter-national scientific co-operation. He was convincedthat such co-operation could not fail to exist inthe future.

He then gave some information concerning do-cuments Unesco/Prep.Com./Nat.Sci.Com./13to 16.

Document 13, he said, was a summary of thedirectives contained in the green and the whitebooklets. On page 3, the various proposals of theSecretariat were presented in a way that recalledthe resolutions; opposite each were indications re-ferring to the various pages of the green and whitebooklets. In the last column there were figures re-ferring to the various points of the budget of theSciences Section (see document Unesco/Prep.Com./Nat.Sci.Com./14).

The Programme Commission contemplated threesub-divisions of projects :

A) projects to be undertaken in 1947.B) projects to be studied in 1947.C) projects to be postponed.It was often difficult to differentiate between

projects that came within category A and thosein category B. This was why the projects of cate-gory A and B had been listed together in docu-ment 13. Those of category C were grouped indocument 13 a.

Document 14 gave an analysis of the budgetfor this Section, the presentation adopted beingthat of the Science Section of the Secretariat andnot that of the United Nations, as in “ the Reporton Administrative and Financial Provisions ”(grey booklet).

Document 15 contained a draft report which

the Sub-Commission proposed to forward to theProgramme Commission.

Lastly Document 16 was a list of internationalscientific organizations with which the Secretar-iat was already in touch.

On page 77, French version of the grey booklet,it would be, noticed that the general budgetallocates 14.5 % to the Sciences Section, corres-ponding to I million U. S. dollars. The Sub-Com-mission would have to examine the recommen-dations it wished to forward to the ProgrammeCommission on this point, particularly if the gene-ral budget was reduced.

Dr. Needham then pointed out that duringthe war he had worked in Asia in close touchwith Asiatic scientists. He referred to the isolat-ion of certain scientists in various parts of theworld. From a scientific point of view, it was ne-cessary to differentiate between enlightened zoneswhich included Western Europe and North Ame-rica, and less enlightened ones, such as Asia, Africa,and South America. In the latter, which wereusually non-industrialized areas, it was necessarythat Unesco should endeavour to develop scienceand at the same time raise the standard of liv-ing.

Unesco would therefore pursue a two-fold aim :in the more backward areas, it would endeavour,as stated in Section 2 of document 13, to createregional offices for scientific co-operation on thelines of liaison machinery during the war. In moredeveloped areas, Unesco would try to assist in-ternational scientific unions, as indicated in Sec-tion 3 of document 13.

Document 16 contained a list of internatio-nal scientific organizations already in existence.Unesco’s business would be to revive those whichwere working at reduced pressure and to establishnew ones.

The speaker emphasized the importance of in-ternational scientific unions everywhere, and of theInternational Council of Scientific Unions esta-blished in 1919. As a rule, scientific unions hadvery limited funds; and it was the duty of Unescoto help them by grants, as mentioned in document14. Lastly Dr. Needham said that to regulate thelegal relations between Unesco and the scientificunions, a draft agreement had been concluded be-tween Unesco and the International Council ofScientific Unions.

The second part of Dr. Needhani’s speech wasconcerned with the practical tasks which Unescoproposed to undertake, among which were thefollowing :

— Unesco’s participation in the work of rehabi-litation in war-devastated areas by the purchaseand transport of scientific apparatus :

— The improvement of the present deplorableposition as regards free circulation of scientificworks and journals;

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— Study of the question of the establishment ofInternational laboratories and observatories. Thiswould involve obtaining supplementary funds fromthe Economic and Social Council of the UnitedNations, which would be administered by Unesco,the direction of the scientific work being left tothe International Scientific Union;

— Travelling scholarships for scientists;— The establishment of International Advisory

Councils for mechanical, medical and agriculturalscience.

servations of his delegation had been distributedto delegates in the form of a memorandum.

The representative of the Food and Agricultu-re Organization of the United Nations assuredthe Sub-Commission of the close co-operation ofhis organization with Unesco by means of perman-ent committees or committees meeting periodic-ally.

The CHAIRMAN emphasized the importance ofthis matter, which in any case was on the Agendaof the Sub-Commission.

In his statement, Dr. Needham did not refer toa number of other matters, which would be consid-ered in detail by the Sub-Commission during thegeneral discussion. Finally, he recalled the parttaken by his colleagues in developing internationalscientific co-operation and stressed the importanceof this work.

S E C O N D M E E T I N GHeld on Monday, 2 December 1946 at 10.45. a. m.

Chairman : Professor BHABHA (India).

On the proposal of the CHAIRMAN, the Sub-Com-mission adopted unanimously and without discus-sion a draft resolution by Dr. Needham to thefollowing effect :

Items V and VI of the Agenda (projects sub-mitted by the Secretariat and proposals from de-legates) (continuation).

“ The Sub-Commission on Natural Sciencesapproves the formal draft agreement betweenUnesco and the International Council of Scien-tific Unions and recommends that the Legal andExternal Relations Sub-Commission do like-wise. ”

Speaking on behalf of the INDIAN delegation,the CHAIRMAN commented on the Indian propo-sal, which was to be roneoed and distributed dur-ing the morning; it consisted of two parts :

The Sub-Commission then considered Items Vand VI of the Agenda, namely : General Discus-sion on the Reports Submitted, and Presentationof New Proposals by Delegates.

The CHINESE delegate approved the division ofthe projects into three categories : A, B and C,but did not understand why reparations in theform of scientific material should come underGroup C. In his opinion, the recovery of scienti-fic material-was inseparable from the scientific re-construction of war-devastated countries and wasconsequently particularly urgent. He asked thatthe reparations question be transferred from Ca-tegory C to Category A.

(a) as far as they were research problems, ques-tions of nutrition and disease were within Unesco’scompetence. India was unfortunately still a fer-tile field for research : malnutrition and variousdiseases, which today were unknown or almostunknown in other countries, were widespread. Itwas therefore to be hoped that team’s of research-workers would be sent to India, where they wouldfind laboratories and research institutes at theirdisposal. But the Government of India could notgrant them any financial assistance, and Unescoshould therefore undertake the responsibility.

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Moreover, he strongly recommended the esta-blishment of regional offices for international scien-tific co-operation, of clearing houses for scientificpublications on the principle of decentralization,and of centres for applied mathematics, and urgedthe importance of facilitating travel for scientists.

The UNITED STATES delegate made a statementon the great contribution science could make toworld peace. The following should be consideredspecially :

(b) Fish, which was much used in India as anarticle of diet, provided enough proteins to feedthe enormous riparian populations of the IndianOcean. The Indian delegation therefore proposedthe creation of an Institute of Oceanography andFisheries for the Indian Ocean.

The delegate of MEXICO approved in principle

I. The great influence exerted in their owncountries by scientists who, thanks to manyyears of co-operation, had achieved great mut-ual understanding and respect and a strongidea of international co-operation.

2. The general importance of science in thedevelopment of a prosperous world communitythrough the ever-increasing part played by com-munications, radio, etc.

the document submitted by the Preparatory Com-mission, but considered that one project was di-rectly opposed to the spirit of Unesco : namely,that scientific apparatus should be included among.reparations (WB/E, p. 12, A, I). This was likelyto disorganize existing laboratories. This projectwas contrary to the aims of Unesco outlined else-where (GB/E, p. 100, last paragraph; id. page 92,lines 15-21, and third paragraph : WB/E, p. 17,lines 18-26; id. page 7 last seven lines).

Referring to the budget, the UN ITED STATESdelegate considered that, after 1947, the ScienceSection would require a larger budget and onemore in keeping with the essential work of thisbranch of Unesco.

He therefore moved a resolution to extend theterms of lines 11-14 of WB/E, p. 17 as follows :“ Unesco should invite all countries needing equip-ment to participate in some sort of rationingscheme which would include the former Axis coun-tries and which would secure an equitable distrib-ution of apparatus according to the needs andpossibilities of each country.”

He remarked finally that the proposals and ob-

The CHAIRMAN specified that reparations didnot in the least imply the dismantling of existinglaboratories, but only furnishing articles fromexisting stocks or surplus production. He proposedthat, to avoid ambiguity, the Secretariat shouldredraft the proposals.


The delegate of BRAZIL, commenting on the re-solution submitted by his delegation (Unesco/Prep.Com./Nat.Sci.Com./19) stated that Unescocould do far more in the scientific field than in anyother. In order to take effective action in favourof peace, projects of a concrete nature must havepriority over others.

The Hylean Amazon project, for instance, wasnot of regional, but of international importance;it might lead to the creation of a centre of activeproduction in the near future. The Brazilian dele-gate supported the proposals recommendingresearch groups working on the spot; offices to sup-ply information to backward countries; and labo-ratories for the preparation of chemically puresubstances and artificial radio-active elements.

The delegate of GREECE signified his full approv-al of Dr. Needham’s speech on the programmeof the Natural Sciences Section. He thought thatthe different proposals in Chapter V gave a veryclear idea of the tasks devolving upon Unesco,and he approved their principle.

He added that he was entirely in agreementwith the delegate of China on the question of repa-rations and the rehabilitation of scientific labora-tories. In the devastated countries, there was agreat dearth of material in laboratories and schoolsof medicine. He hoped that the Sub-Commissionwould give immediate priority to the question ofreparations in the form of scientific equipment.

The CZECHOSLOVAK delegate drew attention torationalization in the field of scientific publicationsand made the following proposal :

‘‘ That Unesco, in collaboration with the In-ternational Council of Scientific Unions, shouldtake up the question of reviving scientific jour-nals whose publication had been suspended, aswell as the establishment of new journals, andthat this question should be examined from theviewpoint of the rationalization of publicationsand distribution in different countries.”The CZECHOSLOVAK delegate pointed out that

this question had been included in Document 13,but he thought that, at least in part, it should bestudied as a matter of urgency.

The delegate of BRAZIL observed that the ques-tion of the Amazon basin should interest not onlyBrazil and South American, but also all countrieswith geographical conditions similar to those ofAmerica, the countries to which these territoriesbelonged and the United States.

Turning to the question of the limited scientificdevelopment of the so-called “ dark ” zones, theBrazilian delegate argued at length on the needfor ascertaining the reasons for this defective deve-lopment and for trying to find the remedy. Forthis, recourse must be had to scientists in thoseareas, from whom the necessary information mustbe obtained by means of questionnaires. Hethought the question was of some urgency.

The delegate of FRANCE agreed with the gener-al directives in the Secretariat’s document, butformulated the following observations :

(a) He thought there was a contradiction inplacing the question of rehabilitation in Cate-gory A, and the question of reparations in Ca-tegory C.

(b) He stressed the importance of securinguniversal application of the metric system.

(c) It was necessary to build up stocks of purechemical products to be made available to allcountries.

(d) He disagreed with the idea of an auxi-liary international language for sciences.The French delegate concluded by declaring

that the effectiveness of Unesco depended uponhow it would utilize and influence existing inter-national organizations.

The Sub-Commission then examined the direc-tives proposed by the Secretariat, item by item.Item I.

Dr. NEEDHAM re-read the statement by the Chi-nese delegation, which concluded with a proposedamendment of Item I. He also mentioned thatthe term ‘‘ reparations ” did not mean the “ dis-mantling of existing laboratories ’’,but only “ com-pensation in the form of deliveries of manufactur-ed products ’’

A general discussion arose on this matter,at the end of which the Sub-Commission agreedto transfer the question of reparations from Cate-gory C to Category A. The Sub-Commission unan-imously adopted the addition of a paragraph 2 toItem I :

“ And to recommend to the United Nations theadoption of a policy of reparations in the formof recently manufactured scientific materials orin the form of commercial or government stocksaccumulated by the former Axis countries, forthe scientific rehabilitation of war-devastatedcountries ’’.On the proposal of the UNITED KINGDOM dele-

gate, it was decided to add to the document, inthe form of an instruction, the following words :“ that the Secretariat inform the Executive Boardof the adoption of this resolution ’’.

T H I R D M E E T I N GHeld on Monday, 2 December 1946 at 3 p. m.


Item I.The discussion was resumed on Item I, page 3

of Document 13.The Sub-Commission adopted in the form of an

Annex, a resolution proposed by the U NITEDSTATES delegate, stipulating that, in the transferof scientific equipment for the rehabilitation ofdevastated areas, all precautions should be takennot to impair normal scientific activity in thecountry whence this equipment came.

The Sub-Commission adopted an amendment bythe delegate of GREECE providing that use shouldbe made not only of stocks in shops and factories,but also, in some cases, of government stocks.

The delegate of AUSTRALIA having asked forparticulars concerning the appropriation in thesupplementary budget of 100,000 dollars for scien-tific reconstruction, Dr. NEEDHAM explained thatnothing had yet been decided on this matter, andthat in any case the supplementary budget hadnot been voted. The CHAIRMAN thought that exa-mination of this question could be deferred.

— 169 —


Item 2:The following amendments to the text were pro-

posed and adopted :I. ‘‘ To establish a series of field science co-

operation offices beginning in those regions...”2. ‘‘ Beginning, in 1947, with four offices :

two in the Far East, one in the Middle East,and one in Latin America.”

3. To omit the words “ three to four” in r e -ference to the number of scientific men to staffthese offices.

After the word ‘‘ union ” insert the following :‘‘ ...and by sending technical and scientific assis-tance by means of missions, in agreement withthe national institutions.”

An amendment by the BELGIAN delegation toadd the name of ‘‘ Roskoff ” to the list of exis-ting international laboratories was adopted unani-mously.

Professor BHABHA proposed that one of theoffices in the Far East should be in India.

This proposal was adopted.Item 3.

After a long discussion as to whether the diffe-rent examples (a) (b) (c) etc. should be includedin the text or in an annex, it was decided to adoptan amendment proposed by the UNITED KINGDOMas follows :

Adopted without discussion.Item 4.

The B ELGIAN delegate pointed out that theFrench text of this Item made no mention of theapplied sciences, and that it would all, the samebe desirable to encourage meetings of engineers aswell as meetings of scientists pure and simple. TheCHAIRMAN explained that Unesco’s work shouldrather lie in stimulating scientific research thanin encouraging the application of existing tech-niques. Nevertheless, the suggestion by the Bel-gian delegate, who proposed to substitute theFrench word “ techniques ” for “ mecaniques ’’,was adopted.

Omit the let ters “e. g. ” and say instead‘‘ among the different forms of assistance con-templated would be : ”

It was decided to mention in an annex that thelist implied no priority.Item 7.

Item 7 was adopted with the addition of thefollowing words at the end of the paragraph :

“ and taking steps to facilitate the exchangeof foreign currency. ”

Item 8.An amendment by the BELGIAN delegation for

the insertion of the words ‘‘ and circulation“ development ”

afterwas adopted unani-

mously.

At the request of the UNITED STATES delegate,Dr. NEEDHAM explained the relation which wouldexist between International Advisory Councils andthe International Council of Scientific Unions.

The UNITED KINGDOM delegate proposed thatthe words “ to set up ” at the beginning of Article4 should be replaced byup of. ”

“ to stimulate the setting

Amendment adopted.Item 5.

It was decided to explain in an annex that theSub-Commission understood that the cost of thisproject would be borne by the Mass Communica-tion Section, which would be studying the ques-tion in conjunction with the Natural Sciences Sec-tion.Item 9.

— 170 —

The UNITED KINGDOM delegate asked for thereplacement of the words “ by calling ” in para-graph (b) by ‘‘ by preparing ’’.

Amendment adopted.

Item 9 was adopted unanimously with the ad-dition of the following words at the end of theparagraph : ‘‘ (d) by facilitating the transport ofInstruments and documentation by travellingscientists. ”Item 10.

The delegate of CANADA asked that in paragraph(a) the word “ circulation ”“ movement ’’,

should be replaced by

Discussion then began on a remark by the Aus-TRALIAN delegate opposing the organization of re-print stockpiles. The Sub-Commission decided toomit paragraph (d) of Item 5 referring to this ques-tion.

The delegate of MEXICO proposed the followingamendment :

‘‘ That measures should be taken to standardizescientific terminology in all countries which speakidentical or kindred languages. ”

Amendment adopted.Item 6.

Dr. NEEDHAM read out a letter he had receivedon this subject from the Economic and Socialcouncil of the United Nations.

The C HINESE delegation asked that priorityshould be given to China in the establishment ofcentres of applied mathematics. The CHAIRMANsaid that this question would be studied alongwith the general question of priorities.

An amendment by the BELGIAN delegation ad-ding at the end of the Item : “ (d) animals ofgenetically-known stock ” was unanimously adop-ted.

The INDIAN delegation filed an amendment forthe insertion of the words “ directly or ” betweenthe words “ grants-in-aid ” and “ through the rele-vant... ”ted.

This amendment was unanimously adop-

The following amendment by the BRAZILIAN de-legation was also adopted unanimously :

An amendment by the INDIAN delegation addinga point (g) “ Oceanic and fishery institutions forthe Indian Ocean, situated in Southern India andCeylon ” was unanimously adopted.

At the proposal of the GREEK delegation, theBritish amendment was included in this para-graph in the following form : the words ‘‘ notablyin ” were replaced by : “ among the activitiescontemplated, there might figure.

The following amendment by the FRENCH dele-gation was also adopted unanimously : In (a), nearthe end of the Article, the words ” pure and che-


mica1 ” would be omitted; and after the word“ plastics ” in (b) add the words “ and other ma-terials used in laboratories ’’.

The NORWEGIAN delegation drew attention toa mistake in the English text : ‘‘ radio ” shouldread ‘‘ radio-active ’’.

A further amendment, to add to Item IO , aparagraph (h) ‘‘ Ornithology ’’, was unanimouslyadopted.

F O U R T H M E E T I N GHeld on Tuesday, 3 December 1946 at 10 a. m.


The discussion opened on Item 10, on page 5of the English text.

The NEW ZEALAND delegate regretted that theplan for organizing collections of plants did notappear in any of the plans enumerated underItem IO. It would be desirable that Unesco shouldtake up this project again; and that the followingimportant considerations should be taken into ac-count :

I. Collections should be as complete as pos-sible;

2. They should be situated in localities whereit was possible to cultivate the largest possiblenumber of varieties of any given plant;

3. They should be classified as thoroughly aspossible;

The AUSTRALIAN delegate suggested another ad-dition to Item IO , which aimed at establishingresearch stations for the study of tropical di-seases. This proposal was accepted.

The UNITED KINGDOM delegate proposed to addan annex to Item I0 as follows :

“ In drawing up plans concerning each ofthese projects, international scientific unionswhich are competent for the purpose, or simi-lar international bodies, shall previously be as-ked to give their advice. ”

This proposal was adopted.The BRAZILIAN delegate recalled that he had

submitted a resolution concerning the establish-ment at Belem of an International Hylean Ins-titute for the Amazon. He asked that the partof this resolution which dealt with the action con-templated by the Secretariat should be put to avote in the Sub-Commission, and transmitted tothe Secretariat in the form of an instruction. Thisproposal was adopted.

Item II was unanimously adopted, without dis-cussion.

4. They should be organized by a central au-thority.He suggested that this project for plant collect-

ions should be included in Item IO , in the formof a paragraph (h).

The AUSTRALIAN delegate thought it would bequite feasible to insert the amendment submittedby the New Zealand delegate at the conclusionof Item 10.

— 171 —

The amendment was adopted in principle. Itwould be decided subsequently where it could bestbe inserted.

In connection with Item 12, the BRAZILIAN de-legate submitted an amendment referring to asentence, which does not occur in the French text,with reference to the selection of holders of fel-lowships. The amendment aimed at deleting thelast part of Item 12 after the word “ Fellowship ’’.

This amendment was adopted unanimously.The UNITED STATES delegate stressed his great

interest in Item 12; he wished that a special prio-rity should be assigned to this question.

The CHAIRMAN postponed this question to theend of the discussion.

Item 12 was adopted as contained in the docu-ment.

The NEW ZEALAND delegate submitted a secondproposal, which he thought could also quite wellbe included in Item IO. This plan, moreover, wasincluded in the original list of plans and figures inSection F. 4 of the Green booklet : Establishmentof Bird Observatories on the island of Heligoland(proposed to be internationalized as United Na-tions territory).

Item 13 was adopted unanimously, without dis-cussion.

Item 14 was then discussed.

He suggested that this question should be addedto the list, since the problem of bird migrationsarose all over the world and was of interest toeveryone. There was also great popular interestin the question; he therefore proposed that itshould be included in the plan, as paragraph (h)of Item 10.

The representative of the Secretariat stated thatit was impossible to accept the proposals madeby the External Relations Sub-Commission, whichaimed at refusing any financial assistance inconnection with the administrative expenses ofgovernmental or non-governmental organizat-ions. A resolution was proposed for transmissionto the Chairman of the External Relations Sub-Commission and to the Chairman of the Pro-gramme Commission, with a view to improvingthe state of the question under certain conditions.

The UNITED STATES delegate thought that therewere more important international problems,which should be dealt with before this question.

The UNITED STATES and the UNITED KINGDOMdelegates seconded the resolution submitted bythe Secretariat.

The CHAIRMAN said he saw no objection to in-cluding the plan, but without assigning any kindof priority to it. He proposed a recommendationto the effect that the island of Heligoland shouldnot be transformed into an area where experi-ments in explosives, which might be harmful tobirds, would be carried out; and that the planfor establishing a bird observatory on the islandshould be adopted. This recommendation wasaccepted.

Item 14 was adopted unanimously.Item 15.

After a statement by the AUSTRALIAN delegate,who thought that Unesco should not itself under-take publications on the social repercussions ofscientific discoveries, a general discussion ensuedon the participation of Unesco in these publica-tions. At the CHAIRMAN’S proposal it was decidedto replace the first part of the paragraph by thefollowing sentence :


“ To do whatever may be possible to informthe public of new scientific. discoveries and theirpossible bearing on international and social re-lations. ”The Sub-Commission decided to insert as an

annex a suggestion by the UNITED STATES dele-gation as follows :

“ In the execution of these instructions, theSecretariat of the Natural Sciences Section willas far as possible co-operate with other sectionswhich deal with mass communication and alsowith other institutions, national and inter-national. ”The Sub-Commission also decided to annex a

suggestion by the Secretariat that the latter shouldstudy the possibility of Unesco printing a thou-sand copies of scientific works and distributingthem to Member nations. These nations wouldthen make reprints of these works in the originallanguage or in their own.

Item 15 thus amended was unanimously adopt-ed.Item 16.

In reply to a statement by the UNITED STATESdelegation, Dr. NEEDHAM explained that certaininternational exhibitions could only be organizedby Unesco itself. At the Chairman’s proposal,Item 16 was adopted with the following amend-ment :

After the words “ to consider ” insert the words‘‘ or stimulate. ”

The Sub-Commissionthen went back to Item 12and decided to insert after the words “ to takeresponsibility ” the words “ with other UnescoSections. ”Document 13 a.

This document, which dealt with questions forwhich no immediate action was proposed, wasadopted in its entirety with the understandingthat Items I and 3 were transferred from Cate-gory C to Category A.Question of Priorities.

The CHAIRMAN said that it was essential tochoose one or two concrete projects which wouldstrike the public imagination and clearly illustratethe work done by Unesco for the welfare of peo-ples. These projects would be given No. I priority.The question of diseases and nutrition seemedespecially suitable for inclusion in this class, andthe CHAIRMAN reverted to a proposal by the IN-DIAN delegation.

Dr. NEEDHAM said that the Secretariat appro-ved this project, and a general discussion aroseon the matter, during which the delegate of BRA-ZIL pointed out that its application to the Ama-zon zone was only one part of the Amazon Basinproblem.

At the close of the discussion, the three follow-ing resolutions were unanimously adopted :

‘‘ Flying teams of scientific and technologicalexperts on nutrition would be established in In-dia and the Amazon Basin and, as soon as cir-cumstances permitted, in China and Africa. ”In the last sentence on page 2 of document 13,

the word ‘‘ necessarily ” would be deleted, and

at the end of that sentence the followingsentencewould be added :

“ The question of the creation of flying teamsof scientific and technological experts in nutri-tion and also the scheme for the Amazon Basinwill receive No. I priority. ”Passing to the question of the budget, the

CHAIRMAN proposed an. amendment to Item 5which the Sub-Commission adopted unanimously :

After the word “ international “, insert thewords ‘‘ and national ’’.

After a statement by the CHAIRMAN that theSecretariat should be perfectly free to change theallocation of funds, a general discussion on thesubject followed, at the end of which the Sub-Commission adopted this resolution :

‘‘ That the Natural Sciences Sub-Commis-sion is of opinion that the Secretariat shouldbe empowered, within the budget of the NaturalSciences Section, to transfer funds from one itemto another in the course of its work, if it deemsfit. ”At the request of the FRENCH delegation the

Sub-Commission decided to add to this “ thoughseeking to keep purely administrative expenses atthe minimum, ”

F I F T H M E E T I N GHeld on Tuesday, 3 December 1946 at 5 p. m.


The CHINESE delegate recalled the decision tak-en at the meeting held in the morning, cancer-ning the establishment of Food Study Centres inIndia and in the Amazon Basin, and asked thata third centre be set up in China, which had apopulation of 400 millions.

The UNITED KINGDOM delegate seconded thisproposal.

The UNITED STATES delegate considered it es-sential that they should concentrate effort on a fewconcrete proposals. The Chinese proposal shouldbe proceeded with as soon as circumstances per-mitted, but, for the time being, it should be leftin abeyance, as it meant an excessive dispersalof Unesco’s resources.

The CHINESE delegate asked that the establish-ment of such a centre in China should be givenpriority “ A ’’.

The CHAIRMAN considered that everyone was inagreement with the principle of the proposal, butthe real issue was whether they disposed of suf-ficient resources.

Dr. NEEDHAM (Secretariat) replied that the Se-cretariat had no views on this point.

The NEW ZEALAND delegate considered that theresources of Unesco were inadequate to undertakethis task on a large scale.

The CHINESE delegate explained that researchon food questions had already been carried outlong before the war, particularly in the YunnanProvince.

The CHAIRMAN suggested that China should beincluded in the project, together with India andthe Amazon Basin.

Adopted.

— 172 —


BUDGET .

The Budget was put to the vote in its presentorm and unanimously adopted.

Dr. NEEDHAM (Secretariat) expressed his deepsatisfaction at the adoption of the budget in itspresent form. However, he proposed several alter-native resolutions :

ment : “ The Budget allotted to the NaturalSciences Section shall be increased in future years,and in no case shall it be less than I million dollars,even if the total Unesco Budget is reduced. ”

The Amendment was adopted unanimously.Document 15.

I. That the proportion of the total UnescoBudget allocated to the Natural Sciences Sec-tion should not be less than 20%; or

2. That the proportion of the total Budgetallocated to the Natural Sciences Section shouldbe increased during the coming years; or

3. That the Budget of the Natural Sciences

The Meeting then considered the last documenton the Agenda : final report — Document 15.

Article I was adopted unanimously.As regards Article 2, the CHAIRMAN suggested

the addition, at the end of this article, of a sen-tence expressing the views of the Meeting on theamount of the Budget granted to the NaturalSciences Section.

Section should be maintained at its present le- This amendment was adopted.vel, even if the total Unesco Budget were reduc- The whole of Article 2 was unanimously adop-ed. ted.The UNITED STATES delegate also proposed that

the Sub-Commission’s budget should not be affect-ed by a possible reduction of total budget.

The CHAIRMAN and the UNITED KINGDOM dele-gate both supported this proposal.

The CHAIRMAN read the text of the Amend-

Article 3 was also adopted unanimously.The CHAIRMAN considered it would be neces-

sary to modify Article 4 in the light of the resol-utions adopted by the meeting.

The UNITED STATES delegate was appointed De-puty Rapporteur.


S U B - C O M M I S S I O NON SOCIAL SCIENCES, PHILOSOPHY

AND HUMANISTIC STUDIES

F I R S T M E E T I N GHeld on Thursday, 28 November 1946 at 10 a. m.

The Sub-Commission proceeded to elect its of-ficers. The following were elected :

Chairman : Dr. E. ALZONA (Philippines).Vice-Chairmen : Dr. Leon KRUCZKOWSKI (Po-

land).Dr. Y. R. CHAO (China).

Rapporteurs : Dr. Charles JOHNSON (UnitedStates).

Prof. Carsten HOEG (Denmark).

The provisional agenda was unanimously adop-ted.

After having thanked the meeting and stressedthe importance of Unesco’s work, the CHAIRMANasked the Secretariat to present the report of thePreparatory Commission.

Drawing the attention of the meeting to the va-riety of disciplines which were the subject of thereport, and also to the fact that they all dealtwith humanity, the Head of the Section gave ageneral outline of the report and its annexes. Hedrew particular notice to Annex I, which was anintegral part of the report.

Following a declaration by the delegate of INDIAon the position of philosophy, which in his opi-nion should be classed with culture and not withthe sciences, a general discussion took place ona possible division into two Sections.

Dr. HUXLEY proposed that a motion be draftedfor submission to the Programme Commission as arecommendation. It would suggest separating theSocial Sciences, on the one hand, Philosophy andHumanistic Studies on the other.

The delegate of INDIA stated that the SocialSciences would come under Science, and Philoso-phy and Humanistic Studies under Culture. Hismotion was seconded by the French and Chinesedelegations.

The UNITED STATES delegation considered thatthe Social Sciences, Philosophy and HumanisticStudies were closely linked and dealt with thevarious aspects of the same question. It was there-fore opposed to their separation.

The delegation of the UNITED KINGDOM reques-ted that the question be forwarded to the Secre-tariat for study in 1947.

After a short discussion, the motion proposedby Dr. Huxley to divide the present Section intotwo (one for Social Sciences, the other for Philo-sophy and Humanistic Studies) was adopted bythe Sub-Commission.

DISCUSSION OF SOCIAL SCIENCES PROGRAMME.

Dr. AWAD (Secretariat) recalled President Roose-velt’s words : ‘‘ To cultivate the science of hu-man relations that civilization may survive. ” Thedevelopment of the social sciences was, he said,in itself a contribution to the cause of peace. Inthis sphere, Unesco had reserved a particularlyimportant place in its programme for surveys andstudies. The programme fell under three headings.

A. Development of the social sciences.B. Applications of the social sciences to hu-

man relations.C. Possibility of achieving a truly internation-

al outlook in this respect.The UNITED STATES delegate emphasized the

necessity of enlisting the social sciences in further-ing the great aims of Unesco, in particular by astudy and analysis of the main obstacles to inter-national understanding, which it was proposed tor e m o v e .

In this field, Unesco should undertake :I. To stimulate the work of existing study

groups.2. To promote the creation of international

institutes or centres.3. To give technical assistance to these organ-

izations.4. To study the obstacles previously defined,

such as nationalism, antagonisms of a techno-logical character, insufficiency of governmentaction, problems relating to movements of po-pulation, or relations of dependency betweentwo peoples.The delegate of FRANCE expressed regret that,

before passing to practical action, it had not beenseen tit to organize a comprehensive debate, forexample, by calling a meeting of the most promi-nent thinkers of all countries for free and inform-al conversations. It was necessary to institutea far-reaching enquiry into the various civiliza-tions, in order that no country’s contributionmight be neglected when preparing a world civi-lization.

The SECRETARIAT explained that such an en-quiry was provided for in the programme of theSub-Section on Philosophy.

STUDY OF PROPOSALS OF THE SECRETARIAT.A. — ENCOURAGEMENT OF PRIVATE ASSOCIATIONS.

This item was adopted subject to the followingexplanations :

The list of such associations should not be li-mitative.

It was desirable to include the creation of an


International Union of Town and CommunityPlanning.

Agreements to be concluded with such associat-ions would be studied by the proper Sections ofUnesco, with special reference to their bearing onthe budget.

B. — LIST OF SOCIAL RESEARCH INSTITUTES.

This fundamental point was adopted, subjectto the following explanations on the part of theSecretariat : what was meant was a list of import-ant and specialized institutes, not a complete list.As far as possible, it would be drawn up throughnational agencies. It might lead to the publica-tion of a yearbook.


Held on Thursday, 28 November 1946 at 3 p. m.

Chairman : Dr. E. ALZONA (Philippines).

The Sub-Commission continued examining thedifferent items in the programme drawn up bythe Preparatory Commission, which were present-ed by the Head of the Section of the Secretariat.

C.-Y EARBOOK OF THE SOCIAL SCIENCES .

Dr. AWAD (Secretariat) proposed that workshould be begun with an experimental publica-tion. I ts reception would decide whether i tshould be continued or not.

After a short discussion, the project was adopted.

D. — ABSTRACTS.

Professor W. G. HOLFORD , British expert ontown planning, made a general statement on thequestion and on the tasks for Unesco in this field,urging assistance to existing technical organiza-tions and the collection of results.

The U NITED STATES delegation wanted ‘thequestion referred to the Economic and SocialCouncil of the United Nations.

After a long discussion, in which the NETHER-LANDS delegation recommended the establishmentof contacts between existing organizations, andthe delegation of POLAND asked for the adoptionof the scheme as it stood, the following motionby the UNITED KINGDOM delegate was adopted :

“That Unesco should consult the Economicand Social Council to see whether Unesco canbe usefully employed; That it should engageadvisers, undertake research and make a reportto the General Conference of 1947; Invite thedifferent national organizations engaged in thework, through the National Commissions; Referthe decision of the principle of establishing anew Centre to the next Conference. ”

In p resen t ing the ques t ion o f abs t rac t s ,Dr. AWAD stressed the fact that only preliminarywork was contemplated and nothing would bepublished this year.

— 175 —

The AUSTRALIAN delegation proposed an amend-ment to replace the words “ preliminary survey ”by ‘‘exploration of the problem,” after whichthere was a general discussion of this question.

The SOUTH AFRICAN delegation emphasized theimportance of the question and the need for col-lecting and disseminating existing information.

A motion by the CHINESE delegation, secondedby the delegation of the UNITED STATES, propos-ing the suppression of Section D of the pro-gramme until the next General Conference, wasrejected.

Dr. AWAD emphasized the need to collate andstudy existing documentation. After rejection ofa motion by the DANISH delegation, and despitethe insistence of the POLISH delegation, a motionby the UNITED KINGDOM delegation was adoptedas follows :

“ That the project should not be undertakenduring 1947. ’’.

After discussion, the following resolution pro-posed by the AUSTRALIAN delegation was adopted :

“ That the project should be drafted as fol-lows : —

“ Exploration of the problem of abstractsand bibliographies covering all social scienceactivities for which there is no organization. ”

E. — ECONOMIC AND SOCIAL HISTORYOF THE SECOND WORLD WAR.

Sir Alfred ZIMMERN presented a report embody-ing the results of a mission with which theExecutive Committee had entrusted him, andasked the meeting to agree to the principle ofthe organization of short courses and the conven-ing of a Conference to study the question indetail. He recommended three short courses forthree different groups.

In the course of the discussion, the NETHERLANDS delegation stressed the urgency of assem

After a discussion, two motions (delegations ofFRANCE and the UNITED STATES) were filed withthe Secretary. It was decided, however, to con-tinue the discussion of this point at a meetingthe next morning.

bling existing material, while the FRENCH dele-gation favoured the establishment of contactsbetween the different national bodies. After theDANISH delegation had expressed its opinion thatthe budget and limited staff of Unesco forbadeinclusion of this project in the programme, thefollowing motion by the UNITED KINGDOM dele-gation was adopted :

“ That the project be postponed until later. ”

F. — STUDY OF HOME AND COMMUNITYPLANNING .

G. — PSYCHO-POLITICAL TECHNIQUES.

H. — INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS STUDYCENTRE.


T H I R D M E E T I N GHeld on Friday, 29 November 1946 at 10.0 a. m.


At the opening of the meeting, the Sub-Com-mission returned to the consideration of point H.— Study Centre for International Relations —where they had left off the previous day.

After a short discussion, it was decided that aCommittee of three would study the question andmake a report to the Sub-Commission.

The Sub-Commission then examined the follow-ing points.

I. — THE PROMOTION OF INTERNATIONALUNDERSTANDING .

On the proposal of the D ANISH delegation,Point I was withdrawn from the programme.

J. — INTERNATIONAL ORGANIZATION.On the proposal of the CHINESE delegation,

the meeting adopted Point J.

K. — NATIONALISM AND INTERNATIONALISM.

At the request of the UNITED KINGDOM dele-gation, Dr. AWAD explained that ‘the purpose ofthe project was to bring national feeling -whichwas at the same time valuable and potentiallydangerous — into harmony with international-ism. To attain this end, it would be necessary forsociologists, historians and philosophers to studythe question.

The delegation of the UNITED KINGDOM statedthat the National Commissions would have toinitiate studies. The delegation of INDIA took upthis idea and added that it would be necessaryfor an international committee to carry out fur-ther objective study.

After the SECRETARIAT had assured the meetingthat all its observations would be noted, theproject was adopted.

L. -P UBLIC OPINION SURVEYS .

The Sub-Commission adopted Point L withoutdiscussion.

M.-C ULTURAL ASPECTS OF POPULATIONPROBLEMS.

Dr. JOHNSON (United States) asked the meetingto study the problem on a bigger scale than wascontemplated in the report; the Secretariat agreed.

The delegation for AUSTRALIA proposed thatfor 1947 the question be left in the hands ofexperts, who would study the problem of nation-alism and internationalism.

The delegation of the UNION OF SOUTH AFRICAmoved that, in order to help the Budget Com-mittee, it was essential that the various projectsbe given an order of priority.This mot ion was seconded by the U N I T E DSTATES delegation, which asked that all the pro-jects adopted be submitted to the Sub-Commis-sion for the granting of priorities. Adopted.

The Sub-Commission then adopted a motionof the AUSTRALIAN delegation recommending thatPoint M should not be studied in 1947.

At this stage the Sub-Commission returned tothe examination of Point H (Study Centre forInternational Relations).

The AUSTRALIAN delegation objected to a mo-tion from the Committee that had been set upto study this question. It did not want the Sub-Commission’s acceptance of the principle to beentered in the text of the motion.

A motion from the DANISH delegation, recom-mending that the discussion of the question bepostponed, was rejected.

After a short discussion, the meeting adoptedthe following motion :

“ The Sub-Commission approves the principleof a Study Centre of International Relationsand takes note of the report on such establish-ment as proposed by Sir Alfred Zimmern. Itrecommends that the following action be ini-tiated in 1947 : Framing of definite proposalsbefore the next session of’ the General Confe-rence. Organization of three short series ofclasses, as an experiment. ”

N. — THE EFFECTSOF MACHINERY UPON CIVILIZATION.

The discussion revealed two tendencies : one,that of the delegations of IRAN and CANADA, whichjudged that the project should not be grantedhigh priority, the other, that of the delegation ofthe U N I T E D STATES , which thought that theproblem was an extensive one and fell withinUnesco’s field.

For the sake of cohesion, the delegation of theUNION OF SOUTH AFRICA requested that the Se-cretariat combine projects K, L, M, N into one.After a short discussion the following UNITED STA-TES' motion was adopted.

“ That the Secretariat prepare a new text ofprojects K, L, M, and N, which would bringinto relief the relations of these projects withthe protection of peace, as well as the imme-diate importance of their application, and thusenable the Sub-Commission to determine thepriority to be granted to these projects. ”To a question put by the BELGIAN delegation,

Dr. A WAD answered that the work of Unescowould be made known through publications, whichwould, however, only be put into effect after 1917.


Held on Friday, 29 November 1946 at 3 p. m.


Sub-Commission studied the various points ofthe programme relating to Philosophy.

A. — CORRESPONDENCE.

After a short introduction by M. HAVET, Secre-tary of the Sub-Commission, and at the proposal

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of the FRENCH and UNITED STATES delegations,the meeting adopted point A.

B. — BIBLIOGRAPHY.

M. HAVET explained that, with regard to biblio-graphy, it was a question of giving support to theInternational Institute of Philosophy and thusenabling it to do better work.

A question asked by the UNITED KINGDOM dele-gation gave rise to a discussion on the matter ofpublications.

After the FRENCH delegation had asked that,for the present, only the question of publicationsshould be discussed, the UNITED STATES delega-tion stressed the necessity of granting subsidiesto existing international organizations and of fos-tering new organizations.

The NETHERLANDS delegate considered it wasindispensable to create small drafting committeesin each country.

The delegate of INDIA stated that, to insure theefficiency and impartiality of such organizations,it was essential to see that they did in fact repre-sent all countries and all tendencies.

The FRENCH delegation moved that the projectbe accepted, it being understood that, accordingto the requests of the delegations of the NETHER-LANDS and INDIA, drafting committees would beorganized in all countries without limiting thenumber of delegates. It added that there was norisk of partiality, since this bibliography must becomplete.

The motion of the FRENCH delegation was adop-ted.

C. — CLEARING HOUSE.

After M. HAVET had explained that this ques-tion was closely linked to the previous one, theCommission adopted the project.

D. — TRANSLATIONS.

The UNITED STATES delegate moved that theSecretariat prepare a unified plan of translations,common to the various Sections, which would besubmitted to the next General Conference.

The UNITED KINGDOM delegate proposed thefollowing motion :

“ I. That National Commissions be requestedto deal actively with the question of transla-tion in 1947 and that Unesco do not undertakethis work in 1947.

“ 2. That the Secretariat launch a co-ordina-ted project of measures to be undertaken byUnesco in 1947 in the field of translation. ”The NETHERLANDS delegate seconded this mo-

tion.Adopted.

E. — PUBLICATIONS.

The UNITED STATES delegate moved that pro-ject E be deleted.

The FRENCH delegate seconded this motion.Adopted.

F. — CONTACTS . G. — TALKS .

M. HAVET (Secretariat) pointedout that pointsF. and G. were closely linked and that the ques-tion of talks and contacts was more clearly ex-plained in the Green Book (French text, pages 129,130, English text, page 114).

There followed a discussion in which the dele-gates of FRANCE, SOUTH AFRICA, NETHERLANDSand the UNITED KINGDOM took part. The SOUTHAFRICAN delegate proposed that this project besuppressed in the 1947 programme. The NETHER-LANDS delegate informed the Sub-Commissionthat an International Philosophical Congresswould be held in Amsterdam in 1946 and, on be-half of his delegation, requested Unesco’s assis-tance in this congress. The UNITED STATES deleg-ation proposed the following motion :

“ That the Secretariat study to what extentit would be advisable and practicable to esta-blish international contacts between men learn-ed in the fields of, social sciences, letters andphilosophy, and in particular international mee-tings of experts in various fields relating direct-ly to the aims of Unesco; that the Secretariatmake a report on the results obtained for sub-mission to the next General Conference; andalso that it be authorized to organize a few meet-ings which would directly serve the purpose ofUnesco, in 1947. "The delegate of the UNITEB KINGDOM seconded

this motion on condition that work was startedas soon as possible.

The FRENCH delegate seconded the motion andagreed with the observations by the delegate ofthe UNITED KINGDOM.

Adopted.

H. — HUMAN RIGHTS.

M. HAVET (Secretariat) pointed out that theMexican delegation to the Preparatory Commis-sion particularly requested this project.

The FRENCH delegate moved that it be accepted.The delegate of the UNITED KINGDOM seconded

the motion.Adopted.

I.- TEACHING OF PEACE.

The delegate of ECUADOR proposed that a com-petition be organized with a view to preparing atext to be subsequently submitted to the govern-ments and which would explain to children :

I. Their duties towards their country, theircultural group and humanity.

2. Human rights and the fundamental liber-t ies of Man.

3. The purposes of international organizations.He proposed the following motion :

“ That in order to develop in the young thesentiment of intellectual and moral solidarity ofthe human race, without weakening the senti-ment of national and cultural solidarity, Unescoorganize a world competition for adoption of atext for the teaching of civic ethics. ”The BRAZILIAN and FRENCH delegates seconded

this motion.


M. How (Denmark) read the report of the Sub-committee on Humanistic Studies and submittedthe text for discussion.

The UNITED STATES delegate said that the re-port seemed to offer no wider basis than the ra-dius of action of the International Institute ofIntellectual Co-operation. He added that the Unit-ed States delegation proposed the establishmentof study sections, of which he gave seven examples.Their results would be submitted to the GeneralConference and the programme for the nest yearwould be fixed accordingly. He suggested two prin-ciples :

I. to study arid define in 1947 the basic prin-ciples for the direction of work;

2. to study, also in 1947, the applications ofthese principles.The delegate of the United States mainly com-

plained of the lack of scope and breadth in theSub-Committee’s draft. After a discussion he pro-posed this resolution :

I. To set up, during the coming year, studysections whose researches would determine in1947 the future plan of work.


tive study of the different national codes and toprovide for the circulation of its results.

The UNITED KINGDOM delegate feared lest thisshould lead to codification, which was a matterfor the United Nations and not for Unesco.

The delegate of ECUADOR supported the pro-.posal, but urged the constructive character of thework to be done.

The UNITED KINGDON delegate suggested anamendment to the French recommendation to theeffect that the word “ circulation ” should be re-placed by the word “ study ” in the paragraphabout international law studies.

A vote was taken on the French recommenda-tion as amended by the United Kingdom. Adopted.

The Meeting then discussed the proposal of thedelegate of Ecuador. The recommendation for the

convening of a conference in 1947 or 1948 to dealwith legal questions was rejected.

The AUSTRALIAN delegate pointed to two mist-akes in Social Sciences Document number 2. Thesewere corrected.

Dr. AWAD asked the Sub-Commission if it ac-cepted the test of the report relating to the sepa-ration of the Social Sciences Section from the Sec-tion of Philosophy and Humanistic Studies, whichbelonged to the cultural field. This text would becompared with that in the full verbatim report.

The meeting then passed on to the questionof priorities and, as it was late, decided to set upa Sub-Committee, which would meet the next dayand would be made up of the delegates of the Uni-ted States, United Kingdom, France, China, Cze-choslovakia, Belgium and Union of South Africa.

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SUB-COMMISSIONON CREATIVE ARTS

F I R S T P L E N A R Y M E E T I N G

Held on Tuesday, 26 November 1946 at 10.20 a. m.

At the opening of the meeting, the Sub-Com-mission on Creative Arts elected its officers :

Chairman : Dr. REININK (Netherlands).Vice-Chairman : M. CHARLIER (Belgium).Rapporteur : M. J. CASSOU (France).The draft agenda was approved.The CANADIAN delegate proposed that the Sub-

Commission should be sub-divided into fourgroups : Literature, Drama, Visual Arts and Music.

After some discussion, it was decided, on theproposal of M. THOMAS (Secretariat) to split upinto two sub-committees, one to deal with ques-tions of Literature and the Theatre, the other withVisual Arts and Music.

M. THOMAS (Deputy Executive Secretary) sub-mitted the programme, of which the basic docu-ments were the following : Chapter 7 of the Pre-paratory Commission’s Report, which showed thedesirability of encouraging the establishment ofan International Theatre Organization, a propo-sal for the establishment of an Information andSurvey Organization, and various written sugges-tions submitted by the French delegation.

The UNITED KINGDOM delegate underlined twomain points :

I) Unesco must act as a centre of informa-tion without trying to impose its views.

2) The Theatre was an independent art ofmajor importance.With regard to the organization of the Secre-

tariat, the CANADIAN delegate asked that the Crea-tive Arts programme be divided into four sepa-rate sections (Visual Arts, Music, Literature andTheatre), all under one control.

The CHAIRMAN reminded the Meeting of thefour points which the Programme Commission hademphasized and asked the Sub-Commission to bearthem in mind.

Dr. HUXLEY said that it was essential to giveCreative Arts an important part in the programme.

At the request of the Meeting, the CANADIANdelegate resumed his statement and said that themost important task was the immediate creationof Information Centres all over the world to faci-litate relations between artists.

Dr. HUXLEY considered that it was not neces-sary to create a special organization for this andthat the interchange of information could be link-ed with the project concerning surveys.

The A USTRALIAN delegate pointed out thatUnesco must not undertake the centralization ofinformation to the detriment of other alreadyexisting organizations.

The BRAZILIAN delegate proposed that, since

they lacked data, the discussion on InformationCentres should be adjourned.

ESTABLISHMENT OF AN INFORMATION ORGAN -IZATION ATTACHED TO THE CREATIVE ARTS

SECTION OF UNESCO.

The SECRETARIAT pointed out that, in accor-dance with the Constitution, Unesco should ensurethe more efficient co-ordination and diffusion ofcultural and artistic information available in thevarious countries.

The publication of an Information Bulletinshould be considered. In reply to a question byM. CAIN, the SECRETARIAT explained that therewas no question for the moment of conductingenquiries; they would devote themselves to ques-tions strictly concerning information.

The NEW ZEALAND delegate obtained the adop-tion of an additional clause, whereby the organ-ization in question should work in close co-ope-ration with parallel organizations of the otherUnesco Sections, in order to obtain efficient co-or-dination and to economize staff.

INTERCHANGE OF CULTURALAND ARTISTIC PERSONNEL.

In this regard, the CANADIAN delegate recom-mended for study :I. Direct exchanges between students, teachers

and artists.2. The organization of students’ visits or study

courses abroad.3. The establishment of vocational schools or

courses of an international character.4. The organization of festivals, artistic and

6:theatrical tours, and international artists’conferences.

These recommendations were adopted in prin-ciple.

COPYRIGHT AND ROYALTIES.

The CANADIAN delegate recommended the crea-tion of a Unesco Committee comprising an equalrepresentation of authors and publishing firms, toget in touch with Authors’ Societies and the va-rious Governments with a view to the establish-ment of a new International Copyright Conven-tion.

The Sub-Commission decided to appoint a sub-committee of four of its members, to get in touchwith the sub-committee of the Sub-Commissionon Mass Communication, which was dealing with-this matter.

INTERNATIONAL CREATIVE ARTS ORGANIZATION.

The Sub-Commission adopted a recommend-ation asking Unesco to collaborate with existing

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bodies in this field, with a view to the creationof such an International Organization.

RECOMMENDATIONS TO MEMBER STATES.

The CANADIAN delegate recommended the esta-blishment of two committees, attached to theUnesco Executive Board, which would be respon-sible for proposing to Member States, firstly, areduction of postal rates and customs duties oncultural and artistic material circulating betweenthe various countries under Unesco’s authority;and, secondly, reductions in passenger fares forstudents, lecturers and artists travelling in theseareas.

After the UNITED STATES and FRENCH delegateshad pointed out that this was an internationalquestion, which equally concerned all sections ofUnesco, the Sub-Commission decided to leave it tothe Secretariat, under the Executive Board’s res-ponsibility, to undertake an enquiry on this mat-ter, and submit to the Member States any recom-mendations they considered necessary,

UNESCO PRIZE FOR LITERATURE,

The CANADIAN delegate proposed that,, failingthe establishment of a Unesco prize on the samelines as the Nobel prize, three Unesco medals forliterary work should be awarded this year.

Supporting the opinion expressed by the FRENCHdelegate, the Sub-Commission decided to post-pone this matter for further study and to adoptno resolution of principle for this year.

ENQUIRY ON THE TEACHINGOF ART AND LITERARY RESEARCH .

The CANADIAN delegate proposed that a recom-mendation should be made to the United Statesthat they enquire into the conditions of the teach-ing of art and literary research in that country.The results of such an enquiry would then be sub-mitted to Unesco, which would co-ordinate themand ensure their dissemination.

The SECRETARIAT considered that such an en-quiry would yield better results if Unesco conduct-ed it itself, particularly through its Secretariatand in co-operation with the cultural organiza-tions of the Member States.

The Sub-Commission decided to refer the mat-ter to the Sub-Committees for further conside-ration.

S E C O N D P L E N A R Y M E E T I N GHeld on Wednesday, 27 November 19.46 at 3. p.m.

At the opening of the meeting, the CHAIRMANsubmitted for approval the proposal of the BEL-GIAN delegation, in respect of which no decisionhad been taken.

After a prolonged discussion and successivevotes, the following motion was finally adopted

‘‘ The Arts Sub-Commission (Sub-Committee onVisual Arts and Music), at its meeting of themorning of 27 November, recommends thatin 1947 Unesco should concentrate its efforts

mainly on musical education, leaving on oneside for the time any other activity in this field.It regards also as urgent the organization of aMusical Information Centre. ”A proposal by the UNITED KISGDOM delega-

tion ‘wits also discussed at length. Several voteswere taken and the proposal was adopted in thefollowing form :

“ The Sub-Commission also recommends astudy of the manufacture of musical instrum-ents, of the dissemination of records and musicalpublications, and the continuation of the workof international organizations interested in therecording of folk music and the encouragementof recording where there are no national organ-izations for the purpose. ”After a few minutes’ interval, Dr. H UXLEY

summarized and classified the recommendationsof the Sub-Committee on Visual Arts and Music.His proposal Was as follows :

I. Immediate organization of travelling exhi-bitions.2. Organization of exhibitions, festivals and

Concerts, and study of the possibility of exchang-ing such manifestations.

3. Relations between the visual arts and mu-sic, on the one hand, and education, on theother.(a) Study of conditions and needs of artists.(b) Study of the technique of polychrome re-

production.(c) Study of the influence of mass media on

music and the arts.(d) Methods for the protection of the arts and

of culturein non-industrialized countries.(e) Study of the professional training of artists.(f) Art and music as methods of general edu-

cation (study to be undertaken in colla-boration with the Education Section).

The report by M. CAssou to the Sub-Committeeof Visual Arts and Music was adopted.

The Sub-Commission agreed with M. CASSOUthat the creation of a special organization for en-quiry and study within the Arts Section was notnecessary.

Dr. HUXLEY’S memorandum encountered cer-tain minor objections : the U NITED KINGDOMdelegate asked that, instead of organizing travelexhibitions, Unesco should content itself withencouraging and facilitating them.

He also raised certain general objections :I. The wording was not definite enough and

did not keep to the test of the recommenda-tions proposed by the sub-committees.

2. It did not establish the order in which thedifferent recommendations should be dealt with.Certain delegations (FRANCE, NEW ZEALAND)

proposed that the Memorandum should be adopt-ed subject to the observations made by delegates,and that it be left to the Secretariat to establishthe order in which recommendations should bedealt with, according to the technical possibilitiesand requirements of the various regions.The CANADIAN delegate, on the contrary, pro-

posed that the question should be referred to aSub-Committee of nine members, which wouldexamine and classify the recommendations in theorder in which they were to be taken, and would

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submit a report to the Sub-Commission at a latermeeting.

At the opening of the Meeting, the CHAIRMANread a letter from M. Jean CASSOU, obliged byindisposition to resign his duties as rapporteur;Professor MOREY (United States) was appointedin his stead. The CHAIRMAN himself presentedthe report, which was divided into three parts :

I. Resolutions adopted by the Sub-Committedon Literature and the Theatre.

2. Report by M. Jean CASSOU.3. Proposal by Dr. HUXLEY.

After a short discussion, it was decided thatthe Sub-Commission, after finishing its study ofthe report, would consider certain new proposals.

The CANADIAN delegate pointed out that theEnglish text of the report contained several mis-takes of translation. Mr. KURTZ, secretary of theSub-Committee, said that he was aware of thisfact and that the mistakes would be corrected.

The CANADIAN delegate then proposed a seriesof minor amendments which were approved bythe Sub-Commission :

(a} Publications Section : Read “ ReviewDistributing Centres” instead of “Stock ofReviews’’.

(b) Page 2 : Read “ projects to be conside-red ” instead of ‘‘ projects being carried out. ”

(c) Page 3 : Copyright : It should be madeclear that the Sub-Commission on CreativeArts shall be consulted on the same footing asthe Mass Media Commission.

(d) Page 4 : Two lines had been omitted on‘‘ popular book centres and international book-shops. ” These lines were to be restored.

(e) Point 3 : The following wording shouldbe adopted : “ It was decided that the Secre-tariat might contemplate the possibility ofmaterial help...”

(f) Page 5, item C : Instead of ‘‘ to createan International Theatre Bureau in order tofacilitate exchanges ” read “ to establish aTheatre Bureau which could facilitate ex-changes. ”The AUSTRALIAN delegate stated, in respect of

Point B. I., that it was for the Secretariat to

Item I (a), (b), (c) and (d).After a discussion, and on the proposal of the

UNITED STATES delegate, it was decided :I. To delete from (a) the phrase “ Leaving

on one side... field ’’.2. To replace in (a) the word ‘‘ stages ” by

“ levels ’’.3. To replace in (a) “ Artistic Information

Centre ” by “ Centre of Information in thefield of the creative arts. ” This amendmentwill also affect paragraph I of Chapter E.

4. To insert the words “ in the near future ”between “ recommend ” and ‘‘ a study ” in (a).Dr. HUXLEY then stated that, in his opinion,

the enquiry into artists’ conditions should beundertaken very shortly. Further, he emphasized,in particular, the necessity of an urgent studyof methods for the preservation of culture andthe arts in non-industrialized countries.

Mr. MacLEISH made a proposal which wasdiscussed at 3 later stage.

The Sub-Commission resumed its study ofItem I.

On the proposal of the delegates of INDIA andthe UNITED STATES, Item b was amended as fol-lows : The second sentence was replaced by “ Suchactivity should be directed towards the inter-national organization of exhibitions and artisticproductions.”

The delegate of NICARAGUA made a suggestionwith regard to musical education; the CHAIRMANsaid that this would be taken into considerationby the Secretariat.

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mely, the word “ intellectual ” should read ‘‘ in-ternational, ”

On the proposal of the UNITED STATES delegate,it was decided to replace the word “ promote ”in the English text by the word “ encourage. ”

The UNITeD STATES delegate again read themotion submitted by Mr. MacLEISH :

“ Whereas Unesco is the United NationsOrganization largely responsible for safeguard-ing the independence, integrity and diversityof the production and culture of Member States;whereas the position of artists in the creativearts in these nations is frequently seriouslymenaced by the action of political or commer-cial organizations, or by biased or illegitimatecensorship; Unesco should declare that the func-tion of the creative artist is to perform his taskand fulfil his purpose as an artist in everynation, and that this question should be studiedby all peoples and nations; that Unesco, actingfor and on behalf of the peoples of all nations,should take any steps in its power, in virtueof its Constitution, to protect and defend thecreator or artist whose activities are menacedby this danger. ’’This motion was adopted unanimously.The UNITED STATES delegate spoke again, draw-

ing attention to the fact that the cinemato-graph held an important place in modern art.But at this Conference the films had not beenregarded as an aspect of art, and had only beenstudied by the Mass Media Section. He proposeda resolution to the effect that the film shouldplay all important part in the study of the variousaspects of art.

The UNITED KINGDOM delegate pointed outthat it was too late to make a serious study ofthis new proposal. Nor could it be studied incollaboration with the Mass Media Sub-Commis-sion, as Mr. KURTZ explained, for material rea-sons.

The CANADIAN delegate suggested that Natio-nal Commissions be asked to study the question,and report on the results to Unescpo Mr. KURTZreplied that the Secretariat could not assume thisresponsibility without the consent of the GeneralConference.

In conclusion, it was decided that the Rappor-teur should express the Sub-Commision’s recom-mendations on the subject.

The CANADIAN delegate drew attention to thefact that, in the field of music and the dance,Unesco proposed to assist some ten differentinternational organizations. He suggested theadoption of a motion to guide the Secretariat asto the nature and scope of the assistance it couldgive.

“ The Secretariat shall, at the 1947 Confe-rence, submit to the Sub-Commission on Crea-tive Arts for consideration, concrete applica-


tions from authorized international associationsfor assistance in respect of the organization offestivals and of any activities included in the1948 programme.”A representative of the Secretariat stated that

the International Dance Archives had requestedUnesco to sponsor the International Ballet Com-petition they were organizing in 1947; and a gene-

ral discussion took place on the subject, at theend of which it was decided that the Sub-Com-mission should give general instructions to theSecretariat, and that the latter should be freeto establish relations with any given organization,should it deem this necessary.

The CHAIRMAN thanked delegates for their pa-tience and declared the meeting closed.

SUB-COMMITTEEON LITERATU

F I R S T M E E T I N GHeld on Tuesday, 26 November 1946 at 3 p. m.

Chairman : M. CHARLIER (Belgium).

The Sub-Committee appointed as rapporteurDr. Alfonso REYES (Mexico).

M. SLONMSKI (Secretariat) explained the spe-cial character of the task which the literatureSection proposed to undertake; namely, to com-bat, with thegerated development of mechanization; to incul-

power of the written word the exag-

cate in the masses the knowledge of intellectualachievements which were not otherwise dissemi-nated; to renewlinks which hadones.

between peoples those culturalbeen severed and to create new

TRANSLATIONS.

M. SLONIMSKI declared that work had alreadybeen started in this field : the compilation of alist of books which Unesco could suitably recom-mend for translation in certain countries..

The FRENCH delegation, supported by the Ca-NADIAN delegation, suggested that, before embark-.ing on any definite undertaking, the basic organ-ization — the translation office — which wouldalone be qualified to deal with it, should be set up.

This Office would constitute a Translation Cen-tre at the disposal of all Unesco Sections. It woulddraw up, in every field, lists of works to be trans-lated and lists of potential translators, wouldact as a clearing house for authors, translatorsand publishers, and would resume work on theIndex Translationurn.

The principle of the immediate establishmentof this office was adopted. Its duties would be :

I. Publication of the Index Translationum.2. Establishment of a list of translators.3. Establishment of a list of works for trans-

lation.A discussion began on point 3 above.The CANADIAN delegate asked that, in drawing

up this list of works, Unesco should avoid directcontact with authors or literary organizations,and confine itself to receiving the lists drawn upby Member States under their own-responsibilityin co-operation with National Commissions.

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AND THEATRE

The delegates of FRANCE and of the UNITEDKINGDOM were opposed to the establishment orrecommendation of such lists by Unesco; theyconsidered it was not Unesco’s responsibility tobe a judge of taste. Unesco must carefully avoidputting an official hallmark on a selection ofworks that must necessarily be arbitrary, andmust confine itself to recording the NationalCommissions’ selections.

It was further considered desirable that thelist of translators should also be drawn up inagreement with the various governments.

These suggestions were adopted.

PUBLICATIONS.A) Plan for an International Review Service

(to function as a Dissemination Centre for Lite-rary Reviews of International interest). This inter-national pool would, in particular, ensure thecirculation of literary reviews from far-off coun-tries.

This item was adopted.B) Anthologies.M. SLONIMSKI announced that, to begin with,

the publication by Unesco of an “Anthology ofResistance Movements ” was under consideration.

The delegates of CANADA, the UNITED KING-DOM and the UNITED STATES expressed the viewthat Unesco must not come into competition withpublishing firms. Unesco’s role was to give infor-mation and stimulate private initiative in thissphere, not to replace private initiative. Theabove delegates were, however, prepared to makean exception in the case of an anthology of resis-tance movements, which Unesco might undertaketo publish, if publishing firms suitable for thistask could not be found in the various countries.

In future, if Unesco were to draw up a publish-ing programme, it should confine itself to recom-mending this programme to Member States.

The FRENCH delegate read the programme ofpublications shown on page six of the Frenchdelegation’s report, and asked that this pro-gramme be studied by the Secretariat with aview to arrangements for its implementation, onthe understanding that Unesco would not enterinto any formal engagement in this respect.

This suggestion was adopted.Finally, there was a discussion as to whether

—


Unesco, without undertaking publishing work onits own, could assist or sponsor the publicationof anthologies of international interest.

It was decided that Unesco could do this in sofar as the publications referred to offered sufficientguarantees.

RELIEF TO AUTHORS AND READERS .

Copyright and Literary Property.The CANADIAN delegate, reverting to a decision

taken that morning, asked for the creation of aMixed Committee of the Sub-Commissions onMass Communication and Creative Arts, to studythis, important question.

M. THOMAS, on behalf of the Secretariat, under:took to ask the Co-ordination Committee to ar-range a joint meeting of the two Sub-Commissionsat which the question of literary property wouldbe discussed, with particular reference to theparticipation of Unesco in the work of the BrusselsConference.

S E C O N D M E E T I N GHeld on Wednesday, 27 November 1946 at 10 a. m.

Chairman : M. CHARLIER (Belgium).

The delegate of the UNITED STATES was afraidthat the Sub-Commission had given an undulysmall place to literature in the programme ofUnesco.

Referring to Items I and 2 on the agenda (Trans-lations and Publications) he suggested that Unescowhile continuing to assist and stimulate nationaland private undertakings in this field, should (I)itself undertake an enquiry into the place of lite-rature in international relations and (2) recom-mend translations which would be likely to con-tribute to a better understanding between peoples.He doubted whether the National Commissionswould be competent to draw up a list of this kind.

During the discussion which followed, it becameevident that it would be equally dangerous forUnesco either to accept without examination thelists chosen by the National Commissions or totake on itself the role of arbiter.

Agreement was reached on the following motionpresented by the French delegation :

I. Unesco should in no case undertake theresponsibility of preparing lists of works fort r a n s l a t i o n ;

These recommendations were adopted subjectto an alteration in the wording of recommendat-ion number 7, where the words : “ to assist ma-terially ” were replaced by the words : “ give tech-nical aid (such as documents, photographs, models,plans) to ’’. This was at the suggestion of theFrench delegation.

With reference to recommendation number S(Exchange of Personnel), it was stated that allmatters relating to exchanges and exhibitionsconcerning the four sections of the Creative ArtsDepartment would be co-ordinated at the levelof the Directors of the Department.

2. Unesco should carry out the functions ofco-ordination, by publishing lists prepared notonly by the National Commissions, but also byall kinds of cultural organizations to which itmight think fit to refer. This motion was adoptedin principle, with the following amendmentssuggested by the delegates of China, Yugosla-via and the United States of America :

I, The Secretariat of Unesco could put for-ward recommendations in its own name on thesubject of translations.

2. Cultural groups to which it might refershould be really representative of the nationalc u l t u r e s .

Agreement was quickly reached on a motionpresented by the delegate of the UNITED KINGDOM,recommending that the Secretariat of Unesco callas soon as possible an International Conference ofleading personalities in the theatre, with the aimof creating an International Theatre Institute, tobe independent of Unesco.

The following points emerged during the dis-

I. This Conference should be really univer-sal and should include representatives of theU. S. S. R.

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3. The Secretariat of Unesco could ‘consultCommittees of Experts in this field.

2. While the choice of delegates should be lefton principle to the National Commissions, theSecretariat would be able to send direct invita-tions to persons whose absence would prejudicethe work of the Conference.

3. While the expenses of this Conferencewould be borne by Unesco, the subsequent acti-vities of the various national centres of the In-ternational Theatre Institute would be subsid-ized by the National Organizations.

4. The Conference and the International

ASSISTANCE FOR AUTHORS AND READERS.

Consideration of the question of copyright waspostponed until the next meeting.

The following points of the report were adoptedwithout discussion at the suggestion of the Secre-tariat :

I. Assistance for authors in devastated coun-tries.

2. Organization of reading groups.3. Co-operation with other Sections of Unesco,

At the request of the French delegation a fur-ther recommendation was made to the Secretariatthat it should consider the question of internation-al booksellers, particularly the sale of transla-tions and books in foreign languages,

THEATRE.

It was stated that as a matter of administrativeorganization, the Theatre (including Ballet andOpera) formed one of the four sections under theheading of Creative Arts, the others being VisualArts Music and Literature, close contact betweenthe different sections being carefully maintained,

The Secretariat asked the Sub-Commission toapprove en bloc the recommendations I-9 contain-ed in document Unesco/C/12 (page 6 of the En-glish text, page 7 of the French text).

INTERNATIONAL THEATRE INSTITUTE .


Theatre Institute would alone he responsiblefor organizing competitions or theatre festivals.Even after the creation of the Institute, howe-

ver, the Theatre Section of Unesco would retainfull competence in its own field for the executionof the tasks allotted to it.

ITTEE N VISUAL ARTAND

The CHAIRMAN announced that the question tobe discussed that afternoon was that of VisualArts.

The question of enquiries was entrusted to acommittee of five experts. who were asked to re-port to the Commission on the following day.

M. DORIVAL (Secretariat) made a statement Onthe genera: aspects of the problem, and indicatedthat Unesco intended to encourage the indepen-dence and variety of cultures and the individualityof artists. Two main problems had to be solved :the measures necessary for the promotion of ar-tistic interchange and those which might contri-bute to the improvement of artists’ living con-ditions

A general discussion took place on the subjectof enquiries, at the outcome of which it was de-cided that a General Enquiries Service would beestablished to constitute a centre for existing in-formation. and for surveys and enquiries proper.

It was decided that certain questions (films, ar-chitecture, the role of art in education) would bestudied by other Sections.

The meeting then considered the various itemson the Agenda :

I. ENQUIRY INTO CONDITION CONCERNINGVISUAL ARTS IN THE VARIOUS COUNTRIES.

The EXECUTIVE SECRETARY having expressedthe view that the material difficulties of variouskinds which artists had to face prevented the har-monious development of artistic tendencies, theMeeting agreed upon the necessity for an enquiryinto the living conditions and means of existenceof artists. As doubts were expressed as to the ur-gency of this enquiry, it was decided not to giveit priority.

There was a general discussion on the questionof art exhibitions and, several delegations havingstressed the urgency and importance of this ques-tion, the following motion, proposed by the UNITEDKINGDOM and INDIAN delegations, was adopted :

“ Unesco shall consider without delay themost appropriate means of organizing exhibi-tions of works of art, and make every attemptto reduce material hindrances such as customs

MUSICduties, transport difficulties, etc. Unesco shallkeep in contact with the national organizationswhich desire to organise these exhibitions, inorder to facilitate the organization of the latterin other countries which might desire to seethem. ”

The UNITED STATES and NORWEGIAN delega-tions having emphasized the necessity for the re-production in colour of works of art on a largescale, the Meeting decided that a study of thisquestion should be undertaken as soon as possible.The results of this survey would be contained ina single document, which would be published byUnesco and circulated to the various countries.

The UNITED KINGDOM delegate having drawnthe attention of the meeting to the scarcity of ar-tists’ supplies on the market, it was decided, onthe proposal of the UNITED STATES delegate, tostudy this question in collaboration with theReconstruction and Rehabilitation Commission.

In conclusion, M. DORIVAL summed up the re-commendations of the Sub-Committee as follows :Urgent Studies : Organization of exhibition— Re-

procduction of works of art — Supplies for Ar-t i t s .

Studies to be deferred : General and private edu-cation of artists and living conditions of artists.

The meeting opened with a general statementby the Secretariat of Unesco’s aims in the sphereof Music, namely :

— To safeguard the national character anddiversity of works;

— To to-operate with and help existing na-tional organizations;

— To create an information centre.A proposal of the CHINESE delegation with re-

gard to a Unesco anthem was rejected.The meeting then considered the various items

of the agenda, presented in turn by the Secre-tariat.

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A. THE ROLE OF MUSIC IN GENERAL EDUCATION.

The CZECHOSLOVAK delegate spoke on the rela-tion of art to education and the development ofa taste for art in children.

The meeting decided to study this questionlater. But it came up again in connection with thenext item.

B. EXECUTION OF MUSICAL WORKS .

This question was divided under four separateheadings, namely :

After a discussion, it was decided to deal withthis question in a more general way and to talkof ‘‘ the public and artists ” instead of “ ama-teurs. ”

A general discussion took place on musical edu-cation, in the course of which several delegationsemphasized the importance of the question andthe need for musical instruction in primary schools.

The BELGIAN delegation presented the followingmotion :

“ The Section recommends that Unesco con-fine itself to musical education in collaborationwith the Education Section ’’.Several delegations expressed the view that an

unduelimitation of effort would be unwise, and themeeting went on to the next question.

2. Enquiry info artists’ living conditionsand international exchanges of executants.

After a discussion, it was decided to refer thequestion of an enquiry to the Secretariat, but notas a particularly urgent problem.

The question of international exchanges of exe-cutants was regarded as important and as requir-ing immediate study.

3. Execution bf Religious Music.The meeting considered that this question fell

within the scope of the enquiry on musical edu-cation in general.

4. Encouragement of Musical Festivals.After a long discussion on the Secretariat’s pro-

posals, the following motions were carried :

PROPOSAL BY THE CANADIANAND UNITED KINGDOM DELEGATIONS.

“ Unesco shall collect and disseminate infor-mation on national festivals (dance, music, etc.)in order to facilitate the organization of inter-national festivals. ”

PROPOSAL BY THE SECRETARIAT AND THECZECHOSLOVAK AND POLISH DELEGATIONS.

“ Unesco shall itself organize all the manifes-tations of Unesco Month in collaboration with

the country issuing the invitation and a jury. ”(It was agreed that this motion was merely a

recommendation to the Unesco Month Section.

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SUMMARY RECORDS OF THE LEGALAND EXTERNAL RELATIONS

SUB-COMMISSION


LEGAL AND EXTERNAL RELATIONSSUB-COMMISSION


The Meeting opened with the election of M. SAN-CHEZ (Peru) as Chairman in accordance with aproposal made the day before. On the Chairman’sproposal, Mr. COWELL (United Kingdom) was elec-ted C-ice-Chairman and M. GEERAERTS (Belgium)Rapporteur. Both these nominations were adoptedunanimously.

The Meeting then approved the provisionalagenda.M. Thomas (Secretariat) proposed the following

additions to Item III b :I. Draft Agreements with the International In-

stitute of Intellectual Co-operation and with theInternational Bureau of Education (the text ofthese Agreements having arrived too late to beincluded in the document).

2. Any resolutions concerning the powers ofthe Executive Board.

This proposal was supported by the Australiandelegate and unanimously adopted.

M. Thomas then proposed that the meetingshould discuss the Draft Agreement with the Uni-ted Nations. He explained that, after a conferenceheld last June in New York between a Unesco dele-gation and a delegation from the Economic andSocial Council, a Draft Agreement had been drawnup for ratification by the General Assembly of theUnited Nations and the General Conference ofUnesco. However, the text of this Agreement hadnot yet reached the General Assembly. Since then,Article XI, which dealt with relations with theInternational Court of Justice, had been amended.M. Thomas therefore suggested that the text sub-mitted should be discussed and adopted with theexception of Article XI, which should be set asidepending the result of the discussions of the Gener-al Assembly.

The UNITED KINGDOM delegate suggested that,if Unesco desired to make any alterations to thevarious Agreements, this should in future be donenot by means of supplementary Agreements, butsimply through an exchange of notes between theDirector-General acting, with the approval of theExecutive Board, on behalf of Unesco, and theother party concerned.

A second point was raised by the U NITEDSTATES delegate, in regard to subsidiary DraftAgreements, such as those provided for under Ar-ticle VII, which must not be confused with thosestipulated under Article XX

It was decided to approve the Agreement as awhole, subject to the adoption by the General As-sembly of Article XI, as amended, and to authorizethe Executive Board to agree to the amendmentsintroduced by the General Assembly, providedthat the substance of these agreements was not

modified. This proposal was supported by the de-legates of GREECE and the UNITED KINGDOM.

The UNITED STATES delegate emphasized theUnesco as an organization should be set up on asuniversal a basis as possible, and that Article II,paragraph 2, although it had already been adopt-ed, raised difficulties and retarded the admissionof new members.

The delegate of URUGUAY agreed with the com-ments made by the UNITED STATES delegate re-gretting the insertion of Article Il.

M. THOMAS (Secretariat) said that the Secreta-riat desired to see the largest possible number ofcountries participating in the work of Unesco, butthat Article II had been inserted in the Agreementbetween Unesco and the United Nations afternegotiations between the two organizations.

As a result of an exchange of views betweenUnesco and the United Nations, it had been agreedthat Article VII merely provided for a workingarrangement, enabling the Secretariat to fulfil itsdaily task in regard to information.

The FRENCH delegate agreed that Article II wasunfortunate, but it was unavoidable, since it wasthe result of a clause inserted in the Unesco Con-stitution, by virtue of which non-Member Statesmust obtain the agreement of the United Nationsbefore joining Unesco. He agreed with the UnitedStates delegate on the universal character ofUnesco, and thought it might he possible to con-sider the admission, in an individual capacity, ofexperts belonging either to nations which had notyet ratified the Constitution or to democraticcountries which desired to take part in the workof Unesco . He cons idered tha t the Agree-ment provided for under Article VII should besubmitted to the approval of the ExecutiveBoard.

The delegate of ECUADOR considered that Ar-ticle II should be treated as a provisional clausepending amendment of the Agreement betweenUnesco and the United Nations.

The CHAIRMAN explained that Article II waspart of the Agreement signedwith the United Na-tions and could be revised in the course of thenext three years.

The AUSTRALIAN delegate thought it necessaryto have the endorsement of the Executive Boardfor all arrangements concluded in pursuance ofArticle VII.

The UNITED KINGDOM delegate drew attentionto the distinction to be made between workingarrangements and Formal Agreements. For theformer, the approval of one of the principal organsof the Organization concerned was enough. Hethought that this question should be referred tothe plenary Commission.

The FRENCH delegate observed that the DraftConvention had been unanimously ratified by thePreparatory Commission, which comprised dele-


gations of all the countries represented at the pre-sent meeting.

The Sub-Commission decided to postpone tothe next meeting the vote on a resolution, submit-ted jointly by the delegates of the UNITED KING-DOM , UNITED STATES , FRANCE and AUSTRALIA ,concerning approval by the Executive Board ofcertain complementary agreements.

S E C O N D M E E T I N GFriday, 29 November 1946 at 10.45 a. m.

Chairman : M. Luis Alberto SANCHEZ (Peru).

The CHAIRMAN put to the vote the followingdraft resolution presented by the delegates ofAustralia, United Kingdom, United States andFrance :

“ Taking note of Article XX of the DraftAgreement between Unesco and the United Na-tions, which states that the Secretary-Generaland the Director-General may enter into suchsupplementary arrangements for the implement-ation of this agreement as may be found desir-able in the light of the operating experience ofthe two Organizations;

“ It is resolved that the approval of the Exe-cutive Board shall be required for the followingAgreements :‘‘ (a) The subsidiary agreement regarding infor-

mation services referred to in Article VIIof the Draft Agreement UNO/Unesco.

“ (b) Any agreement regarding the division ofresponsibilities in the promotion of free-dom of information between Unesco andthe United Nations. ”

The Resolution was adopted.The CHAIRMAN opened discussion on the draft

Convention of the Member States concerning pri-vileges and immunities.

M. WARENDORF (Secretariat) stated that thetext submitted to the Sub-Commission for appro-val was identical with that used by UNO. Oneaddition only had been made, at the request ofthe Executive Board, to Section 16 bis, to allowMembers of the Executive Board to enjoy theadvantages accorded to the representatives ofMember States. As, moreover, Article XVIII ofthe UNO Convention was inapplicable to Unesco,the total number of Articles of both Conventionswould be 36.

The delegate of AUSTRALIA raised a point inconnection with the sentence in the Preamble tothe effect that States Members of Unesco wouldhave to sign the Convention before having it ap-proved by their Governments.

The delegate of the UNITED KINGDOM observedthat, since the functions of Unesco were very diffe-rent from those of UNO, the two Conventionscould not be identical. He made four observationson the proposed text :

I ) He proposed in Article V, Section 19, thedeletion of the words “ and all Deputy and As-sociate Directors-General ’’.

2) Referring to Sections 22 and 23, he consi-dered it unnecessary to grant to experts on mis-sions for Unesco the same privileges as were

granted to the experts of UNO and therefore heproposed the deletion of these two Sections.

3) Referring to Article VII, he thought that,to avoid a multiplicity of documents, Unescoshould have the same laissez-passer as UNOofficials.

4) Finally, referring to Section 16 bis relatingto the privileges of Members of the ExecutiveBoard, he considered that these should be treat-ed either as Unesco officials under Article V oras the representatives of Members under Ar-ticle IV; Section 16 bis would then be unneces-

He stated that if the Articles he mentionedwere not altered, the Government of the UnitedKingdom would be unable to sign the Convention.

The delegate of the UNITED STATES expressedthe opinion that it would be premature to approvethe Convention, as the General Convention of theUnited Nations concerning privileges and immu-nities had as yet been ratified by only one country,Great Britain. He proposed that the Draft Conven-tion be referred to the Executive Board, whichwould initiate fresh negotiations with UNO andthe Specialized Agencies with the aim of drawingup a Convention applicable to all the SpecializedAgencies.

The delegates of FRANCE and BELGIUM support-ed this proposal.

The delegate of CZECHOSLOVAKIA proposed thatthe draft be submitted to the different Govern-ments for consideration; the Secretariat could thenco-ordinate the observations sent in, prepare afinal draft and submit it to the next General Con-ference.

The delegate of IRAN made three observations :I. Referring to Sections 22 and 23, he consid-

ered that the experts of Unesco should be giv-en similar treatment to that accorded to ex-perts of the United Nations, since they wouldbe entrusted with important missions requiringcomplete independence;

2. He could not agree to the distinction madein Section 26 between experts and officials, bywhich the former had a mere certificate whilethe latter had the right to a laissez-passer;

3. He feared that Unesco’s work might beparalyzed if the matter were postponed till nextyear.Finally, he suggested that the competent autho-

rities of Unesco should contact UNO and the otherSpecialized Agencies in order to agree on a singlelaissez-passer.

The delegate of AUSTRALIA asked whether thedraft agreement would be submitted to the mem-bers for approval and whether it should bear theirsignatures.

M. WARENDORF (Secretariat) replied that thedraft would merely be submitted for the approvalof delegates.

The delegate of AUSTRALIA stated that his dele-gation would be obliged to abstain for the moment,and to make certain reservations. Two questionswere involved :

I. Of a special character : the privileges andimmunities of specialized agencies, limited tothe functions and responsibilities of the Orga-nization;

— 1 9 2 —


2. More general : the agreement must be dealtwith as part of Unesco’s activities, on the onehand, and of those of the other specialized agen-cies on the other hand. If the draft were adopt-ed, pending a general solution of the question,nothing would have been settled definitely. Heproposed a resolution, according to which theGeneral Conference, would invite the govern-ments of States Members to make arrangementsfor granting privileges and immunities to therepresentatives of Unesco proceeding abroad onofficial duty.official duty.M. WARENDORF (Secretariat) emphazised thatM. WARENDORF (Secretariat) emphazised that

the privileges and immunities granted to Unescoaimed at facilitating execution of the aims andaimed at facilitating execution of the aims andobjects of the Organization. As to journeys abroadby representatives and experts of the Organiza-tion, the facilities granted should be not merelypolitical, but also economic.

case the transfer might give rise to certain difficul-ties.

The delegate of the UNITED STATES replied thatunder the terms of the Instrument, eight ratifi-cations were sufficient to ensure its validity. Asthis condition was still fulfilled, the Instrumenthad remained in force to this day. Referring tothe transfer of activities, he proposed the followingtwo alteratiohs to the text :

Replying to a point raised previously by thedelegate of the UNITED STATES, M. Warendorf saidthat, for technical reasons, it would be more diffi-cult to conclude an agreement between Unescoand the French Government, if the Conventionwere not adopted as laid down.

The delegate of the UNITED KINGDOM askedfor a vote on the proposal of the United States.

The delegate of G REECE stated that, if theFrench Government was prepared to renew thestatute of immunities during the transition period,a vote must be taken immediately, and theGeneral Conference must be asked to pass aresolution recommending other States to takesimilar measures without delay in order to est-ablish a uniform system of rights and privileges.

The CHAIRMAN then read the motion presentedby the United States.

I. Article 2, relating to the Programme of theInstitute, provided that Unesco should continuethe work and, in particular, complete certaintasks undertaken by the Institute, which forceof circumstances had compelled it to suspend.He proposed to add at the end of the sentencethe words : ‘‘to the extent to which they are con-sistent with the aims and purposes of Unesco. ”

2. Article 4, relating to the staff : he proposedto substitute for it the text proposed by theCommissions engaged in drafting the staff regu-lations.M. SEYDOUX asked that this question be defer-

red to a later meeting.

T H I R D M E E T I N GHeld on Saturday, 30 November 1946 at 10.40 a.m.


The delegate of AUSTRALIA proposed the follow-ing amendment :

“ Pending the conclusion of a General Con-vention defining the privileges and immunitiesof specialized agencies, their officials and repre-sentatives of Member States, the General Con-ference requests the Government of each Mem-ber State to grant appropriate facilities to suchrepresentatives and officials of Unesco as mayvisit or pass through that State in the courseof their official duties. ”The motion was adopted as amended.The draft agreement with the International In-

stitute of Intellectual Co-operation was then dis-cussed.

M. de BLONAY (Secretariat) stated that the In-stitute, which had been founded in 1924 by theFrench Government, would close down on 3IstDecember, 1946, Its assets had been transferredto the League of Nations, which at the Twenty-First Assembly in Geneva in April 1946 transfer-red its rights to the United Nations. The Econo-mic and Social Council recommended that the Ge-neral Assembly of the United Nations should assignto Unesco certain of the rights to the property ofthe Institute.

The delegate of the UNITED KINGDOM observ-ed that the Instrument specifying the functionsof the Institute was ratified in 1938 by fifteen orsixteen countries, and he asked the Secretariat’whether this Instrument was still in force, in which

The discussion was resumed on the draft agree-ment between Unesco and the International In-stitute of Intellectual Co-operation.

The CHAIRMAN submitted to the Sub-Commis-sion the amendments of the United States dele-gate to Articles 2 and 4 of the Agreement. TheseArticles were adopted in the following form :Article 2. — PROGRAMME OF THE INTERNATIONAL

INSTITUTE OF INTELLECTUAL CO-OPERATION.Within the framework of the programme to

be adopted by the General ‘Conference in thecourse of its first Session, Unesco shall endea-vour to ensure the continuity of the work doneby the International Institute of IntellectualCo-operation Since 1924 and in particular tocomplete certain tasks undertaken by the Insti-tute, in so far as the Conference may see fit.

Article 4. — STAFF OF THE INTERNATIONAL INSTI-TUTE OF INTELLECTUAL CO-OPERATION.

Allowing for equal conditions of capacityand merit, and for the principles laid down byUnesco for the recruiting of staff, special consi-deration shall be given to applications fromthe former members of the Institute who, bythe experience they have acquired in the Insti-tute’s service, are able to make an effectivecontribution to the work of Unesco.M. de BLONAY (Secretariat) suggested two mi-

nor amendments : page 4, last paragraph of theEnglish, to read : “ In view of the resolution ap-proved by the General Assembly of the UnitedNations granting to Unesco...’’; Page 5, Art. 3 (b),Utilization of these assets : the first phrase wouldread; “ In view of the decision of the United Na-tions... ’’.

The first of these proposals was adopted.As regards the transfer of the assets of the Inter-

national Institute of Intellectual Co-operation to

— 193 —


Unesco, the BELGIAN delegate, supported by theUNITED KINGDOM delegate, proposed that the listof these assets should be preceded by the sentence :“ The United Nations shall enter into possessionof the said assets on the following conditions... ”

This amendment was adopted.The Agreement between Unesco and the Inter-

national Institute of Intellectual Co-operation wasadopted as a whole.

Since the French and the English texts of theagreement did not exactly coincide, it was decid-ed, on the proposal of the AUSTRALIAN delegate,to appoint a drafting committtee to draw up adefinitive wording for the texts approved by theSub-Commission.

The FRENCH delegate read out the following text“ Whereas the International Act of 1938 was

designed to facilitate the activity, of the Inter-national Institute of Intellectual Co-operation,without modifying its statute, within the frame-work of the League of Nations;

“ whereas the dissolution of the League ofNations entails automatically that of the Inter-national Committee of Intellectual Co-operat-ion and of the Institute which is its executivebody;

“ whereas the said International Act of 1938is henceforth purposeless;

“ The French Government, which convenedthe conference for the drawing up of the Inter-national Act of 1938, will approach the Govern-ments of the ten existing states that ratified theAct of 1938, in order to secure their agreementto the cancellation of the said Act. ”The Sub-Commission took note of this statement

and unanimously expressed its’ satisfaction.The CHAIRMAN submitted for discussion the

draft agreement between Unesco and the Interna-tional Bureau of Education.

M. de BLONAY explained that this agreementhad been prepared by a committee composed ofMessrs. Arnason (United States), Carneiro (Bra-zil). and Seydoux (France). He explained that, forthe moment, it would be difficult to incorporatethe Bureau in Unesco and that the agreement sub-mitted was therefore of a provisional character

The U NITED STATES delegate proposed anamendment to paragraph 2 of Article V : “Oncethe definitive agreement has been concluded andsubject to approval by the General Conferenceof Unesco, the international conferences on edu-cation shall be ‘convened by Unesco. ”

This amendment was adopted.On the proposal of the United States delegate,

seconded by the FRENCH delegate, it was decidedto amend paragraph 2 of Article VIII as follows :the first phrase would read : “ Should the defini-tive agreement prescribe the merging of the twoorganizations within the framework of Unesco...’’;this would be followed by the text of Article 4 ofthe agreement between Unesco and the Interna-tional Institute of Intellectual Co-operation.

This amendment was adopted.The CHAIRMAN then opened the discussion on

the principles laid down for Unesco’s relations withnon-governmental international organizations.

M. de BLONAY said that many private interna-tional organizations had activities which camewithin the framework of Unesco. Relations hadalready been established, and the PreparatoryCommission had drawn up the principles on whichcollaboration with these organizations should bebased.

The UNITED KINGDOM delegate expressed hisgeneral agreement with the principles, but wishedto submit two amendments :

I. Paragraph 2 was an internal matter con-cerning the Secretariat acting on the instruc-tions of the Director-General, and he proposedthat this Article should be suppressed.

2. Article 6 mentioned working agreementsand he proposed that this term should be repla-ced by “ arrangements ’’. It was necessary todistinguish between agreements of a legal andformal character and those which were purelyadministrative.The UNITED STATES delegate had two other sug-

gestions : —I. To add to Article 3 a “ and of its commis-

sions. ”2. Article 5 e was not quite clear : financial

assistance might be interpreted as continued as-sistance. Unesco should not undertake to assistorganizations which could not possibly be self-supporting, but should aid only those which werelikely to succeed.He proposed the following addition “ and which

contribute to the aims and objects of Unesco. ”Finally, he proposed to suppress paragraph 4

No. VI on page 16 of the English text : “ recur-rent grants-in-aid ’’.

Other amendments were proposed to Article VI,paragraph 2 and to Article V (C).

The CHAIRMAN suggested that a Drafting Com-mittee should prepare a new text of the samesubstance, but with a different wording, in thelight of the various amendments submitted by theUnited States, United Kingdom, Greek, Polish,Australian and-French delegations.

This committee would include delegates fromthe following countries : United Kindgom, Uni-ted States, Belgium, France, Egypt, Mexico andAustralia.

This committee would probably be able to sub-mit the new text at the next meeting of the Sub-Commission, on Monday, 2 December.

The draft agreement with the InternationalCouncil of Scientific Unions was then submittedfor discussion.

M. de BLONAY read a resolution presented bythe Natural Sciences Sub-Commission, recommen-cling that the Sub-Commission on Legal Questionsand External Relations should approve the textof the said agreement as a whole.

There was discussion on Articles 2, 3, and 8 d.The CHAIRMAN proposed that the Drafting Com-mittee should elaborate a new wording for theseArticles. Following a statement by the NETHER-LANDS delegate, the CHAIRMAN announced thatthe Drafting Committee would merely modify thewording of the agreement.


FOURTH MEETING

Held on Monday, 2 December 1946 at 10.30 a. m.


The SECRETARIAT stated that the Drafting Com-mittee had established the final text of the agree-ments with the International Institute of Intellec-tual Co-operation, the International Bureau ofEducation, and of the Draft Agreement with non-governmental international organizations and theInternational Council of Scientific Unions.

There followed a discussion on the draft agree-ment with the French Government. The delegateof FRANCE stated that an alteration was beingmade in Article 15, under which the French Go-vernment requires a list of the representatives ofthe press, radio, etc. accredited to the Organiza-tion. He suggested postponing the discussion onthis draft agreement, which would form part ofthe General Convention on Privileges not yet adop-ted. The delegates supported this proposal, andit was decided that the temporary agreement be-tween the Secretariat of the Preparatory Commis-sion and the French Government should remainin force pending conclusion of the final agreement.

The delegate of CHINA, referring to Article 9,asked whether the Secretaries-General of delega-tions and their alternates enjoyed the same pri-vileges as delegates. If not, could these privilegesbe extended to the persons mentioned? The dele-gate of FRANCE replied that this request would beexamined by the French Government.

The delegate of CANADA asked what was meantin the same paragraph by “ diplomatic missions ’’.The delegate of FRANCE replied that each memberof a delegation would have the privileges corres-ponding to those enjoyed by embassy staff of equalrank.

Relations with Specialized Agencies were thendiscussed. The delegate of the UNITED KINGDOMproposed referring the text to a Drafting Commit-tee for revision of the English wording, which wasnot satisfactory. The proposal was adopted.

The text was adopted as a recommendation.M. de BLONAY (Secretariat) proceeded to consi-

der the relations with States Members. A decisionwas essential on two points :

I. Until now three countries had formed Na-tional Commissions, and it was desirable thatothers should do likewise.

2. Article VIII of the Constitution providesthat each Member State shall report periodi-cally to the Organization, and page 106 of theEnglish text gives the items on which the Mem-ber States should furnish information.The delegate of POLAND declared that the pro-

blem of National Commissions was a very impor-tant one. He proposed submitting to the GeneralConference the following comments on Article VII :

A National Commission should form the onlyliaison between Unesco and a country. Paragraph 3of the report (page 105 in the English text), didnot prevent the Commissions from sending repre-sentatives to the Secretariat, and he proposed thatthe Executive Board should define the status ofthese Commissions.

The delegate of MEXICO said he was in agree-ment with the delegate of Poland on most points,and suggested that the Commissions should beestablished in co-operation with existing intellec-tual organizations, since the Commission shouldrepresent all the intellectual tendencies of thecountry.

The U NITED STATES delegate proposed twomotions :

I. That the General Conference request Mem-ber States which have no National Commissionsto make the necessary arrangements to con-form to Article VII.

2. That the General Conference request theDirector-General to give, if need be, any help,other than financial assistance, for the esta-blishment of National Commissions.The delegate of CZECHOSLOVAKIA noted that

the last paragraph of page 105 was not in harmonywith Article VII, so far as relations with privateinstitutions or individuals were concerned. Itwould be desirable for the National Commissionsor the permanent delegates to be the only liaisonwith Unesco.

The delegate of the UNITED KINGDOM said thatthe Organization’s right to consult individuals wasessential. He proposed, however, that the thirdline of page 106 should read : “ Unesco shouldundertake to keep each National Commission in-formed ’’, instead of : “ should keep ’’.

The delegate of MEXICO agreed with these pro-posals and considered that National Commissionsshould be kept fully informed., If the right toconsultation were limited to National Commis-sions, Unesco would run the risk of receiving noinformation from countries where no national com-mission exists.

The delegate of NORWAY emphasized the impor-tance of the National Commissions and asked thatthe procedure allowed for on page 105 of the En-glish text be applied.

The delegate of FRANCE agreed with the pro-posal of the delegate of the United States, butfound it insufficient. Unesco should not only en-courage the establishment of National Commis-sions, but should take measures to hasten theirformation. He wished to ask the Executive Board,or a Commission of Experts nominated by it, toexamine Section 3, paragraph A (page 104) “ Na-tional Commissions ’’, and to make recommenda-tions to the States on this matter.

The proposal was adopted.The delegate of AUSTRALIA supported the pro-

posals of the delegates of the UNITED STATES andFRANCE. He said that Unesco was not in a posi-tion to make recommendations to Member Stateson the composition of their National Commissions,but could only encourage them to create suchcommissions.

The delegate of CANADA deprecated an over-precise statement of the rules governing the rela-tions between Unesco, the Member States and theNational Commissions. These rules should befairly supple and adaptable to every form of go-vernment.

The delegate of URUGUAY emphasized and sup-ported the proposal of the delegate of MEXICO,which was in line with the ideas expressed in the

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report. He wished to recommend to governments ternational Bureau of Education, on the other-,that they should take into account the different as prepared by the Drafting Committee.trends of national thought when forming the com- These two draft agreements were adoptedmissions. without discussion.The SECRETARIAT read the Draft Resolutionpresented by the delegate of the UNITED STATES,and amended by the delegates of FRANCE, POLANDand the UNITED KINGDOM.

RESOLUTION CONCERNING RELATIONS WITHMEMBER STATES.

I. — National Commissions.The Sub-Commission recommends that :

I. The General Conference invite those of theMember States which have not yet created Na-tional Commissions or national agencies forco-operation with Unesco to take the necessarysteps to apply the provisions of Article VII ofthe Constitution;

2, The Director-General be invited to accordto such Member States as may ask for it allnecessary help — except financial assistance —in establishing National Commissions or natio-nal agencies for co-operation;

3. Unesco undertake to keep each NationalCommission informed of the relations esta-blished in the country of the Commission andact in agreement with the Commission on allquestions of a general character;

4. The general considerations on the NationalCommissions appearing in the annex to thisreport be submitted to the Executive Board toserve as a basis for a comprehensive study ofthe problem of National Commissions, a studywhich will also be based on the work of the Con-ference. These general considerations shall, afterrevision, be communicated to the Member States.

II. — Reports by Member States.The Sub-Commission recommends that the

General Conference invite Member States to sub-mit to Unesco two months before the second ‘ses-sion of the General Conference a report containingthe following information :

I. survey of institutions and associations ofnational significance in the field of science, cul-ture and mass communication:

2. information on national laws and regula-tions applying to the same fields;

3. statistics available in these fields;4. reports on recent developments in educa-

tion, science and culture and suggestions con-cerning the future programme and activitiesof Unesco;

The CHAIRMAN opened the discussion on thedraft agreement between Unesco and the Inter-national Council of Scientific Unions and the pro-visional directive on the establishment of relationsbetween Unesco and non-governmental interna-tional organizations (Document Unesco/C/Admin.& Jur./S. C. Leg. & Ext. Rel./3) (see Annex 2A).

The SECRETARIAT read the following resolutionadopted by the Natural Sciences Sub-Commission :

“ The Natural Sciences Sub-Commission can-not agree with the point of view set forth in theprovisional directive summarising the relationsbetween Unesco and non-governmental inter-national organizations, Document Unesco/C/Ad-min. & Jur./S. C. Leg. & Ext. Rel./3, Part II(see also Grey Book, English text, page 115),stating that such organizations could benefit byfinancial assistance to the extent of their admi-nistrative costs.

“ While recognizing that national govern-ments already pay contributions — as in thecase of the International Scientific Unions —the Sub-Commission considers that, in so far asthis concerns international scientific organiza-tions, the provisional directive should be soamended as to include between paragraphs (e)and (f) of Article V, a paragraph stating that thefinancial aid to be given by Unesco for the aboveadministrative costs, as a provisional measure,in the initial stages, shall only be granted if nodirect contribution is received for this purposefrom national governments. ”A discussion followed on the principle of finan-

cial assistance to be given by Unesco to inter-national scientific organizations for their adminis-trative costs. The DANISH, NORWEGIAN, BELGIAN.UNITED KINGDOM and GREEK delegates thoughtthat Unesco might help these organizations finan-cially in the initial stages, whereas the UNITEDSTATES and. POLISH delegates thought that suchassistance would be prejudicial both to the realinterests of Unesco, for which the financial bur-den would be too heavy, and also to the interestsof the Unions, whose independence might be jeo-pardized.

3. information on action taken as a result ofthe recommendations made or conventionsadopted by the General Conference.

F I F T H M E E T I N GHeld on Wednesday, 3 December 1946 at 9.30 p. m.Chairman : M. Luis Alberto SANCHEZ (Peru).

The UNITED STATES delegate pointed out thatArticle V of the provisional directive already co-vered certain expenses, which included the mostimportant ones devolving upon international scien-tific organizations, since paragraph (e) providedfinancial assistance for certain specific tasks andparagraph (f) facilities in respect of offices, secre-tarial services, arrangements for meetings, infor-mation, etc. The Sub-Commission as a whole asso-ciated itself with this view and the provisionaldirective was adopted.

The CHAIR&IAN presented to the Sub-Commis-sion the texts of the draft agreements betweenUnesco, on the one hand, and the InternationalInstitute of Intellectual Co-operation and the In-

The SECRETARIAT read out a draft resolution ofthe Sub-Commission, worded as follows :

“ The Sub-Commission recommends that theGeneral Conference shall authorize the Director-General to establish collaboration with non-governmental international organizations onthe basis of the following provisional directive. ”The resolution was adopted.

— 196 —


The CHAIRMAN put to the vote the draft agree-ment between Unesco and the International Coun-cil‘ of Scientific Unions.

The draft agreement was adopted.The Sub-Commission then considered the docu-

ment entitled “ Model of Agreements to be conclu-ded with other Specialized Agencies ” (DocumentUnesco/C/Admin. & Jur./S.C.Leg. & Ext. Rel./4)(See Annex 2 A).

After a slight modification of the English text,Article I was adopted.

The GREEK delegate asked that the heading bemodified as follows : “ Model of Agreements to beconcluded with other Specialized InternationalOrganizations and Agencies ’’, but the Secretariatexplained that the term “ organization ” appliedspecifically to institutions directly connected withUNO (such as Unesco, the International LabourOrganization, etc.), and that this model agree-ment applied precisely to ‘‘ the other ” interna-tional institutions.

The Sub-Commission accepted this view, andthe title finally adopted was : “ Model of Agree-ments to be concluded with other SpecializedAgencies. ”

On an observation of the FRENCH delegate, itwas decided to replace the words “ pattern laiddown by the United Nations ” (Article VII) by“ principles laid down by the United Nations ’’.

In Article VIII, at the request of the UNITEDSTATES delegate, the words “ and organs ” wereadded after “ services ” and the sentence be-comes : “ ...in close collaboration and co-ordina-tion with the competent services and organs ofthe United Nations ’’.

The observer of the I L O welcoming theaction taken by Unesco to initiate steps to esta-blish agreements for collaboration with otherspecialized agencies, pointed out that the exactcontent of each agreement will require bilateralnegotiations.

The model of agreement was adopted.An observer from the International Council for

the Exploration of the Sea asked what kind ofagreement would apply between Unesco and hisown organization, which was’ neither a Special-ized Agency of United Nations, nor a privateinternational organization, but an inter-govern-mental organization.

The SECRETARIAT explained that no decisionhad as yet been reached on this type of agree-ment, but that Article XI, paragraph. I of theConstitution provided for the conclusion of suchagreements.

The SECRETARIAT submitted to the Sub-Com-

mission a note forwarded by the Executive Boardconcerning its functions and powers (DocumentUnesco/Cons. Exec./2) (See Annex 2 A).

A discussion took place on the paragraph con-cerning the possible creation of a Standing Com-mittee, acting under the authority of the Execu-tive Board, the object of which would be tomaintain permanent contact between the latterand the Director-General.

Two questions were raised in this connection :I. A question of a legal character : Had the

Executive Board the right to create such acommittee, since it was not provided for bythe Constitution and might become a new organof the Organization?

The Legal Sub-Commission, referring to Ar-ticle V, paragraph 7 of the Constitution, consi-dered that the Executive Board, since it couldappoint its officers, had the right also to chooseamong its members the persons who would becalled upon to form part of the Standing Com-mittee, provided that the Rules of Procedureof the Executive Board, about to be approvedby the General Conference, made provision forsuch a body.

2. A question of expediency : Was it neces-sary to create such a committee?

The Sub-Commission thought the questionexceeded its competence. It emerged, however,from the discussion that the creation of a stan-ding Committee did not seem necessary to theSub-Commission, in view of the fact that theExecutive Board would meet three or fourtimes a year. Certain delegates were of the opi-nion that such a body might unduly restrictthe, liberty of the Director-General.The Sub-Commission decided to submit the

following resolution to the Executive Board :‘‘ The Sub-Commission has taken cognizance

of the note on the functions and powers of theExecutive Board. It instructs the Secretariatto communicate to the Executive Board thesummary record of the discussion which hastaken place on this subject. ”At the request of the delegate of the UNITED

STATES, supported by the delegate of the UNITEDKINGDOM , the Sub-Commission decided to askthe Legal and Administrative Commission to in-clude in its agenda the question of Unesco Month,in order to facilitate the discussion of the GeneralConference on this point.

The Sub-Commission decided that the Chair-man and the Secretariat should be entrustedwith the duty of drafting this report for the Com-mission,

— 197 —


SUMMARY RECORDSOF THE ADMINISTRATIVE

AND FINANCIAL SUB-COMMISSION


ADMINISTRATIVE AND FINANCIALSUB-COMMISSION


Held on Thursday, 28 November 1946 at 3.15 p. m.

The meeting was opened by M. SOMMERFELT(Norway), Chairman of the Administrative andLegal Commission.

M. SOMMERFELT proposed the appointment ofMr. BEEBY (New Zealand) as Chairman of theSub-Commission.

Mr. BEEBY was unanimously elected and tookthe Chair.

The CHAIRMAN proposed Mr. HAVRANEK (Cze-choslovakia) as Vice-Chairman and Mr. WalterLAVES (United States) as Rapporteur.

The proposals of the Chairman were unani-mously accepted.

The CHAIRMAN announced that the Secretariathad chosen Mr. MANUELIDES as the secretary ofthe sub-commission. He went on to say that SirCecil KISCH had been asked to act as FinancialAdviser to Unesco.

He then proposed that, to speed up the workof the sub-commission, only those speakers whohad a resolution or an amendment to submit,would address the meeting.

This proposal was adopted.The CHAIRMAN read out Article VI, paragraph 4

of the Constitution of Unesco, which deals withthe Secretariat, and more particularly recruitmentof staff.

He proposed the immediate examination ofChapter II of the Report (Document C/7). In con-sideration of the fact that sections I and 2 of thischapter contained general principles which wouldbe examined when studying the staff regulations,he suggested examining those regulations at once(item IV, A 4 (c) of the agenda of the sub-commission).

The Chairman’s suggestion, supported by theNorwegian delegate, was adopted.

DRAFT STAFF REGULATIONS .

The CHAIRMAN then read parag. I, 4, 5 and 6of Article VI of the Constitution concerning theSecretariat.

He submitted the preamble of the draft staffregulations for the Commission’s approval (p. 57of the Report).

The preamble was unanimously adopted.The CHAIRMAN invited discussion of Article I.

A debate took place about the last sentence ofthis regulation, according to which members ofthe Secretariat should obtain the Director-Gene-ral’s consent before accepting any distinction,decoration, favour or financial reward from anygovernment or authority outside the Organiza-tion.

The FRENCH delegate, supported by the BEL-GIAN delegate, moved an amendment to the effectthat discrimination should be made between hono-rary distinctions and financial rewards, while main-taining the possibility for Unesco officials to re-ceive international prizes or the Nobel Prize. Thisamendment was rejected.

In the same way an amendment, put forwardby the URUGUAYAN delegate and supported bythe delegate of VENEZUELA, proposing that Unescoofficials might accept honorary distinctions whenthese were not awarded by governments but byinternational or private institutions (such as Uni-versities), was also rejected.

The PHILIPPINE delegate proposed to add atthe end of the third sentence the words : “ unlessthey resign from their office ’’.

This amendment was seconded by the UNITEDSTATES delegate, put to the vote and rejected.

The CHAIRMAN declared Article I of the Regu-lations adopted unchanged.

Regulations 2, 3, 4 and 5 were adopted.

The UNITED STATES delegate proposed the in-clusion at the end of the first section of the Regu-lations of the following new Article :

‘‘ No member of the Secretariat shall acceptor hold any employment, nor shall he engagein any undertaking which, in the opinion ofthe Director-General, is inconsistent with theaccomplishment of his duties in Unesco.This amendment was seconded by the PHILIP-

PINE delegate.The FRENCH delegate proposed that the ‘text

should be added to Article 5 of the Regulationsin the form of a new paragraph. The UNITEDSTATES delegate agreed to this proposal.

The addition was adopted.

Regulation 6.

The CHAIRMAN proposed to substitute in theEnglish text the words “ shall be ” for “ are ’’.

This proposal was adopted.

Regulation 7,

The FRENCH delegation proposed the addition,after Article 7, of three new articles, of whichthe text was circulated to the delegates.

The CHAIRMAN asked if the French delegationwould agree to the adjournment of its proposalsto the next meeting of the Sub-Commission, sothat delegates would have time to study them.,The FRENCH delegate agreed, and it was decidedthat the French amendments would be consideredat the beginning of the next meeting.

— 201 —


Regulation 8.The CHAIRMAN proposed that the heading of

the right-hand column should be changed andthat the word ‘‘ definition ” in English should bereplaced by “ designation ’’.

The UNITED STATES delegate proposed the fol-lowing addition :

“ Permanent appointments shall be madeafter probation and for an indefinite period;these appointments will be subject to revisionevery five years, in the light of the reports of

the senior officials of the Administration. ”The U NITED STATES delegate said that his

delegation would propose later on an amendmentto Regulation 13 in order to adjust that Articleto the addition proposed for Article 8.

This amendment was seconded by the PHILIP-P I N E d e l e g a t e .

The delegate of the UNION OF SOUTH AFRICApointed out that the proposed clause would de-prive each official of the certainty of retaininghis post for more than six years, and this seemedto him unnecessarily hard in the case of juniorofficials.

The delegate of ECUADOR asked that the Uni-ted States proposal should be submitted to dele-gates in writing and discussed at the next meeting.

This was approved.The CHAIRMAN pointed out that no other amend-

ment to Article 8 could be considered so long asthe United States proposal had not been discus-sed at the next meeting.

Regulation 9.The FRENCH delegate proposed’ that the first

sentence should be replaced by the following :“ A classification system and salary schedule

shall be established and submitted for approvalto the Executive Board or to a competent bodyset up by the Secretariat. ”This amendment was seconded by the NORWE-

GIAN and VENEZUELAN delegates, put to the voteand adopted.

The UNITED KINGDOM delegate proposed thatthe following words should be added to Article 9 :

“ The classification system and the list of sa-laries shall be revised from time to time with-out prejudice to rights already acquired. ”This amendment was seconded by the NORWE-

GIAN delegation, put to the vote and adopted.The CHAIRMAN read out Article 9 in its defini-

tive form, including the French and United King-dom amendments.

Regulation 9 was adopted.

S E C O N D M E E T I N GHeld on Friday, 29 November 1946 at 3 p. m.

Chairman : Dr. C. E. BEEBY (New Zealand).

The delegate of the UNITED STATES proposedthat, on the completion of its examination ofthe Draft Staff Regulations, the Sub-Commissionshould divide into four, or possibly three, sub-committees.

Proposal seconded by the UNITED KINGDOM de-legate.

The general opinion of the meeting was againstthe UNITED STATES proposal, particularly as itran counter to the General Committee’s recom-mendation requesting a minimum division of Sub-Commissions.

The delegate of the UNITED STATES withdrewhis proposal.

The delegate of AUSTRALIA proposed the esta-blishment of a technical Drafting Committee con-sisting of the representatives of the United King-dom, Unite&States, France, Egypt and Uruguay.

Proposal seconded by the delegate of CANADA.Agreed.At the request of the Executive Board, a Note

was distributed on the functions and powers ofthe Board. The meeting, noted the contents of theExecutive Board’s memorandum.

DRAFT STAFF REGULATIONS (continued).

The meeting considered the three additions toRegulation 7 proposed by the French delegation.

The CHAIRMAN said that, after consultation withthe Legal Adviser of the Secretariat, he wouldrule that the third paragraph of proposed Regu-lation 7 a, as at present drafted, was in conflictwith the Constitution of Unesco, Article VI, pa-ragraph 4 of which stated that appointments wereto be made by the Director-General.

The delegate of FRANCE explained that the aimof the French delegation in submitting the draftamendments was to avoid, as far as possible, wasteof time and insufficiency of knowledge in the se-lection of candidates to posts on the Secretariat.The French delegation was of opinion that thedifferent categories of the staff should be carefullydistinguished. With regard to the third paragraphof Regulation 7 a, the French delegation nowwished to delete this text. They thought that allofficials should be appointed by the Director-Ge-neral on the advice of a Selection Board.

The C HAIRMAN said that the three Frenchamendments would be moved and voted on sepa-rately.

He then opened discussion on Article 7 a pro-posed by the French delegation.

After an amendment presented by the delegateof AUSTRALIA and a long discussion”, in which thedelegates of EGYPT, GREECE; SOUTH AFRICA andthe UNITED STATES took part, Article 7 a wasadopted as follows :

‘‘ Appointments to the post of Deputy Direc-tor-General, Assistant Directors-General, andDirectors of Services shall be made by the Di-rector-General, with the approval of the Exe-cutive Board.

“ Appointments of the other officials shall bemade by the Director-General, having regardto the opinions expressed by a Selection Boardappointed by the Executive Board and consis-ting of members of the Board. ”The CHAIRMAN proposed to refer the final num-

bering of the Sections and Articles of the Regu-lations to a Drafting Committee. This proposalwas adopted.

The CHAIRMAN opened discussion on Article 7 b,proposed by the French delegation.


After a discussion in which the delegates ofBELGIUM, EGYPT and SOUTH AFRICA took part,and with amendments submitted by the delegatesof MEXICO and the UNITED STATES, Article 7 bwas adopted as follows :

‘‘ Members of the staff of the higher gradesmust have a thorough knowledge of one of thetwo working languages and must hold at leasta university diploma or have had equivalentexperience. A departure from this condition maybe made with the approval of the SelectionBoard, based upon the possession of special qua-lifications or particularly valuable experience oroutstanding work

“ Members of the lower grades must have aperfect knowledge of one of the two workinglanguages and a satisfactory knowledge of theother. ”The CHAIRMAN opened discussion on Article 7 c,

proposed by the French delegation and secondedby the GREEK delegation, stipulating that the per-sonal files submitted to the Selection Board shouldbe presented by the National Commission of thecountries from which the candidates come.

The delegate of CZECHOSLOVAKIA, supported bythe delegate of SOUTH AFRICA, proposed to adda second clause to this Article, stating that nofinal appointment should be made to responsibleposts without prior consultation with the govern-ment concerned.

The delegate of the UNITED KINGDOM disagreedwith both amendments, considering them con-trary to the spirit of the Constitution.

An exchange of views took place on the ques-tion whether it was sufficient to consult the Na-tional Commission, which, under Article VII of theConstitution, should contain representatives of thegovernment, or whether it would be necessary alsoto seek the advice of the governmerit.

Further discussion was postponed until the nextmeeting of the Sub-Commission.

T H I R D M E E T I N GHeld on Saturday, 30 November 1946 at 3 p. m.


It was agreed that, in future, no amendmentsto draft regulations should be considered by theSub-Commission unless they were submitted inwriting to the Secretary at least twelve hours be-fore the meeting at which. they were to be moved.

DRAFT STAFF REGULATIONS (continued).

Proposed new Regulation 7 C.The delegate of FRANCE read a new text of this

Regulation, agreed by the French and Czecho-slovak delegations, as follows :

“ The Selection Board shall receive a filewhich shall be submitted, whenever possible,by the National Commission of the country towhich the nominee belongs or by the competentbody acting in its place, and this file shall con-tain all information concerning the nominee’squalifications and his previous career. ”

Proposal seconded by the delegate of CZECHO-SLOVAKIA.

The delegate of MEXICO enquired whether ac-tual appointments would be in the hands of theDirector-General and whether the Director-Gene-ral would have authority to appoint candidate+in cases where no file was available.

He was assured that this was so.Regulation 7 C, in its amended form, was adop-

ted.Regulation 8.

The addition suggested by the United Statesdelegation had already been circulated.

The delegate of the UNITED STATES now wishedto delete the first sentence of the amendment andadd a phrase to the second, so that the proposedtext would read as follows :

‘‘ Such principal high officers as the Direc-tor-General, with the approval of the Execu-tive Board, may determine, shall be appointedunder contracts not to exceed six years, sub-ject to the possibility of renewal ’’.Proposal seconded by the delegate of the UNI-

TED KINGDOM.The delegate of CZECHOSLOVAKIA proposed a

further addition to Regulation 8 as follows :‘‘ A certain number of posts on the Secreta-

riat will be occupied by officials seconded toUnesco for a period of two or three years. Theseofficials will be chosen from amongst the offi-cials who are working in similar services in theirown countries and who possess the necessaryqualifications for working in the Secretariat.In exercising these functions at Unesco theseofficials will be paid only by Unesco. These can-didates will be subjected to the same exami-nations as other candidates ’’.Proposal not seconded and therefore lapsed.The additional paragraph suggested by the UNI-

TED STATES delegation was approved.On the substantive motion that the whole Re-

gulation be approved, the delegate of INDIA sug-gested that the third paragraph of the originaltext (regarding experts and part-time consultants)should be referred to the Drafting Committee,which should try to find a more logical place forit elsewhere in the Regulations.

Proposal seconded by the delegate of the UNI-TED STATES and agreed.

Regulations IO, II and 12.Adopted.

Regulation 13.The delegate of the UNITED KINGDOM proposed

an alteration of the second sentence, which shouldread as follows :

“ The probationary period shall not be ter-minated without full knowledge and carefulestimate of the employee’s work and conduct,and may be prolonged for a further period notexceeding twelve months where such informa-tion is inconclusive. ”Amendment seconded by the delegates of the

UNITED STATES and GREECE and adopted;Regulation 14.

Adopted.


The delegate of the UNION OF SOUTH AFRICAmoved that this text be referred to the DraftingCommittee to bring it into line with the regula-tions mentioning the Selection Board. Proposal seconded by the delegate of FRANCE

and agreed.Regulation 16.

The delegate of BELGIUM suggested the deletionof the words : ‘‘ Whenever he deems it to be tothe advantage of the Organization. ”

Agreed.Regulation 16, as amended, was adopted.

Regulation 17.Adopted.

Regulation. 18.The UNITED STATES delegation proposed the

insertion after the words “ at all times ” in thesecond line, of the phrase “ as individuals throughtheir elected representatives ’’.

Amendment adopted.The delegate of FRANCE suggested the deletion,

in the first sentence, of the words “ and areexpected ’’.

Agreed.Regulation 18, as amended, was adopted.

Regulation 19.The delegate of FRANCE suggested an amend-

ment to bring Regulation 19 into line with Regu-lation 9. The text should now read :

“ Subject to approval by the ExecutiveBoard, the salary scales of members of thestaff shall be determined by the Director-General in relation to the classification plan,except in the special cases referred to in thesecond sentence of Regulation 9. ”Proposal seconded by the delegate of NORWAY,

and. Regulation 19 thus amended, was adopted.Regulation 20.

The delegate of the UNITED KINGDOM sugges-ted the following new text :

“ Salary increments within the grade shallbe granted at prescribed intervals, subject tosatisfactory service. ”Seconded by the delegate of INDIA, and adopted.

Regulations 21 and 22.Adopted.

Regulation 23.The delegate of the UNION OF SOUTH AFRICA

suggested the addition, after the words “ Director-General ’’, of the phrase “ with the approval ofthe body referred to in Regulation 17 ’’.

Amendment seconded by the delegate of CZE-CHOSLOVAKIA and lost.

The delegate of F RANCE suggested that theword “ pris ” in the third line of the French textshould be changed to “ à prendre ’’. No changewas required in the English text.

A g r e e d .With this amendment to the French text, Re-

gulation 23 was adopted,

Regulation 24.The CHAIRMAN opened discussion on Regula-

tion 24 as amended by the delegation of the UNI-TED STATES.

The delegate of the UNITED STATES proposeda new amendment to Regulation 24 which wasfinally adopted in the following form :

“ The Director-General, after consultationwith the Secretary-General of the United Nat-ions, will arrange, with the approval of theExecutive Board, to establish a scheme toprovide medical and hospital care for the mem-bers of the Secretariat and their dependents, ”Regulation 25.Adopted without discussion. Regulation 26.After a discussion in which the delegates of

BELGIUM , the LEBANON and POLAND took part,Regulation 26 was adopted with amendments pro-posed by the delegates of the UNITED KINGDOM,INDIA and FRANCE in the following form :

“ Subject to subsequent right of appeal tothe Tribunal referred to in Regulation 27, theDirector-General may impose disciplinary mea-sures on members of the staff whose conduct orwork is unsatisfactory. He may suspend anymember of the staff who persistently fails togive satisfactory service, or who is guilty ofserious misconduct. Cases of disciplinary actionshall be investigated by a committee, whichshall include representatives of the Director-General and representatives elected by thestaff, in equal proportion, under a Chairmannominated by the Executive Board.This Regulation was referred back to the draf-

ting Committee for final wording.Regulation 27.The CHAIRMAN opened discussion on Regula-

tion 27, amended by the delegation of the UNITEDSTATES.

After a new amendment presented by theFRENCH delegation, Regulation 27 was adoptedin the following form :

“ An Administrative Tribunal, to be set upby the Executive Board, shall be the finalcourt of appeal in any dispute arising betweenthe Organization and members of the staff. ”The CHAIRMAN stated that the Secretariat would

have to approach the Executive Board for theestablishment of this tribunal.

Regulation 28.A long discussion followed on the point whether

or not the Director-General should have completediscretion to terminate appointments in the caseof the abolition of certain posts, upon the com-pletion of part of the programme.

The delegates of BELGIUM, the UNITED KING-DOM and the UNITED STATES were of the opinionthat the Director-General must assume full res-ponsibility for terminating contracts or abolish-ing posts, while the delegates of A USTRALIA ,FRANCE, INDIA, POLAND and the UNION OF SOUTHAFRICA considered he should consult the Execu-tive Board.

An amendment proposed by the delegate ofINDIA to the effect that the approval of the Exe-cutive Board should only be necessary in the caseof terminations of contracts of members of the


staff holding posts specified in paragraph I ofRegulation 7 A, was rejected.

Lastly, Regulation 28, subject to an amendmentproposed by the delegate of POLAND, was adoptedin the following form :

“ The Director-General, with the approvalof the Executive Board, may terminate theappointment of a member of the staff if thenecessities of the service require the suppressionof the post. ”

Seconded by the delegates of UNITED STATES,CZECHOSLOVAKIA and FRANCE, and adopted.

Regulation 33, as amended, was adopted.Regulation 34.

The delegate of the UNITED STATES moved thedeletion of the words “ in relation to ’’, in thefirst sentence, and the substitution of the words“ as part of ’’.

The Regulation was referred to the draftingCommittee for final wording.Regulation 29.

The delegate of the UNION OF SOUTH AFRICAsuggested that the text should be amended, toread as follows :

“ If the Director-General terminates an ap-pointment under Regulation 28 above, he shallgive six months’ notice.

“ These provisions of notice shall not applyto probationers, persons holding short-termcontracts, or persons summarily dismissed. ”Seconded by the delegate of POLAND, and adop-ted.


Seconded by the delegate of INDIA.The delegate of the UNION OF SOUTH AFRICA

moved that the general principles laid down inRegulation 34 be approved by the Sub-Commis-sion, but that the regulation be referred to theDrafting Committee for clarification, with parti-cular reference to the part to be played by theExecutive Board in approving any scheme invol-ving considerable expenditure.

Adopted.Regulation 35.The delegate of the UNION OF SOUTH AFRICA

proposed that it should be adopted in principle,but that the final wording should be referred tothe Drafting Committee.

This proposal was adopted.Regulation 36.

Sir Cecil KISCH made a statement regarding thescale of contributions from Member States andon the establishment of a Revolving Fund. Memo-randa on these subjects were circulated to themeeting, and Sir C. KISCH explained that theproposals formulated therein were purely tenta-tive.

Regulation 36, with an amendment proposedby the delegation of the UNITED STATES , wasreferred to the Drafting Committee for the finaltext.

Regulation 37.

— 205 —

The C HAIRMAN thanked Sir Cecil Kisch onbehalf ‘of the meeting.Regulation 31.

The delegate of FRANCE proposed the addition,at the end of the Regulation, of the words “ onthe basis of the scales adopted by the United

The delegate of the UNITED STATES proposedthe addition of a second paragraph, to read asfollows :

N a t i o n s . ’’Amendment seconded by the delegate of the

UNITED KINGDOM, and adopted.Regulation 32.

The delegate of AUSTRALIA suggested the addi-tion, at the end of paragraph (c) of the Regula-tion, of the words “ for -return to their homecountry ’’.

Amendment seconded by the delegate of theUNITED STATES and, after some discussion, lost.

The delegate of BELGIUM suggested a new text,as follows, for sub-paragraph b) : “ (b) whenthey are authorized to take home leave

Adopted.The delegate of the UNION OF SOUTH AFRICA

proposed that the whole regulation should bereferred to the Drafting Committee for clarifica-tion.

Proposal seconded by the delegate of INDIA ,and adopted.Regulation 33.

“ The Director-General will make an annualreport to the General Conference on the staffregulations, including any amendments to these

regulations which he may have introduced inthe implementation of the present regulations. ”This regulation was referred to the Drafting

Committee, for the final form of the wording.The CHAIRMAN requested the Drafting Corn-

mittee, to meet as soon as possible.The consideration of the draft regulations being

concluded, he proposed that the questions ofprinciple raised in Sections I and 2 of Chapter II,which were not considered at the same time asthe regulations, should be referred to the DraftingCommittee, except for paragraph C of Section 2,“ Organizational Structure of the Secretariat ’’,which would be placed before the Sub-Commissionitself.

F O U R T H M E E T I N GHeld on Monday, 2 December 1946 at 3 p. m.


The delegate of the UNITED KINGDOM sugges-ted the addition, at the end of the Regulation,of the words : “ Subject to the approval of theExecutive Board. ”

Regulation I.Adopted.

Adopted without discussion.Regulation 38.

DRAFT FINANCIAL REGULATIONS(Document C/7, page 95).


Regulation 2.The delegate of the UNITED STATES proposed

the deletion of the second sentence.Amendment adopted.Regulation 2, as amended, was adopted.

New Regulation 2 A.

a detailed statement of expenditure, Regulation 5had become superfluous. He therefore moved itsdeletion.

Adopted.New Regulation 5 A.

The delegate of the UNITED STATES proposedthe insertion of a new Regulation 2 A, as follows :

“ In the preparation of the budget the Di-rector-General shall consult with the Secretary-General of the United Nations, as provided inArticle XVI, Section 3 (a), of the Draft Agree-ment between the United Nations and Unesco. ’’.This proposal, supported by the delegate of the

UNITED KINGDOM. was adopted.

Regulation 3.

The delegate of the UNITED KINGDOM proposedthe insertion of a new Regulation 5 a, as follows :

‘‘ The General Conference shall determine thetotal amount to be deposited in the RevolvingFund. ”Adopted.


the following addition :

The delegate of FRANCE proposed a new text,as follows :

“ The Director-General shall arrange for the‘budget to be examined by a Committee on fin-ance, to be appointed by the Executive Board,prior to its submission to the Executive Boardand the General Conference and in sufficienttime for the budget and the Committee’s reporton the budget to be transmitted to the Membersof Unesco and to the Secretary-General of theUnited Nations. ”Adopted.

Regulation 4.

“ And from gifts, bequests and subventionsreceived in accordance with paragraph 3 of Ar-ticle IX of the Constitution of Unesco. Pendingthe receipt of the foregoing contributions andfunds, the budget may be financed from the Re-volving Fund. ”

Seconded by the delegate of the UNION OF SOUTHAFRICA .'

The delegate of INDIA raised the question of theuse of gifts offered for special purposes and recei-ved too late for inclusion in the approved budget.It was decided that this question would properlybe considered in connection with Regulation 4 (c),and the delegate of India therefore moved thatRegulation 4 (c) be referred to the Drafting Com-mittee for clarification on this point.

The delegate of the UNITED STATES submitteda new text, which had been agreed with otherdelegations wishing to propose amendments to Re-gulation 4 :

In reply to enquiries, the SECRETARIAT explai-ned that the suggested scales for contributions for

“ The budget shall be divided into parts, sec-tions and chapters, and shall be accompaniedby :(a) a detailed statement of the estimated expen-

Member States-had beenproposed for a period of3 years, i. e. the years 1946, 1947 and 1948.


(b) a

(c) a

(f) a

diture ‘provided for under each chapter;statement showing the amount to be con-tributed by each Member in accordancewith the approved scale of contributions;statement of estimated additional incomeunder appropriate headings;statement of total income;statement showing the appropriations inthe preceding financial period comparedwith the actual expenditure for that pe-riod;

— 206 —

The delegate of the UNITED KINGDOM suggestedthe addition of the following sentence :

“ In considering such gifts, bequests and sub-ventions, the Executive Board shall have par-ticular regard to any immediate or ultimate fi-nancial liability to the Members of the Organ-

ization. ”Regulation 7, as amended, was adopted.

Regulation 8.

statement showing all income by catego-ries received during the preceding finan-cial period and indicating appropriations,allotments, expenditures and unobligatedbalances; and

The delegate of the UNITED KINGDOM propo-sed to recast Regulation 8 in the form of two sepa-rate paragraphs :

(g) a list showing the names of the officials of theOrganization and setting out their natio-nalities, duties, salaries, and allowances ifany; this list shall be, confidentially cir-culated to Members of the Organizationand to the Conference. ”

Seconded by the delegate of the UNITED KING-DOM and adopted.Regulation 5.

The delegate of the UNITED STATES -explainedthat, as the new text of Regulation 4 provided for

“ 8. The budget of the Organization shall beexpressed in dollar currency. ”

“ 8 A. The contributions from Member Statesto finance the budget shall be assessed againstthe Member States in dollar currency. The con-tributions from Member States shall be paid incurrency or currencies to be determined by theGeneral Conference. The currency in which Mem-ber States shall make their contribution to thefirst annual budget of the Organization shall bedetermined by the Executive Board. ”The above two amendments to Regulation 8

were considered separately and adopted.The new Regulation 8 and Regulation 8 A were

adopted, and referred to the Drafting Committeefor re-numbering if necessary.

Agreed.


The delegate of the UNITED STATES moved thatthe meeting be suspended for II/2 hours to enablefurther amendments to the Draft Regulations tobe co-ordinated.

Motion seconded by the delegate of the UNIONOF SOUTH AFRICA and agreed.

The delegate of FRANCE enquired whether thequestion of the collection by the United Nationsof contributions from those Members of Unescowhich were also Members of the United Nationswas still under discussion and was likely soon tobe settled (Article XVI, paragraph 3, Section (d)of the Draft Agreement between Unesco and theUnited Nations).

The SECRETARIAT said that this matter was stillunder consideration. There were many difficulties,such as differences in currencies, and it thought thequestion could be settled during the coming year.

The delegate of FRANCE proposed the followingmotion for transmission to the Executive Board :

“ The Sub-Commission invites the GeneralConference to request the Director-General orthe Executive Board of Unesco to undertake andcarry out as quickly as possible. negotiationsfor the conclusion of an agreement in accor-dance with section (d) of paragraph 3 of Ar-ticle XVI of the Draft Agreement with the Uni-ted Nations. ”Motion seconded by the delegate of POLAND.Sir Cecil KISCH said that, if the budgets of the

auxiliary organizations were annexed to the UnitedNations budget, this did not necessarily imply thatthe United Nations would be the collecting agentfor contributions. It might even prove advanta-geous for Unesco to collect its own contributions.Though this question was important, it should notbe hurried.

The Meeting adjourned from 4.30 p. m. until 6p . m .

Regulation 9 (Continued).The CHAIRMAN proposed the adoption of Regu-

lation 9.The delegate of the UNITED STATES suggested

the insertion, after the words ‘‘ Director-Generalto incur ” of the words “ obligations and ’’ Healso suggested, in the last sentence, the substitu-tion of the word “ obligations ” for the word “ lia-bilities. ”

Adopted.Regulation 9, as amended, was adopted.


the following new text :‘‘ After the General Conference has adopted

the budget, the Director-General shall :(a) transmit all relevant documents to Members;(b) inform Member States of their commitments

with respect to the annual budget and ofadvances to the Revolving Fund; and

(c) request them to remit their contributionsand any advances ‘to the Revolving Fund(in amounts and at times as may be deter-mined). ”

Adopted.

The delegate of the UNITED STATES suggestedthe substitution, in sub-paragraph (e), of the word“ obligations ” for the word “ liabilities ’’. He alsosuggested the following changes in sub-paragraph(f) :

at the end of the first paragraph, delete theword “ ascertain ” and substitute the word “ en-sure ’’.

in sub-section (iii), delete the words ‘‘ any un-economic ” and substitute the words “ the econo-mic ’’


The delegate of the UNITED STATES proposed thefollowing new text :

“ Tenders for equipment, supplies and otherrequirements shall be invited except where theDirector-General deems that, in the interest ofthe Organization, a departure from the rule isdesirable. ”The delegate of POLAND asked that it should be

noted, for the record, that tenders for suppliescould be received from all countries.

The new text of Regulation 12 was adopted.Regulation 13.

The delegate of the UNITED KINGDOM propo-sed the following new text :

“ The accounts of the Organization shall bekept in the currency in which contributions willbe payable. This shall not preclude the main-tenance of subsidiary accounts in other curren-cies if this should appear desirable. ”Adopted.


Regulation 15.The delegate of the UNITED STATES suggested

the deletion of the word “ regulations ” and thesubstitution of the word “ rules ’’.

The delegate of the UNION OF SOUTH AFRICAsuggested that, as it was not always clear whichauthority was responsible for the application ofthe financial regulations, this question should bereferred to the Drafting Committee for clarifica-tion.

The amendment proposed by the delegate of theUNITED STATES was adopted.

Regulation 15, as amended, was adopted.

Regulation 16.Thedelegate of the UNITED STATES suggested

the insertion, after the word “ purchased ’’, in sub-paragraph (ii) of section (d), of the word “ used ’’.

He also proposed the addition of a new section(e), as follows :

‘‘ (e) Separate accounts for the RevolvingFund, and for gifts, bequests and subventionsreceived in accordance with Art. IX, para-graph 3, of the Constitution of Unesco, if thedonor so requires. ”Seconded by the delegate of POLAND, and adop-

ted.Regulation 16, as amended, was adopted.



the following new text :“ The Executive Board shall appoint exter-

nal auditors in the manner, for the terms andpurposes, and under the conditions which it shallspecify, and the auditors shall prepare a com-prehensive report for the preceding financial pe-riod for submission to the General Conference. ”The delegate of POLAND suggested the addition,

at the end of the regulation, of the words “ forits approval ’’. The delegates of the UNION OFSOUTH AFRICA and of FRANCE thought this ad-dition unnecessary, and the proposed amendmentwas lost.

The new text of Regulation 17, proposed bythe delegate of the UNITED STATES, was adopted.

The delegate of FRANCE then raised a generalquestion. Whilst an effective control had been pro-vided for the material processes, the regulationsdid not provide adequate control for the workingof the system. An official should perhaps be appoin-ted, to act as liaison officer between the Auditorand the Financial Control Committee, whose dutyit would be to expound the Auditor’s commentsto the General Conference, the Financial ControlCommittee and the Executive Board.

After some discussion, it was decided to post-pone the examination of this question.Regulation 18.

The delegate of the UNITED KINGDOM proposedthe deletion of the words “ in consultation with ”and their substitution by the words “ with theagreement of ’’.

This proposal, supported by the UNITED STATESThis proposal, supported by the UNITED STATESdelegate, was adopted.delegate, was adopted.

Regulation 18, as amended, was adopted.Regulation 18, as amended, was adopted.Regulation 19.

The delegate of the UNITED STATES proposedthe following new text :

“ Subject to such conditions as may be pre-scribed by the General Conference, the Director-General may invest monies which are not need-ed for immediate requirements provided thatthe investments shall be made in gold or secu-rities of, or guaranteed by, the government ofa Member Nation or by several Member Na-tions. ”Seconded by the delegate of FRANCE, and adop-

ted.The delegate of the UNITED STATES proposed

the addition of the following new regulations :‘‘ 19 A. The balance of appropriations remain-

ing unobligated at 31st December of the financialyear to which they relate shall be surrendered byconsecutive adjustment made in the budget nextpresented. ”

“ 19 B. Payments for outstanding obligations asat 31st December shall be made between 1st Ja-nuary and the last day of February and chargedto the accounts of the previous financial-year. At1st March the unliquidated balance of such obli-gations shall be carried forward to the accountsof the then current financial year. ”

“ 19 C. Appropriations shall remain available,to the extent that obligations are incurred under

them, for a period not exceeding three years fromthe first day of the financial year to which theyrelate. Any part of the appropriation remainingunexpended shall be surrendered, by adjustmentin the budget next presented. ”

“ 19 D. Appropriate separate accounts shall bemaintained for Trust or other Funds, for thepurpose of accounting for unclaimed monies, mo-nies received and held in suspense and for projectswhere the transactions involve a cycle of opera-tions. The purpose and limits of each trust orother fund established shall be clearly definedby the appropriate authority. ”

Seconded by the delegate of FRANCE.New Regulations 19 A, 19 B, 19 C and 19 D

were adopted.Regulation 20.

Adopted.Regulation 21.

Adopted.Regulation 22.

The CZECHOSLOVAK delegate proposed deletionof the words ‘‘ and Contingencies ” just beforethe last sentence. After discussion between thePOLISH, UNITED STATES and BELGIAN delegatesthis amendment was rejected.

Regulation 22 was adopted without amendment.Regulation 23.

The delegates of the UNITED STATES, AUSTRA-LIA and CZECHOSLOVAKIA proposed amendments.It was decided that the three delegations shouldagree on an amendment to be submitted at thenext meeting.

F I F T H M E E T I N GHeld on Tuesday, 3 December 1946 at 3 p. m.

Chairman : Dr. C. E. BEEBY (New Zealand).DRAFT FINANCIAL REGULATIONS (Continuation).

The CHAIRMAN opened the discussion on anamendment to Regulation 23, moved by the dele-gate of CZECHOSLOVAKIA and seconded by thedelegate of AUSTRALIA.

The Sub-Commission approved the amendmentand Regulation 23 was adopted in this new form :

“ Transfers by the Director-General withinthe budget shall be permitted during the finan-cial year 1947 after sanction by the ExecutiveRegulation 17.Board. ”The delegate of FRANCE submitted an amend-

ment to Regulation 17 relating to external audi-tors. The purpose of this amendment was togive the Financial Commission the means of super-vising the financial management of the Organ-ization.

The delegate of BELGIUM wished the text toindicate specifically that the auditor must be aperson from outside.

In view of the importance of this text, it wasdecided that it should be translated and dupli-cated before being discussed.

New Regulations.

— 208 —


The delegate of the UNITED KINGDOM proposedthat Regulations 24, 25 and 26 be added to thedraft financial regulations. (Document No. 6 ofthe Sub-Commission, page 5.) The proposal wasseconded by the delegates of the UNITED STATESand FRANCE.

They were worded as follows :“ Regulation 24 : Rules made by the Director-

General to carry out the provisions of theseregulations shall be communicated to the Exe-cutive Board for approval. ”

“ Regulation 25, These regulations cannot beamended except by the General Conference, butwhere it is proved to the Executive Board thatsome alteration or addition is urgently requi-red, the Executive Board is authorized to ap-prove and put into temporary operation suchalteration or addition, but shall report thereonto the Conference as soon as possible for finaldecision by the latter. ”

‘‘ Regulation 26. The present regulations shallcome into force on...”In reply to a question from the delegate of

AUSTRALIA , the SECRETARIAT specified that thedate on which the Regulations would come intoforce would be the date upon which the new Or-ganization came into being.

Regulations 24, 25 and 26 were adopted.The delegate of AUSTRALIA presented an amend-

ment, recommending that the General Confe-rence should approve the budget, chapter by chap-ter (Document No. 9 of the Sub-Commission,Article 5 A).

At the suggestion of the UNITED STATES dele-gate, it was decided to defer the examination ofthis amendment to a later date, when the Sub-Commission was examining the budget itself.

The UNITED STATES delegate, seconded by thedelegate of BELGIUM, moved that the Draft Finan-cial Regulations be deferred to the Drafting Com-mittee, for their opinion whether they were logic-ally presented and in conformity with the otherdocuments prepared by the Sub-Commission: andthis proposal was adopted. It was understood thatthe Drafting Committee would also draft a textregarding the constitution of a Revolving Fund.

ORGANIZATION OF THE SECRETARIAT.The CHAIRMAN also put to discussion Chapter II,

Section 2, paragraph C: “ Organization of theSecretariat ” (Page 38 of Doc. C. 7).

The delegate of the UNITED STATES submitteda text intended to take the place of the paragraphunder discussion, a text which had been prepared

by the delegates of six different countries, withthe assistance of the Secretariat. He asked theSub-Commission to take it as a working basis,instead of the printed text. This proposal wasadopted.

In view of the importance of this text, whichinvolved the very structure of the Organization,the delegate of FRANCE asked that the discussionbe postponed until the next meeting of the Sub-Commission; the various delegations would thenhave the opportunity of studying it at their leisure,and exchanging views before discussing it in the

Sub-Commission. This suggestion was adopted.The delegate of the UNITED STATES then read

out a plan of structure for the Secretariat whichhe had worked out. It would be duplicated anddistributed to delegates, and would be discussedafter the preamble mentioned above.

At the proposal of the delegate of the UNITEDSTATES, it was decided that Sections 3 and 4 ofChapter III be forwarded to the Drafting Com-mittee for examination.

S I X T H M E E T I N GHeld on Wednesday, 4 December 1946, at 3 p. m.


The CHAIRMAN read a communication from theChairman of the Reconstruction and Rehabilita-tion Commission, enclosing copies of the resolutionssubmitted to his Commission and copy of a resolu-tion relating to the budget on which the Recon-struction Commission had not yet taken formalaction.

It was agreed that Dr. Drzewieski’s communi-cation should be referred to the Secretariat withthe request that the portions of it relevant to thebudget should be roneoed and distributed to themembers of the Administrative and FinancialSub-Commission.

The CHAIRMAN then read a communication fromthe Legal Adviser with regard to Draft Staff Re-gulation 27 (establishment of an AdministrativeTribunal), which had been amended by the repre-sentative of France. The Legal Adviser suggesteda modification of the French amendment.

It was agreed that’ the Legal Adviser’s commu-nication should be referred to the Drafting Com-mittee, with instructions to confer with the LegalAdviser and then report to the Administrative andFinancial Sub-Commission.

The CHAIRMAN also announced that the Chair-man of the Administrative and Legal Commissionwished the Administrative and Financial Sub-Commission to submit, at the meeting of the fullCommission on Thursday, 5th December, its re-port on the Draft Staff Regulations and DraftFinancial Regulations.

REPORT OF THE DRAFTING COMMITTEE.Mr. RICHARDSON (United Kingdom), Chairman

of the Drafting Committee, submitted the Draft-ing Committee’s report.

On the Staff Regulations, the following propo-sals were made :

I. Paragraph 23 of Chapter II of the Prepara-tory Commission’s report should be insertedin the Staff Regulations as an addition toRegulation 8.

2. In Regulation 29, the indemnity should be atleast the equivalent. of three months’ salary

and should not exceed nine months’ salary,according to the length of service.

3. Those parts of Chapter II of the PreparatoryCommission’s report on which either a reso-lution of the Conference or a Staff Regulationwas required, were the following :a) Paragraphs 16 a) and b), which should be

embodied in a resolution of the Conference.Paragraphs 19 a) and b) had still to bedealt with. The first part of paragraph 20


(to the word ‘‘ Organization ’’) should headded to Staff Regulation 19; the secondpart could be deleted.

b) The substance of paragraph 14 shouldform the text of a resolution of the Gene-ral Conference as a directive to the Direc-tor-General.

c) Paragraph 48 might be suitable for incor-poration in the Staff Regulations andshould follow Regulation 30.

d) The substance of paragraph 28 shouldform the text of a resolution of the Gene-ral Conference.

As a result of its review of the Financial Regula-tions, the Drafting Committee had only draftingamendments to suggest, and these did not appearto require comment.

After discussion, the Drafting Committee’s re-port was adopted.

DRAFT STAFF REGULATIONS, NO. 17 A.The CHAIRMAN opened the debate on Regula-

tion 17 A, proposed by the French delegate (Do-cument Unesco/C/Admin. & Jur./S. C. Ad. &Fin./II), who explained that the purpose of thenew draft was to enable the Finance Committeeto pass judgment on the financial managementof the Organization by external auditors.

The delegate of POLAND moved that points Iand 2 be amalgamated in a single paragraph. Thisproposal was adopted.

The UNITED STATES delegate pointed out thatit was not, in his opinion, in accordance with theprovisions of the Constitution for the FinanceCommittee to submit a report to the General Con-ference. And it was therefore decided to specify inthe second paragraph : “ The Finance Committeeof the Executive Board....’’, and to change thebeginning of the last paragraph to read : “ TheExecutive Board shall submit to the approval ofthe General Conference... ”

The delegations of INDIA, UNITED STATES,SOUTH AFRICA and the UNITED KINGDOM wereof the opinion that the former Regulation 17 gavesufficient guarantees with regard to the supervi-sion of financial management. They considered athird form of audit unnecessary. They feared thatby going into detail the purpose would be defea-ted, since to specify the powers of the FinancialCommittee would restrict them instead of enlar-ging them.

Mr. MORRISSEY (UN expert) was of the sameopinion; and gave certain details of UnitedNations procedure in this matter.

At the suggestion of the delegate of FRANCE itwas decided that the proposal be divided intothree parts, the second part being more contro-versial than the other two.

The CHAIRMAN successively put to the vote thethree parts of the motion; the first and third wereadopted, the second rejected.

Regulation 17 was finally adopted as follows :‘‘ The Executive Hoard shall appoint an ex-

ternal auditor and shall determine the condi-tions under which he shall be nominated anddischarge his duties. Assistant auditors may beappointed under the same conditions.

“ The Finance Committee of the Executive

Board, provided for in Regulation 3 above.shall take cognizance of the auditor’s report,

“ The Executive Board shall submit to theapproval of the General Conference, at a regu-lar-session, a general report on the financialadministration of the Organization. The audi-tor’s report shall be annexed thereto. ”

REVOLVING FUND (Document Ad & Fin./4).The delegate of the UNITED STATES moved that

a Revolving Fund be established for Unesco aspart of its system of financing expenditure.

Adopted.It was agreed that the discussion of this ques-

tion should be postponed to the next meeting.

The delegate of the UNITED STATES made a sta-tement on document S. C. Ad. & Fin/14, whichhe submitted as basis of the discussion of the or-ganization of the Secretariat.

It was agreed that the discussion on this ques-tion should be postponed to the next meeting, onthe understanding that the delegate of the UnitedStates would have the right to speak again at thatmeeting.

S E V E N T H M E E T I N GHeld on Thursday, 5 December 1946 at 10.30 a. m.

Chairman : Dr. C. E. BEEBY; (New Zealand).

REVOLVING FUND (Continuation).The delegate of the UNITED KINGDOM moved

that the amount of the Revolving Fund shouldbe three million dollars and that the deposits ofMember States therein should be in the same pro-portion as their contributions to the Budget of theOrganization.

The delegate of AUSTRALIA suggested that thecontributions of Member States to the RevolvingFund should be expressed as 50 % of their con-tributions to the Budget. He wished to have astatement from the representative of the UnitedNations as to whether or not the deposit to. bemade immediately, by Member States would inany sense reduce their contributions to the Bud-get for the first year.

The SECRETARIAT said that it was intended thatthe Revolving Fund should consist of depositsmade by Member States; the deposits so madeshould remain the property of the Member Statesand they should not be offset against contributionsto the budget. Once the Fund was established,Member States would not be asked to make anyfurther deposit, unless it were decided to increasethe Revolving Fund.

The delegate of the UNION OF SOUTH AFRICAasked whether the Revolving Fund would in effectbe a permanent loan without interest.

The SECRETARIAT replied that the difficulty ofmeeting expenditure, which would arise in theearly part of 1947, would probably continue until1950, and the Revolving Fund would thereforecontinue to be essential to the Organization”

— 210 —


The delegate of the UNITED STATES enquiredwhy the amount of three million dollars had beenfixed for the Revolving Fund.

The SECRETARIAT said that, in the experienceof the United Nations, if the Organization werenot to he embarrassed by a shortage of liquid re-sources, it should possess the equivalent of theestimated expenditure for six months. On theassumption that Unesco’s expenditure for 1947might be six million dollars, the equivalent of sixmonths’ estimated expenditure was three milliondollars. With regard to the delegate of Australia’ssuggestion that contributions should be expressedas a percentage, the Secretariat considered it prefe-rable for the Fund to be fixed at a definite amount.

The delegate of France proposed that a specialSub-Committee should be established to examinethe question of the provision of funds to enableUnesco to carry out its work in the early part of1947. The Sub-Committee would report to the Ad-ministrative and Financial Sub-Commission atthe time of the discussion on the budget.

A greed.The Sub-Cmmittee would consist of the repre-

sentatives of United Kingdom, France, UnitedStates of America, Canada, Egypt, Poland andUruguay.

ORGANIZATION OF THE SECRETARIAT.The delegate of the UNITED STATES moved the

adoption of the new document on this subject(S. C. Ad. & Fin./14.) as a whole.

A general discussion took place, in the courseof which the delegates of AUSTRALIA, POLAND,INDIA and ECUADOR mentioned some amend-ments which they would submit when the docu-ment was discussed in detail.

The delegate of the UNITED KINGDOM (Chair-man of the Drafting Committee) moved the adop-tion of the revised draft Staff Regulations, withthe exception of Regulation 30.

The delegate of the UNITED KINGDOM read theproposed new text of Regulation 30 (old Regula-

“ Any dispute arising between the Organiza-tion and a member of the staff regarding thefulfilment of a contract of a member of the staffor arising out of disciplinary action may be re-ferred for final decision to an AdministrativeTribunal to be established by the ExecutiveBoard for such period as may be necessary pen-ding definitive arrangements with the UnitedNations. ”The delegate of the UNION OF SOUTH AFRICA

suggested the insertion of a phrase which wouldmake it clear that both the Director-General andthe members of the staff had the right to refer dis-putes to the Tribunal.

The delegate of the UNITED KINGDOM said that

it was the intention of the Drafting Committeethat disputes might be referred by either party tothe Tribunal, and the delegate of the UNION OFSOUTH AFRICA expressed his satisfaction with thisremark, without any addition to the regulation.

Regulation 30 was adopted.After some discussion, it was decided to suggest

at the meeting of the full Commission the inser-tion after the words “ membres du Secrétariat ”in the French text of revised Regulation 36 thewords “ et lorsque cela sera justifie ’’.

DRAFT REPORTS.The delegate of the UNITED STATES (Rappor-

teur) read the Sub-Commission’s draft Reports onthe Staff Regulations and the Financial Regula-tions.

The draft Reports were approved, with the reser-vation that the Sub-Commission had not yet adop-ted the Financial Regulations.

The CHAIRMAN proposed that the Staff Regula-tions should be submitted to the full Commission,and that the latter should be asked to adjourn fora short time to enable the Sub-Commission to exa-mine the Financial Regulations, which it wouldthen submit to the Commission.

A greed.N I N T H M E E T I N G

Held on Thursday, 5 December 1946 at 6 a. m.Chairman : DR. C. E. BEEBY (New Zealand).

DRAFT FINANCIAL REGULATIONS (Continuation).The CHAIRMAN submitted, for the approval of

the Sub-Commission, the Draft Financial Regu-lations (Document Unesco/C/Admin. & Jur./S. C.Ad. & Fin./16) as amended by the drafting Com-mittee in order to insert a reference to the Revol-ving Fund in Regulations 10, 11 and 29.

The UNITED KINGDOM delegate drew attentionto the provisional character of these regulations;and the title of the document in the French textwas accordingly altered, becoming : “ Règlementfinancier provisoire. ”

At the suggestion of the FRENCH delegate, para-graph 2 of Regulation 19 was altered so as to read :“ The Finance Committee of the Executive Board,as provided for in Regulation 4 above, shall exa-mine the report of the auditors... The report of theauditors shall be annexed to the Report. ”

At the suggestion of the SOUTH AFRICAN dele-gate, the English draft of Regulation 15 was alter-ed to read : “ are paid ” instead of ‘‘ will be paid ’’.

The CHAIRMAN took a vote on the Draft Finan-cial Regulations as a whole, which were adoptedunanimously.

At the CHAIRMAN'S suggestion, the delegate ofUruguay was appointed Chairman of the Commit-tee on the Revolving Fund, which would meet onFriday at 11 a. m.

T E N T H M E E T I N GHeld on Friday, 6 December 1946 at 9 a. m.

Chairman : Dr. C. E. BEEBY (New Zealand).ORGANIZATION OF SECRETARIAT (Continuation),

The general discussion of the composition of theSecretariat was continued.

— 211 —


The NEW ZEALAND delegate stated that he sup-ported the amendments put forward by the ‘Uni-ted States, but emphasized the danger which mightarise from any dispersion of the Director-General’sauthority.

The SOUTH AFRICAN delegate suggested that asmall drafting Committee should be set up to re-vise Document 14, since the question whether theGeneral Conference was empowered to delegate itsauthority to the Executive Board was of primaryimportance. It was not to be forgotten that theGeneral Conference was the supreme authoritycompetent to amend the Constitution. He sugges-ted that two questions should be submitted tothe proposed Drafting Committee :

(I) Is it desirable to have a Deputy Director-General?

(2) Is paragraph 3 (on page 2) merely intendedto offer guidance, or does it constitute a bindinginstruction?

The FRENCH delegate stated that, with refe-rence to the co-ordination and planning of the exe-cution of the programme, it was good that the di-rector iii charge of each section of the programmeshould be in direct contact with the Director-Ge-neral or his Deputy. The Director-General neededa deputy and two personal assistants to carry outhis own work. But these officials should not beallowed to become a barrier between the pro-gramme directors and the Director-General him-self.

The UNITED KINGDOM delegate supported thesuggestion to set up a drafting committee, butemphasized that there must be no attempt to res-trict the powers of the Director-General. Manydelegates had been struck by the fact that all theplans submitted by the Preparatory Commissionreferred to several Assistant Directors. He propo-sed that only one appointment of this kind shouldbe made in 1947. Provision should also be madeimmediately for the appointment of a Chief of Per-sonnel.

The UNITED STATES delegate submitted thefollowing proposal : in redrafting the statement,the Drafting Committee must indicate explicitlythat the appointment of a Deputy Director-Gene-ral is compulsory.

This proposal was adopted.The SOUTH AFRICAN delegate proposed that the

matter should be referred to a Drafting Committee,composed of the delegates of the following coun-tries : Australia, France, India, United Kingdom,United States, Union of South Africa, which wouldsubmit its report to the Sub-Commission duringthe afternoon.


The CHAIRMAN explained that, since the Com-mittee which was to deal with the Revolving Fundcould not meet owing to the private meeting ofthe General Conference, he could not present hisreport before the next morning.

Furthermore, the Drafting Committee was pre-paring draft resolutions on the following points :

currencyscale of

in which contributions would be paid;contributions and Revolving Fund; va-

rious financial regulations; auditors; auditing ofthe Preparatory Commission’s accounts. Thesevarious drafts would be submitted to the Sub-Commission for approval at next morning’s mee-ting.

He proposed that the Sub-Commission shouldstudy Document Unesco/C/Admin. & Jur./S. C.Adm. & Fin./15.

The delegate of the UNITED KINGDOM, Chair-man of the Drafting Committee, presented thethree draft resolutions concerning the equaliza-tion of taxes, the employment of the staff of thePreparatory Commission unti l 28 February1947, and the methods to be adopted to facilitatecommunications between Unesco and the MemberStates.

The CHAIRMAN opened the discussion of the firstresolution (taxes).

The delegate of FRANCE asked that the natureof the contributions required from the staff andthe fiscal system adopted be explained.

The SECRETARIAT answered that the questionwas being studied between the United Nations andthe specialised agencies.

The delegate of the UNITED STATES explainedthat the purpose of this motion was only to autho-rize the Director-General to study, this question.The resolution was adopted.

The CHAIRMAN put to the vote the second reso-lution (Staff of the Preparatory Commission),which was adopted without discussion.

As to the third resolution (Communications withMember States), the question was debated whe-ther it did not overlap with the resolution adoptedby the Plenary Commission (point VIII of Docu-ment Unesco/C/Admin. & Jur./S. C. Leg. & Ext.Rel./5) concerning relations between Unesco andMember States.

A vote was taken on the maintenance of theresolution, which was adopted.

BUDGET.

The CHAIRMAN then opened the discussion of theBudget. He said he had only just received the re-ports of the Sub-Commissions of the ProgrammeCommission; two Sub-Commissions had adoptedresolutions with regard to finance, but only theSciences Section had submitted budget estimatesproportional to its programme.

The delegate of INDIA asked on what basis thebudget on page 74 of the Grey Book had been esta-blished.

The SECRETARIAT answered that the budget inthe Grey Book corresponded to the programme inthe Green booklet. He asked the delegate of INDIAto refer to the Grey Book, where he would find,on pages 67 to 73, all the necessary informationabout the basis of estimates and comment on thebudget.

The SECRETARIAT then gave an outline of theamendments made by the Sub-Commissions tothe draft budget. These were few. Only the Edu-cation and Mass Media Sub-Commissions had re-quested that the amount provided should be in-creased, the former to meet the cost of creating

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three Summer Study Centres (instead of two); thelatter because it wished to create a working centrefor journalists. The total thus attained exceededthe original budget by 46,373 dollars. Further-more, the Reconstruction Commission had notaltered the figure provided for it. Consequently,the Secretariat considered that the budget in theGrey Book could be taken as a working basis.

The delegate of FRANCE pointed out that, owingto the confusion existing on this subject and theabsence of exact data, it was, in his opinion, inad-visable to continue the discussion of the document.For his part, he would abstain from expressinghis opinion on the matter.

The delegate of the UNITED STATES suggestedthat, since the Sub-Commission was not going tostudy the budget chapter by chapter, it shouldfirst of all examine the scale of contributions bystates and the 1947 draft budget as a whole.

The delegate of AUSTRALIA agreed,ted that the order be reversed.

but reques-

The delegate of the SOUTH AFRICAN UNION asked

The delegate of POLAND believed that the ques-tion of the recruitment of staff should be re-exa-mined; in his opinion, the system of competitionsin all member countries wasundesirable. However,he did not introduce any formal motion.

The Sub-Commission adopted the document asa whole in its present form.

if in the 1947 draft budget due account had beentaken of the fact that Unesco would not have de-veloped its full activity in the first year. The SE-CRETARIAT answered that the budget had beenestablished according to estimates of work actuallyto be done in 1947, but that in 1948 none of theprogramme chapters would involve larger sumsthan in 1947.

T H I R T E E N T H M E E T I N GHeld on Saturday, 7 December 1946 at 11.45 a. m.

Chairman ; Dr. C. E. BEEBY (New Zealand).

DRAFT BUDGET FOR 1947.

The CHAIRMAN put to the vote the motion ofthe United States delegate, amended by theAustralian delegate.

This resolution was adopted and would formthe agenda of the next meeting of the Sub-Com-mission.

The CHAIRMAN announced that their agendawas the budget, and proposed for immediate dis-cussion either the total sum of 8 ½ million dol-lars contemplated by the Preparatory Commissionor this amount increased by the figure contem-plated for the supplementary budget of the Re-construction Section.

Held on Friday, 6 December 1946 at 7 p. m.Clairman : Dr. C. E. BEEBY (New Zealand).

ORGANIZATION OF THE SECRETARIAT (DocumentUnesco /C/Admin. & Jur. /S. C. Ad. & Fin. /18).

T W E L F T H M E E T I N G

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The CHAIRMAN invited the delegate of the Uni-ted States to present the report which was submit-ted to the Sub-Commission for approval.

The delegate of URUGUAY, Chairman of the Re-volving Fund Committee, announced that at thelast meeting of the Committee, the delegate of theUNITED STATES had announced that for constitu-tional reasons his government could not make anycontribution before next July. The Sub-Commit-tee had asked its Chairman to inform the GeneralCommittee of the Conference of the situation ari-sing out of this statement. However, the delegateof URUGUAY wanted to know if he was qualifiedto do so.

The delegate of the UNITED STATES pointed outthat the document, which was the fifth revision ofa previous document, was now ready to be adoptedby the Sub-Commission. He drew the attentionof the meeting to the three sections (Facts, Di-rectives and Principles) into which the documentwas divided and remarked that minor alterationsin wording might still be made by the draftingcommittee. In conclusion, the United States del-egate proposed that the meeting adopt the docu-ment in its present form.

The delegate of the UNITED STATES said hewould like to consult his government once againon this matter, and asked that the discussion bepostponed.

An amendment submitted by the delegation ofCZECHOSLOVAKIA to lay down the percentage ofposts to be filled on a permanent basis was reject-ed.

The SECRETARIAT informed the meeting that,as no progress had been made regarding the loanof 1 ½ million dollars by the United Nations, atelegram had been sent to the United Nationspointing out the urgency of this question.

The delegate of FRANCE proposed that the Ame-rican delegation consult its government and thatthe question be then brought before the RevolvingFund Committee.

The Sub-Commission adopted this proposal andlater resumed the discussion of the total amountof the budget.

The delegate of FRANCE drew attention to thefact that Item B (2) was not consonant with thedecisions of the Executive Board, which had deci-ded that the duties of the Deputy Director-Gene-ral should be specialized. He proposed that ItemB (2) should be separated from the remainder ofthe report and should be submitted to the Gene-ral Conference for decision the following day.

The CHAIRMAN stated that, according to Dr. Wil-son’s estimates, the total budget, including the re-construction budget, amounted to 8,995,839 dol-lars.

This led to a general discussion of the question,as a result of which the French proposal was re-jected.

The delegate of the UNITED KINGDOM proposedthat the total budget, including the figure for re-construction, but not including the expenses ofthe Preparatory Commission, should amount to7,611,139 dollars. The Delegate of NORWAY se-conded this motion.

The delegate of CZECHOSLOVAKIA proposed a to-


tal figure of 5.9 millions, it being understood thatthe expenses of the Preparatory Commission wouldnot be discussed, since they could not be altered.

The delegate of the UNION OF SOUTH AFRICA,supported by the delegate of CZECHOSLOVAKIA,proposed six million dollars, because in his opinionnot all the projects of the programme could beattempted in 1947, and it was easier to increasethan curtail the expenses. Moreover,Unesco shouldnot appear to be a burden to Member States be-fore it had proved its worth by concrete results.

The delegate of AUSTRALIA declared that theamount of 7.5 millions must be reduced and couldeasily be; the instructions of the Programme Com-mission had not been followed and some of the1947 projects were neither very important norvery useful.

He proposed, therefore, that the total amountbe reduced by approximately 30 per cent and thatthe budget be considered in the light of this re-duction.

The delegates of POLAND, BELGIUM and GREECEsupported this motion, but insisted that theamount contemplated for reconstruction purposesshould not be reduced.

The report on the organization of the Secre-tariat, which was to be submitted to the PlenaryConference, was then rend and approved.

The delegate of CZECHOSLOVAKIA asked that, inthe course of the discussion on the budget, eachdelegate should be authorized to speak more thanonce on a given subject.

Adopted.The meeting rose at 1.10 p. m. and reassembled

at 2.30 p.m.The POLISH delegation seconded the proposal

of the AUSTRALIAN delegate and insisted particu-larly on the necessity of reducing the administra-tive expenses to a minimum. Referring to the ques-tion of scales, which the Sub-Commission had notto discuss, the POLISH delegation pointed out thatthe scale of contributions, as it was at present,was not acceptable to it.

The delegate of NEW ZEALAND seconded theAUSTRALIAN proposal, because he did not considerthat the figure of 7.5 millions rested on a seriousbasis and could not understand what was the ba-sis of calculation used. In any case, he thought theprogramme would have to be completely revisedon the basis of the figure that would be fixed forthe budget. Moveover, in 1947, there would onlybe a few months effective work, which shouldallow of a substantial reduction of the budget.

The delegate of CANADA seconded the Austra-lian motion, whilst hoping at the same time thatthe reduction would not affect the figure for re-construction.

At the request of the delegate of AUSTRALIA, theSECRETARIAT gave a brief account of the historyand establishment of the draft budget. Since theprogramme

f rhad been expanded after the budget

had been amed, there was no real relation be-tween the figure considered and the nature andnumber of projects. If they were to be comparedto those of the United Nations, the expenses wouldnot seem too high, especially with regard to staff,for which only one-third of the requests by Headsof Sections had been taken into consideration.

FOURTEENTH MEETING:Held on Saturday, 7 December 1946 at 3.20 p. m.


At the request of the UNITED STATES delégate,the CHAIRMAN put to the vote three resolutionsconcerning the aggregate amount of the budget,which had been submittetl at the morning’s mee-ting :

Budget for 1947 (including recon-struction) . . . . . . . . . . $ 7,611,139

Expenditure for Preparatory Com-mission in 1946 . . . . . . . . $ 950,000

Total. . . . . . . . . $ 8,561,139

2nd Resolution, submitted by the CZECHOSLO-VAK delegate and seconded by the delegate of theUNION OF SOUTH AFRICA :Budget for 1947 (including recon-

struction) . . . . . . . . . . $ 6,000,000Expenditure for Preparatory Com-

mission in 1946 . . . . . . . . $ 950,000Total. . . . . . . . . $ 6,950,000

3rd Resolution, submitted by the AUSTRALIANdelegate and seconded by the delegate of theUNION OF SOUTH AFRICA :Budget for 1947 (including recon-

struction) . . . . . . . . . $ 5,700,000Expenditure for Preparatory Com-

mission in 1946 . . . . . . . $ 950,000Total. . . . . . . . . . $ 6,650,000

A vote was taken by roll-call.The AUSTRALIAN resolution was rejected by 10

votes to 8.The CZECHOSLOVAK resolution was adopted by 10

votes to 9; I r delegations abstaining.The AUSTRALIAN delegate asked that the de-

tails of the vote should be accurately specified inthe report to be submitted to the General Con-ference.

This proposal, seconded by the FRENCH andBELGIAN delegates, was adopted.

F I F T E E N T H M E E T I N GHeld on Saturday, 7 December 1946 at 6.10 p. m.


The UNIOTED KINGDOM delegate, as Chairman ofthe Drafting Committee, proposed the adoptionof Document 23 of the Administrative and Finan-cial Sub-Commission, together with two resolu-tions respecting :

I) the scale of contributions;2) the total amount of the Revolving Fund.The resolution regarding the adoption of Docu-

ment 23 was seconded by the BELGIAN and Nor-


WEGIAN delegates, and Was adopted unanimously.The U NITED KINGDOM delegate then read a

draft resolution concerning the Revolving Fund :“ The General Conference decides that a

Revolving Fund of 3 million dollars shall beestablished. ”The resolution was seconded by the delegate of

INDIA.The UNTIED STATES delegate expressed the opi-

nion that the amount of the Revolving Fund wasclosely related to the declarations made by thedelegate of Uruguay, and that it would be prefe-rable to adjourn the matter until Monday.

This proposal was seconded by FRANCE andCANADA.

The UNITED KINGDOM delegate agreed with theUNITED STATES delegate, and stated that he wasprepared to withdraw his resolution.

The resolution of the UNITED STATES was adop-ted; and the discussion concerning the RevolvingFund and the scale of contributions adjourneduntil Monday.

The UNITED STATES delegate then submitted adraft resolution respecting the approval of thebudget, but the CHAIRMAN suggested that a deci-sion on this should be adjourned until Monday.

This was approved unanimously.The CHAIRMAN raised the question of the sala-

ries of the Deputy Director-General and the Assis-tant Directors-General (page 36 of the Englishtext, paragraph 19 a and 19 b, of the Preparatory.Commission Report).

The UNITED KINGDOM deleghate stated that hethought the problem was solved by Regulation 22of the Draft Staff Regulations.

The UNITED STATES delegate thought that itworld be advisable to adopt the same procedureas United Nations.

The CHAIRMAN asked Mr. Morrissey to speak inorder to make a statement regarding contribu-tions. Mr. MORRISSEY stated that he had been intouch with the United Nations treasury. Theinformation received in Paris on this subject waspremature. No contribution scales for United Na-tions had yet been adopted by the Sub-Commis-sion dealing with contributions, nor had any yetbeen submitted to the General Assembly for adop-tion.

The FRENCH delegate proposed that the nextmeeting should take place on Monday at 9.30 a. m.

This was seconded by the Belgian delegate

Opening the meeting, the CHAIRMAN announcedthat four draft resolutions would be considered.These draft resolutions appeared in DocumentUnesco/C/Admin. & Jur./S. C. Ad. & Fin./z5.

Draft Resolution concerning the Budget.Submitted by the UNITED STATES delegation

and supported by the NETHERLANDS delegation.Adopted.

The UNITED KINGDOM delegation proposed theadoption of three other resolutions which the meet-ing examined one by one.

Draft Resolution concerning Staff Regulations.The U NITED STATES delegate supported the

draft resolution in its present form. However, onthe proposal of the BELGIAN delegate, supportedby the CHAIRMAN, the meeting decided to adoptthe resolution with the following amendment :

‘‘ That the General Conference be asked todelete Regulation 43 in the Staff Regulations. ”

Draft Resolution concerning the scale of contribu-tions of Member States.The CHINESE delegation expressed its desire to

act in close co-operation with Unesco, particularlyin connection with essential scientific and educa-tional projects, which they would like to see deve-loped in the Far East, and added their willingnessto contribute their allotted share of the budget.

The Resolution was adopted.

Drajt Resolution concerning the Revolving Fund.The UNITED STATES delegation supported the

Resolution.An amendment by the CZECHOSLOVAK delega-

tion proposing the reduction of the RevolvingFund to 1,500,000 dollars and the possibility ofpaying contributions otherwise than in dollar cur-rency was rejected.

The Resolution was adopted in its original form.The CHAIRMAN proposed that the meeting

should consider a document concerning additionaldraft rules to the Rules of Procedure of the Exe-cutive Board before referring it to the GeneralConference. M. SOMMERFELT submitted the docu-ment to the meeting.

A discussion began as to whether the words “ ortheir substitutes ” should be deleted in para-graph 2, but no decision was taken, the Sub-Com-mission having agreed that it was not sufficientlyconversant with the legal aspect of the matter.

Several delegations considered that paragraph 4was redundant, as its provisions were self-evident.The Meeting decided to delete paragraph 4.

The UNITED STATES delegation proposed anamendment to paragraph 2, which was supportedby the FRENCH delegation :

Insert the words “ for the year 1947 ” after theword “ fix ’’.

At the end of the paragraph add the words‘‘ ....and the conditions applying to them, whichshould be similar to those established by the Uni-ted Nations.”

Adopted.-On the proposal of the UNITED KNGDOM dele-

gation, the Meeting decided to refer the amendeddocument to the Executive Board for considera-tion and subsequent submission to the GeneralConference, in accordance with procedure to bedetermined by the General Committee.

Before adjourning the meeting, the CHAIRMANagain thanked Sir Cecil Kisch, Honorary Finan-cial Adviser, and Mr. Richardson, Chairman ofthe Drafting Committee.


A N N E X E S


A N N E X I

REPORTOF THE PROGRAMME COMMISSION

GENERAL CONFERENCEINTRODUCTION

T he Programme Commission at its first meet-ing adopted five criteria for the selectionof proposals for inclusion in the programme

of Unesco. These criteria had to do with thepurpose of the Organization, the coherence ofthe programme, its financial feasibility, its feas-ibility in terms of staff and the appropriatenessof any given project to the end in view. Inaddition to the establishment of these criteria,the Commission requested that proposals he dis-tinguished in terms of priority, with particularreference to the possibility of accomplishment inthe year 1947, and that projects “ should be fewin number and should involve, at least in the firstyear, crucially important and obviously usefulundertakings“‘.

The work of the Commission was thereuponassigned to six Sub-Commissions which were re-quested to observe the criteria established andto conform to the instructions issued. The sixSub-Commissions have now completed their workand have submitted to the Programme Commis-sion their final reports which, with minor modi-fications, have been adopted. These reports are,in themselves, remarkable and distinguished docu-ments. They cannot be read without a mountingsense of the limitless possibilities and the poten-tial importance of the mission of Unesco. Neithercan they be read without an acute and poignantrealization of the immediate and present urgencyof the task with which Unesco is faced. All of thereports place first, in the order of urgency, theneeds of the peoples who have felt at first handthe impact of the war. All of them put in thefirst order of priority the provision of the mate-rials and the services which arc necessary if thechildren of these countries are to resume theireducation, if their artists and scientists and menof learning are to pursue again their callings, iftheir libraries arc to be rebuilt and stocked againwith books, and if the apparatus of scientificinquiry is to be renewed.

The drafting committee, appointed to developfrom the reports of the various Sub-Commissionsa coherent and single programme, has neverthe-less found itself obliged to make an over-allselection in terms of immediate significance. Thisselection, necessarily somewhat arbitrary, has beenmade by applying to the reports of the variousSub-Commissions the criteria already establishedby the Commission as a whole.

The Committee, that is to say, has had in mindthe requirements that proposals approved shouldserve to advance the purpose of the Organization‘‘ to contribute to peace and security by promo-ting collaboration among the nations througheducation, science and culture ’’; the requirementthat projects approved should constitute a cohe-rent whole; the requirement that they should bepractically feasible and appropriate; and the re-quirement that they should be few in numberand should relate to matters of self-evident impor-tance and usefulness.

As regards the first of these requirements, theCommittee has borne in mind also the languagein the Preamble to the Constitution which citesthe “ common welfare of mankind ” as one ofthe concerns of the Organization. It is the viewof the Committoe, as we assume it is the viewof the General Conference, that the stated purposeof Unesco to contribute to peace and securitymust be read in the light of this phrase, and thatthe “ peace ” to which reference is made mustbe interpreted in a positive rather than a negativesense. “ Peace ” in this contest, in other words,means something more than a more absence ofovert hostilities. It means a condition of soli-darity, harmony of purpose and co-ordination ofactivities in which free men and women can livea secure and satisfactory life — a condition inwhich war is affirmatively prevented by the dyna-mic and purposeful creation of a decent andhuman relationship between the peoples of theworld — a condition in which the incentives towar are neutralized by the social, spiritual andeconomic advances created and achieved.

Thus interpreted, the principal criterion of se-lection, taken together with the additional criteriaestablished by the Programme Commission, seemsto the Committee to offer a means by which theprojects reported by the Sub-Commissions maybe reduced to such a single and coherent pro-gramme as we understand to be desired. Needlessto say, the selection we have made is, in no sense,intended to eliminate any item recommended byany Sub-Commission and approved by the meet-ing of the Programme Commission. The fullreports of the Sub-Commissions are appended tothis report and are thus submitted to the Confe-rence for adoption. What we have clone is toindicate how those projects may be made toconform most nearly to the established criteriaand how they may he combined in a single pro-.gramme which will, we hope, be regarded ascoherent, important, and demonstrably useful.

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One further preliminary word is necessary. Wehave not selected our projects in terms of thedivision of the entire subject matter into thevarious fields assigned to the Sub-Commissions.We have selected them rather in terms of Unesco’sover-riding purpose to contribute to peace andsecurity, and more particularly, in terms of thevarious functions by which — as it seems to us— Unesco can best contribute to this purpose.These functions, given the over-all purpose andthe field of human intercourse in which Unescois to act, are fairly evident. Unesco will contributeto peace and security by promoting collaborationamong the nations in the preservation of men’sknowledge of themselves, their world and eachother; in the increase of that knowledge throughlearning; science and the arts; and in the disse-mination of that knowledge through educationand through communications generally. This lastfunction, given the present distressed and criticalstate of the world, would seem to be the mostimportant, though not necessarily the most urgent.There are great areas of the world in which thepreservation of men’s knowledge of their worldand of each other is crucially important. Unlessthe institutions of learning can be restored inthose countries in which the malice and supersti-tion and ignorance of the common enemy des-troyed them, it will be impossible for men andwomen and children to pick up their lives againas human beings.

gramme, therefore, with those forward projectswhich relate most directly to the future task.First among these, we put those projects in thefield of the dissemination of knowledge througheducation and mass communication which appearto us most likely to produce practical and effec-tive results in the immediate future, whetherthrough the removal of barriers to communicationbetween peoples, or through the increased effecti-veness and richness of such communication.

Two projects looking toward the increasedeffectiveness of communication through the chan-nels of education seem to us to belong to thebeginning of this account. The first of these isthe proposed development of a world-wide pro-gramme of fundamental education (or the esta-blishment of minimum educational standards)which, it is anticipated, will contribute to thevital struggle against illiteracy which must nowbe joined and must now be won.

There are other fields also in which the increaseof knowledge has the first importance — fields inwhich the events of the last few dreadful yearshave clearly demonstrated that lack of knowledgemay be a cause of war — fields which cry out forthe concerted and disinterested analysis of whichscholarship and science are capable, and the con-certed and imaginative understanding which thosewho love the human spirit and who believe inthe capacities of the human mind can give.

In the words of the Preparatory Commission,“ the Charter of the United Nations points outthat stability and well-being are necessary ifpeaceful and friendly relations among the nationsare to be created. Such conditions imply advancesin economic and living standards as well as theuniversal acceptance and observance of funda-mental human rights and freedom... The presenteducational inequality between nations representsa danger to the peace of the world which cannotbecome ONE if half of it remains illiterate ’’.

The urgent projects aimed at the preservationof the knowledge and the means of knowledge ofmankind are not listed in detail here. They willbe found in the place of first importance in thereports of the Sub-Commissions. Their characteris familiar to us all and to all the world. WhateverUnesco can. do in rehabilitation will be all toolittle, and even that little will be all too late.Nevertheless, we of this Conference and of thisOrganization are agreed that everything we cando must be done.

Such a programme will involve, in addition,new forms of education especially for adults — inagriculture, health and citizenship. The first stepin this great project will be the appointment ofa panel of experts, most of whom would not bepermanent members of the Unesco staff. On invi-tation, they will assist in the development ofprogrammes of education, making contacts withworkers in the field. The central staff of Unescowill assist in providing suitable materials, in theclarification of language difficulties, and in theutilization of all forms of instruction — books,pictures, films and radio — which may serve thepurposes of the programme. Assistance will besought in collateral fields, such as libraries, andthe social sciences. As the programme advances,follow-up work will carry the new skills of readingand writing to a fuller implementation of every-day life and, further, to a growing recognition ofinternational problems.

At the same time, it is universally agreed, andhas been agreed since the Conference at London,that Unesco, whatever its responsibilities for thepreservation of knowledge and the reconstructionof the institutions and the means of knowledge,is not itself only a relief or a rehabilitation agency :it is an agency for the preservation of peacethrough understanding. What is required of ushere at this first Conference is to present to theworld a programme which will clearly demonstratehow, and in’ what measure, Unesco intends toaccept the responsibility imposed upon it by itsCharter, and by what means it proposes to trans-late that responsibili ty into action and intopractical results.

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The time has come to recognize, what can onlybe recognized from the international point ofview which Unesco occupies, that the world owesa duty to its less-favoured peoples, not only intheir interest but in its own. It is not necessary,in order to recognize this duty, to assert thatthe roots of the evil of our time lie solely in thethings of the human spirit, any more than it isnecessary to assert, in order to arrive at certainother coclusions, that the roots of these evilslie solely in material conditions. It is necessaryonly to admit — as all in this room must admit,for otherwise they would not be here — thatwhat passes in the minds of men is a reality —and a reality which may well affect the greatissue of peace and war — of life and death.

We begin our description of Unesco’s pro- A second major project intended to facilitate


communication through the channels of educationis the proposal for a comprehensive revision oftext-books and related teaching materials. Thisproject calls for a clearing house for the collectionand dissemination of information on the revisionof text-books, starting with the accumulationof the most commonly used text-books. Necessa-rily involved in this proposal is the assumptionby Unesco of a responsibility to report to theGeneral Conference and to the United Nationsand the world at large any instances of the misuseof text-books which might be considered to cons-titute a danger to the peace. No question of cen-sorship is involved here or elsewhere in Unesco’sprogramme. Unesco is not the policeman of themind, nor the censor of the imagination. Unescois, however, charged, under its Constitution, witha duty to preserve peace, in so far as peace canbe preserved, through the instruments of educa-tion, of science and of culture. It has, therefore,a clear responsibility, finally and in the last ana-lysis, to call to the attention of the member na-tions of Unesco and of the United Nations anymisuse of the facilities of teaching which it consi-ders dangerous to the peace.

Communication between peoplein the contem-porary world, however, ii not limited to educationor to the materials which education traditionallyemploys. A technological development of revo-lutionary importance and of incalculable poten-tialities for good or evil has taken place in thepress, radio, in the motion picture and in thenewer technical developments of a related charac-ter. It is now, for the first time, possible to con-ceive of culture in planetary terms because it isnow, for the first time, possible to communicateupon a planetary scale. Proposals before thisConference provide for the employment by Unescoof these new means of mass communication andfor action by Unesco. to remove the obstacles inthe way of their full and most effective employ-ment.

The first of these is the proposal for the esta-blishement of a world-wide network for radio broad-casting and reception. It is not suggested thatUnesco should embark immediately upon an un-dertaking of such scope and cost. It is suggested,however, that Unesco should undertake forthwitha study of the possibility of such an undertakingwith a view to the presentation to the next GeneralConference of a practicable plan for action. Closelyassociated with this proposal is a second proposalthat Unesco should undertake a survey of thepress, the film, and the whole range of telecom-munications and postal services, with a view toexamining the adequacy of existing channels forthe world’s communication needs. It is thoughtthat proposals can be made, in the light of sucha study, for the elimination of inadequacies wherethey are found to exist, and for the encouragementof such supplementary services as will best serveUnesco’s purposes. Specific proposals are madefor the establishment of an international radioforum and a world university of the air by which,within the framework of existing facilities, sub-jects of international interest can be discussed.

Combined with these positive proposals for thedevelopment of existing channels of communi-

cation, and the possible establishment of a newplanetary system, there are also what might becalled negative or curative proposals for the re-moval of barriers obstructing the flow of commu-nication. Any such undertakings on Unesco’s partmust, of course, be related to similar under-takings by other agencies of the United Nations,such as, for example, the Economic and SocialCouncil and its organs.

But ‘it is not in the field of mass media alonethat barriers exist which Unesco must labour toremove in the accomplishment of its essentialand central purpose of advancing the freedom ofthe people of the world to understand each other.Similar barriers exist inconnection with librariesand museums, and with literature and the crea-tive arts. Never before in the history of the worldhave there been so many men and women hungryfor books who lack the means of satisfying theirhunger. Never before in the history of the worldhas the freedom of the creative artist to satisfythe fundamental need of his time been so restrictedas it is restricted now by commercial practicesand by censorious suppression.

Among the projects proposed are projects aimedat the removal of these barriers. Studies are pro-posed of discriminatory commercial rates, of bu-reaucratic customs formalities, of unnecessarilyhigh postal rates, and of other similar obstacles tothe movement of books and other materials ofcommunication. Co-operation is also proposed inthe preparation for the universal Copyright Confe-rence proposed by the Belgian Government for1947.

Furthermore, and as regards creative artists, aresolution has been proposed in, the followingterms :

“ That the freedom of the creative artist toaccomplish his proper purpose as an artist inany nation is a matter of concern to the peoplesof all nations, and

“ That Unesco, acting for and on behalf ofthe peoples of all nations, will take such mea-sures as are open to it under its Constitutionto protect and defend the freedom of the artistwherever it is put in danger. ”But in these fields also Unesco is not conceived

of in merely negative terms. In this same fieldof the creative arts, it is proposed that Unescoshould, in the near future, conduct an investi-gation of the way in which conditions affectingthe livelihood and work of the creative artist maybe improved, and should co-operate with otheragencies in safeguarding the valuable art and cul-ture of primitive and non-industrial peoples fromdebasement or extinction.

Again, as regards printed materials, it is pro-posed that Unesco should establish a central in-ternational inter-library loan system by which rea-ders in any part of the world may, given theco-operation of the world’s librarians, have access,either in original or copy, to the printed materialscontained in any library in any country. It isproposed further that Unesco should assist libra-ries and schools to obtain books, periodicals, worksof art and museum objects from all the countriesof the world, matching needs with available sup-plies. The use of photographic reproduction, both

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for the protection and for the greater availabilityof printed material, is conceived of upon a scalenever before undertaken. It is clearly seen andclearly proposed that the world’s resources of cul-tural materials destroyed in the war can be re-placed in part by a world system of loan and re-production where they cannot be replaced in kind.

Beyond the development of technological andscholarly means by which the remaining resourcesof the world may be made more fully and morewidely useful, it is also proposed to encouragethe establishment of public or popular librariesand museums, where they do not now exist, asaids in the great labour of mass education whichmust be undertaken.

The principal proposals for activity in the fieldof increase of men’s knowledge of themselves, theirworld and each other are to be found, as wouldbe expected, in the fields of science. The propo-sals before us in the natural sciences do not, ofcourse, neglect the essential and pressing problemof the preservation of knowledge — the replace-ment of scientific and technical apparatus, parti-cularly in the devastated areas of the world. Itis proposed that this replacement should be ac-complished by surveying actual needs and bystimulating the creation of agencies to collect anddistribute needed supplies. A related proposal car-rying beyond rehabilitation into the continuinglabour of scientific work is the proposal for theinterchange of scientists of all grades. Unesco, itis proposed, shall administer fellowship grantsmade available to it and shall establish a limitednumber of fellowships from its own funds. It willalso stimulate and, to some extent, subsidize meet-ings of international scientific and other learnedorganizations. It will co-operate with internatio-nal unions of scientific personnel. Travelling pa-nels of scientists will be sent to various-countrieson invitation. In regions remote from the maincentres of scientific research and technology, ex-perience has shown that a small mobile tram con-cerned with scientific liaison can not only facili-tate, but also immensely stimulate the advanceof science and its application. All these proposalsare, of course, only part of a broader programmeof exchange of personnel and encouragement ofinternational conferences which is to be found inthe reports of all the Sub-Commissions.

It is also proposed that Unesco should under-take a similar study of the group of problemscreated by the impact of modern technologicaldevelopments upon social life and social institu-tions. It is believed that tensions, both nationaland international, created by this impact are thusfar little understood. A new attack upon this pro-blem utilizing modern methods of survey and ana-lysis is presented.

One of the most interesting of the proposals ha-ving to do with increase of knowledge, is a pro-posal in a field in which new knowledge is urgent-ly necessary. It is proposed that Unesco shouldstudy the problem of satisfactory living in theEquatorial forest zone. As a concrete beginning,Unesco will take over the co-ordination of thevarious researches made by many nations on theresources and conditions of life in the great Ama-zonian forest, with a view to establishing later anEquatorial Survey Institute. A similar proposalrelates to the study, in collaboration with otherUnited Nations Organisations, of the urgent scien-tific problems arising in those regions of the worldwhere the majority of the population is under-nourished. As a first stage. Unesco will recruitteams of specialists, expert in nutritional scienceand food, technology, to attack the problem in

Again it is proposed that Unesco should exa-mine the philosophic problems of the time. It isagreed, of course, that Unesco must not be com-mitted to a dogmatic position in any field or toa philosophy which would exclude other basicphilosophies directed to the human and humaneends to which UNESCO, by its Constitution, is de-voted. The philosophic problem of Unesco is theproblem of finding common ground for under-standing and agreement between diverse philoso-phies and religions. This is a new and importantproblem for philosophy directly related to thecause of peace. It is proposed that it should bethe subject of discussion in a conference of philo-sophers to be called in the year 1947.

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These, in the view at least of this committee,are the projects offered by the Sub-Commissionswhich outline most clearly the character whichUnesco will take on when it moves from its pre-paratory and planning stage to the stage of action.

three sample regions : the Amazon forest, Indiaand China: —

Other projects looking toward the increase ofknowledge in ways directly related to Unesco’sresponsibility to “contribute to peace, are to befound in the Social Sciences where it is proposedthat Unesco should undertake a study of tensionsconducive to wear. This study would include studiesof nationalism and internationalism, the pressureof populations and the effect of technological pro-gress upon the well-being of peoples. It will callfor a new type of co-operation among social scien-tists, anthropologists, geographers and psycholo-gists, and it will demand, as the work progresses,new methods of investigation and report. In suchan elaborate undertaking, recourse will be had tothe national commissions of Member States wher-ever possible.

With regard to nationalism and internationa-lism, the three main objectives will be :

(I) To bring to light the distinctive characterof the various national cultures and national ideals.

(2) To help in stimulating the sympathy andrespect of the nations for each other’s ideals andaspirations, and appreciation of national problems.

(3) To study and recommend for action possiblemeasures which can bring the nations into closerco-operation, while maintaining the fullest respectfor their cultures and ideals.

The study of population will be undertakenco-operatively with the United Nations Economicand Social Council, which has set up a demogra-phic commission. Among the factors which maybe identified as forming a part of this great pro-blem, are the excessive increase or decrease inpopulations, the effect of migration, tensions crea-ted among groups within nations or dependentareas, and problems arising from certain customs,standards or political restrictions.


There are, of course, many additional proposalslisted in the reports of the Sub-Commissions which,equally with the proposals here named, are beforethe Conference for adoption. It is clearly the res-ponsibility of the Director-General to determine— within the limits of the funds made availableto him, and in consultation with the ExecutiveBoard, — which of the many projects proposed bythe Sub-Commissions and approved by the Pro-gramme Commission and the General Conferencehe will undertake. All the drafting committee hasattempted to do, is to draw from the reports ofthe Sub-Commissions those items to which theyseem to have devoted principal attention, andwhich, under an over-all examination, appear toconform most nearly to the criteria established.If the General Conference agrees with the draf-ting committee, it will be saying, in effect, thatthe Director-General would be well advised, inits opinion, to frame his programme around theprojects here presented. We wish, however, to beclearly understood to state that the Director-Ge-neral, as the responsible officer of the Organization,must, in the last analysis, make the selection andproduce the programme in consultation with theExecutive Board.

We have not in this report touched upon thequestion of the machinery by which these variousproposals will be realized. ‘I he reports of the va-rious Sub-Commissions contain in some detail anaccount of the instruments to be used. It is suffi-cient, we think, to state here that, although thesevarious proposals are advanced as proposals foraction by Unesco, they are, in the last analysis,proposals advanced for action by the peoples ofthe world. Without the collaboration of the mem-ber nations, Unesco can do nothing and can benothing. Without the collaboration of the peopleswho compose the member nations, the underta-kings of Unesco — undertakings which touch mostnearly the lives of peoples every where — can haveno -reality and no true meaning. In presenting,therefore, this report, and in proposing that theprogramme which it outlines should be adopted,we are speaking not to the General Conferenceof Unesco alone but to the peoples of the world.

Here, in our opinion, is a programme for com-mon action to construct in the minds of men suchdefences of peace as the minds of men can main-tain. If it is possible in the present dark andlowering atmosphere of cynicism, suspicion anddespair, for men to agree upon a common pro-gramme, they should, we think, be able to agreeon this. In the final count, in the last determi-nation, we must trust our power to be men. Asmen — as thinking men — as men who think,believe, and have the will to act — we can agreetogether on the end of peace. Agreeing on thatend, we should be able to agree that there aresteps by which the end can be approached.

In the high confidence that the projects hereproposed are projects which can bring us nearerto the hoped-for goal, we put these programmesin your hands.

R E P O R T O F T H E S U B - C O M M I S S I O N O NEDUCATION

The Education Sub-Commission is of the opi-nion that National Commissions or National Co-operating Bodies can play an important part inpromoting and implementing this programme andit strongly urges them to accept this responsi-bility. Other relevant national and internationalorganizations can be of great assistance in further-ing this programme.

I. — Immediate work for InternationalUnderstanding.

(a) A STUDY FOR EDUCATION FOR INTERNATIO-NAL UNDERSTANDING in the primary andsecondary schools and in institutions ofhigher learning of the Member States, tobe conducted by the Secretariat of Unesco,in consultation with a panel of experts andin collaboration with the Member States.

(b)

(c)

To be undertaken in 1947.(d)

(e)

I I .

(a)

CLEARING HOUSE ACTIVITIES ON INYTERNA-TIONAL EXCHANGE OF PERSONS — Children,students, teachers, youth leaders, leadersin adult education and workers’ organiza-tions, and members of various professions.These activities should include a study ofthe equivalence of’ school standards and col-lege and university degrees.

To be begun in 1947. (A)ASSISTANCE TO INTERNATIONAL RELATIONSCLUBS working through the educationalagencies and youth organizations of theMember States, providing information andmaterials for their use.

To be begun in 1947. (B)

— Long-term work for InternationalUnderstanding.

A PROGRAMME OF FUNDAMENTAL EDUCA-TION under the direction of the Secretariatand a panel of experts, to help to establisha minimum fundamental education for all

To be begun in 1947. (A) *A SEMINAR ON EDUCATION FOR INTERNA-TIONAL UNDERSTANDING for teachers fromMember States, together with regional semi-nars (on the same lines), as considered fea-sible by the Secretariat.

To be held in 1947. (A)PUBLICATION OF AN INTERNATIONAL EDU-CATIONAL YEARBOOK and the establishmentof a Committee on Educational Statistics.

persons.To be begun in 1947 (See publication :

Fundamental Education : Common Groundf or All Peoples) . (A)

* (A) Most urgent projects.(B) Desirable projects.(C) Advisable projects.

223 ——


THE COLLECTION OF DATA ON ADULT EDU-CATION from Member States on the contentand techniques of adult educational activi-ties — exploratory steps during 1947. (A)

III. — Improvement of teaching and teachingmate r ia l s fo r In te rna t iona l Unders tand ing .

(a) A PROGRAMME FOR THE IMPROVEMENT OFTEXT-ROOKS AND TEACHING MATERIALS ASAIDS IN DEVELOPING INTERNATIONAL UN-D E R S T A N D I N G .I. Unesco should establish a clearing house

for the collection and dissemination ofdata on the analysis and revision of text-books and other teaching materials. Asa first step in this direction, Unescoshould ask every Member State to send,in 1947, a full set of its most commonlyused text-books on history, geography,civics and other subjects related to inter-national understanding.

2. The Secretariat should arrange for thestudy of these materials with the assis-tance of National Commissions and othernational bodies; Member States shouldbe invited at the same time to studytheir own text-books from the point ofview of their effect on international un-derstanding. The results of these enqui-ries should be reported to the next Gene-ral Conference.

3. The Secretariat should draw up, in con-sultation with qualified experts, a set ofprinciples or code of ethics by whicheach Member State might, as it sees fit,analyze its own text-books and teachingmaterials.

4. Unesco should establish contacts withthe Member States, with associations ofeducationists and scientists and with otherlearned societies, in order to assist them,when invited, in the presentation ofevents and facts of international signifi-cance.

5. Unesco should call world conferences, ifdeemed desirable, on specific aspects ofthe revision and improvement of teachingmaterials

6. Unesco should encourage Member Statesto make bilateral and regional agree-ments concerning text-books and otherteaching materials, and should assist bypreparing ‘ model Agreements ’, and thedissemination of information on suchagreements.

7. Unesco should encourage bilateral andregional enterprises and give assistanceto them, whether under governmental ornon-governmental auspices.

8. Unesco should prepare from time to timenew materials on international affairs tobe placed at the disposal of text-bookwriters.

9. Unesco should undertake the responsibi-lity of reporting to the General Confe-rence instances of text-book usage inimi-cal to peace among nations. (A)

(b) A TEACHERS ' CHARTER — A Committee,appointed by the Director-General, shouldinvite drafts of such a charter from inte-rested persons and groups with a view toimproving the status of teachers.

To be begun in 1947. (C)(c) CLEARING HOUSE FOR STUDIES ON THE TEA-

CHING PROFESSION, to include the demandfor teachers, problems of recruitment, trai-ning of teachers, their status and remune-ration.

To be begun in 1947. (B)

IV. — Activities in co-operation with otherorganizations.

(a) APPOINTMENT OF AN EXPERT COMMITTEEON HEALTH EDUCATION, in conjunction withthe United Nations, the World Health Or-ganization, the Food and Agricultural Or-ganization, the International Labour Organ-ization and other organizations with specialcompetence in this field, to explore the fieldof health education.

To be begun in 1947. (A)(b) STUDY OF HANDICAPPED CHILDREN . with

special reference to those in war-devastatedcountries, should be undertaken by the Se-cretariat in 1947, with other organizationsconcerned with this problem. (A)

(a)

(b)

(c)

(d)

(e)

V. — Action on other proposals.

RECONSTRUCTION CAMPS in war-devastatedcountries were endorsed for their educationalmerits, the project being undertaken as apart of the reconstruction and rehabilitationprogramme of Unesco.THE RE -EDUCATION OF EX -ENEMY COUN -TRIES was raised in a proposal calling forthe immediate study by Unesco of the ge-neral problem and issues arising in connec-tion with the opening up of ex-enemy coun-tries to educational and cultural influencesfrom democratic countries, and the matterwas referred to the Executive Board ofUnesco.AN INTERNATIONAL EDUCATION NEWSLET-'TER or some other form of news releasesshould be studied further by the Secreta-riat. (C)WORLD PEACE DAY. The Secretariat shouldinvestigate the celebration of the first ofJanuary throughout the world as a day ofthe comity of nations and universal bro-therhood. (C)TRAINING IN INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS ,with particular reference to InternationalStudy Centres and an International Uni-versity, was referred to the Social SciencesSub-Commission, on the understanding thatany plans would be developed in collabora-tion with the Education Section of Unesco.

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(f) EDUCATION OF YOUTH ALONG GENERAL ,TECHNICAL AND PROFESSIONAL LINES .

Action postponed.

A Committee, appointed by the Education Sub-Commission of the Programme Commission, withpower to act for it, considered priorities for pro-jects recommended by the Education Sub-Com-mission. The Committee decided to classify pro-jects in three categories :

A — most urgentB — desirableC — advisable

Category A. I (a)I (b)I (d)

Category B. I (c)

Category C. III (b)

V (d)

The Committee points out that while all theprojects listed in Category A are urgent, a num-ber of them will not involve heavy commitmentsin Staff or funds in 1947.

Several projects, namely V (a), V (b), V (e)and V (f) have not been classified. These requireno additional staff for any action which may betaken in 1947.

R E P O R T O F T H E S U B - C O M M I S S I O NO N M A S S C O M M U N I C A T I O N

Projects for 1947 in order of priority.P. 1. — Rehabilitation.

(a) COMMISSION ON IMMEDIATE TECHNICAL NEEDS.

Unesco should, as a first and pressing measure,appoint three Commissions on Immediate Techni-cal Needs, to examine the requirements of those

countries — particularly in Europe and the FarEast — where the war has caused serious lossof equipment and personnel, or where rehabili-tation and reconstruction are affected by inade-quate technical knowledge and facilities. Theyshould examine present needs for raw materials,equipment and trained technical personnel ineach of the fields of films, radio and press. Theirenquiries should cover the supply of raw filmstock, pulp and paper; film cameras and projec-tors, radio transmitting and receiving apparatus;printing machinery and type. The Commissionsshould present their reports within six months,and should include in them recommendationsregarding :

(i) immediate measures for correcting the defi-ciencies referred to;

(ii) further plans ensuring a continuous im-provement in the supply of equipment andraw materials, together with the provisionof such expert advice and technical per-sonnel as may be required.

(b) TECHNICAL TRAINING SCHEME.

On the basis of a general scheme and with theobject of facilitating the pooling of experience,Unesco should encourage, on the widest interna-tional basis, the exchange of instructors andtrainees in this field.

Unesco, in the interests of those countriestrying to create, extend or improve their ownmass media, should operate a scheme wherebycountries with the best technical resources wouldgive to countries less favoured the benefits oftheir experience, by training guest-personnel inthe various fields.

For this purpose fellowships should be esta-blished either by the host-countries, through Go-vernment or non-Government bodies, or, wherenecessary, by Unesco itself.

Simultaneously, a higher order of fellowshipsshould be established which would enable quali-fied practitioners in the fields of mass media tohave “ refresher courses ” in countries other thantheir own.

P. 2. — Free Flow of Communication.

Unesco should co-operate with the Sub-Com-mission on Freedom of Information of the Com-mission on Human Rights in the preparation ofthe report on the obstacles to the free flow ofinformation and ideas. The report should includea survey of available facilities throughout theworld for the printing of news, books and perio-dicals, and production and distribution of films,and the broadcasting and reception of radio pro-grammes. It should deal with copyright restric-tions, with the cost of cables and wireless com-munications — indeed with all restrictions onthe flow of information and ideas across inter-national boundaries, and with the suppressionand distortion of information and ideas by anyinfluence. Unesco should take immediate actionto develop an agreement with the Commissionon Human Rights to assure early and effectiveaction in this field, taking cognizance of the ini-tiative of the United Nations in calling a Confe-rence on Freedom of Information in 1947.

P. 3. — Surveys of Mediaof Mass Communication.

A. — RADIO.

(i) Unesco should appoint a Committee of Ex-perts to make a comprehensive study ofproposals to undertake a world-wide radionetwork. This study in itself should besufficiently comprehensive to be called aproject under Unesco. Such a study shouldcover the needs of peoples, types of pro-

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(ii)

grammes, availability of receivers, the inte-rests of member nations in such activitiesand the means of encouraging technologicaldevelopments. If the conclusions emergingfrom this study indicate the feasibility anddesirability of a world-wide network, Unescoshould welcome the availability of suchresources in communicating its programmesto the peoples of the world, and shouldexpect to take the full responsibility forthe preparation of all programmes withinits genera-l areas of interest.Unesco should appoint a Programme Com-mittee to study the possibility of collectingmaterial on matters within Unesco’s inte-rest, for use on any national or internationalradio system that may become availableto Unesco.

B. — PRESS AND FILMS.

Unesco shou1d undertake a 1947 Survey onPress and Films and make a factual analysis oftheir present world structure. The survey shouldexamine the extent, range and trend of produc-tion and distribution, and within the limits of afactual survey, the nature and degree of publicusage. Arising from this survey a short report forpopular publication should be prepared. Underthis survey, Unesco should set up panels for spe-cific analysis, as follows :

FILMS .

(a) Themes and distribution of feature andshort films; (b) content of newsreels; (c) recenttechniques for the utilization of films, film-strips,and related visual media, with particular refe-rence to : (i) education, (ii) discussion of socialrelationships, (iii) the increased appreciation ofthe arts, (iv) the meeting of rural needs; (d) pos-sibilities of improving techniques of the soundfilm to overcome language difficulties.

PRESS.(a) Circulation of the principal newspapers. and

periodicals in terms of national and internationalcoverage; (b) characteristics and trends of popularperiodicals; (c) nature of control of principalnewspapers and periodicals: (d) legislation affect-ing the press in force in various countries.

C.— TELECOMMUNICATION AND POSTALSERVICES.

Unesco should initiate an investigation of avail-able means, including priorities, to improve, ex-tend and cheapen services to press and radio bycable, wireless and mail. It should stimulate andwork for international conventions to this end andfollow closely the proceedings of the various Te-lecommunications Conferences planned for nextyear.

(a)

P. 4. — Copyright.

Unesco should establish a Provisional Com-mittee of experts in the matter of copy-right, representative of its artistic, literaryand scientific endeavours. This Committee

(b)

(c)

should have recourse to the advice and coun-sel of experts in the various copyright sys-tems and organizations. It should be askedto study and formulate recommendations onthe responsibilities of Unesco in the field ofcopyright and on the bearing of these spe-cial questions, including those relating tothe rights of authors in literary, scientificand artistic works, on its programme ofwork.Unesco should request the National Com-missions or National Bodies of the MemberStates co-operating, to send in, by MarchIst, 1947, their observations on copyrightmatters which relate to the programmeand work of Unesco.Unesco should, in accordance with the re-commendation of the Provisional Committeeon Copyright, co-operate in the preparationsfor the Universal Copyright Conference pro-posed by the Belgian Government for 1947.

P. 5. — International Ideas Bureau ; WorldFeature Story Project ; International Forum ;

World University of the Air.

A. — INTERNATIONAL IDEAS BUREAU.

Unesco should collect ideas of an internationalsignificance and stimulate their use in featurefilms, radio programmes and press features. Itmay be desirable to encourage Awards to success-ful feature films or radio programmes based onsuch ideas, these Awards to be made, not byUnesco, but by outside organizations.

B. — WORLD FEATURE STORY PROJECT .Unesco should also, from time to time, arrange

with leading researchers, writers, radio and film-producers, to co-operate in presenting and pro-ducing a major theme of world interest and si-gnificance in the fields of Unesco’s interest, insuch a way that the subjects will appear simul-taneously in all media.

The themes should be examples of human en-terprise and excellence. Possible subjects for 1947are : — Teaching children in a war-stricken coun-try, in terms of international co-operation invol-ved; the ‘‘T. V. A. ” scheme for India; or anexample to the world of creative and imaginativework in art, e. g. the Moscow Art Theatre. Laterprojects might include a combined enterprise, suchas the development of the Amazon.

C. INTERNATIONAL FORUM.

Unesco should organize or stimulate an Inter-national Forum, in the press or radio, or prefe-rably both, to be a series of discussions on inter-national subjects by well-known figures of variousnationalities. These discussions would be syndica-ted throughout the world in the press, and/or onthe various national networks.

D. WORLD UNIVERSITY OF THE AIR.

In consultation with national broadcasting bo-dies, Unesco should arrange a series of talks by

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the greatest authorities on Unesco subjects, thetalks to be translated where necessary, and madeavailable to any network willing to co-operate inthe scheme, and should transmit such talks underthe title of the World University of the Air. Textsor transcriptions would be available to networksof countries remote from the main centres.

As regards the International Forum and theWorld University of the Air, Unesco should notfinance the schemes or act as a commercial agent,but, in cases of strict necessity, should be prepa-red to underwrite them.

P. 6. — World Press Conference.

Without prejudice to its proper powers of ini-tiative, Unesco should co-operate with the UnitedNations in the proposed world conference of jour-nalists in 1947, with particular regard to :

(a) the possible unification, by friendly nego-tiation, of the rules and practices of thejournalistic profession in various countries;

(b) the formulation by journalists of a code ofhonour guiding their professional practices;

(c) the status of foreign correspondents with aview to assisting their work;

(d) the operation of news agencies.Unesco should arrange with the United Nations

to preserve its identity in a “ UNO-Unesco ” con-ference.

P. 7. — Convention for Facilitating the Inter-national Circulation of Visual and AuditoryMaterials of an Educational, Scientific andCultural Character (by exempting them from

(a)

(b)

(c)

(d)

customs duties).

Unesco should send to all Member Statesand non-member states the text of the Con-vention, as drafted at this first General Con-ference, as soon as it has been approved bythe Legal Section and referred to the Uni-ted Nations, and recommend to MemberStates that that should sign and accept thistext, and invite non-member States to ac-cede to it.Unesco should recommend to all States ac-cepting the Convention that they shouldalso make provisions whereby any educa-tional, scientific or cultural body within theirown territory shall be able to import, free ofcustoms duty, visual and auditory materialsnot provided for in Articles I and II of theConvention, if the materials are requiredby the educational, scientific and culturalbody for educational, scientific or culturalpurposes.Unesco should recommend to all States ac-cepting the Convention that, in carrying outthe obligations of the Convention, theyshould use, or associate with, their appro-priate governmental agency, the NationalCommission or appropriate National Co-ope-rating Body provided for in Article VII ofthe Constitution of Unesco.

(b) Unesco should promote the presentation ofan Award for the best series of articles whichhave spread impartial information and fur-thered international understanding.

(c) Unesco should encourage, in collaborationwith the Educational authorities, the impro-vement of periodicals for children, which incertain countries exercise a great influence

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(d)

(e)

(f)

Unesco should do whatever is necessary andis within its field of competence to secure

(e)

the implementation and operation of the newConvention.Unesco should proceed at once, in pursuanceof Article VIII of the new Convention, withfurther discussions designed to prepare, forpresentation at the 1947 Conference, a furth-er Convention to reduce to a minimumother restrictions which might interferewith the international circulation of thematerial referred to in Article I of thepresent Convention, and which are not dealtwith in the present Convention.

P. 8. — Working Centres.

Unesco should arrange, under its own auspices,the establishment in various capital cities of Wor-king Centres to meet the needs of journalists wor-king outside their countries of origin.

S. I. — NEEDS OF DEFICIENCY COUNTRIES .

Unesco should stimulate the supply to defi-ciency countries of films relative to their needs,on the freest possible basis, and stimulate theproduction of films describing needs and achieve-ments of such deficiency countries. It should alsocall a conference with a view to aiding the recon-struction of Educational Broadcasting.

S. 2. — PRESS AND PUBLICATIONS.

(a) Unesco should stimulate a number of or-ganized tours of journalists from differentcountries, for exchange of views and for pur-poses of goodwill.

for good or ill.Unesco should promote the formation ofstandard classes in journalism, with ex-change facilities between countries, for pu-pils and teachers.Unesco should use its influence to increasethe international circulation of nationalnewspapers and periodicals by facilitatingtheir free and rapid entry, and by encou-raging libraries to include those dealing withUnesco subjects in their Reading Rooms.Unesco should draw the attention of thePress to sources of accurate information andshould encourage the speedy circulation ofofficial papers and reports from nationalsources, even though these are primarilyissued for domestic consumption.

(g) It should stimulate the production of ge-nuinely international periodicals by provi-ding access to suitable material.


S. 3. — INTITUTES OF SCIENTIFIC INFORMATION.

Unesco should encourage the establishment inmember countries of Institutes of Scientific Infor-mation, with the intention that Unesco shouldeventually act as a. clearing house between suchInstitutes.

S. 4. — NATIONAL VISUAL COUNCILS.

Unesco should stimulate the establishment inall countries — possibly in conjunction with thenational library services — of National VisualCouncils or Institutes, to facilitate the provision offilms and film information services to educatio-nal and community organizations. In their turn,these Councils might correlate and express theneeds of such organizations to producers at homeand, through Unesco, to producers elsewhere.Complementary to this, Unesco should encouragethe promotion of National Film Societies andScientific Film Societies for the provision of spe-cialized programmes in the fields of Unesco inte-

r e s t s .

S. 5. — INTERNATIONAL FILM ORGANIZATIONS.

Unesco should co-operate with existing Inter-national Film Associations and should assist inthe formation of an International Film Councilrepresenting the Film interests of all countries.

S. 6. — EMPHASIS ON VISUAL CONTENT.

Unesco should stimulate the development anduse of the film medium by such means as willovercome language difficulties through emphasison the visual over the auditory, and the further-ance of this aim through Awards of Merit to bemade by suitable national and international or-ganizations.

S. 7. — NEW DEVELOPMENTS IN AUDITORY ANDV I S U A L A I D S .

Unesco should encourage developments in thefields of auditory and visual education, with aview to the use of auditory and visual aids toassist Unesco in the carrying out of its work inits various fields of interest.

S. 8. — EXHIBITIONS.

Unesco should stimulate the inclusion by coun-tries planning educational, scientific or culturalexhibitions of exhibits illustrating the practicesor achievements of other nations in similar fields.In this connection, Unesco should be prepared tosupply information as to where such additionalexhibits or material are obtainable.

DIRECT SERVICES.

D. S. I. — UNITED NATIONS FILM BOARD.

Unesco should help to form and run a UnitedNations Film Board which will co-ordinate thefilm interests and activities of all agencies of theUnited Nations, prevent overlapping and secureeconomy.

D. S. 2. — EXCHANGE OF PRESS MATERIALAND TECHNIQUES.

Unesco should establish a Clearing House forbasic material on Unesco subjects from the worldpress; make suggestions for, and provide assis-tance in the preparation of publications and ar-ticles on Unesco subjects (but not as a produceragency except in rare circumstances) ; supply in-formation on request about the latest techniquesand journalistic practices, both editorial and tech-nical; and should assist interested persons andorganizations to obtain such materials.

D. S. 3. — RADIO AND INTERNATIONALPROGRAMMES.

While the Secretariat should be free to co-ope-rate with the United Nations and other agenciesin the presentation of international programmesthrough transcription or otherwise, Unesco shouldnot enter into large commitments in the matter ofan international network without consulting theCommittee of Experts.

D. S. 4. — EXCHANGE OF RADIO MATERIALAND TECHNIQUES.

In collaboration with the existing Internatio-nal Bodies, Unesco should establish a clearinghouse of radio-information with the object of en-couraging countries to reflect in their nationalbroadcasting programmes the culture and achie-vements of other countries. To this end, Unescoshould collect information about programme tech-niques and new developments in broadcasting ser-vices throughout the world, in order to draw theattention of other countries to those ideas, orprovide guidance on request.

D. S. 5. — INFORMATION ON VISUAL MEDIA.Unesco should, in conjunction with the United

Nations and the other Specialized Agencies, actas a Clearing House for information about films,film-strips and other visual media, particularly inthe fields of health, food, agriculture, social andeconomic problems, education, science and thearts. It should promote the adoption by all coun-tries of common methods for collecting and cata-loguing information. This international informa-tion service should be used by Unesco for threepurposes :

(a) to provide each country with informationavailable from all countries;

(b) to organize, through national organizations,demonstration exhibits showing the usebeing made of films for educational, scienti-fic and cultural purposes;

(c). to show producers what new films are re-quired, and assist in their supply.

Unesco should not itself produce films, save inexceptional cases where normal agencies cannotsatisfactorily be used.

D. S. 6. — GERMAN EDUCATIONAL FILMS.

Unesco should continue the work of selectingand adapting suitable German educational andscientific films for use by other countries, on the

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lines established by the Audio-Visual Aids Com-mission of the Conference of Allied Ministers ofEducation. The films should be available to allcountries wishing to have them, and the cost ofthe work should be borne by the countries concer-ned.

REPORT OF THE SUB-COMMISSION ONL I B R A R I E S A N D M U S E U M S

A. — General and definitions.I. The Sub-Commission on Libraries and Mu-

seums, during the course of its meetings on 28thand 29th November, carefully studied and gaveits general approval to the reports presented bythe Preparatory Commission and the Secretariat.Detailed resolutions and contributions made du-ring the course of the discussion are given in thereport of the proceedings, to which the Secretariatshould give due regard.

2. The Sub-Commission emphasizes the factthat Unesco’s libraries, museums and archivesactivities must principally and most urgently bedirected towards tasks of rehabilitation, but re-quests that problems of a permanent nature bealso dealt with immediately.

3. Unesco’s activities in the fields of librariesand museums must be at the service of education,science and culture as a whole. The libraries,museums and archives programme must there-fore develop in close collaboration ‘with the otherdepartments of Unesco’s work.

4. The Sub-Commission recognizes that theterm’ “ libraries ” covers all collections of docu-ments, manuscripts, printed books, photocopiesand other educational material, etc.. and thatthe term “ museums ” applies to all collectionsof other objects, in the widest sense of the word,including natural objects.

B. — Collaboration with specializedinternational organizations.

The Sub-Commission recommends that, in ac-cordance with Article XI of its Constitution,Unesco should establish formal relations, in regardto certain specific and limited matters, with suchspecialized international organizations as the In-ternational Council of Museums, the Internatio-nal Federation of Documentation, the Interna-tional Federation of Library Associations and theInternational Standards Organization.

C. — Public Libraries and Museums.

I. In the recommendations set out below thechief emphasis is on the scientific and culturaltasks in. the fields of libraries and museums. Butan essential responsibility of Unesco is educationat all levels, and Unesco should contribute tothis task by providing a new stimulus to publiclibraries and museums throughout the world.

2. Unesco should promote the establishmentand development of public circulating and refe-rence libraries and museums for adults and chil-dren.

3. Conferences of librarians, museum profes-sionals, educators and others interested in thesesubjects should be sponsored by Unesco, in co-operation with the appropriate international agen-cies.

4. Included in Unesco’s studies in this fieldshould be the organization ‘of exhibitions of alltypes, especially circulating exhibitions, whichcan play an educational role of the greatest im-portance.

D. — Rehabilitation of collectionsand protection of monuments.

I. The objective of Unesco is to operate effec-tively. in all the fields of education, science andculture. A first duty must be to assure the pro-tection of the sites, monuments, documents andobjects of the civilized world.

2. Unesco should therefore assist in the resto-ration of collections and monuments which havesuffered from the war. It should, in the main, sti-mulate and co-ordinate the efforts of governmentsand organizations, above all on behalf of thenations which at the present time lack adequateresources.

3. Unesco should first assemble the elements ofan inventory of what has been destroyed and oflibrary, museum, archival and related needs, bystimulating surveys and the preparation of re-ports. It should seek to obtain immediate pro-tection of monuments, etc., still in danger andwhich require urgent attention. Plans for meetingthese needs, including reproduction where neces-sary, should be formulated for action by govern-ments; private agencies and individuals, or ifnecessary by Unesco itself.

4. The Executive Board should be asked toestablish a special fund for this purpose, to whichgovernments, foundations and individuals wouldbe invited to contribute.

5. Service for the protection of monuments,sites and collections should take a permanentform, for the dangers which they run do not allderive from war : fires, floods and civil distur-bances have all in the past caused great ravagesand still do so.

E. — Elimination of barriersto free circulation.

I. Unesco should encourage free access by thecitizens of all countries to sites and collections.

2. In the field of libraries and museums Unescoshould seek to procure the lowering of the bar-riers which interfere with the free circulation ofeducational, scientific and cultural material fromone country to another. Among these obstaclesare tariffs, currency exchange, customs formali-ties, postal rates, freight charges, patents, cen-sorship, etc.

F. — Copyright.

Libraries and museums interests should be re-presented in all discussions on copyright.

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G. — Exchanges and distribution.

I. In connection with the work of the ClearingHouse, the Director-General, with the approvalof the Executive Board, should obtain from theAllied Control Authorities appropriate powers forUnesco as an agency entitled to operate in occu-pied countries. The Sub-Commission also ex-presses the hope that the occupying powers willbe willing to co-operate with Unesco in the solu-tion of all the problems dealt with in the Sub-Commission’s recommendations.

2. So far as exchanges of books and periodicalsare concerned, measures can be taken at oncethrough the creation of an International ClearingHouse for Publications. Among the first problemswhich the Clearing House must consider is themanner in which several large stock-piles of books,which exist in Germany, Czechoslovakia and Eng-land, can be distributed for the benefit of edu-cation, science and culture. These stock-piles differgreatly in origin and in the nature of their con-tents, some being collections of books presentedfor the purpose of relief, others being collectionsamassed by the occupation authorities, largelyof Nazi loot. Each type of collection needs sepa-rate consideration and action *.

3. To fill the serious gaps created in publiccollections during the past seven years, the Clea-ring House should facilitate exchanges betweenall kinds of organizations and use all the avai-lable techniques, particularly methods of repro-duction and documentation, etc.

4. Unesco should encourage the creation in eachcountry of a central lending library, allied tothose which exist already. These libraries wouldserve as the foundation of an international lendingsystem. Unesco should render services appropriateto the establishment of this international inter-library system.

H. — Bibliographical services.

I. The Sub-Commission considers that it is ne-cessary to establish a working centre which willco-ordinate all bibliographical and library tasks,and in particular should co-ordinate and encourageinternational lending.

2. Most of the Sub-Commissions of Unesco haveemphasized the need for international bibliogra-phies in their own fields. These undertakingsshould be encouraged and co-ordinated throughthe Centre in collaboration with specialists andbibliographers.

3. Moreover, the need has everywhere appearedfor subject surveys, indexes and abstracts. Itwill be the obligation of the Bibliographical andLibrary Centre to stimulate the meeting of thisdemand.

4. The Centre should also be prepared to supplyinformation about bibliographical sources in allcountries. It is desirable-that the Centre shouldencourage and, if necessary, itself undertake, thepublication of bibliographies, union catalogues,

* N. B. — This paragraph awaits confirmation by theExecutive Board.

indexes, abstracts, etc., and assure their distri-bution throughout the world.

5. Unesco should encourage, through the appro-priate international organizations where possible,the adoption of uniform terminology and methodsin libraries, museums and archives, with specialreference to bibliography, cataloguing, classifica-tion, indexes, abstracts, formats, statistics, etc.

I. — Professional education for libraries,museums and archival workers.

Unesco should immediately encourage the ex-change of personnel between institutions in diffe-rent countries. The chief effort should be directed,in association with the organizations of librariansand museographers and archivists, to the encou-ragement and improvement of professional andtechnical education.

J . — Museum documentationand techniques.

I. The Sub-Commission formally expressed thewish that parts of the essential work carried onuntil 1946 by the International Museums Office,one of the divisions of the former InternationalInstitute of Intellectual Co-operation, should becontinued.

2. The technical problems of exhibitions shouldbe studied, thus putting at the service of thewhole of Unesco the competence and experienceof museums.

K. — Beproduction and other techniques.

Unesco recognizes the increasing importance ofmethods of reproduction of documents and ofother objects. It should carefully study and pro-mote all library and museum techniques, andshould gather and distribute technical informa-tion helpful to the development of libraries andmuseums and archival workers in their specializedtechniques.

L. — Publications.

Unesco should study the problems involved inpublishing. It should seek to establish precisestatistics of publications. As a matter of rehabili-tation, consideration should be given to the meansof helping nations at present lacking publishingmaterial such as printing plant, paper, ink, etc.

M. — Archives.

Unesco should encourage the creation of aninternational organization of professional archi-vists. It will deal, in collaboration with the organ-nization, with questions of technique and admi-nistration, such as the exchange of personnel, thegeneral accessibility of archives, the establishmentand exchange of inventories, the reproduction ofdocuments and the exchange of reproductions.

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N. — Conclusion.

The programme which has been outlined is vast.The greater part of the projects described in itcan be set on foot in 1947, but if this is to bedone, it will be necessary to provide adequatefunds. The Sub-Commission is of the opinion,which it has requested its Chairman and its Rap-porteur to convey to the Conference, that thebudget proposed for its use is inadequate, bothabsolutely and relatively to the total budget ofUnesco. The Sub-Commission therefore formallyrequests an increase in the budget for Librariesand Museums. It asks for this more particularlybecause one of the first tasks must be the esta-blishment of the Unesco library, which is essentialfor the work of the whole organization and whichwill require a large personnel and considerableexpenditure for the acquisition of working collec-tions for the use of the Secretariat and for theoperation of Unesco’s information services. Thebudget of the library should not in any caseappear as part of the resources available for theprogramme side of Unesco’s Libraries and Mu-seums work.

R E P O R T O F T H E S U B - C O M M I S S I O NO N N A T U R A L S C I E N C E S

I.

II.

P a r t I

The Sub-Commission on Natural Sciencesgives general approval to the statement of thetasks and functions of the Scientific Secre-tariat of Unesco, as outlined in the WhiteBooklet working paper “ Science and Unesco”(Prep. Com./Nat. Sci. Com./12), and theGreen Booklet “ Report on the Programmeof Unesco ’’, Chap. V (C/z) (i).The Sub-Commission on Natural Sciences,learning that approximately 1,096,500 U. S.dollars will be available as budget for theNatural Sciences Section in 1947 (See Prep.Com./ Nat. Sci. Com./14), considers that theprogramme for the year should be as statedin document Prep. Com./Nat. Sci. Com./23(being the amended version of Prep. Com./Nat. Sci. Com./13); with the funds allocatedroughly as follows :

U. S. $—

Personnel . . . . . . . .International Conference . . . .

146,500130,000

Studies and Surveys . . . . . .Publications & Productions . .Grants-in-aid .Consultation and Field Services. .

70,00050,000

400,000200,000

Exchanges, Fellowships. . . . . 100,0001,096,500

The Sub-Commission considers that no sumless than $ U. S. 1.000.000 in any year wouldallow of the carrying through of an effectiveprogramme.

III.

IV.

The Sub-Commission on Natural Sciencestakes note of the fact that a number of fur-ther matters are discussedin document Prep.Com./Nat. Sci. Com./12, on which no imme-diate action is proposed with the exceptionof items I and 3 (see Prep. Com./Nat. Sci.Com./13 a) (i).The Sub-Commission on Natural Sciences for-wards herewith the attached Special Resolu-tions to the Programme Commission.

Special Resolutions

All Carried Unanimously.

SPECIAL RESOLUTION A (Ref. Part II, item 3).

Resolved :

That the Sub-Commission on Natural Sciencesapproves the Draft Formal Agreement betweenUnesco and the International Council of ScientificUnions, and urges the Sub-Commission on Exter-nal Relations to do so also (copy to the Chairmanof the Sub-Commission on External Relations).

SPECIAL RESOLUTION B (Ref. Part II, item 5).

Resolved :That Unesco should concern itself, in co-ope-

ration with the International Council of ScientificUnions, with the matter of re-starting the publi-cation of scientific journals interrupted by thewar, and of starting new journals; and that thisproblem should be handled from the point ofview of the rationalization of such journals andtheir distribution among the various countries.

SPECIAL RESOLUTION C (Ref. Part II, item 6).

Resolved :That, without waiting for funds to be found

by the Economic and Social Council, but if pos-sible with the financial co-operation of WHOand FAO, Unesco should institute a group ofNutritional Science and Food Technology FieldTeams — consisting of scientists of high quality,chosen with reference to all aspects of the pro-blem, with assistants — based (where possible)on existing laboratories, but made fully mobileby special transportation aids; and that theseteams be formed for the following regions :

Immediately : (a) India.(b) Hylean Amazon.(c) China.

As soon as conditions permit : Africa.

SPECIAL RESOLUTION D (Ref. Part II, item IO).

Resolved :That the scheme for the establishment of an

International Institute of the Hylean Amazon atBelem (Para, Brazil) should be supported; thatthe Secretariat be authorized to set up an Inter-national Scientific Commission in consultation

(i) These documents may be obtained on demand fromthe Secretariat.

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with Brazil, Colombia, Bolivia, Ecuador, Peru,Venezuela, France, Great Britain, Netherlands,and the United States of America, to investigatethe question on the spot as soon as possible inall aspects, including both immediate and long-term plans, financial matters and the framing ofa draft agreement between the co-operating go-vernments and Unesco; further, that the ExecutiveBoard consider this project on the recommenda-tion of this Commission, and instruct the Secre-tariat accordingly.

SPECIAL RESOLUTION E (Ref. Part II, item 14).

Resolved :That the Sub-Commission on Natural Sciences

is unable to accept the view, implicit in theDraft Directives governing Unesco’s relations withNon-Governmental International Organizations(Unesco/C/Admin. & Jur./S. C. Leg & Ext. Rel./3Part II), that such organizations cannot be gran-ted financial aid towards their administrativeexpenses. While recognizing, therefore, that incases where national governments already paycontributions (as in the case of the InternationalScientific Unions), grants should only be madefor specific projects, the Sub-Commission consi-ders that, at least so far as international scientificorganizations are concerned, the Draft Directivesshould be amended so as to place, betweenitems IV (e) and (f), an item reading :

“ Financial support by Unesco to the organ-ization towards its administrative expenses,as a temporary measure in its initial stages, ifit is not in receipt of direct contributions fromnational governments for this purpose. ”It recommends this change to the Programme

Commission (copy to the Chairman of the Sub-Commission on External Relations).

SPECIAL RESOLUTION F (Ref. Document Prep.Com./Nat. Sci. Com./I4)*.

Resolved :That the Budget Break-Down presented by the

Secretariat be accepted en bloc, with the additionof the words “ and national ’’, after “ internatio-nal ’’, in the second line of item V a.

SPECIAL RESOLUTION G (Ref. Document Prep.Com./Nat. Sci. Com./I4)*.

Resolved :

That the Sub-Commission on Natural Sciencesconsiders that the Secretariat, with the approvalof the Director-General, should have the power totransfer funds from one item to another withinthe budget of the Section of Natural Sciences, inthe course of its work, if found necessary, carebeing always taken to keep purely administrativeexpenses at a minimum.

(Copy to the Chairman of the Sub-Commissionon Administrative and Financial Matters.)

* This document may be obtained on demand from theSecretariat.

SPECIAL RESOLUTION H (Ref. Document Prep.Com./Nat. Sci. Com./I4) (i).

Resolved :That in view of the fact that the Natural

Sciences and Technology constitute the materialbasis of modern world civilization, and that theirclarity and universality form one of its major spi-ritual forces, the Sub-Commission on NaturalSciences considers that the budget allotted to theNatural Sciences should be increased in futureyears, and should not be less than U. S. $ 1,000,000even if the total budget of Unesco is reduced be-low its present figure.

Part II . — Digest of Directives as amendedby the sub-commission

This Part may be read in conjunction with do-cuments Prep. Com./Nat. Sci. Com./13 and 13 a. *

The directives which follow give the lines ofwork of the Secretariat in 1947. They are placedin the same order as is found in document 13.It should be emphasized that the directives arenot placed in the order of their importance.

Of the concrete operations referred to in direc-tives 6 and 10, those which have highest priorityare the Hylean Amazon scheme and the Nutri-tional Sciences Field Teams scheme.

THE SECRETARIAT IS INSTRUCTED

I) To do whatever is possible, according to themeans which may become available, to meet theneeds of the devastated areas in scientific andtechnologiccal apparatus and equipment, includingpurchase and shipment, and having special regardto the availability of war surplus equipmentwhich might be of use.

To make recommendation to the United NationsOrganization for the adoption of a policy of repa-rations in the form of scientific equipment, newlymanufactured, and in commercial and governmen-tal stock in the ex-Axis countries, for the scien-tific rehabilitation of the war-damaged countries.

Note : In transferring scientific equipment aspart of reparations, every effort will be made notto interfere with scientific activity, at a normallevel, in the countries supplying the equipment.

2) To establish a series of Field Science Co-ope-ration Offices starting with those regions of theworld remote from the main centres of scienceand technology; to begin in 1947 with four : EastAsia (China), South Asia (India), Middle East, andLatin America; each to consist of scientific menengaged in every type of liaison work which willassist the scientists of the region, having specialregard to the raising of the standard of life ofthe non-industrialized peoples.

3) To assist in every way possible the work ofthe International Council of Scientific Unions andthe specialized unions which it federates.

4) To stimulate the setting up of InternationalAdvisory Councils in the Engineering, Medical,and Agricultural Sciences, by inviting represen-

(*) To be obtained on demand from the Secretariat.

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tatives from each of the existing internationalorganizations in these fields, together with repre-sentatives of the relevant specialized agencies ofthe United Nations and other interested bodies.

5) To explore all possibilities of improvementof the present situation in scientific literature,e. g. (a) by ameliorating the present serious posi-tion in the movement of books and periodicals, (b)by preparing for a world congress to consider ra-tionalization of scientific publishing and abstrac-ting, (c) by stimulating the photolithographic re-production of backruns of the most importantscientific periodicals, (d) by assisting existing scien-tific microfilm and photostat services, (e) by ta-king measures to establish uniform scientific ter-minology in all countries speaking the same orallied languages.

6) To assist scientific work of international si-gnificance by grants-in-aid directly, or throughthe relevant international scientific union, andby sending scientific and technical assistance bymeans of personnel on mission to national insti-tutions. Amongst the kinds of assistance wouldbe : (a) support of type-culture collections (bac-teria, algae, fungi, genetic mutants) leading tothe preparation of a world-catalogue of strainsmaintained, (b) grants towards selected expedi-tions, (c) aid to multisearch groups, (d) aid toexisting international laboratories (such as Na-ples, Jungfraujoch, Roscoff), (e) aid to certain na-tional institutions carrying on work of interna-tional significance (See Special Resolution onNutritional Science Field Teams), (f) aid to collec-tions of growing plants with a view to their betterinternational co-operative use.

7) To assist the dissemination of essentialresearch equipment and material exchanges,notably by operating a Scientific Apparatus Infor-mation Bureau, and by taking measures to over-come difficulties arising out of currency restric-tions.

8) To assist (in conjunction with other appro-priate Sections of Unesco) the development andcirculation of scientific cinema films, for research,teaching, and popularization purposes, not onlyby keeping records but by arranging for the pro-vision of titles and sound-tracks in many lan-guages.

g) To assist the travel of scientists themselvesacross national boundaries (a) by financial assis-tance along selected lines, (b) by exploring thepossibilities of “ letters of credence ” or “ cartesd’identité ’’, (c) by encouraging the formation of“ foyers des savants ” in the principal cities, (d) byfacilitating the transport of scientific instrumentsand documents carried by scientists across fron-tiers when travelling.

IO) To explore the possibilities of the founda-tion of new international scientific laboratoriesand observatories (as requested by letter fromthe United Nations Economic and Social Council,signed Trygve Lie, Oct. 1946). Among these mightbe institutes of (a) astronomy, (b) nutritionalscience, (c) meteorology, (d) applied mathematics(computing machines), (e) tropical life and re-sources (Amazon Basin), (f) health (specific di-seases such as tuberculosis and cancer), (g) tro-pical diseases field research station, (h) oceano-

graphy and fisheries of Indian Ocean in SouthIndia or Ceylon, (i) ornithology (bird migration).

Furthermore, to investigate the feasibility ofsmaller projects such as international stockroomsfor (a) pure. substances not commercially obtai-nable, (b) new materials (plastics, glasses, alloys,etc.), (c) radio-active isotopes, (d) pure line strainsof laboratory animals.

Note : In the planning of each project, advice isto be sought from the relevant international scien-tific unions or other similar international bodiesor agencies.

11) To take the necessary steps to begin thecompilation of a world register of scientific insti-tutions and scientists.

12) To collect up-to-date information on whatthe individual nations are doing with respect tothe sending and reception of scientific personnel;to take responsibility (in conjunction with otherSections of Unesco) for the completion of the UnrraFellowship programme (if this devolves uponUnesco) ; to administer any Fellowships which maybe given to Unesco by special benefactions suchas that of the American Chemical Society, and toinstitute a certain number of Fellowships.

13) To co-operate with, and advise when requi-red, all the other elements in the United Nationsstructure — the Economic and Social Council,the other Councils, and the other SpecializedAgencies (FAO, ILO, WHO, UNADA (if and whenset up), PICAO, IRO, ITO, etc.) by joint com-mittees, etc.

14) To aid the work, in every way possible, ofthe smaller, more specialized, international organ-izations, such as the IBWM, the ITB, the ISO,the ICZN, the IMO, the ICES, etc. etc. (See Spe-cial Resolution on Grants-in-aid for administra-tive expenses *.)

15) To do whatever may be possible to informthe public of all countries on new scientific dis-coveries and their possible bearing on interna-tional and social relations, by, e. g., the publica-tion of pamphlets, aid to, and correlation of,science news services, etc.

Note : In carrying out this directive, the Scien-tific Secretariat is to co-operate with, and wherepossible work through, other Sections of Unesco,and other agencies, both international and na-tional.

16) To give whatever aid may be feasible toscience museums, and to consider the stimulationor preparation of travelling science exhibitions,travel panels (of lecturers), etc., etc.

R E P O R T O F T H E S U B - C O M M I S S I O NO N S O C I A L S C I E N C E S , P H I L O S O P H Y

AND HUMANISTIC STUDIES

At the outset of its deliberations the Sub-Com-mission decided to recommend to the ProgrammeCommission of the General Conference that phi-losophy and humanistic studies should be sepa-rated from the social sciences and placed in aseparate category. There was broad agreement,

(*) To be obtained on demand from the Secretariat.

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however, on the fundamental unity of the variousdisciplines.

Part I. — Social Sciences.

A. — Regarding the proposals presented by thePreparatory Commission for the social sciences,there was general approval of the principles, butsome divergence of views on the feasibility ofattempting an extensive programme in connexionwith- certain projects during the first year of theOrganization, and an emphasis upon the need formore extensive exploration by competent expertsof the feasibility of certain other proposals fromthe point of view of scientific method.

B. — In considering the programme for the so-cial sciences, outlined in the Preparatory Commis-sion’s report, the Sub-Commission approved pro-jects which fall naturally into six main groups.

GROUP I. — ORGANIZATION OF AND SERVICETO THE SOCIAL SCIENCES.

I t was recommended under this head thatUnesco should :

I) Collaborate with and promote voluntary in-ternational organizations in the various socialsciences;

2) Prepare a world inventory of research resour-ces in the social sciences, primarily to assist theoperations of Unesco;

3) Explore, in consultation with experts, thefeasibility of a yearbook which would be an ap-praisal of the year’s work in the various socialsciences with special reference to their interna-tional aspect;

4) Explore the problem of providing abstractsand bibliographies covering those social sciencesfor which no such service at present exists.

GROUP II. — HOME AND COMMUNITY PLANNING

The Sub-Commission recommended in regard tothe proposed setting up of an international centreto serve as a clearing house for experiments inHome and Community Planning, that Unescoshould :

I) Consult with the Economic and Social Coun-cil and see whether work by Unesco in this fieldwould be useful;

2) Engage consultants, make investigations andreport to the 1947 Session of the General Confe-rence;

3) Invite national work on this question throughthe National Commissions;

4) Defer decision on the principle of establishingthe new centre until after the 1947 session of theGeneral Conference.

GROUP III. — INTERNATIONAL STUDY CENTRES.

The recommendation adopted under this headwas to the following effect :

The Sub-Commission approves the principle ofinternational study centres, and takes note of thereport on the establishment of a centre for inter-national relations presented to it.

It recommends that the following action shouldbe taken during 1947 :

I) The drawing up of definite proposals beforethe nest session of the General Conference;

2) The organization of three short-period cour-ses as an experimental measure.

GROUP IV. — INTERNATIONAL ORGANIZATIONSAND TECHNIQUE .

The Sub-Commission recommended the settingup of a small group of experts to study and reporton methods of international organization.

GROUP V. — A STUDYOF TENSIONS CRUCIAL TO PEACE.

The Sub-Commission distinguished what maybe described as a broad field of tension centringaround three interconnected groups of world pro-,blems : those relating to nationalism and interna-tionalism; those relating to population; those re-lating to technological progress. It considered thesethree groups of problems to be closely bound upwith questions of education, science and cultureand to be crucially important to the establishmentof peace and security.

In dealing with this field of tension the Sub-Commission considered that the whole armamentof the social sciences should be brought into ope-ration, in particular political science, economics,sociology, anthropology, human geography andpsychology; that Unesco should have large re-course to scholars, experts and administratorsactive in these fields; and should examine, deviseand develop instruments and methods for the in-vestigation of these matters, always with the di-rect object of practical action. To this end itshould have recourse to the National Commis-sions whenever appropriate. These are long-termprojects to be initiated in 1947 and continued overa period of years.

Let us examine each of these groups more clo-sely.

Unesco should interest itself in the study ofthe elements which constitute “ Nationalism ” inall countries and their bearing upon close inter-national co-operation.

Three main objectives should be aimed at :I) To bring to light the distinctive character

of the various national cultures and national ideals.2) To help in stimulating the sympathy and

respect of the nations for each other’s ideals andaspirations and appreciation of nationalproblems.

3) To study and recommend for action possiblemeasures which can bring the nations into closerco-operation, while maintaining the fullest respectfor their cultures and ideals.

The United Nations Economic and Social Coun-cil has set up a Demographic Commission. In thework of this commission, Unesco will necessarily


be called upon to deal with questions of education,science and culture in relation to population pro-blems.

The project would involve the identification andanalysis of : those areas in which there has beenexcessive population increase or decrease; migra-tion to, or away from, areas with the consequentimpact of new cultural and environmental fac-tors; tensions created among racial or culturalgroups within national groups and in dependentareas; the cultural status of displaced populations;the cultural effects of restricting or stimulatingthe large-scale movement of peoples; the problemsarising from conflicting customs, standards, valuesand ideologies of populations in contact and com-petition under new territorial, economic and poli-tical circumstances.

Social and international problemsinvolved in modern technological developments.

Unesco should interest itself in the study ofthe effects of modern technological developmentsupon social life and institutions generally, andmore particularly in the manner in which suchdevelopments might lead to the production oftensions, both national and international, andexercise thereby an adverse effect upon inter-national understanding and co-operation.

Background and object.

An enquiry was begun by the InternationalInstitute of Intellectual Co-operation upon theproblem of mechanization, and 27 documents arealready available for study. The scope and pur-pose of this enquiry should be enlarged so as toinclude new technological developments and at thesame time be made more precise, and directedtowards the formulation of practical recommenda-tions. The relationships between education andtechnological developments call for especial atten-tion.

One of the instruments Unesco might usefullyemploy in the study of this field of tension is thepublic opinion survey. Unesco will need to exa-mine the scope and scientific value of such sur-veys, including their possible application ‘to in-ternational affairs.

GROUP VI. — INTERNATIONAL LAW.

Unesco will draw up in 1947, with the aid ofexperts, a scheme of comparative studies of -thejuridical systems of the different countries andof international law, with the object of promotinginternational law and bringing these studies be-fore the general public.

C. — The above proposals constitute the spe-cific recommendations by the Sub-Commission asto work in the social sciences which Unesco shouldundertake in 1947. It was assumed that a numberof general recommendations regarding work whichUnesco might usefully undertake or facilitate (suchas the exchange of personnel and materials, arran-gements for translations,tions of Unesco.

etc.) applied to all sec-

D. — As a result of its deliberations the Sub-Commission decided to defer two projects : (I) atentative study of the means available for pre-paring a social and economic history of the se-cond world war and (2) an analysis of Nazi psycho-political techniques. In the meantime Unescoshould act as a clearing-house of work being donein the different countries towards collecting, pu-blishing and commenting upon material relatingto the second world war, including the social andpsychological problems of nazism and fascism.

The Sub-Commission did not directly examinethose projects listed in the Preparatory Commis-sion’s report as suitable to be undertaken sub-sequent to 1947; but favourable reference wasmade to certain of them during the debate. Theprojects in question included particularly (I) glos-saries of technical terms — the preparation of in-ternational reference books setting out the variousmeanings of the technical terms used in the socialsciences; and (2) popular publications — designedto bring the social sciences, more especially intheir international aspects, to wider public at-tention.

E. — In order to establish priorities for theguidance of the Programme and Budget Commit-tees, a sub-committee was appointed by the Chair-man on the authority of the Sub-commissionconsisting of the representatives of six nationaldelegations, the rapporteurs and the chairman todecide upon priorities for the projects agreed uponby the Sub-Commission for submission to the Pro-gramme Committee of the General Conference. Thefollowing countries were selected : South Africa,the United Kingdom and the United States ofAmerica, France, Czechoslovakia, Belgium andChina.

This special Sub-Committee considered all theproposals and agreed unanimously on the follow-ing recommendations to the Programme Com-mittee :

(I) Group I, items I and 2, which arc concernedwith collaboration with and the promotion of in-ternational organizations, and the assembling ofessential research resources for the operation ofUnesco’s programme, are regarded as basic andessential, and thus are placed in a special cate-gory.

(2) Groups V, III and II are conceived as clo-sely inter-related projects, centring around ten-sions crucial to peace, involving on the one handthe incorporation of community interests throughthe home and community planning proposals and,on the other, essential educational features whichutilize the principle of international study centres.This group of projects is given Priority I.

(3) Groups IV and VI, dealing with the studyof methods of international organisation and thestudy of international law, and items 3 and 4 ofGroup I, which are explorations by the Secreta-riat in regard to the preparation of a year book,abstracts and bibliographies; are given PriorityII.

It is the opinion of the Sub-Commission, how-ever, that all projects agreed upon for 1947 areregarded as being of importance. Those projectsnot given priority for 1947 have already been de-ferred or eliminated.

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Part II. — Philosophyand humanistic studies.

I. — PHILOSOPHY

The Sub-Commission, having studied the reportsof the Preparatory Commission and supplemen-tary documents submitted by the Secretariat, wishto express their general approval of the prin-ciples and plans of action expressed therein. But,as the Sub-Commission had to refer ‘on severalpoints to the text of Chapter VI of the Docu-ment-programme, and not to the skeleton list ofthe projects, the following is a complete list offormulae approved by the Sub-Commission.

A.- C ORRESPO NDE NCE

The Secretariat should centralize the correspon-dence which will be exchanged between Univer-sities, Philosophical Societies and philosophers.

B. — BIBLIOGRAPHY AND CARD-INDEX

The Secretariat should help the InternationalInstitute of Philosophy to publish an InternationalBibliography of Philosophy, it being understoodthat the drafting committee should be truly re-presentative of every tendency and every countryand that this Bibliography should be accurateand comprehensive. It is recommended that thedrafting committee should secure the help of theNational Commissions in all countries.

It is understood that a card-index of referencesto articles in Philosophical reviews throughoutthe world will be created at the internationalInstitute of Philosophy, and that Unesco will assistthe Institute in performing this task.

C. — UNESCO DISCUSSIONS

The Secretariat should study the desirabilityand practicability of international contacts amongscholars and thinkers of all kinds in the SocialSciences, Philosophy and Humanities, and, in par-ticular, of international meetings of experts inthe various fields which bear directly on the aimsof Unesco; the Secretariat will report the resultsof its study at the next General Conference;further, it is authorized to arrange some meetingswhich clearly serve the ends of Unesco during1947.

The Sub-Commission, having studied the reportsof the Preparatory Commission and supplemen-tary documents submitted by the Secretariat, ex-pressed the desire to set up a small committeefor the drafting of a ‘more precise working pro-gramme. The report from the small committeeand a motion by the United States delegationserved as bases for the discussion. The Sub-Commission approved the general ideas expres-sed in the motion of the United States, but de-sired to add a certain number of propositionstaken from the working programme drawn up bythe small committee which have a bearing onpoints of urgent need. The following list givesthe final form of the proposition which the Sub-Commission wishes to put before the ProgrammeCommission.

D. — RIGHTS OF MAN

The Secretariat should organize, in collaborationwith the United Nations Commission on the Rightsof Man, an International Conference in order toclarify the principles on which might be foundeda modern declaration of the Rights of Man.

E. — TRANSLATIONS

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In 1947, the work of encouraging’ the transla-tion of philosophical works should be left to theNational Commissions, and not be undertaken byUnesco itself. But the Secretariat will prepare aco-ordinated scheme for translation, with a viewto action by Unesco after 1947.

(b) The Secretariat should, during 1947, setup special commissions or fact-findingboards with the aim of recommendingmore concrete proposals for further con-sideration and implementation.

2) In conjunction with the Permanent Interna-tional Committee of Linguists (P. I. C. L.), theSecretariat should enquire into the possibility ofcreating a documentation-centre for linguisticquestions of outstanding international interest,namely linguistic statistics; the preparation oflinguistic maps in fields so far unexplored; in-dexes showing the adoption of new national lan-guages and alphabets; and a study of the impor-tance of a world language for the publication oflearned works.

3) The Secretariat mill prepare an agreementwith the International Academic Union parallel

F. — PROLONGED CONTACTS

This project is delayed, as its realizationpends on the creation of a Unesco HomeScholars.

G. — TEACHING FOR PEACE

de-for

The Sub-Commission noticed that this projectis already included under project “ A ” of theSub-Commission on Education, which is concernedwith education in international understanding; theSub-Commission feel that the contribution of phi-losophy to this enquiry should be made in threeways

(a)

(b)

(c)

direct advice of experts consulted by theSecretariat in carrying out Education Pro-ject “ A ’’;ideas and suggestions discussed at the threeshort courses which are to be held in 1947;as a result of the conferences or meetingsof thinkers of all kinds which have beenagreed to (under paragraph C.-Unesco Dis-cussions).

II. — HUMANISTIC STUDIES

I) (a) The Secretariat should, during 1947,care-fully study the basic principles of the ac-tion to be taken with regard to the huma-nistic studies, and define those principlesboth with regard to their academic im-plications and with regard to the generalprinciples of Unesco.


to the agreement a-ready drawn up with the In-ternational Council of Scientific Unions; the In-ternational Academic Union should be asked tostudy the possibility of carrying on the importantscientific works in the field of humanistic studieshitherto prepared and published in Germany.

4) The Secretariat will undertake an enquiryinto the means recommended for the reprintingof classical texts on the lines of the Teubnereditions of Greek and Latin authors.

5) The Secretariat will, in collaboration withthe National Commissions, make an enquiry intothe place occupied by studies of the past, andinto the classical tradition in teaching in thedifferent parts of the world.

6) The Secretariat should, in collaboration withthe National Commissions, consider the possibilityof Unesco itself disseminating booklets which em-phasize the general importance of the study ofthe past in the various zones of human cultureand the part played by scientific research in thisfield.

and encourage international festivals of this cha-racter.

3. Unesco should investigate and devise meansof experimenting with modern techniques in theteaching of Arts. This would include, for the vi-sual arts, new methods of reproduction and inter-pretation including colour reproductions, motionpictures, three-dimensional photography, etc.

4. Unesco should help artists to obtain the tools,methods and materials needed in the creation oftheir art.

N. B. — The Sub-Commission recommends thatUnesco should study and encourage the impro-vement of musical instruments, records and mu-sical publications! and their diffusion.

Unesco should in due course study and recordfolklore, collate and, where necessary, study themethods of preserving native art and culture.

The following recommendation was approved :“ Unesco should co-operate with the agencies

now working to preserve the arts and culture ofnon-industrialized countries and sectors from ex-tinction or debasement through contact with in-dustrial civilization ’’.

R E P O R T O F T H E S U B - C O M M I S S I O NO N A R T S A N D L E T T E R S

The Sub-Commission on Arts and Letters pro-poses the following services including all the arts,for execution in 1947 :

I. Unesco should study the role of educationin Arts and Letters at all levels, including thatin professional schools. It should also regard asurgent the organization of information services inArts and Letters, and should recommend for thenear future a study of conditions affecting cre-ative artists.

The above resolutions covering the Arts andLetters in general include all the projects assignedto visual arts, music and dance.

In addition there are listed below the specificprojects adopted by the Sub-Commission on Artsand Letters in the fields of the Literature andTheatre :

A. — Literature.

Creation of a Unesco translation office, withthe following functions so far as literature is con-cerned :

N. B. -In this connection the Sub-Commissionadopted the following resolution :

(a) “ that the freedom of the creative artist toaccomplish his proper purpose as an artist inany nation is a matter of concern to thepeoples of all nations, and

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(b) ‘‘ that Unesco, acting for and on behalf ofthe peoples’ of all nations, will take suchmeasures as are open to it under its Cons-titution to protect and defend the freedomof the artist wherever it is in danger. ”

2. Unesco should encourage the world-wide cir-culation of the products of creative artists inboth original and reproduced form. This activityshould be carried on in conjunction with museums,musical societies, and other groups which organ-ize national or international artistic exhibitionsor productions.

b) To compile a list of first-class translators.c) To compile and to keep up to date a list

of works suitable for translation. In selec-ting these works, Unesco should consult theNational Commissions and such other agen-cies and eminent personalities as may bedeemed qualified. Unesco reserves the rightto submit its own suggestions to the agenciesor individuals consulted, but shall not inany circumstances assume responsibility in-dependent of such consultations for the se-lection of work for translation.

d) To study the means for improving the re-

N. B. — Unesco should immediately study thebest means of promoting the movement of artexhibitions from country to country, and in thisconnection study the obstacles thereto such astransport charges, customs duties, and transportdifficulties with a view to reducing such diffi-culties. To this end, Unesco should keep in touchwith national organizations arranging such exhi-bitions, in order to enable the latter to crossfrontiers. Also Unesco should collect and disse-minate information on music and dance festivals

lations between authors, translators and pu-blishers.

( 2 ) PUBLICATIONS.

a) Creation within Unesco of an InternationalLiterary Pool whose function will be to supplymagazines and newspapers with especially perti-nent material for publication. This service will bechanneled through the ordinary Mass Communica-tion and Public Information Services of Unesco.

b) liecommendation : Although Unesco shouldnot normally itself publish literary works, it is re-

(I) TRANSLATION.

a) To encourage a bibliography of translationssuch as the Index Translationurn begun bythe International Institute of IntellectualCo-operation.


commended that Unesco encourage, and if neces-sary assist, certain publications which have beenconsidered worthy.

N. B. — In this respect, it is suggested thatUnesco study the possibilities for establishing (a)a chronological index of world literary activity,and (b) an International Literary Year-Book.

(3) ANTHOLOGY.

By exception to the general policy on publica-tions the following resolution was accepted :

‘‘ That Unesco should encourage and, if ne-cessary, undertake in 1947, the publication ofan Anthology of Suffering and Resistance. ”

B. — The Theatre.

I) It was resolved to recommend that the Thea-tre, including Ballet and Opera, should be placedupon an equal footing with the other Arts by theArts and Letters Section.

N. B. — It was the sense of the Sub-Commis-sion that the Film should be included and reco-gnized amongst the Creative Arts and that Unescoshould initiate an investigation of the contempo-rary influenceswhich tend to improve or impair thequality of films. This proposal was not howeveradopted as a resolution.

2) It was resolved to call an international meet-ing of theatre experts for the purpose of foundingan International Theatre Institute, which would beindependent of Unesco and supported by privateor national bodies.

The following proposals, listing priority activi-ties for Arts and Letters, have been adopted bythe Sub-Commission on Arts and Letters, andshall be observed by the Secretariat in the exe-cution of the above resolutions and recommenda-tion :

I) Information and documentation services willbe organized immediately in Arts and Letters.These information services shall be co-ordinatedwith the related sections of Unesco with a viewto an economy of personnel.

2) In the Central Exchange which, it is expec-ted, will be set up by Unesco, Arts and Letters

t o :(Visual Arts, Music, Literature, Theatre) will seek

(a) encourage and arrange for the direct ex-change of students, teachers and artists

and take practical steps for the purpose;(b) encourage and facilitate visits of students,

teachers and artists to other countries;(c) publicize schools or institutes, of an inter-

national character, in the arts, includingthose offering short-term and summer ins-truction as well as longer courses;

(d) encourage international festivals in the arts;(e) encourage the exchange of exhibitions and

theatrical performances;(f) encourage international organizations in the

holding of conferences, bringing creative ar-tists together.

3) Unesco shall collaborate with and assist in-ternational organizations in the arts. Where suchorganizations do not exist, as in many of the Vi-sual Arts and the Theatre, Unesco should encou-rage efforts to establish them, provided they areon a satisfactory basis and appear to have goodchances of success.

4) A Committee should be set up in collabo-ration with Mass Communication for the purposeof preparing recommendations to Member Stateswith regard to :

(a) a reduction of postage rates on books,manuscripts, reproductions of painting andother art objects which are sent by mail;

(b) the simplification of customs formalities anda reduction of duties on cultural material;

(c) possible immunity from customs examina-tion and duties for books, films, records andother cultural material sent out by Unesco;

(d) the interest taken by Arts and Letters ineverything concerning the improvenent ofthe present practice in regard to copyright.

5) A similar Committee should be charged withthe task of approaching air, sea and rail trans-port companies in order to obtain :

(a) a reduction of transport charges onshipments of books, paintings, stage sceneryand accessories and other material in con-nection with exhibitions or activities arran-ged by Unesco;

(b) a reduction in fares for students, teachersand artists travelling to other countries un-der exchange projects sponsored by Unesco.

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A N N E X I I

F T H EAND LEGAL COMMISSION

A. — EXTERNAL RELATIONS

The Sub-Commission adopted the draft agree-ment and submits to the General Conference forapproval the text of the two following resolutions :

(I) “ The General Conference gives the ExecutiveBoard full authority

(a) to accept the amendment that may even-tually be made through a decision of theUnited Nations Assembly to Article XI ofthe agreement between the United NationsEducational, Scientific and Cultural Organ-ization and the United Nations;

(b) to make or approve changes of form in theoriginal text of the agreement provided thatthese changes do not affect the substanceof the text ’’.

(2) “ Taking into account Article XX of the draftagreement between the United Nations Educatio-nal, Scientific and Cultural Organization and theUnited Nations which lays down that the Secre-tary-General and the Director-General may enterinto such supplementary arrangements for theimplementation of this agreement as may be founddesirable in the light of the operating experienceof the two Organizations ’’.

It is decided that the approval of the Execu-tive Board shall be necessary in the followingcases :

(a) The subsidiary agreement on InformationServices as outlined in article VII of theDraft Agreement between the United Na-tions and Unesco,

(b) Any agreement concerning the division ofresponsibility in the joint undertakings ofthe United Nations and Unesco for the de-velopment of freedom of information ’’.

II. — DRAFT CONVENTION BETWEEN THE STATESMEMBERS OF THE UNITED NATIONS EDUCA-TIONAL, SCIENTIFIC AND CULTURAL ORGAN-

IZATION ON PRIVILEGES AND IMMUNITIES.

The Sub-Commission considered the adoptionof this draft convention to be premature and pre-ferred that the discussion be deferred to anothersession of the General Conference. However, itapproved the text of the following recommenda-tion

“ Pending the drafting of a, general Con-vention defining the privileges and immunitiesof Specialized Agencies, of their officials andof representatives of States Members, the

ADMINISTRATIVE

General Conference requests the governmentsof each State Member to grant the appropriatefacilities to officials and representatives ofUnesco who pass through their country or whostay there while on official business. ”

The Sub-Commission decided to defer the dis-cussion of this draft until such time as the Ge-neral Convention on Privileges and Immunitiesmay be adopted. Pending definitive agreement theSub-Commission recommend to the General Con-ference that the provisional agreement betweenthe Preparatory, Commission and the Governmentof the French Republic remain in force with theamendment made to Article XV.

IV. — PROVISIONAL DIRECTIVE CONCERNINGTHE ESTABLISHMENT OF RELATIONS BETWEENTHE UNITED NATIONS EDUCATIONAL, SCIEN-TIFIC AND CULTURAL ORGANIZATION AND INTER-NATIONAL NON-GOVERNMENTAL ORGANIZATIONS.

The Sub-Commission adopted the text of thefollowing recommendation : —

‘‘ The Sub-Commission recommend that theGeneral Conference authorize the Director-Ge-neral to establish co-operation with Non-Go-vernmental Organizations on the basis of theprovisional directive appearing on page 240 ’’.

V . — DRAFT AGREEMENT WITH THE INTER-NATIONAL INSTITUTE OF INTELLECTUAL CO-OPE-

RATION.

The Sub-Commission recommends that theGeneral Conference should adopt the amendedtext of this draft agreement as it appears onpage. 245.

Further, since the Act on Intellectual Co-ope-ration is still in force and since it is desirable thatit should now lapse, the French delegation madethe following declaration :

“ Considering that the International Act of1938 was intended to facilitate the work of theInternational Institute of Intellectual Co-ope-ration without altering its status within theframework of the League of Nations,

‘‘ considering that the liquidation of theLeague of Nations necessarily involves the li-quidation of the International Commission onIntellectual Co-operation and of the Institutewhich is its Executive Organ, and

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“ considering that the International Act of1938 has now lost its purpose,

“ the Government of the French Republicwhich convoked the Conference from which theInternational Act of 1938 resultedwill enter intocontact with the ten states still existing, whichratified the Act, in order to obtain their agree-ment to its cancellation. ”The Sub-Commission took note of this decla-

ration and expressed its satisfaction.

The Sub-Commission recommends that the Ge-neral Conference adopt the amended text as itappears on page 243.

VI. — DRAFT AGREEMENT WITHTHE INTERNATIONAL BUREAU OF EDUCATION.

VII. — DRAFT AGREEMENT WITH THEINTERNATIONAL COUNCIL OF SCIENTIFIC UNIONS.

The Sub-Commission recommends that the Ge-neral Conference should adopt the amended textas it appears on page 244.

VIII. — RELATIONS BETWEEN THE UNITED NA-TIONS EDUCATIONAL, SCIENTIFIC AND CULTURAL

ORGASIZATION AND THE MEMBER STATES.

The Sub-Commission has formulated its con-clusions in the following recommendation whichwill be submitted to the approval of the GeneralConference. The Sub-Commission recommends :

(I) That the General Conference shall invitethose Member States which have not yetestablished National Commissions or natio-nal organs of co-operation to take the re-quired measures for putting into force theprovisions of Article VII of the Constitutionof Unesco;

(2) That the Director-General shall be invitedto grant Member States which ‘apply for itall necessary assistance, short of financialassistance, with a view to establishing Na-tional Commissions or national organs ofco-operation;

( 3 ) That Unesco shall keep each National Com-mission informed of its contacts within thatCommission’s country, and shall consult with.the Commission in all matters of a generalcharacter;

(4) That the general observations concerningNational Commissions presented as an An-nex to this report shall be submitted to theExecutive Board to provide a basis for tho-rough study of the problem of National Com-missions, and that this study shall also takedue account of the general work of the Con-ference. That the general observations shall,after revision, be communicated to Mem-ber States.

The Sub-Commission recommends that the Ge-neral Conference should request Member Statesto communicate to the United Nations Educa-tional, Scientific and Cultural Organization, twomonths before the second session of the General

Conference, a report containing the following in-formation :

I) Investigation with regard to such institu-

5) Information on the action taken on recom-

tions and associations concerned with education,science, culture and mass media of information,

mendations or conventions adopted by the Gene-

when of national importance;

ral Conference.

2) Information on the national laws and regu-lations in force in these domains;

3) Statistics with regard to these domains;4.) Reports on recent progress in education,

science and culture, and proposals with regard tothe programme and future activity of the UnitedNations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Or-ganization;

IX. — RELATIONS BETWEEN THE UNITED NA-TIONS EDUCATIONAL, SCIENTIFIC AND CULTU-RAL ORGANIZATION AND OTHER SPECIALIZED

AGENCIES.

The Sub-Commission has adopted the text ofthe following recommendation :

“ The Sub-Commission recommends that theGeneral Conference instruct the Director-Gene-ral to initiate negotiations with other Specia-lized Agencies of the United Nations, in orderto prepare co-operation with them through for-mal agreements to be concluded under theauthority of the Executive Board, following themodel agreement appearing on page 245. ”

PROVISIONAL DIRECTIVE ON THE RELA-TIONS BETWEEN THE UNITED NATIONSEDUCATIONAL, SCIENTIFIC AND CULTU-RAL ORGANIZATION AND NON-GOVERN-MENTAL INTERNATIONAL ORGANIZA-

TIONS

I. — Any international organization which isnot established by inter-governmental agreementshall be considered as a non-governmental inter-national organization. Thus this directive appliesto “ semi-governmental ” organizations which, al-though having governments among their mem-bers, have not been set up by inter-governmentalagreement.

II. — In its co-operation with the organizations,the United Nations Educational, Scientific andCultural Organization will recognize and fully res-pect their independence and autonomy within thefield of their competence.

III. — Organizations to which this directive applies.

To be admitted to co-operation with the UnitedNations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Or-ganization, an organization should :

a) be truly international in its structure and ofrecognized standing;

b) be concerned primarily with matters fallingwithin the competence of the United NationsEducational, Scientific and Cultural Organ-ization;

c) have aims and purposes in conformity with

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the general principles embodied in the Con-stitution of the United Nations Educational,Scientific and Cultural Organization;

d) have a permanent directing body and author-ized representatives.

IV. — Form of Co-operation.

According to the character of the organizationand to the scope of its interest in the United Na-tions Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organ-ization, co-operation can be considered along thefollowing main lines :

a)

b)c)

d)

e)

f)

g)

reciprocal representation by means of obser-vers at meetings of the directing bodies ofthe two organizations;mutual consultation and advice;participation on advisory committees or com-missions set up by the United Nations Edu-cational, Scientific and Cultural Organiza-tion;invitation to undertake a specific task onbehalf of the United Nations Educational,Scientific and Cultural Organization;financial support by the United Nations Edu-cational, Scientific and Cultural Organiza-tion for specific projects to be carried out bythe organization, which contribute to the pur-poses and programme of the United NationsEducational, Scientific and Cultural Organ-ization;grant of facilities in the nature of office space,secretarial services, arrangements for meet-ings, documentation, etc.;exchange of information and material.

V. — Possible types of arrangements.

In accordance with the provisions of Article XIof the Constitution, the relations between theUnited Nations Educational, Scientific and Cul-tural Organization, and an organization may beestablished on the basis of :

a) formal agreements;b) working arrangements.Formal agreements will be required whenever

questions of financial support or the grant of faci-lities such as the provision of office space, secre-tarial assistance are involved. Such agreements willbe submitted to the approval of the ExecutiveBoard, and before they are concluded the Eco-nomic and Social Council of the United Nationswill have to be informed of their nature andscope.

Working arrangements will be made by theDirector-General.

The Director-General will submit to every Ses-sion of the General Conference a report on theagreements or arrangements in force or contem-plated.

AGREEMENT BETWEEN THE UNITED NA-TIONS EDUCATIONAL, SCIENTIFIC ANDC U LT U R A L O R G A N I Z A T I O N A N D T H E I N -TERNATIONAL INSTITUTE OF INTELLEC-

TUAL CO-OPERATION

Under the terms of its Constitution, the UnitedNations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Or-

ganization was set up as the Specialized Agency ofthe United Nations in the domain of Education,Science and Culture, with the object of contri-buting, by co-operation in these three fields, tothe realization of the aims of international peaceand the common welfare of mankind which theCharter of the United Nations proclaims;

Considering furthermore that paragraph 2 ofArticle XI states that :

“ Whenever the General Conference of thisOrganization and the competent authorities ofany other specialized inter-governmental organ-izations or agencies whose purposes and func-tions lie within the competence of this Organ-ization, deem it desirable to effect a transfer oftheir resources and activities to this Organiza-tion, the Director-General, subject to the appro-val of the Conference, may enter into mutuallyacceptable arrangements for this purpose ’’;Considering that the liquidation of the League,

of Nations involved the liquidation of the Inter-national Organization of Intellectual Co-operation,to be followed, on the 31st December 1946 by thatof the International Institute of Intellectual Co-operation;

Considering that it is essential that, at the timeof the Institute’s suppression, the continuity ofits work should be ensured under the responsi-bility of the United Nations Educational, Scien-tific and Cultural Organization;

Considering that the Economic and Social Coun-cil adopted at its Third Session the following reso-lution :

“ The Economic and Social Council recom-mends that, in view of the future transfer toUnesco of the functions and activities of theInstitute of Intellectual Co-operation :I. The Preparatory Commission of Unesco and

the Institute be requested to undertake atthis time negotiations for this purpose.

2. The Secretary-General be authorised to stu-dy and to report to the next meeting of theGeneral Assembly concerning the conditionsunder which it will be appropriate to utilizethe assets of the League of Nations in theInternational Institute of Intellectual Co-ope-ration bearing in mind the respective requi-rements of the United Nations and Unesco. ”

Considering that in the second part of its FirstSession which opened in New York on October25th 1946 the General Assembly of the UnitedNations adopted the following resolution :

I. “The General Assembly recommends that assoon as possible after Unesco has been defini-tely established, it shall take over, in accor-dance with Article XI, paragraph 2, of itsCharter, such of the functions and activitiesof the International Institute of IntellectualCo-operation as may be performed within thescope of the programme adopted at theUnesco General Conference, as set forth inthe draft agreement between the UnitedNations and Unesco, under the terms ofArticle 63 of the United Nations Charter.

2. “ The General Assembly further recommendsthat an agreement be concluded betweenUnesco and the Institute before 31st Decem-ber 1946, in order to facilitate the assump-

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tion by Unesco of the functions and activitiesreferred to in paragraph I of the presentResolution.

3. “ The General Assembly, in order to ensure,under the auspices of Unesco, the continuity

of the work performed by the InternationalInstitute of Intellectual Co-operation, invitesthe Secretary-General to authorize Unescoto utilize the assets of the Institute transfer-red by the League of Nations to the United

N a t i o n s ” : The United Nations Educational, Scientific and

Cultural Organization and the International In-stitute of Intellectual Co&operation agree as fol-lows :

ARTICLE I

PURPOSE OF THE AGREEMENT.The purpose of the present Agreement is to

ensure by appropriate measures the continuity, un-der the responsibility of the United Nations Edu-cational, Scientific and Cultural Organization, ofthe work accomplished since 1924 by the Interna-tional Institute of Intellectual Co-operation.

ARTICLE 2PROGRAMME OF THE INTERNATIONAL INSTITUTE

OF INTELLECTUAL CO-OPERATION.Within the framework of the programme to be

adopted by the General Conference at its FirstSession, the United Nations Educational, Scien-tific and Cultural Organization shall endeavour toensure the continuity of work done by the Inter-national Institute of Intellectual Co-operationsince 1924, and, in particular, to complete certaintasks undertaken by the Institute, as far as theGeneral Conference considers it advisable.

ARTICLE 3UTILIZATION BY THE UNITED NATIONS EDUCA-TIONAL, SCIENTIFIC AND CULTURAL ORGANIZATIONOF THE ASSETS OF THE INTERNATIONAL INSTITUTEOF INTELLECTUAL CO-OPERATION WHICH HAVEBECOME THE PROPERTY OF THE UNITED NATIONS.

Given equal competence and merit of applicants,and in accordance with the principles decided uponby the United Nations Educational, Scientific andCultural Organization for the recruitment of itsstaff, special consideration shall be given to appli-cations made by former officials of the Institutewho, having acquired experience with the Insti-tute, are able to make an effective contributionto the work of the United Nations Educational,Scientific and Cultural Organization.

a) Nature of these assets.The assets of the International Institute of In-

tellectual Co-operation transferred to the UnitedNations by the League of Nations consist of thefollowing :

(i) The library of the International Instituteof Intellectual Co-operation;

(ii) The archives of the International Instituteof Intellectual Co-operation;

(iii) The stocks of publications belonging to theInternational Institute of Intellectual Co-operation and the copyrights and publishingrights thereto pertaining;

(iv) The furniture and material acquired by theInternational Institute of Intellectual Co-operation since 1924.

The Director-General of the United NationsEducational, Scientific and Cultural Organizationand the Director of the International Institute ofIntellectual Co-operation shall take all the neces-sary steps to ensure the execution of the presentAgreement.

ARTICLE 6

b) Utilization of these assets.

ARTICLE 5

ENTRY INTO FORCE .

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According to the decision of the United Nations,the United Nations Educational, Scientific andCultural Organization will have, as from 31st De-cember 1946, the use of the above-mentioned as-sets under the following conditions :

The present Agreement shall come into force,after approval by the General Conference of theUnited Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultu-ral Organization, when it is signed by the Director-General of the United Nations Educational, Scien-tific and Cultural Organization and the Directorof ‘the International Institute of Intellectual Co-operation.

It shall be communicated before signature tothe United Nations and to the French Govern-ment.

(I) The library of the International Instituteof Intellectual Co-operation shall be handed overto the Secretariat of the United Nations Educa-tional, Scientific and Cultural Organization andbecome a separate part of the latter’s library.

(2) The archives of the International Instituteof Intellectual Co-operation shall be handed overto the Secretariat of the United Nations Educa-tional, Scientific and Cultural Organization andbecome a separate part of the latter’s archives.

(3) The stocks of publications shall likewise behanded over to the Secretariat of the United Na-tions Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organ-ization. The conditions under which the United Na-tions Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organ-ization shall use these publications, and the copy-rights and publishinshall be determined b

rights thereto pertaining,y a special agreement be-

tween the United Nations Educational, Scientificand Cultural Organization and the United Nations.

(4) Due regard being had to the rights and in-terests of the United Nations on the one hand,and of the French Government on the other, thefurniture and materials acquired by the Interna-tional Institute of Intellectual Co-operation since1924 shall be handed over to the United NationsEducational, Scientific and Cultural Organizationfor the latter’s use.

ARTICLE 4

STAFF OF THE INTERNATIONAL INSTITUTEOF INTELLECTUAL CO-OPERATION.


AGREEMENT BETWEEN THE UNITED NA-TIONS EDUCATIONAL, SCIENTIFIC ANDCULTURAL ORGANIZATION AND THE IN-TERNATIONAL BUREAU OF EDUCATION

A R T I C L E 3

I. Considering that according to the Preambleof its Constitution, the United Nations Educa-tional,. Scientific and Cultural Organization wascreated as the specialized agency of the UnitedNations in the field of education, science and cul-ture, for the purpose of advancing through co-operation in these three spheres the objectives ofinternational peace and of common welfare ofmankind proclaimed in the Charter of the UnitedNations;

The International Bureau of Education shallfurnish the United Nations Educational, Scien-tific and Cultural Organization with the informa-tion and documentation in its possession and shallcomply to the fullest extent possible with any re-quest for study or informationorgans of the United Nations Educational, Scien-

resented by the

tific and Cultural Organization.

ARTICLE 4

2. Considering also that the International Bu-reau of Education was created as an intergovern-mental organization in order to fulfil an essentiallytechnical task in the field of education;

3. Considering that Article XI of its Constitu-tion provides that the United Nations Educa-tional, Scientific and Cultural Organization mayco-operate with other specialized intergovern-mental organizations and agencies whose interestsand activities are related to its purposes, and thatthe Statutes of the International Bureau of Edu-cation permit such collaboration;

4. Convinced that from now onwards thereshould be the fullest unity of action between theUnited Nations Educational, Scientific and Cul-tural Organization and’ the International Bureauof Education, and pending a definitive agreement,which, taking account of the experience gainedin 1947 will endeavour to unify the activities andthe structure of the two organizations within, theframework of the United Nations Educational,Scientific and Cultural Organization,

The United Nations Educational, Scientific andCultural Organization and the International Bu-reau of Education shall determine the most equi-table manner in which the expenses of specialstudies or work undertaken in common shall bedefrayed,

ARTICLE 5INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON PUBLIC

E D U C A T I O N .

The United Nations Educational, Scientific andCultural Organization and the International Bu-reau of Education agree as follows :

ARTICLE I

I. The Tenth International Conference on Pu-blic Education shall be convened in 1947 by theInternational Bureau of Education or conjointlyby the International Bureau of Education andthe United Nations Educational, Scientific andCultural Organization, should the latter so desire,The Conference shall be held in Geneva and theagenda shall be determined by the Joint Commit-tee. In any case, the agenda shall include a reporton the educational movement during the year1946 and two other items chosen from among theenquiries carried out by the International Bureauof Education as well as any other item suggestedby the United Nations Educational, Scientificand Cultural Organization.

2. On the conclusion of a definitive agreement,and subject to the approval of the General Con-ference, the International Conference on PublicEducation shall be convened by the United Na-tions Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organ-ization.

ARTICLE 6For the duration of this provisional agreement,

a Joint Committee composed of three represen-tatives of the United Nations Educational, Scien-tific and Cultural Organisation and three represen-tatives of the International Bureau of Education,assisted by the Director of the latter organizationand the Head of the Education Service of theUnited Nations Educational, Scientific and Cul-tural Organization, shall supervise the effectiveco-operation of the two institutions.

YEARBOOK OF THE INTERNATIONAL BUREAU OFEDUCATION AND OTHER PUBLICATIONS.

ARTICLE 2

I. An observer of the United Nations Educa-tional, Scientific and Cultural Organization shallbe invited to attend the meetings of the Councilof the International Bureau of Education, withoutright to vote.

I, In conformity with its tradition, the Year-book published by the International Bureau ofEducation in 1947 shall contain concise reportson the educational movement presented to theTenth International Conference on Public Educa-tion, and statistics of schools.

2. In planning their respective programmes ofpublications, the United Nations Educational,Scientific and Cultural Organization and the Inter-national Bureau of Education will do their utmostto avoid duplication.

ARTICLE 7

2. An observer of the International Bureau ofEducation shall be invited to participate, withoutthe right to vote, in the sessions of the GeneralConference of the United Nations Educational,Scientific and Cultural Organization.

EXHIBITION OF PUBLIC INSTRUCTION.

During the year 1947 the International Bureauof Education shall be prepared to associate thename of the United Nations Educational, Scien-tific and Cultural Organization with the Perma-nent Exhibition of Public Instruction. The Bureau

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shall place a stand at the disposal of the UnitedNations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Or-ganization, should the latter so desire.

A R T I C L E 8PERSONNEL.

I. For the duration of the provisional agreementthe United Nations Educational, Scientific andCultural Organization may detach to the Inter-national Bureau of Education the personnel ne-cessary to collaborate in the preparation of thejoint publications and in the International Con-ference on Public Education.

Exchanges of personnel can further be arrangedto ensure the co-operation provided for by thepresent agreement.

2. In case the definitive Agreement which willsucceed the present provisional agreement shouldprovide for the unification of the two Organiza-tions within the framework of the United NationsEducational, Scientific and Cultural Organization,the following provisions shall apply :

Given equal competence and merit of appli-cants, and in accordance with the principles de-cided upon by the United Nations Educational,Scientific and Cultural Organization for the recruit-ing of its staff, special consideration shall be gi-ven to applications by officials of the InternationalBureau of Education who, having acquired expe-rience with the Bureau, are able to make an effec-tive contribution to the work of the United Na-tions Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organ-i sa t ion .

ARTICLE 9

As soon as possible, the Joint Committee willinitiate, in the spirit of paragraph 4 of the Pream-ble, the study of the definitive agreement con-templated for in this provisional agreement.

ARTICLE IO

The present provisional agreement is concludedfor a period of one year, and will come into forcewhen, having been approved by the General Con-ference of the United Nations Educational, Scien-tific and Cultural Organization and the com-petent organs of the International Bureau ofEducation, it has been signed by the Director-General of the United Nations Educational,Scientific and Cultural Organization, and the Di-rector of the International Bureau of Education.

AGREEMENT BETWEEN THE UNITED NA-TIONS EDUCATIONAL, SCIENTIFIC ANDCULTURAL ORGANIZATION AND THE IN-TERNATIONAL COUNCIL OF SCIENTIFIC

UNIONS

ARTICLE I

MUTUAL RECOGNITION,a) The United Nations Educational, Scientific

and Cultural Organization recognizes the In-ternational Scientific Unions as providing anatural and. appropriate form for the inter-national organization of science, and the In-

ternational Council of Scientific Unions astheir co-ordinating and representative body.

b) The International Council of ScientificUnions recognizes the United Nations Edu-cational, Scientific and Cultural Organisationas the principal agency of the United Nationsin the field of international scientific rela-tions, and declares its acceptance of theprinciples underlying the Constitution of theUnited Nations Educational, Scientific andCultural Organization.

ARTICLE 2FREEDOM OF SCIENTIFIC INFORMATION.

The International Council of Scientific Unionsand the United Nations Educational, Scientificand Cultural Organization will further by allpossible means the greatest possible freedom inthe exchange of scientific information across fron-tiers, in accordance with any international agree-ments and domestic law governing such exchange.

ARTICLE 3MUTUAL CONSULTATION.

The United Nations Educational, Scientific andCultural Organization and the International Coun-cil of Scientific &ions will arrange for permanentconsultation on all matters coming within therealm of their common interests.

To this effect, one or more liaison officers maybe appointed by the International Council ofScientific Unions to represent that body and theUnions at the headquarters of the United Na-tions Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organ-ization. Similarly, a liaison officer may be ap-pointed by the United Nations Educational,Scientific and Cultural Organization to the In-ternational Council of Scientific Unions head-quarters.

ARTICLE 4RECIPROCAL REPRESENTATION.

a) A representative of the United Nations Edu-cational, Scientific and Cultural Organisationwill be invited to attend, as an observer,all plenary sessions of the International Coun-cil of Scientific Unions and meetings of its

b)

c)

Executive Committee.The United Nations Educational, Scientificand Cultural Organization will invite the In-ternational Council of Scientific Unions to berepresented by an observer at its GeneralConference.The United Nations Educational, Scientificand Cultural Organization may further in-vite the International Council of ScientificUnions or its component Unions to be re-presented in an adequate way on advisorycommittees set up by its General Conferenceto deal with matters falling within their fieldof competence.

ARTICLE 5EXCHANGE OF INFORMATION.

Subject ‘to measures that may be necessary tosafeguard confidential documents, the United Na-

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tions Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organ-ization and the International Council of Scien-tific Unions will exchange all information ordocuments bearing on matters in which they areboth concerned.

ARTICLE 6T R A V E L FA C I L I T I E S .

The United Nations Educational, Scientificand Cultural Organization will endeavour to fa-cilitate, either directly or through its States Mem-bers, the movement across frontiers of scientificpersons attending conferences or symposia heldunder the auspices of the Unions or Joint Com-missions appointed by the Unions.

ARTICLE 7INVITATION TO UNDERTAKE SPECIFIC TASKS.

The United Nations Educational, Scientific andCultural Organisation may, whenever desirable,invite the International Council of ScientificUnions, or one of its component Unions, to un-dertake specific tasks on its behalf. Where neces-sary, financial support may be made available.

ARTICLE 8FINANCIAL SUPPORT .

In line with its general policies and within theframework of the budget approved by its GeneralConference, the Executive Board of the UnitedNations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Or-ganization will, at the request of the Internatio-nal Council of Scientific Unions, consider grantingsuch financial support as may be required toenable the International Council of ScientificUnions to develop its programme adequately.

Such financial support may be considered forthe following main purposes :

a) contributions towards the financing of in-ternational projects already established or to beundertaken by the Unions, provided their scopeand international significance justify such support;in these cases, the scientific and technical controlof the projects would remain with the Unions,but the United Nations Educational, Scientificand Cultural Organization would be representedon whatever commission or joint commission con-trols the project;

b) assistance to the International Council ofScientific Unions and its component Unions inthe form of provision of office space, secretarialservices, arrangements for meetings, documenta-tion, etc.

ARTICLE 9DURATION OF THIS AGREEMENT.

a) Subject to the provisions of paragraph C)below, the present agreement is concluded for anunlimited period, but each party reserves theright to terminate it, at twelve months’ notice,as from the first of January in any year. In theevent of such termination, the two bodies shallagree on the conditions under which any jointprojects shall be terminated or carried on.

b) The present agreement shall come into force,

after approval by the competent bodies of bothparties, as soon as it has been signed by the Ge-neral Secretary of the International Council ofScientific Unions and the Director-General of theUnited Nations Educational, Scientific and Cul-tural Organization.

c) At the end of each calendar year, and forthe first time in December 1947, this agreementwill be re-examined, in the light of the experiencegained. Alterations decided upon by mutual agree-ment will come into force immediately upon ap-proval by the competent ‘bodies of both parties.

MODEL OF AGREEMENTS TO BECONCLUDED WITH OTHER SPECIAL-

IZED AGENCIES

I. Article XI, paragraph I of the Constitutionof the United Nations Educational, Scientific andCultural Organization provides that :

“ This Organization may co-operate with otherspecialized intergovernmental organizations oragencies whose interests and activities are rela-ted to its purpose. ”2. Article . . . . . of the Constitution of the . . . . . . . . . .

provides that

Therefore; the United Nations Educational,Scientific and Cultural Organization and the.........agree is follows :

ARTICLE I

MUTUAL RECOGNITION.

The United Nations Educational, Scientific andCultural Organization and the . . . . . . . . . . recognizeeach other as Specialized Agencies responsible fortaking such action as may be appropriate undertheir basic instrument for the accomplishment ofthe purposes set forth therein.

ARTICLE 2RECIPROCAL REPRESENTATION.

Each Organization will have the right to par-ticipate, without vote, in the sessions of theother’s directing body and in any regional orspecial conference convened by the other organ-ization.

The two Organizations will give each othersufficient notice of such meetings and of theiragenda.

ARTICLE 3INSERTION OF ITEMS IN THE AGENDA.

Subject to preliminary agreement, there shallbe inserted in the agenda of the meetings of thedirecting or executive organs of each Organiza-tion, any item that may be proposed to themby the corresponding organ of the other.

ARTICLE 4TECHNICAL COLLABORATION.

Note : The content of this article will be dif-ferent in each case.

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ARTICLE 5EXCHANGE OF INFORMATION AND DOCUMENTS.

ARTICLE 12REVISION.

Subject to the right to safeguard confidentialmaterial, the fullest possible and promptest ex-change of information and documents shall bemade between the United Nations Educational,Scientific and Cultural Organization and the...

This Agreement shall be subject to amendmentby agreement between the two Organizations andshall in any case be reviewed not later than threeyears after its entry into force.

ARTICLE 6REGIONAL OR BRANCH OFFICES.

Subject to the relevant provisions of their agree-ment with the United Nations, the two Organ-izations shall, as far as practicable, be closelyassociated in the establishment or the adminis-tration of their regional or branch offices.

This Agreement shall come into force on itsapproval by the competent organ of each Organ-ization.

B. — REVISED STAFF REGULATIONS

ARTICLE 7PERSONNEL ARRANGEMENTS.

The two Organizations, having agreed that inthe development of their Staff Regulations andarrangements they will endeavour to follow thepattern laid down by the United Nations, willaim at avoiding serious inequalities in the tenureand conditions of employment, as well as com-petition in the recruiting of staff. They will fa-cilitate, when necessary or desirable, exchanges ofstaff members in order that both Organizationsmay derive the maximum benefit from theirservices.

ARTICLE 8STATISTICAL SERVICES.

The Commission has been actuated by the desireto constitute a staff offering serious guaranteesof efficiency and to recruit on a broad and trulyinternational basis. It has endeavoured to recon-cile the necessity of recruiting on the widest pos-sible basis with the legitimate interests of the staffof the Secretariat of the Preparatory Commission.Finally, it desires to provide stable careers for thestaff, while bearing in mind the necessity of relie-ving the Organization of obligations towards mem-bers of the staff, who, in the course of their work,may not prove entirely satisfactory.

The two Organizations will fix by subsequentworking arrangement the limits of their respec-tive activities in the collection, analysis, standard-ization, extension, publication and disseminationof statistical information. This will be done inclose collaboration and co-ordination with the com-petent bodies and services of the United Nations.

ARTICLE gJOINT COMMITTEE.

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The two Organizations will set up a Joint Com-mittee for the study of all problems primarilyaffecting both Organizations.

This Joint Committee will be responsible inparticular for the continuous delimitation of theproper fields of activity of the two Organizationsand for making recommendations thereon.

The purpose of the Organization is to contributeto peace and security, and to advance the commonwelfare of mankind. It is to achieve this purposeby promoting collaboration among the nationsthrough education, science and culture in orderto further universal respect for justice, for therule of law and for the human rights and funda-mental freedoms which are affirmed for the peoplesof the world by the Charter of the United Nations.It is essential that all members of the staff shouldunderstand and sympathize with these aims, whichcan only be achieved through the joint” efforts ofeveryone in the Secretariat irrespective of rank,race, sex, language or religion.

ARTICLE IO

IMPLEMENTATION OF THE AGREEMENT.The Directors General of the Organizations

parties to this agreement may enter into suchworking arrangements for its implementation asmay be found desirable in the light of the ex-perience gained by the two Organizations.

ARTICLE II

DURATION OF THE AGREEMENT.This Agreement is concluded for an indefinite

period but may be terminated by eitherization subject to twelve months’ notice.

Organ-

The Director-General and all members of thestaff of the Organization are international civilservants and their responsibilities are not nationalbut exclusively international in character. By ac-cepting appointment, they pledge themselves todischarge their functions and to regulate theirconduct with the interests of the United NationsEducational, Scientific and Cultural Organizationonly in view. They shall not seek nor receive in-structions regarding their duties from any govern-ment or from any other authority external to theOrganization, neither shall they become candidatesfor any public office of a political character. Allmembers of the staff are subject to the authorityof the Director-General and are responsible to himin the exercise of their functions. His consent must

ARTICLE 13ENTRY INTO FORCE.

P R E A M B L E

I. — DUTIES AND OBLIGATIONSOF THE SECRETARIAT.


be obtained before accenting any honour. deco-ration, favour or monetary reward from any Go-vernment or authority external to the Organiza-tion.

Regulation 2

On accepting appointment with Unesco, eachmember of the staff shall subscribe to the follow-ing declaration :

‘‘ I solemnly undertake to exercise in allloyalty, discretion and conscience the functionsentrusted to me as a member of the staff ofUnesco, to discharge these functions and regu-late my conduct with the interests of Unescoonly in view and not to seek or accept instruc-tions in regard to the performance of my dutiesfrom any Government or other authority exter-nal to the Organization. ”

Regulation 3Members of the staff shall enjoy such immuni-

ties and privileges as may be conferred upon themby virtue of any conventions that may be con-cluded by or on behalf of Unesco, or in any othermanner. These privileges and immunities furnishno excuse to the staff members who enjoy themfor non-performance, of their private obligationsor failure to observe laws and police regulations.In any incident where these privileges and immu-nities are involved, the staff concerned shall imme-diately report to the Director-Generalwith whomalone it rests to decide whether or not the immu-nities and privileges shall be waived and whataction shall be taken.

Regulation 4Members of the staff shall exercise the utmost

discretion in regard to all matters of official busi-ness. They shall not communicate to any otherperson any unpublished information known tothem by reason of their official position, except inthe course of their duties.

Regulation 5Members of the staff shall avoid any action and

in particular any kind of public pronouncement,publication or activity which may adversely re-flect on their position as international civil servantsor involve the good repute of Unesco. They arenot expected to give up their national sentiments,or their political and religious convictions; butthey shall at all times bear in mind the reserve andtact incumbent upon them by reason of theirinternational status,

No member of the staff shall accept, hold orengage in any office or occupation which, in theopinion of the Director-General, is incompatiblewith the proper discharge of his duties withUnesco.

II. — APPOINTMENT, PROBATIONAND PROMOTION.

Men and women shall be equally eligible forall posts in the Secretariat.

Regulation, 7

Appointments to posts in the Secretariat shallbe made on the basis of merit and in accordancewith article VI paragraph 4 of the Constitutionof Unesco.

The Director-General shall take the necessarysteps to ensure that no persons who have discre-dited themselves by their activities or connectionswith fascism or nazism shall be appointed to theSecretariat.

Regulation 8

Appointments to the posts of Deputy Director-General, Associate Directors-General, Directors ofDivisions and Heads of Services shall be made bythe Director-General, after consultation with theExecutive Board.

Appointments of the other members of the staffshall be made by the Director-General havingregard to the opinions expressed by the Nomina-tions Committee appointed by the ExecutiveBoard, from amongst its own members.

Regulation 9Members of the staff of the higher grades must

have a good knowledge of one of the two workinglanguages and must hold at least a Universitydegree or have had equivalent experience. A de-parture from this condition may be made withthe approval of the Nominations Committee wherethe nominee possesses special qualifications orparticularly valuable, experience, or has done out-standing work. Members of the lower grades musthave a good knowledge of one of the two workinglanguages and have a satisfactory knowledge ofthe other.

Regulation 10For the purposes of these Regulations, appoint-

ments are deemed to be either permanent or tem-porary according to the following schedules :

Appointment Designation- -

I) Full-time appointments to the Se-cretariat of more than 12 months' Permanentduration.

2 ) F u l l - t i m e a p p o i n t m e n t s o f 1 2months’ duration or less includingfull-time consultations, i. e. per- Temporarysonnel appointed in an advisory,capacity for a period of not morethan 12 months.Such principal high officers as the Director-

General may determine with the approval of theExecutive Board, shall be appointed under con-tracts not to exceed six years, subject to the possi-bility of renewal.

There shall be set up for all members of the staffa system of classification and a scale of salaries. tobe submitted to the approval of the ExecutiveBoard or to the competent organ set up by thatBoard. The classification system and salary sche-dule shall be subject to review without prejudice toa c q u i r e d r i g h t s .

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The Director-General shall, however, be, author-ized to employ where necessary to the work ofthe Organization, temporary personnel on speciallimited-term contracts outside the permanent clas-sification plan.

Regulation 12

Upon appointment, every member of the staffshall receive a letter signed by the Director-Gene-ral or his authorized deputy laying down the con-ditions of appointment. The appointee in acceptingappointment shall sign and return to the Director-General a letter of acceptance stating that heagrees to the conditions set forth in the letter ofappointment and subscribes to the declarationin Regulation 2 of the Staff Regulations. The let-ter of appointment and the letter of acceptanceshall constitute the contract of employment.

Regulation 13

Members of the staff shall be assigned theirduties by the Director-General or by his authorizedrepresentatives. Subject to the terms of his appoint-ment a staff member may be required to work inany department or activity of the Secretariat, butin making assignments the qualifications of eachindividual shall receive consideration.

Regulation 14

Upon appointment all members of the staffshall be required to undergo a medical examinationby a medical practitioner nominated by the Organ-ization. No appointment shall be confirmed untilthe medical authority concerned has issued a cer-tificate that the appointee is free from any defector disease that would interfere with proper dis-charge of his duties.

Regulation 15

The period of probation shall be not less than6 months. The probationary period shall not beterminated without full knowledge and carefulestimate of the employee’s work and conduct, andmay be prolonged for a further period not exceed-ing 12 months. Members of the staff who passthe period of probation shall be given contracts foran indeterminate period, subject to review everyfive years on the basis of reports by their superior

R e g u l a t i o n 1 6

A record of service shall be maintained for eachmember of the staff, which shall include all datarelating to his appointment and a periodic ap-praisal of his work and conduct.

Regulation 17

Promotion shall be made on the basis of serviceand merit, at the discretion of the Director-Gene-ral and subject to the provisions of para. I ofRegulation 8.

Regulation 18

The Director-General shall encourage membersof the staff to develop their qualifications and

knowledge and shall provide facilities for them todo so.

Regulation 19

The Director-General shall provide machinerywhereby members of the staff through their elec-ted representatives, may participate in discussionson internal policy and procedure.

Regulation 20

Members of the staff have the right to consultfreely at all times as individuals or through theirelected representatives with their superiors on anyquestions affecting their duties, working condi-tions, employment, status and like matters invol-ved in the daily performance of their work. Advicemay also be sought, if desired, from any existingstaff organization.

III. — SALARIES .

Regulation 21

Subject to approval by the Executive Board-,the salary scales of members of the staff shall bedetermined by the Director-General in relationto the classification plan, except in the special casesreferred to in the second paragraph of Regula-tion 12.

In determining the salaries for the several gradesand for the various categories of posts within theSecretariat, account should be taken of the salaryand allowance scales of the United Nations andits Specialized Agencies and of the cost of living atthe seat of the Organization.

Regulation 22

Salary increments within the grade shall begranted at prescribed intervals, subject to satis-factory service.

Regulation 23Men and women shall draw the same salaries

and have the same classification and grade whenperforming identical work.

IV. — HOURS OF WORK.

Regulation 24

Hours of work shall be determined by the Direc-tor-General.

V. — LEAVE.

Regulation 25Members of the staff shall be allowed sick-leave

maternity leave, special leave, annual local leaveand home leave as prescribed by the Director,General.

VI. -MEDICAL BENEFITS SCHEME .

Regulation 26The Director-General shall, after consultation

with the Secretary-General of the United Nations,

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make arrangements with the approval of the Exe-cutive Board, under which members of the staffand their dependents shall receive medical andhospital benefits.

The Director-General may, at his discretion, acceptresignations on shorter notice.

Regulation 33

VII. — DISCIPLINARY MEASURES.

Regulation 27Subject to the provisions of the Staff Regula-

tions, and the terms of the staff member’s enga-gement, the tenure of appointment of every staffmember and his promotion shall be conditionalupon good conduct and the efficient performanceof his duties.

Regulat ion 28

The normal age of retirement shall be 60 years,with a variation of 5 years either way at the dis-cretion of the Director-General, should it be in theinterest of the Organization, and with further pos-sible exceptions for certain senior posts.

X. — EXPENSES AND ALLOWANCES.

Regulation 34

Subject to subsequent right of appeal to theTribunal referred to in Regulation 29, the Direc-tor-General may take disciplinary action againstmembers of the staff for minor offences and maysuspend them from duty with or without pay orinstantly dismiss them for persistent failure togive satisfactory service or for serious misconduct.

All action taken under the first paragraph ofthis Regulation may be investigated by a Com-mittee which shall include representatives of theDirector-General and representatives elected bythe staff, in equal numbers, under a chairman tobe nominated by the Executive Board.

The travel expenses and travel allowances ofmembers of the staff in respect of authorized jour-neys on the business of Unesco shall be paid bythe Organization, subject to such conditions asmay be prescribed by the Director-General, onthe basis of the scales adopted by the United Na-tions.

Regulation 35

VIII. — ADMINISTRATIVE TRIBUNAL .

Regulation 29Any dispute arising between the Organization

and a member of the staff regarding the fulfilmentof the contract of a member of the staff or arisingout of disciplinary action, may be referred forfinal decision to an Administrative Tribunal tobe established by the Executive Board for suchperiod as may be necessary pending definitivearrangements with United Nations.

Subject to such conditions as may be prescribedby the Director-General, Unesco shall pay the re-moval cost, travel expenses and travel allowancesof members of the staff and, in appropriate cases,their wives and dependent children :

a) upon appointment to the Secretariat and onsubsequent change of official station;

b) when they are authorized to take home leave;c) upon the termination of appointment; how-

ever, in cases of termination of appointmentby resignation or dismissal on grounds of se-rious misconduct, the Director-General maywith hold the whole or part of these allowan-ces, subject to an appeal to the Administra-tive Tribunal.

Regulation 36

IX. — TERMINATION AND RESIGNATIONOF APPOINTMENT .

The Director-General shall issue special rules tocover children’s allowances, education allowances,installation allowances, and per diem allowances,subject to the approval of the Executive Board.

Regulation 30 XI. — PENSIONS SCHEME.

With the concurrence of the Executive Board,the Director-General may terminate the appoint-ment of a member of the staff if the necessitiesof the service require the abolition of the post.

Regulation 37

Regulation 31 If the Director-General terminates an appoint-

ment under Regulation 30 he shall give at leastthree months’ notice and pay an indemnity equiva-lent to at least three months’ salary. The amountof the indemnity shall be increased with lengthof service up to a maximum of nine months’ sa-lary. These provisions of notice and indemnityshall not apply to probationers, to persons holdingshort-term contracts, or to persons summarily dis-missed.

Regulation 32

A Pensions Scheme for permanent membersofthe staff shall be established by the Director-Ge-neral with the approval of the Executive Board.This scheme shall be, if possible, part of the UnitedNations Scheme. A deduction shall be made fromthe salaries of staff members and the Organiza-tion shall make an additional contribution.

XII. — PROVIDENT FUND.

Regulation 38

Pending the establishment of the permanentPensions Scheme (see Regulation 37) deductionsshall be made from salaries of all members of thestaff and paid into a Provident Fund to whichthe Organization shall also contribute. In the caseof permanent members of the staff, these contri-

Any member of the staff may resign his posi-tion in accordance with the terms of his contract.

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butions shall be transferred to the Pensions Fundas soon as the Pensions Scheme is established.

In the case of temporary members of the staff,deductions shall continue to be made for the Pro-vident Fund after the Pensions Scheme is esta-blished.

XIII. — SPECIAL, INDEMNITIES.

Regulation 39

A member of the staff who is injured as theresult of an accident incurred in the course of hisduty or who is compelled to discontinue his em-ployment as the result of sickness directly attri-butable to his work in the service of Unesco, shallreceive reasonable compensation and medicalcare.Should the staff member die in such circumstances,reasonable compensation shall be paid to his wi-dow or such dependents as the Director-Generalmay determine.

XIV. — GENERAL PROVISIONS.

Regulation 40

These Regulations are applicable to both per-manent and temporary members of the staff. withthe exception of' Regulations 14, 15, 31 and 37,which are applicable to permanent members of thestaff only. Experts and part-time consultants ap-pointed for special duties are not members of theSecretariat and, therefore, are not subject to theseRegulations.

Regulation 41

These Regulations may be supplemented oramended by the General Conference without pre-judice to the acquired rights of members of thestaff. The Director-General shall report annuallyto the General Conference such staff rules andamendments thereto as he may make to imple-ment these Regulations.

Regulation 42

These Regulations will come into force . . . . . . . . .

C. — PROVISIONAL FINANCIALREGULATIONS

In the course of a detailed study of the ques-tion, the Commission has endeavoured to clarifythe accountancy and financial regulations alreadyoutlined by the Secretariat of the PreparatoryCommission, to which the Organization will haveto conform. It has considered at length the pro-blems raised by the control of financial adminis-tration. It has framed regulations reconciling thenecessity of efficient internal control and of ba-sing the budgetary control exercised by the Ge-neral Conference on detailed information of thepast year’s accounts with the desire not to ham-per the Director-General by too onerous methodsof control. It hopes that these regulations willprovide a guarantee of efficiency and economy.

I. — THE FINANCIAL YEAR.

Regulation I

The financial year shall be the calendar year1st January to 3Ist December.

II. — THE BUDGET.

Regulation 2

At the regular session of the General Confe-rence the Director-General shall submit theretoa budget showing the estimated expenditures forthe ensuing financial year.

Regulation 3

In the preparation of the Budget, the Direc-tor-General shall consult with the Secretary-Ge-neral of the United Nations in accordance withArticle XVI, Section 3 (a) of the Draft Agreementbetween the United Nations and Unesco.

Regulation 4

The Director-General shall arrange for the Bud-get to be examined by a committee on finance, tobe appointed by the Executive Board, prior toits submission to the Executive Board and theGeneral Conference. The Budget and the reportof the Committee on the Budget shall be trans-mitted to the Member States of Unesco and to theSecretary-General of the United Nations in suf-ficient time for consideration by them prior to theGeneral Conference.

Regulation 5

The Budget shall be divided into parts, sectionsand chanters and shall be accompanied by :

a)

b)

c)

d)

e)

f )

a detailed statement of the estimated expen-diture provided for under each chapter;a statement showing the amount to be con-tributed by each Member in accordance withthe approved scale of contributions;a statement of estimated income additionalto (b) under appropriate headings;a statement showing the appropriations inthe preceding financial period compared withthe actual expenditure for that period;a statement showing all income by catego-ries received during the preceding financialperiod and indicating appropriations, allot-ments, expenditures and unobligated balan-ces; anda list showing the names of the officials of theOrganization and setting out their nationa-lities, duties, salaries, arid allowances if any;this list shall be confidentially circulated toMember States and to the General Confe-rence.

Regulation 6

In approving the Budget of the Organization,the General Conference shall determine the totalamount to be deposited in the Revolving Fund.

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III. — EXPENDITURES UNDER THE BUDGET .

Regulation 7

Expenditures within the Budget shall be finan-ced by contributions made by Member States inaccordance with the scale of allocations determi-ned by the General Conference and from gifts, be-quests and subventions received in accordancewith paragraph 3 of Article IX of the Constitu-tion of Unesco. Pending the receipt of the fore-going contributions and funds, the Budget maybe financed from the Revolving Fund.

Regulation 8

After the General Conference has adopted theBudget and determined the amount to be depo-sited in the Revolving Fund, the Director-Gene-ral shall :

a) transmit all relevant documents to MemberStates;

b) inform Member States of their commitmentsin respect of annual contributions to the Bud-get and their deposits to the Revolving Fund;

c) request them to remit their contributions tothe Budget and deposits to the RevolvingFund at such time as the Director-Generalmay determine.

IV. — MISCELLANEOUS RECEIPTS.

Regulation 9

The Director-General, with the approval of theExecutive Board, may receive gifts, bequests andsubventions directly from Governments, public orprivate institutions, associations and private per-sons, and shall administer them in accordancewith these Financial Regulations. In consideringthe acceptance of such gifts, bequests and sub-ventions, the Executive Board shall have parti-cular regard to any immediate or ultimate finan-cial liability to the Organization or Member States.

v. — CURRENCY OF THE CONTRIBUTIONS.

Regulation 10

The Budget of the Organization and the Re-volving Fund shall be expressed in dollar cur-rency.

Regulation 11

The contributions from Member States to fi-nance the Budget and deposits from Member Sta-tes to the Revolving Fund shall be assessed againstMember States in dollar currency. The contribu-tions and deposits from Member States shall bemade in a currency or currencies to be determi-ned by the General Conference.

VI. — APPROPRIATION OF FUNDS.

Regulation 12

The adoption of the Budget by the General Con-ference shall constitute an authorization to theDirector-General to incur obligations and expen-

ditures for the purposes for which credits havebeen voted up to the amounts so voted. The Di-rector-General shall allot in writing the appropria-tions voted by the General Conference to the va-rious headings of expenditures prior to the incur-ring of obligations, commitments or expenditurestherefor. The Director-General may delegate hisauthority to make such allotments in writing tothe Deputy Director-General but this authorityshall not be delegated to any other official. A re-cord shall be kept of such allotments and all obli-gations incurred showing at all times the amountavailable under each heading.

VII. — INTERNAL CONTROL.

Regulation 13

The Director-General shall :a) establish detailed financial rules and budge-

tary procedure in order to ensure effectivefinancial administration and the exercise of

b) cause an accurate record to be kept of allcapital acquisitions and all supplies purchas-ed and used;

c) render to the auditors with the accounts astatement as at 31st December showing thesupplies in hand and the assets and liabili-ties of the Organization;

d) cause all payments to be made on the basisof supporting vouchers and other documentswhich ensure that the services and commodi-ties have been received and that paymenthas not previously been made;

e) designate the officials who may incur obli-gations and make payments on behalf of theOrganization;

f) maintain an internal financial control whichshall provide for an effective current exami-nation or review of financial transactions inorder to ensure :

i) the regularity of the receipt, disposal andcustody of all funds and other financialresources of the Organization:

ii) the conformity of all expenditure with theestimates voted by the General Confe-rence; and

iii) the economic use of the resources of theOrganization.

Regulation 14

Tenders for equipment, supplies and other re-quirements shall be invited by advertisement, ex-cept where the Director-General deems that, inthe interest of the Organization, a departure fromthe rule is desirable.

VIII. — THE ACCOUNTS.


The accounts of the Organization shall be keptin the currency in which contributions are payable.This shall not preclude the maintenance of subsi-diary accounts in other currencies if this shouldappear desirable.

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Regulation 16

There shall be established one cash control re-cord to which shall be credited all cash receiptsaccruing to the benefit of the Organization. Thecash control record shall be divided into such sub-sidiary receipts classifications as may be deemednecessary.

Regulation 17

Cash shall be credited to one or more bankaccounts as required; branch accounts, or specialfunds which involve a separation of cash assets,shall be established as charges to the cash controlrecord under appropriate rules to be made by theDirector-General as to objects, purposes and limi-tations of such accounts and funds.

Subject to such conditions as may be prescri-bed by the General Conference, the Director-Gene-ral may invest monies which are not needed forimmediate requirements, provided that the invest-ments shall be made in gold or securities of, orguaranteed by, the government of a Member Stateor by several Member States.


The accounts shall consist of :a) a record providing a statement of assets and

liabilities at the close of each financial periodor year;

Appropriate separate funds shall be maintain-ed for the purpose of accounting for unclaimedmonies, monies received and held in suspense andfor projects where the transactions involve a cycleof operations. The purpose and limits of each fundestablished shall be clearly defined by the approp-riate authority.

b) a cash account showing all cash receipts andactual disbursements made;

c) budget accounts showing :i) the original appropriations, all modifi-

cations by transfer and the unallotted ba-lances;

XI. — EXPIRATION OF APPROPRIATIONS .

ii) the original allotments, all modificationsby transfer or otherwise, and the un-obligated balances;

iii) the original obligations incurred, the can-cellations and liquidations by expendit-ures;

The balance of appropriations remaining un-obligated at 31st December of the financial yearto which they relate shall be surrendered by con-secutive adjustment made in the Budget next pre-sented.

Regulation 24

d) Property records showing :i) capital acquisitions;

ii) equipment and supplies purchased, usedand on hand.

the Director-General with the agreement of theExecutive Board.

Regulation 21

Regulation 22

Regulation 23

XII. — TRANSITORY PROVISIONS.

Regulation 26

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e) Separate accounts for the Revolving and anyother Fund, and for gifts, bequests and sub-ventions received in accordance with ArticleIX, paragraph 3 of the Constitution of Unesco,if the donor so requires.

Payments for outstanding obligations as at 31stDecember, for which accounts have been rendered,shall be made between 1st January and the lastday of February and charged to the accounts ofthe previous financial year. At 1st March the un-liquidated balance of such obligations shall becarried forward to the accounts of the then currentfinancial year.

Regulation 25

IX. — APPOINTMENT OF EXTERNAL AUDITORS.

Regulation 19The Executive Board shall appoint External Au-

ditors in the manner, for the periods and pur-poses, and under the conditions which it shall spe-cify, and the auditors shall prepare a comprehen-sive report for the preceding financial period forsubmission to the General Conference.

Appropriations shall remain available, to theextent that obligations are incurred under them,for a period not exceeding three years from thefirst day of the financial year to which they re-late. Any part of the appropriation remainingunexpended shall be surrendered, by adjustmentin the Budget next presented.

The committee on finance of the ExecutiveBoard, mentioned in Regulation 4 above, shall takecognizance of the report of the Auditors. The Exe-cutive Board shall submit for approval to the Ge-neral Conference at its regular session a generalreport on the financial administration of the Or-ganization. The report of the Auditors shall beannexed thereto.

X. — CUSTODY OF FUNDS.‘Regulation 20

The bank or banks in which the funds of theOrganization shall be kept shall be designated by

The first financial period ending on 31st De-cember 1947 shall embrace for accounting andbudgetary purposes all financial transactions priorto 31st December 1947 including those of thePreparatory Commission and the expenses inci-dental to the convening of the first General Con-ference.

Regulation 27

At the first General Conference to be held in1946 the Director-General shall submit a Budgetshowing the estimated expenditures for the periodending 31st December 1947, including the cost


of the Preparatory Commission and the expensesincidental to the convening of the first GeneralConference.

Estimates of expenditure to be incurred underthe Budget for the first financial period shall bedivided into two separate sections : Section I for1947, and Section 2 for estimated expenses of thePreparatory Commission and the expenses inci-dental to the convening of the First General Con-ference. The first Section shall be divided intogeneral broad headings of expenses such as :Expenses for Sessions, Commissions and Com-mittees of the General Conference, the ExecutiveBoard, International Conferences, and Meetingsof Experts; for Expenses of Personnel Services;Common Services; Grants-in-Aid, Awards, Fel-lowships and Professorships; Initial Recruitment;Restaurant and Commissary; and Contingencies.

Regulation 28Subject to the approval of the Executive Board

the Director-General is authorized to effect trans-fers within the Budget during the financial year1947.

Regulation 29The. currency in which Member States shall

make their contributions to the first annual bud-

get of the Organization and the initial depositsto the Revolving Fund shall be determined bythe Executive Board.

XIII. — FINAL PROVISIONS.

Regulation 30

Rules made by the Director-General to carryout the provisions of these Regulations shall becommunicated to the Executive Board for appro-val.

Regulation 31

These Regulations shall not be amended exceptby the General Conference but where it is provedto the Executive Board that some alteration ofaddition is urgently required, the Executive Boardis authorized to approve and put into temporaryoperation such alteration or addition, but shallreport thereon to the General Conference as soonas possible for final decision.

Regulation 32

The present Regulations shall come into forceon....

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A N N E X I I I

REPORT ONORGANISATION OF THE SECRETARIAT

BY THE

ADMINISTRATIVE AND FINANCIALSUB-COMMISSION

Rapporteur : Dr. Walter H. C. LAVES(United States).

The Administrative and Financial Sub-Commis-sion of the Administrative and Legal Commissionheld meetings on the 3rd, 4th, 5th and 6th De-cember to discuss part C of Chapter 2 Section 2of the Report of the Preparatory Commission.

In this Section the Preparatory Commissionmade a series of recommendations concerning theOrganization of the Secretariat of Unesco.

These recommendations were of two kinds :those of a general character, setting forth certainprinciples which should underlie the organizationof the Secretariat and those of a more specificnature relating to three alternative patterns oforganization of the Secretariat,

After considerable discussion the Sub-Commis-sion determined to depart from the PreparatoryCommission Report as a basis for its recommen-dations. Instead they proceeded to develop a sta-tement which finally took the form of the draftresolution attached hereto.

It will be observed that the Sub-Commissiondetermined not to bind the Director-General orthe Executive Board as to the details of organ-ization. The Sub-Commission recommends, how-ever, that the organization of the Secretariat asdesigned by the Director-General should be subjectto the approval of the Executive Board and thatboth the Director-General and the ExecutiveBoard should be governed by certain facts, prin-ciples and directives which are set forth in theattached draft resolution.

On behalf of the Administrative and FinancialSub-Commission, I ‘move the adoption of the atta-ched resolution on the organization of the Secre-tariat.

DRAFT RESOLUTION ON THEORGANIZATION OF THE SECRETARIAT

The General Conference resolves that :Subject to the approval of the Executive Board,

the Director-General shall be responsible for de-veloping an efficient Organization and for adap-ting it to changing programmes and needs. TheGeneral Conference calls attention to the follow-

ing facts, directives, and principles which shallguide the Director-General and the ExecutiveBoard in carrying out this task.

A. — FACTS.

I. The General Conference is the highest autho-rity in the Organization.

2. The Executive Board is responsible to theGeneral Conference for the preparation andexecution of the programme.

B. — PRINCIPLES.

I. The Director-General, as the servant of theGeneral Conference and as chief administra-tive officer of the Organization, shall be res-ponsible, subject to suchgeneral directions asmay be laid down by the General Conferenceor the Executive Board, for :

(a) the administration of the programme appro-ved by the General Conference, and

(b) for all other administrative and financialmatters.

2. The administrative system should be so de-signed as to prevent the development of seg-mentalized activities and programmes, andto encourage the integration of all effortstowards the Organization’s supreme objec-tive of contributing to peace and security andthe common welfare of mankind through thedevelopment of understanding among thepeoples of the world. To effect this purpose,the Director-General should have continualregard to the need for the co-ordination andplanning of programmes in the light of bud-getary requirements. It is recognized thatthere are at least two fundamentally differentapproaches to the formulation of an organ-izational structure. It does not seem appro-priate to attempt, herein, to resolve thesedifferences but the Director-General shouldbe aware of them and take them into accountbefore determining upon detailed structurewhich will best suit Unesco. These differencescover the whole field of planning and admi-nistration, including finance, budget and per-sonnel.

3. In addition to programme, administrative,

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legal, and other traditional-type divisions,the Organization should provide means forthe task of enlisting the support of the peop-les of the world through their own voluntaryorganizations and associations.

4. While each director of a major programmedivision should be assigned in his field thefunctions of research, stimulation of services,liaison and operation, it should be emphas-ized that many of Unesco’s activities willrequire joint action by several or all divisionson a task-force or continuing basis. Thereshould be as few programme divisions aspracticable. The Director of each such divi-sion should be responsible directly to theDirector-General or the Deputy Director-Ge-neral.

C. — DIRECTIVES.

I. There shall be a Deputy Director-General.The Deputy Director-General shall be thesecond officer in authority in the Organiza-tion, and shall be responsible under the Di-rector-General for matters of administration,personnel and finance.

Since the Director-General will necessarilybe away from headquarters at frequent in-tervals, the Deputy Director-General shouldbe familiar with all aspects of the Organ-ization’s activities, and his duties and respon-sibilities shall include assisting the Director-General in the execution of programmes as

tion of the effort of the whole Organizationand having regard for the relatively smallsize of the Organization envisaged for 1947,there would appear to be no need for anyAssociate or Assistant Directors-General andin any case there shall not be more than oneof these.In order to ensure a sound financial systemincluding control of expenditure from theoutset, an official of high status shall be ap-pointed as chief finance officer at the ear-liest time.In order that recruitment procedures andstaff controls shall be such as will ensure thatpersonnel recruited are of high calibre, as fewstaff members shall be recruited during 1947as will be consistent with approved pro-gramme needs; indeed,’ it would seem advi-sable that not all the higher posts of theSecretariat provided for the year 1947, shouldbe filled on a permanent basis. The selectionmethods adopted shall be such that candi-dates for posts in the Secretariat are notconfined to members of the Secretariat ofthe Preparatory Commission or to the staffsof those organizations whose functions maybe taken over by Unesco. Every opportunityshall be given for permanent posts to be fil-led by open competition, properly publicizedin all member countries, and candidates shallbe considered solely on their merits, havingdue regard to the important question of geo-graphical distribution.

well as supervising and directing, under the 5. In order to ensure that the objectives outli-Director-General, all matters relating to ad- ned in paragraph 4 are achieved, an officialministration, personnel and finance. of high status should be appointed as per-

2. In view of the supreme need for co-ordina- sonnel officer at the earliest time.

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A N N E X I V

FINAL REPORT OF THEADMINISTRATIVE AND FINANCIAL

S U B - C O M M I S S I O N

Rapporteur : Dr. Walter H. C. LAVES(United States).

The Administrative and Financial Sub-Commis-sion met under the chairmanship of Dr. C. E.Beeby, delegate of New Zealand. It appointedMr. M. Havranek, delegate of Czechoslovakia, asVice-Chairman, and entrusted the functions ofRapporteur to Dr. Walter H. C. Laves, delegateof the United States. The Sub-Commission hadits tenth and final meeting on 9th December 1946,and concluded the work entrusted to it by theGeneral Conference.

The General Conference approved on 6th De-cember 1946 the Staff and Financial Regulationssubmitted to it by the Administrative and LegalCommission and oh 7th December 1946, approvedthe resolution relating to the Organization of theSecretariat submitted by the Administrative andFinancial Sub-Commission.

The Administrative and Financial Sub-Com-mission has the honour to submit to the GeneralConference for its approval the remaining recom-mendations of the Sub-Commission embodied inthe form of draft resolutions.

I. — BUDGET.

In its deliberations on the budget to be votedfor the financial year 1947. the Administrativeand Financial Sub-Commission had before it twoestimates : that of the Preparatory Commissionbased upon the projects submitted by the Com-mission, and an informal estimate submitted bythe Secretariat, based upon the projects voted bythe Programme Commission of this Conference.

After careful consideration of both sets of es-timates, which were substantially the same, theSub-Commission concluded that a very much morecareful cost analysis was required than could bemade by the Sub-Commission on the basis of theinadequate estimates now available. The Sub-Commission felt that the programmes approvedby the Programme Commission must first be ca-refully re-formulated as specific projects and thatthen cost estimates must be prepared, and thewhole appraised in terms of priorities and availablefunds.

Therefore, the Sub-Commission decided to votea lump sum, rather than an itemized budget, leav-ing the preparation of a detailed budget to theDirector-General subject to the approval of theExecutive Board. The Sub-Commission did, how-ever, agree on certain limitations upon the dis-

cretion of the Director-General and the ExecutiveBoard, as set forth in the following resolution.

In view of the number of absences from theSub-Commission meeting at which the budget wasvoted, and in view of the closeness of the vote,the Sub-Commission requested that the vote berecorded in this report.

Three specific budget proposals were moved inthe Sub-Commission. A proposal for a budget of$ 6,650,000 was defeated by a vote of IO to 8.The proposal for a budget of $ 6,950,000 was adop-ted by a vote of IO to 9. In both cases therewere II absences.

A third proposal for a budget of $ 8,561,139did not come to a vote because of the decisionalready taken.

The following resolution was then adopted bythe Sub-Commission on Administration and Fi-nance, and I move its adoption by the GeneralConference : —

‘‘ The General’ Conference hereby appropriatesfor the financial year 1947 the total amount of$ 6,950,000 for all approved activities in 1947 andfor all expenses incurred prior to 1st January 1947,and resolves that :

I. At the earliest possible time, the Director-General shall submit to the Executive Boardfor its approval a suggested programme andbudget within the $ 6,950,000 total for 1947,it being understood that $ 6,000,000 of thetotal must be allocated to Unesco activitiesincluding :

a) educational. scientific and cultural reconstruc-tion, and

b) a

2.

substantial contingent fund, at least at thebeginning of the year

and an amount not exceeding $ 950,000 mustbe allocated to paying costs incurred prior,to 1st January 1947.In view of the reduced budget for 1947, theDirector-General and the Executive Boardshall examine very carefully all activitieswhich may involve grants-in-aid, awards, fel-lowships and professorships ’’.

II. — AUDIT OF THE PREPARATORYCOMMISSION ACCOUNTS.

The Preparatory Commission in its report to theGeneral Conference recommended that provisionbe made for the audit of the accounts of thePreparatory Commission for the period ending31 December 1946. With this recommendationthe Administrative and Financial Sub-Commis-

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sion agreed and recommends the following reso-lution for adoption by the General Conference :

“ The General Conference resolves that :I. The Director-General, in agreement with the

Executive Board, shall appoint ExternalAuditors to audit Preparatory Commissionaccounts. The External Auditors shall be ap-pointed on the following conditions andterms :a) the External Auditors appointed shall be a

firm of chartered accountants of interna-tional repute;

b) the fees shall be decided by the Director-General in agreement with the ExecutiveBoard;

c) the Auditors shall in such a manner asthey think necessary satisfy themselvesand certify that the accounts are correct,that the expenditures are supported bythe necessary authorities, and are properlyincurred in the service of the Organization,and shall also certify the amounts advancedby the French Government and the UnitedKingdom Government;

As considerable time will elapse before defini-tive appointments to the Secretariat of Unescowill be made, and in order that the work of theOrganization meanwhile may not be unduly jeo-pardized, the Sub-Commission took note of therelevant recommendation of the Preparatory Com-mission and recommends, for adoption by theGeneral Conference, the following resolution :

“ The General Conference authorizes the Di-rector-General to continue the employment ofthe member of the staff of the PreparatoryCommission under the present terms and regu-lations until 28th February 1947, or until suchprior date as the Director-General may deter-mine. ”

d) the report of the Auditors, accompaniedby a statement of classified receipts andexpenditures, shall be submitted to theSecond General Conference ’’.

III. — TAXATION OF SALARIES ANDALLOWANCES PAID BY THE ORGANIZATION.

The Preparatory Commission in its report to theGeneral Conference called attention to the specialproblem created by differences among the taxa-tion laws in various countries concerning thetaxation of nationals working for internationalorganizations. This problem has also arisen in theUnited Nations and the Preparatory Commissionrecommended that the question should be studiedin conjunction with the United Nations and itsSpecialized Agencies, with a view to the adoptionof similar procedures in all these Organizations.The Sub-Commission, therefore, recommends theadoption of the following resolution :

“ The General Conference resolves that :

In view of the fact that in the Staff Regulationsapproved by the General Conference on 6th De-cember 1946, no mention is made of the date onwhich they are to come into force, and consideringthat some of these regulations cannot be imme-diately applied, the Sub-Commission recommendsthe adoption of the following resolution :

“ The General Conference resolves that :“ The provisional Staff Regulations appro-

ved by the General Conference on 6th Decem-ber 1946, shall be put into operation by theDirector-General at the earliest possible time,and that Regulation 43 of the Provisional StaffRegulations be deleted. ”

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I. pending the necessary action being taken byMember States to exempt from national taxa-tion salaries and allowances paid out of thebudget of the Organization, the Director-Ge-neral is authorized to re-imburse staff mem-bers who are required to pay taxes on salariesand wages received from the Organization andto follow the general practice of the UnitedNations in this matter;

As no mention is made of the date on which theFinancial Regulations, adopted by the GeneralConference on 7th December 1946, come intoforce, the Sub-Commission recommends the adop-tion of the following resolution :

‘‘ The General Conference resolves that :I. The provisional financial regulations appro-

ved by the General Conference on 7th De-cember 1946, shall be put into force imme-diately by the Director-General;

2. The Director-General shall submit for the ap-proval of the General Conference of 1947these regulations and any proposals whichappear desirable for their amendment in thelight of experience gained in the operationduring 1947 ’’.

2. the Director-General shall take the necessarysteps to ensure that the question of someform of staff contributions scheme whichwould apply equally to nationals of all coun-tries working for the Organization, be studiedin conjunction with the United Nations andits Specialized Agencies, and a report sub-mitted to a future session of the GeneralConference ’’.

The Sub-Commission considered the questionof communication with Member States as beingone of particular importance. In order, therefore,that all communications with Member States maybe carried on through the appropriate channelsthe following resolution is recommended for adop-tion :

IV. — STAFF OF THE PREPARATORYCOMMISSION.

V. — DATE OF COMING INTO FORCEOF THE STAFF REGULATIONS.

VI. -DATE OF COMING INTO FORCEOF THE FINANCIAL REGULATIONS.

VII. — COMMUNICATION WITHMEMBER STATES.

17


‘‘ The General Conference resolves that :The Director-General shall issue the neces-

sary instructions to provide proper channels ofcommunication with Member States. ”

I. The scale shall be that adopted by the UnitedNations for contributions to its administra-tive budget, subject to the adjustment spe-cified in (2) below;

2. Inasmuch as the membershin of the UnitedVIII— SCALE OF CONTRIBUTIONS

OF MEMBER STATES.

With resptributions

ect to providing for income by con-from Members, the Sub-Commission

was faced with the problem of determining anequitable scale of contributions. As indicated inthe Report of the Preparatory Commission, asimilar question has been faced by the UnitedNations and extensive studies and negotiationshave been undertaken with a view to arriving ata scale which is acceptable to all Members of theUnited Nations. The Sub-Commission decided thatfor obvious reasons Unesco should adopt the samescale of contributions as that which will be adop-ted by the United Nations for its administrativebudget. At the same time the Sub-Commissionrecognized that the differences in membership inUnesco and the United Nations make some adjust-ment of the United Nations scale necessary. Inthe light of these considerations, the Sub-Commis-sion recommends the adoption of the followingresolution :

The Sub-Commission considered the establish-ment of a Revolving Fund essential in order thatUnesco may be provided with a sound financialsystem: The following resolution is, therefore, re-commended for adoption by the General Confe-rence :

“ The General Conference resolves that :I. There is established a Revolving Fund in the

amount of $ 3,000,000.2. Deposits to be made by Member States to the

Revolving Fund, which shall be interest-freeand shall remain the property of MemberStates, shall be made in the same ratios asthe contributions of Member States to thebudget of the Organization for the year 1947. ”

Nations and Unesco is not’ identical, thescale established under ( I) above shall beadjusted to cover the budget of the Organ-ization.The Executive Board, to whom the duty ofmaking the adjustment is hereby entrusted,shall, before promulgating the scale, enterinto such consultations with Member Statesas may be desirable.

IX. — REVOLVING FUND.

“ The General Conference resolves that thescale of contributions to Unesco for 1947 shallbe established as follows :

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A N N E X V

RESOLUTION SUBMITTED BY THEUNESCO MONTH SUB-COMMITTEE

(a) if possible by each Member State. withinD R A F T R E S O L U T I O N S U B M I T T E D T OTHE GENERAL CONFERENCE BY UNESCO

MONTH SUB-COMMITTEE

THE GENERAL CONFERENCE: (b)

I. Expresses its appreciation and gratitude tothe French Government,. to other MemberStates which have participated and to theSecretariat, for their interesting and valuablecontributions to the present Unesco Monthobservances.

2. Favours in principle the continuation ofpublicity for Unesco which might take theform of annual Unesco Month observances :

(c)

its own territory and in accordance withthe guiding principles of Unesco and withthe major object of reaching the generalpublic;as a manifestation of the cultural trendsin and contributions of the host countryand its neighbours, providing the hostcountry wishes to assume complete finan-cial and administrative responsibility forany exhibitions or manifestations, whichshould be on a non-extravagant and non-competitive scale, and for the benefit ofthe widest possible public;provided, further, that the Secretariatserves only as a clearing house for infor-mation and consultation.

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A N N E X V I

REPORT OF THE RECONSTRUCTIONAND REHABILITATION COMMISSIONThe Commission on Reconstruction and Reha-

bilitation met in six sessions to consider the reportsubmitted by the Technical Sub-Committee of thePreparatory Commission. The following statementof policy and programme embodying the propo-sals made by the Preparatory Commission wasapproved by the Commission on Reconstructionand Rehabilitation.

POLICY

I. The work of reconstruction and rehabilita-tion to be carried on by Unesco should beincorporated within the framework of thegeneral programme. The Technical Sub-Com-mittee may be discharged, but it is urgedthat the General Conference establish a Spe-cial Committee dealing with reconstructionand rehabilitation and the equalization ofeducational, scientific and cultural resourceson a world scale.

2. Among the first functions of Unesco shouldbe intensified stimulation of aid from donorareas and co-ordinated rehabilitation activi-ties both governmental and non-governmen-tal in character and stimulated productionof educational materials and equipment aswell as extended programmes of training ofall types of needed educational personnel.

Unesco should be primarily a clearing-house for information and propaganda. It ismost desirable that national commissions orco-operating bodies should take an active andpractical part in Unesco’s work and that they,therefore, should be charged with the dutyof raising funds and collecting materials. Inreceiving countries the funds and materialsshould be handed to an authority accreditedby the country concerned (which might bethe national commission or co-operating bo-dies) for distribution. A Unesco liaison officer

‘should be available to advise on assessmentof needs, on sources of supply and on distri-bution.

The importance of personal relationshipsand contacts in creating an international spi-rit should not be obscured by too complicatedmachinery.

3. Certain projects of immediate importance tothis work, having direct bearing on the ulti-mate success of Unesco, should be underta-ken and financed directly on the Unesco bud-get. The precise amount of expenditure underthe various headings is a matter for the com-mittee dealing with the budget.

4. All monies sent to Unesco for purposes of

rehabilitation should be placed in a specialfund to be administered by the committeereferred to in paragraph I.

PROGRAMME

Various elements of the general ProgrammeReport for Unesco touch on reconstruction andrehabilitation. This is especially apparent in thefields of education, the natural sciences, librariesand museums, mass communication, and the arts.

‘The proposals outlined below take the projects ofthe general Programme Report into careful con-sideration. The proposals made here are essentialfor the adequate development of rehabilitationaspects of the General Programme, and they fillgaps in such fashion as to formulate a well-roundedplan for reconstruction. The projects to be discus-sed here are to be included in the general Pro-gramme Report and in the general budget. Theproposals listed below are non-recurrent items inUnesco operations; they are suggested for deve-lopment and probable completion. during 1947.

It should be emphasized that the followingproposals do not make Unesco a relief agency inits field comparable with Unrra in its broaderscope. The chief function of Unesco is still that ofstimulating and helping to co-ordinate the workof reconstruction and rehabilitation. The projectsare for the purposes of stimulation and co-ordina-tion, either directly or through what may be calledsmall “ pilot projects ’’. The proposals involveoperation by Unesco as a means of stimulatingand focussing operations by other agencies; or,they involve direct action, suitable for Unesco’sgeneral aims, but with special reference to recon-struction and rehabilitation.

1. Intensified Campaign.

The rehabilitation activity which is immedia-tely needed cannot be set in motion by hope orby words alone. It involves strong stimulationfrom a dynamic, vigorous central agency. Only byimaginative leadership and strenuous action canthe goodwill of donor-nations be transformed intoa flow of actual materials or services. Unesco isstrategically placed to serve as the central agencyin an extensive campaign for aid in educational,scientific and cultural fields. Only by such a cam-paign will governments, national and internationalvoluntary associations, foundations, churches, uni-versities and schools, and individuals be encou-raged to provide money, materials and servicesfor the necessary tasks of reconstruction andrehabilitation.

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It is proposed, therefore, to strengthen andexpand the appropriate staff of Unesco, and tomake it responsible for a vigorous and world-widecampaign. It should be the organizing centre ofsuch a campaign, working in close co-operationwith all other agencies interested in the pro-blem. Such a campaign organized in each countrythrough national commissions (or co-operating bo-dies), or voluntary organizations, would appeal tothe people of the world, and should set as its goalthe contribution of at least one hundred milliondollars for needed materials or services to devas-tated areas of Europe and Asia in 1947. This cam-paign is a logical extension of the organizationalwork which was begun in 1946.

The central staff for a campaign of this scopeshould serve as a clearing house for informationon all questions of educational, scientific and cul-tural rehabilitation. But it cannot be a passivecollector and distributor of information. It shoulddisplay initiative in formulating relief proposals,securing contributions, making necessary arran-gements for distributing supplies, and should sti-mulate the national commissions and voluntaryorganizations to co-operate in these activities. Itshould consult readilywith other agencies and beable to explore quickly all possibilities for aid. Itshould prepare pamphlets and reports on specificneeds, and should serve the needs of voluntaryorganizations by supplying photographs, posters,films, graphs, newsletters, illustrative statisticaldata, case histories, and other campaign aids. Itshould call conferences if necessary and facilitatethe travel of qualified representatives of voluntaryrelief organizations. It should be an activatingorganization at the centre of a network of rela-tionships extending throughout the world, on theone hand into the recipient areas, and on the otherinto donor areas.

The central staff must have agents in the fieldmore extensively than in the past. It is not impe-rative to establish resident staffs but rather todepend on mobile field forces, competent to dealwith a variety of conditions and able to reportdirectly and quickly to organizations and donorson the situation in specific needy areas. Thus, thecentral staff should “ keep its fingers on the pulseof rehabilitation activities ’’, and be alert to chan-ging situations and to emerging possibilities forconstructive work. Direct consultations with go-vernments concerned, with organizations, andwith interested individuals should be a continuingpart of the work of the Secretariat in leading thecampaign for the relief of educational, scientificand cultural needs.

Unless such a campaign can be carried on witha considerable degree of success, it is fruitless toexpect Unesco to operate in this field. Half-heart-ed measures, without vigorous initiative, will notmeet the needs of devastated areas and will onlylower the prestige of Unesco and reduce the effec-tiveness of its programme.

2. Publications for Teachers.Beyond the body of campaign literature refer-

red to in Section I, Intensified Campaign, it is espe-cially appropriate for Unesco to publish certain

materials having direct value to the schools andinstitutions of needy areas. The pamphlet alreadywritten on The Teacher and the Post-War Child,made possible through the donation of the GreekGovernment, is a worthy example of the type ofpublication which is legitimate for Unesco anduseful for rehabilitation. Additional pamphlets onsuch topics as the use of improvised equipmentin teaching ; the development of guidance pro-grammes in schools; the development of con-structive youth associations; and the teaching ofscience, of art or of the social sciences from aninternational point of view would help bring tea-chers and school authorities in contact with re-cent developments in these fields. Unesco shouldprepare pamphlets on the United Nations and onUnesco itself to be used as teaching aids in schoolsin need. A series of pamphlets could profitablybe published in limited quantity during 1947.

Unesco should encourage the reprinting of espe-cially valuable leaflets, pictorial materials, maps,and other such teaching aids. Unesco should helpin the translation of basically important docu-ments both for the use of school pupils and formore advanced scholars. Assistance in the pro-duction of translations, reprints and publications,even by token subsidy, would render a doubleservice, for other agencies would thus be stimul-ated to follow this example.

3. Fellowships.A third element in the Unesco proposals for

reconstruction and rehabilitation is included onthe strong recommendation of Unrra officials. Itis based on the experience and achievements ofthe Unrra Fellowship Training Programme in in 1946,The Governments of Unrra-aided countries wereasked to nominate leading specialists in the fieldsof industrial and agricultural work, medicine, andsocial welfare — people of competence and in-fluence in their own countries. Selected specialistswere awarded Fellowships for residence and studyin non-devastated countries for a period of months.These fellowships afford the recipients “ refresher ”training and the re-establishment of contact withcolleagues. Each recipient: studies problems havingdirect bearing on the rehabilitation needs of hisown country, and returns to a position in his ownland from which he can apply his learning withinfluence.

This successful Unrra project should be dupli-cated in the fields of educational, scientific andcultural affairs and on as large a scale as possible.It is not envisaged that Unesco should bear thewhole cost of fellowships; travel, and living ex-penses, as did Unrra, but it is recommended thatthe Unesco staff should approach institutions andorganizations in more fortunate countries to en-courage them to grant fellowships to qualifiedleaders. Unesco should be able to discover donorsof fellowships, and to make arrangements for theselection and travel of fellows on a wide basis. Theadministration of such an enterprise, together with*the provision of funds for underwriting its laun-ching, is a legitimate Unesco project, and onemuch requested by countries in need. It is aninvestment in leadership with results which ramify

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widely in the rehabilitation of devastated areasand it has strong advantages for Unesco’s long-range programme

4. Field Consultants.

litate travel of participants and to share in theeducational aspects of their work, but the chiefcost to Unesco should be that of making the neces-sary advance arrangements, including co-ordina-tion of the work of the agencies and communitiesinvolved.

It is desirable to enable selected leaders in de-vastated areas to go abroad to study and it isequally desirable’ to send qualified specialists frommore fortunate lands for service in devastatedareas. It is recommended that Unesco, at the ex-pressed invitation of governments and in co-ope-ration with governments and voluntary organiza-tions, arrange for specialists to visit war-torn areasfor the purpose of conducting brief practical semi-nars or workshops. Such specialists would hold in-formal conferences, give practical lectures, andconsult and advise on immediate pressing pro-blems. Under previous arrangements made byUnesco with the government of the area to bevisited, these specialists would meet for a brief pe-riod selected workers released from their regularposts to take advantage of the intensive trainingand consultation provided by the visitors. Thisprocedure is an example of consultative or‘‘ workshop ” techniques which have rising im-portance in modern education. Thus immediateon-the-spot service could be rendered to substan-tial groups of front-line workers in the tasks ofrehabilitation.

6. Emergency Activities.

Viewing the total activities and possibilities,there are -two points at which Unesco should beenabled to act quickly in order to operate withefficiency and economy. To do so involves theestablishment of a limited reserve fund which, incertain respects, can be used as a revolving fundin case of emergency.

Unesco’s function in this work should be pri-marily that of arranging for and administering theprojects. There is every indication that organiza-tions and governments would participate in thework, but it is desirable that Unesco be in a posi-tion at once to underwrite the cost of pilot projects.

It is occasionally possible to purchase surpluswar property, especially scientific apparatus, b ytaking immediate advantage of the release of suchmaterial. Often immediate purchase prevents theactual destruction of needed equipment. Pending’the collection of donated funds with which to fi-nance such purchases, Unesco should have a limi-ted account with which to buy in the expectationof reimbursement from subsequent gifts. Majoreconomies can be effected by such buying; oncepurchases have been made, appeals to givers canbe much more specific and practical. It is recom-mended that a purchasing agent, continually alertto these opportunities, be added to the staff andthat a limited amount be budgeted as an operat-ing fund for his use where immediate purchasesare essential to economy.

5. Youth Service Camps.

In co-operation with student organizations andall other interested agencies, Unesco should seekto promote and to secure equitable distributionof a series of youth service camps in devastatedareas for the summer of 1947. The camps shouldbe located in areas where tasks of physical recon-struction can be profitably undertaken by interna-tional groups of students brought together for thispurpose. Certain agencies have already operatedsuch camps, but they are scattered and somewhatunco-ordinated; more systematic development ofthis possibility is desirable. The camps should re-

A second type of emergency with which Unescoshould be able to deal lies in the field of shippingof materials for relief. In 1947 most of the Unrrafacilities for shipment of supplies will not be avai-lable. It is recommended that the government re-ceiving supplies should assume the responsibilityand cost of transporting donated goods; but it isalso foreseen that in some cases countries mostin need of certain types of assistance will be unableto pay for their transportation. To ensure the ac-tual use of all materials collected, it is essentialthat Unesco should have a small reserve fund tobe used in such emergencies.

7 . Summary .

sult in actual reconstruction of educational, scien-tific, or cultural resources, and should be conduc-ted in such fashion as to add to the education ofthe participants and increase their internationalunderstanding. Under competent direction, eachcamp should be a centre strengthening the demo-cratic goodwill and human solidarity on which thefoundations of Unesco rest.

Even if Unesco were to take the initiative inorganizing the camps, it should not bear the majorpart of the expenses involved. Arrangements mightwell be made by which the students participatingdefray their own expenses and by which organiza-tions or institutions provide and transport thematerials actually required for the reconstructionprojects, Unesco should be in a position to faci-

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In this suggested reconstruction and rehabilita-tion programme for Unesco, chief emphasis has beenplaced on an extensive and intensive campaign tostimulate the flow of materials, money and servicesto areas needing urgent help in the rebuilding ofeducational, scientific and cultural resources. Thattask must be energetically carried forward, or allaspects of Unesco’s reconstruction work will beof little avail. Among the duties of the nationalcommissions or voluntary organizations, at allevents in the more fortunate countries, is the sti-mulation of the production of books, scientificequipment and other educational materials ofwhich at present there is a world shortage. Assu-ming the effectiveness of this campaign, it hasbeen suggested that Unesco should publish cer-tain materials justifiable in the light of Unesco’spermanent interests and useful for immediate reha-


bilitation; should exercise leadership in arrangingfellowships for study abroad by selected leadersfrom devastated areas; should send teams of prac-tical consultants for. short periods of work in da-maged areas; and should aid in the establishmentand co-ordination of youth service camps. It hasbeen pointed out that all these activities are inti-mately related to proposals made in the generalProgramme Report of Unesco. The total pro-gramme of reconstruction work recommended forUnesco is based upon the experience of the Tech-nical Sub-Committee and its staff, on plans andpolicies of Unesco now endorsed by the Prepara-tory Commission, on the realization of the urgentneeds of countries and peoples ravaged by war,and on the potentialities of an emerging civiliza-tion in which the fate of each area in the worldis linked with the welfare of every other area.

RESOLUTIONS ADOPTED BY THE RECON-STRUCTION AND REHABILITATION

COMMISSION (Unesco/C/II (Rev. I).)

RESOLUTION I

That the problems of rehabilitation and recon-struction of education must be linked with theefforts of the World Health Organization, and ofvoluntary organizations dealing with health.

R E S O L U T I O N I IUnesco should take immediate steps to urge the

establishment of an emergency council of all in-ternational organizations engaged in educational,scientific and cultural reconstruction activities.

It is resolved that the suggestion be communi-cated to the council that it shall establish a smalladvisory group to serve as a central coordinatingbody for frequent consultation with Unesco andthe co-operating organizations.

Unesco should provide the council and its con-stituent bodies where possible with assistance andfacilities such as office space, secretarial personnel,securing of visas and facilitation of travel.

RESOLUTION III

The Reconstruction and Rehabilitation Com-mission is deeply concerned with the problem ofsupplying all schools and places of learning inwar-devastated areas with the equipment whichthey are lacking.

It is the wish of the Commission that the workhitherto accomplished by Unrra for the benefitof needy and suffering children in countries whichhave been the victims of war shall be continued.

The Commission recommends that Unesco workclosely with the Economic and Social Council ofthe United Nations in their present examinationof an International Children’s Fundproject as pro-posed by Unrra.

The Reconstruction and Rehabilitation Com-mission is of the opinion that this Fellowship Trai-ning ‘Programme should be continued after theexpiration of Unrra, and that Unesco, which ispeculiarly fitted to do so, should assume the res-ponsibility of carrying on. this task.

R E S O L U T I O N V

I . That the governments of the devastatedcountries be urged to send to Unesco at specifiedand regular intervals concrete information on theircountries’ most urgent educational, scientific andcultural needs, in order to keep Unesco currentlyinformed on the progress of reconstruction in thosefields.

2. That the countries in need be urged to sendto Unesco all publications and documentationdealing with the problems of educational, scientificand cultural reconstruction.

3. That the donor countries be urged to sendto Unesco all publications and documentationdealing with the problems of educational, scien-tific and cultural reconstruction.

That the National (Unesco) Commissions ofdonor countries, in co-operation with the volun-tary organizations of their countries, should sendreports regularly to Unesco on the work of thoseorganizations dealing with the problems of edu-cational, scientific and cultural reconstruction incountries other than their own.

RESOLUTION IV

The Fellowship Training Scheme developed byUnrra is of fundamental, long-range value andis closely related to the realization of Unesco’s

basic purposes. This programme has been wel-comed by the needy countries and has provedof real value to them.

RESOLUTION VI

The purpose of these reports would be to showhow the activities of these organizations are co-ordinated and what the possibilities of furtherreconstruction work may be.

RESOLUTION VII

That countries receiving help should be urgedto report regularly to Unesco on the reconstruc-tion activities of international voluntary organ-izations and national relief organizations oper-ating in their countries.

RESOLUTION VIII

That Unesco collect information regarding themeans whereby the needs of devastated countriesand the reconstruction activities of donor coun-tries may bring closer relations between the chil-dren and youth of both in order to encourageinternational exchange through these reconstruc-tion activities.

RESOLUTION IX

That the agreement negotiated on March 21,1946, between Unesco and Unrra be approved,but that in view of the approaching dissolutionof Unrra, the agreement be terminated by jointagreement on or before 31 December, 1946.


RESOLUTION X

Unesco should foster international collaborationamong the ‘nations in the field of educationalopportunities for teachers, students arid childrenfrom countries where the lack of educational ma-terial makes such help desirable, the obvious firstpriority being war-devastated countries:

Unesco should become the clearing-house andrepository -for information on all such schemesand should advise where additional facilities maybe required.

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In particular, where desirable, Unesco shouldrecommend the organization of holiday coursesfor students and teachers given by their ownprofessors in educational establishments in coun-tries able to provide such facilities.

Unesco should also encourage similar schemesfor schoolchildren which have a fundamental va-lue for international relations.

The devastated countries themselves can alsocontribute to the task of reconstruction by put-ting at the disposal of other countries the ex-perience gained by their intellectual leaders andtheir teachers during the terrible years of war.


COMMUNICATION FROM THE WORLD FEDERATION OF

TRADE UNIONSAt the conclusion of the second world war, the

organized workers of the world, who have strug-gled so long and suffered so much to secure thetriumph of democratic ideals, were at last suc-cessful in achieving unity on an internationalplane.

The World Federation of Trade Unions, thecreation of which was welcomed with unboundedjoy and hope by millions of human beings firmlyresolved to safeguard peace and to promote pro-gress, is the result of a series of long and touchingefforts to create a more coherent organization ofa World Order in which all the resources of theworld will be utilized for the benefit of all men,of whom manual and intellectual workers con-stitute the vast majority, and whose protectionand progress depend on the union of all their or-ganized forces nationally and internationally.

The World Federation of Trade Unions at pre-sent groups more than seventy million organizedworkers, belonging to sixty countries. The fra-mework of the Federation’s organization is so-lidly established and is well adapted for the pur-pose of study and action. Its administrative ser-vices, situated in Paris under the direction of theSecretary-General, M. Louis Saillant, serve as apermanent secretariat for its executive organs :the General Council, the Executive Commission,and the Executive Bureau.

The World Federation of Trade Unions, in ac-cordance with its constitution, has laid down asits aim “ to contend against war and the causesof war, and to work for a stable and lasting peace ’’,by collaborating in the establishment of a powerfuland effective international organization, by encou-raging co-operation on the widest possible scale,by continuing to strive against reactionary forces-and encouraging the unfettered exercise of thedemocratic rights and liberties of all the peoplesof the world.

The Federation further aims at acting as therepresentative of the interests of the workers inall the international institutions charged with thetask of solving the problems of world organization.The Economic and Social Council of United Na-tions has already established close contact withthe Federation, and has assigned a privileged po-sition to it as compared with other internationalnon-governmental organizations.

We believe that Unesco, if it wishes to act ef-fectively, to touch the masses and to obtain theirconfidence — as Dr. Huxley expressed the desirein his valuable report — should look boldly to-wards the future and maintain particularly close

and continuous relations with the World Fede-ration of Trade Unions.

For it is one of Unesco’s principal aims to con-tribute to peace and security and to work forthe common welfare of mankind.

Unesco is therefore treading the same pathas the World Trade Union Federation, a pathbeset with obstacles, which we must all treadwith patience for the purpose of paving the wayfor a better life, a more coherent world, a betterbalanced and more righteous international order.But these are not the only aims which Unesco andthe Federation have in common.

The subject-matter is such a rich one, its possi-bilities are so vast that we can only refer briefly toa few points, as regards which effective collabo-ration between the two Organizations should beestablished.

Both these Organizations are united in wishingto ensure full and equal access to education andinstruction. It may be recalled in this connectionthat the World Trade Union Congress, which tookplace at Paris in 1945, adopted a resolution ex-pressing the view that one of the most importanttasks of trade unions consisted in furthering theeducation and general culture of their members.

The World Federation of Trade Unions, likeUnesco itself, is firmly resolved to strive with allits power against all forms of racial, religious,national, and sex discrimination, which have inthe past inflicted such cruel injuries to humandignity. This principle implies, and in this con-nection also the two Organizations hold commonviews, that special attention should be paid toconditions of life and standards of culture in back-ward countries and among the indigenous popu-lations of non-autonomous territories.

Unesco is dealing, in its own special sphere,with reconstruction problems which are also en-gaging the attention of the World Federation ofTrade Unions. That Organization intends to takean active part in the work of re-educating Germanand Japanese workers, and in the general voca-tional education and re-education of agricultural,industrial and intellectual workers from a natio-nal and international point of view.

Similarly, collaboration between the two insti-tutions is necessary for establishing a system forthe exchange of workers and apprentices, adulteducation, the creation of institutes and interna-tional camps, systematizing rational schemes ofvocational guidance, etc.

If Unesco is to avoid the danger of workingalong unduly academic lines, it is essential that


it should obtain the support of the organizedmasses, which are represented on the internatio-nal plane by the World Federation of TradeUnions. That Organization can render valuableservices in carrying out the programme for massinformation, since the Federation has, in accor-dance with its constitution, organized its workon the principle of ‘‘ the systematic exchange ofinformation and experience relating to trade unionactivities, for the purpose of strengthening thesolidarity of the international workers’ move-ment ’’.

The collaboration thus suggested would be allthe more valuable as the impetus, enthusiasm,and international comprehension by which theworkers grouped in the Federation are inspired,are well calculated to counterbalance the diffi-culties arising from a still persistent nationalism.On the other hand, the report of the PreparatoryCommission provides that Unesco shall, in somecases, carry out the tasks assigned to it throughalready existing international organizations. Andwhat organization can compare with the WorldFederation of Trade Unions in importance, extent,and effectiveness?

The Preparatory Commission of Unesco has so-metimes been blamed for having adopted too de-finite an attitude in connection with philosophyand politics, too clearly marked a tendency toextol abstract ideas. The presence of the WorldTrade Union Federation will therefore contributepractical experience based on tangible realities tothe work of Unesco, and also an element of con-ciliation and added substance. The working classhas learned to avoid giving undue weight to diffe-rences of mentality and point of view which might

‘have served to divide it, differences which havebeen overcome without difficulty thanks to thesolidarity which prevails among the workers, a so-lidarity deeply rooted in facts and ideas. The WorldTrade Union Federation therefore constitutes amagnificent example of how to reconcile varyingconceptions, and it wishes for this reason to colla-borate with all the means in its power in safeguar-ding the indestructible unity of the governmentsof the United Nations, that unity which consti-tutes the only guarantee of a stable and lastingpeace.

The Federation intends to do everything in itspower — and imagines that Unesco can usefullyprofit by its co-operation — for the purpose ofcarrying on the inevitable struggle which will haveto be waged against all forms of selfish propagandathat aim at destroying this unity and creatingan atmosphere of suspicion, insecurity, and war-psychosis. Propaganda of this kind can only beeffectively countered by eliminating the last tra-ces of Nazism and Fascism in whatever formsthey manifest or disguise themselves, whether in-ternally or internationally.

Unesco, like the World Federation of TradeUnions, aims at liberating man, at opening hiseyes, at enabling him to achieve, as rapidly aspossible, a genuinely human ideal in the widestsense of the word. To achieve this purpose, theWorld Trade Union Federation does not think itdesirable to cultivate any sort of hot-houseindividualism; but believes, on the contrary, thatman should aim at achieving a deeper communionby participating in those movements of fraternityand mutual trust of which it has given the exam-ple. For all these reasons, the Federation proudlyasserts its claims to share in Unesco’s activities.


A P P E N D I X


THE PROGRAME OF UNESCO FOR 1947(as approved by the Executive Board at its Second Session, 10th to 15th April 1947)

The document that follows is reproduced in the form adopted by the Executive Boardat its second session, held in Paris from 10th to 15th April 1947. It contains in sum-marized form :

I. Projects and general work concerning the whole of Unesco.2. Projects and miscellaneous work peculiar to each section.The diferences between this document and the programme adopted by the First

General Conference (Unesco/C/23) ark due to a readjustment of the original programmemade necessary because the Conference, when voting credits, reduced the budget propos-ed by the Preparatory Commission. A detailed statement of these changes will be foundin the minutes of the Executive Board’s meetings (see docs. Unesco/Cons. Exec. 2nd Sess./S. R. I - 12 1947) which also contain the comment of the Board on the texts submittedto it. Resolutions that concern the execution of the programme have been included inthe following revised text.

PART I

GENERAL PROJECTS AND ACTIVITIES

The following general projects and activities areUnesco-wide in scope and purpose and will requireclose co-ordination of the several parts of the Se-cretariat for their successful operation.

A. — RECONSTRUCTIONAND REHABILITATION

[Note : This Section was approved under thefollowing Resolution. :

“ That Section A of the Programme be ap-proved as amended, as a basis of action in thefield of rehabilitation and reconstruction untilthe Second Session of the General Conference.

“ In the execution. of the Programme, carewill be taken to avoid overlapping with otherorganizations.

“ Non-earmarked funds and resources will beallocated in the first instance towards work inMember States. ’’]

I. CAMPAIGN FOR REHABILITATION.

In co-operation with other agencies and volun-tary organizations interested in the problem,Unesco will aim to co-ordinate and concentrateefforts in a vigorous world-wide campaign for aidin educational, scientific and cultural reconstruc-tion and rehabilitation. The purpose of the cam-paign will be the collection of contributions inmoney, materials and services for distribution indevastated areas.

The following activities will be undertaken inconnection with the campaign :

a. Collection, analysis and distribution of infor-mation on questions of reconstruction andrehabilitation relevant to Unesco’s purposes.

b. Promotion of conferences and consultationwith the United Nations and its specializedagencies and with voluntary organizations onthe possibilities of securing aid.

c. Co-ordination of the efforts of the voluntaryorganizations in this programme.

d.

e.

Assistance in the preparation of propagandamaterial, such as posters, films, news letters,pamphlets, etc.Conduct of field surveys on the situation inspecified needy areas.

2. PROVISION OF SCIENTIFICAND TECHNICAL EQUIPMENT.

Purchase and distribution of surplus war pro-perty in order to assist war-devastated areas tomeet the needs for scientific and technological ap-paratus and equipment.

3. YOUTH SERVICE CAMPS.

In co-operation with national and internationalstudent organizations and other interested groups,Unesco will promote and facilitate the establish-ment of such youth service camps as have the edu-cation of the participants and the promotion ofinternational understanding as one of their majorpurposes.

4. RECONSTRUCTION IN THE FIELD OF LIBRARIES.EXCHANGE AND DISTRIBUTION OF PUBLICATIONS.

Unesco will, as a part of its permanent pro-gramme, establish “ clearing house:’ facilities toencourage and facilitate the international exchangeand distribution of publications old and new. In1947, efforts in this field will be almost entirelyconcentrated upon the task of speeding the reha-bilitation of library resources in war-devastatedcountries by means of the following activities :

a. Issue questionnaires to determine losses anddiscover sources of supply.

b. Publish a monthly bulletin which will con-vey the information obtained by means ofthese questionnaires to librarians throughoutthe world.

c. Liquidate the book supply of the Inter-Al-lied Book Centre in London and encouragethe establishment of similar book centres invarious countries, by private or governmentalmeans.

d. Establish an advisory committee to discussthe best means of distributing the large stock-

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piles of books collected by the Allied ControlAuthorities.

e. Co-operate with other organizations towardsthe re-establishment of crucially importantlibraries which are now totally out of use,such as Herziana in Rome.

f. Prepare for the Mexico City Conference a re-port on the possibility of establishing,? sys-tem to overcome the currency difficulties forthe purchasing of foreign publications.

5. RECONSTRUCTION IN THE FIELD OF MUSEUMS.

a. Survey of losses and needs.Most of the priority activities of the section will

be devoted to a survey of war damage to museumsand monuments. This work will be started imme-diately by Unesco, in collaboration with the Inter-national Council of Museums (ICOM), and willinclude the following activities :

(i) Recording of sources of information.(ii) Issuing questionnaires.

(iii) Recording of information received.

Miv) Preparing an inventory of needs.

b. aterial aid for Museums.In collaboration with ICOM, private and public

sources must be approached for aid to provide :(i) Books and files of periodicals required by

museum workers.(ii) Reproductions in colour.

(iii) Postcard and photograph collections. ofart and science objects.

(iv) Microfilm equipment.

6. RECONSTRUCTION IN THE FIELD OF ARTSAND LETTERS.

Unesco will encourage the provision of money,material and services from the widest possiblesources to be used in devastated countries forthe purpose of the restoration of activities in thefield of arts and letters.

B. — FUNDAMENTAL EDUCATION

[Note : This Section was approved, subject toone minor amendment, under the following Re-solution :

“ The Executive Board :I). “ Approves the Fundamental Education pro-

ject proposed under B of the programme, asamended in the light of the discussions atthe present session of the Board;

2) “ Requests the Director-General to take thespeediest possible steps to place the projectin the hands of someone who will work inagreement with the panel of experts alreadyreferred to;

3) “ Asks that, with a view to the work of thenext six months, special attention should begiven toa) A definition of the scope of Fundamen-

tal Education, with special regard for theminimum conditions to be satisfied in eve-ry country, if education, science and cul-ture are to promote and maintain peaceand security;

4)

5)

6)

b) One or more of the pilot projects allu-d e d t o i n t h e p r o g r a m m e ;

c) The Regional Conference in China;d) Fundamental Education as part of the

Hylean Amazon project;‘‘ As regards public health, agriculture andeconomic progress, full collaboration must bearranged for with the other specialized agen-cies of the United Nations before any actioncan be undertaken by Unesco;‘‘ A progress report should be submitted tothe Board before the next General Confe-rence, showing in greater detail the scope ofthe project, the methods of applying it andsteps already taken;‘‘ In the carrying out of this project, espe-cially so far as concerns the appointment ofadvisers and experts, the formulation of sug-gestions and the supply of material, accountmust be taken of the historical, cultural andlinguistic traditions of the particular coun-try. ’’]

Fundamental Education is a long-term, world-scale “ attack upon ignorance ’’. It is a many-sided undertaking ranging from primary educationto work with adult illiterates. It includes edu-cation for better health and agriculture, for eco-nomic improvement, for artistic and cultural de-velopment, for citizenship and for internationalunderstanding. It is the concern of schools andmany other agencies, and requires the use of thenew media of mass communication.

The activities to be undertaken in 1947 withthe assistance of a panel of experts will includethe following :

a. Encourage Member States to expand and im-prove their primary education facilities inorder to make provision for all children ofschool age.

b. Encourage governments to launch fundamen-tal education projects.

c. Collect information on current campaignsagainst adult illiteracy and facilitate its distri-bution among specialists and Member States.

d. Encourage research and stimulate the use ofnew techniques for teaching both childrenand adults.

e. Make a survey of the best kinds of literaturefor new literates according to their needs,and distribute the information obtained.

f. Assist in the preparation and distribution ofsuggestions for field workers and of mate-rials for use in fundamental education cam-paigns.

g. Maintain close liaison with persons, organ-izations and governments interested in funda-mental education work with adults.

h. Survey the fundamental education aspects ofthe Hylean Amazon project.

i. Encourage the launching of three pilot pro-jects in countries where the requisite facili-ties are available and where the conditionsare such as to promise satisfactory results :e. g. Haiti, China and British East Africa.In each case, the government concerned willbe approached to ascertain its willingness tolaunch a project with the co-operation of

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consultants provided by Unesco. In 1947, thefollowing activities will be undertaken :

HAITI :(I) Establish contact with the national go-

vernment and formulate a formal basisand a plan for co-operation in the pilotproject:Make a preliminary survey at Unescoheadquarters before launching’ the pro-ject in the field.

(2)

(4)

Participate in the project by sending oneadviser and providing suggestions andmaterials.Prepare a progress report for the MexicoCity Conference.

BRITISH EAST AFRICA :As for Haiti.

As for Haiti, with the addition of the following :(5) Participate in the Regional Study Con-

ference to be held in Nanking, by pre-senting a document defining fundamentaleducation and by sending delegates to theConference.

b. Organization of experimental short-periodcourses designed to illustrate the possibilitiesof such centres.

c. Presentation of definite proposals to the 1947Mexico City Conference regarding internatio-nal study centres.

j. Arrange, in connection with the Mexico CityConference, for :(I) An exhibit of materials on fundamental

education.

4. INTERNATIONAL UNDERSTANDINGAMONG ADULTS.

(2) A regional study conference.

In order to create a public opinion favourableto international understanding, Unesco will, in1947, assist organizations working with adults by :

C. — EDUCATION FOR INTERNATIONALU N D E R S T A N D I N G

[Note : This Section was approved on the fol-lowing conditions :

— that account be taken of the priorities fix-ed by the General Conference of November1946;

-that, since the project is a combination ofactivities arising out of the programmes ofdifferent Sections, the Secretariat be invitedto determine the methods of work calcula-ted to secure the unity of the project andits successful execution.]

(1)

(2)

(3)

Collecting material and techniques now beingused to further international understandingamong adults.Calling a meeting of experts to exchangeideas and experience in developing interna-tional understanding among adults.Producing in conjunction with adult educa-tion leaders materials on internationalaffairs, suitable for adaptation and exten-sive use by adult education groups.

5. INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS CLUBS.

I. A STUDY OF EDUCATIONFOR INTERNATIONAL UNDERSTANDING.

Unesco will assist International Relations Clubsin schools, colleges, universities or youth groups,in the following ways :

a.

Work will be concentrated on this phase of theeducation programme in primary and secondaryschools, and in institutions of higher education.

During 1947, Unesco will make an initial en-quiry into teaching, in schools located in Mem-ber States, regarding international co-operation,with particular reference to the United Nationsand its auxiliary organizations. This will includethe collection and analysis of materials with aview to producing a document presenting the re-sults of the enquiry.

b.

C.

Provide information, upon request, regar-ding methods and scope of InternationalRelations Clubs in various countries.Collect information on the material now inuse in existing clubs, list needed materialsand assist in the exchange of informationbetween clubs of different countries.Assist appropriate national and internationalagencies in making enquiries regarding Inter-national Relations Clubs throughout theworld.

6. IMPROVEMENT OF TEXTBOOKSAND TEACHING MATERIALS.

2. SUMMER SEMINAR WORKSHOP FOR TEACHERSON EDUCATIO N F O R INTERNATIONAL UNDER-

STANDING.A Seminar Workshop for Teachers will be held

in Paris in July and August 1947. Teachers will

For the purpose of fostering international un-derstanding and removing certain sources of mis-understanding by improving text-books and otherteaching materials, the following activities will beundertaken during 1947 :

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CHINA :

be chosen by each Member State’s Ministry ofEducation in consultation with national associa-tions of teachers. The Seminar will include lec-tures on the basic problem of international un-derstanding, on the international organizationsnow in existence, and on educational techniquesfor promoting international understanding. In ad-dition, it may be possible during 1947 to encou-rage small experimental seminars elsewhere.

3. INTERNATIONAL STUDY CENTRES(See also Part II, Section D, Note (ii)),

The following activities will be undertaken in1947 :

a. Full investigation of the experience so fargained as regards the nature, functions andmethods of international study centres al-ready in existence.


a. Draft a model method of text-book analysis,including the development of principles bywhich Member States might analyze theirown text-books and teaching materials.

b. Compile an annotated list of existing bila-teral or regional agreements on text-book re-vision.

c. Collect at Unesco House samples of text-books most commonly used in various coun-tries for the teaching of history, geography,civics and other subjects related to inter-national understanding.

d. Organize and initiate a study of the treat-ment of international co-operation in thesetext-books.

7. SURVEY OF EXCHANGE PROGRAMMES.

Make a survey of the conditions under which theexchange of persons contributes to mutual respectand understanding among nations or converselyto international friction.

D . — HYLEAN AMAZON PROJECT

Unesco will invite the governments of thecountries of the region (Brazil, Colombia, Bolivia,Ecuador, Peru, Venezuela, French Guiana, BritishGuiana and Surinam) and the United States, to-gether with other specialized agencies of UN,to form an International Scientific Commission toinvestigate on the spot the setting up of an Inter-national Institute of the Hylean Amazon, i. e.,a centre for co-operative work on all scientificaspects of the equatorial forest zone; includingboth immediate and long-term plans, the site ofthe centre, financial arrangements, and the fra-ming of a draft agreement between the co-opera-ting governments and Unesco.

The function of the International Institute,if created, should be to provide the means of stu-dying and promoting all aspects of human welfareand progress in the region. This would involvework in fundamental education (cf. Section B,note 3 d), the social sciences, ethnology, etc.,as well as research and exploration in the naturalsciences.

E . — C O L L E C T I O N O F I N F O R M A T I O N

2. Inventories of workers, institutions, activities,research resources and physical facilities.

Unesco will collect, analyze, exchange and disse-minate information relating to its purposes, withspecial reference to the following :

I. Data, including statistics, required for Unes-co’s activities.

F . — C O - O P E R A T I O N W I T H G O V E R N -MENTS AND ORGANIZATIONS

[Note : This Section was approved under thefollowing resolution :

“ Bearing in mind the purpose of Unesco andits methods of work as laid down in the Consti-tution, the Executive Board resolves that theprogramme adopted by the General Conference

shall be implemented to the greatest extentpossible by measures involving the active par-ticipation of Member Governments and nationalco-operating bodies, and collaboration betweenthem. The Board therefore agrees that :I. ‘‘ Surveys and investigations should be dele-

gated to Members, to appropriate interna-tional organizations and to groups of indivi-duals from various countries, whenever pos-sible and appropriate, and the resources ofthe Secretariat concentrated upon stimulatingand assisting the Members rather than uponthe actualconduct of research within the Se-cretariat. (This will entail adequate consulta-tion with Member Governments when pro-posals for such surveys are under considera-tion, in order that Unesco’s requests may beadjusted to the resources and interests ofMembers).“ Member Governments (individually or ingroups) should be invited to co-operate to thefullest extent possible in the actual organiza-tion and conduct of such special conferences,“ seminar-workshops ’’, “ pilot projects”, etc.,as may be included in the approved pro-gramme, and the resources of the Secretariatmight be concentrated upon stimulating andassisting such projects rather than itselfundertaking them.“ The Secretariat should explore and proposeother practical methods by which MemberGovernments (and their peoples) give effectto their agreement, under the Constitution,to develop and to increase the means ofcommunication between their peoples and toemploy those means for the purpose of mu-tual understanding. ’’]

Unesco will co-operate with the United Nationsand the Specialized Agencies, National Commis-sions, other inter-governmental organizations, in-ternational voluntary organizations, and nationalorganizations, and assist in the formation of newinternational organizations interested in the va-rious fields of education, science and culture,whereneeded.

3. Assistance in the establishment of new in-ternational organizations.

This co-operation will be carried out in variousways depending upon the merits of each specificcase, and may include, in the case of voluntaryorganizations, grants-in-aid for the following spe-cific purposes :

I. Assistance in the publication of new jour-nals and the republication of journals discon-tinued as a result of the war.

2. Assistance in research, bibliographical, expe-rimental and other work.

G . - E X C H A N G E O F P E R S O N S ,INCLUDING FELLOWSHIPS AND

SCHOLARSHIPS

A programme for the exchange of students, re-search workers, technicians, teachers, professors,artists, government officials, experts, leaders inworkers’ education, etc., will be worked out as soonas possible and put into operation. This will be

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Upon the recommendations of a committee ofexperts on copyright, in the fields of arts, literatureand sciences, and the delegates of the various co-pyright organizations, Unesco will undertake thefollowing activities in 1947 :

a. Define the responsibilities of Unesco in thefield of copyright and prepare recommenda-tions for suitable action.

b. Request national commissions to transmit toUnesco their observations on copyright mat-ters, as they relate to its programme.

C. Co-operate in the preparation for the inter-national copyright conference proposed bythe Belgian Government for 1948.

d. Prepare a progress report for the Mexico CityConference.

with a view to encouraging professional contactsfor the exchange of techniques and experience,and for education and training.

The fellowship training programme formerlycarried on by Unrra, so far as it relates to Unesco’spurposes, will be continued on as large a scaleas possible, in co-operation with national and in-ternational agencies.

During 1947, this project will, for the most part,serve the general purposes of reconstruction andrehabilitation.

The following activities will be undertaken :a. Stimulate institutions, organizations and pri-

vate individuals to provide fellowships, scho-larships and grants for qualified persons.

b. Collect and distribute information about avai-lable exchange facilities.

c. Study barriers to the exchange of persons,and ways in which Unesco can help to over-come them.

d. Attempt to develop a plan for the operationof an exchange programme on an interna-tional scale.

H. — COPYRIGHT CONVENTION

P A R T I I

OTHER PROJECTS AND ACTIVITIES

A. — EDUCATION

[Note : This Section was approved under thefollowing Resolution :

“ Section A of the second part of the Pro-gramme is adopted, provided that’ respect ispaid to the spirit and priorities of the Pro-gramme approved by the General Conferenceand that account is taken of the decisions ofthe Executive Board with regard to the projectsfor Reconstruction and Rehabilitation, Funda-mental Education and Education for Interna-tional Understanding. ’’]The following projects and continuing activities

will be undertaken in 1947 :

I. ADULT EDUCATION .

The purpose of this project is to encourage theimprovement and more rapid development of adulteducation. In 1947, Unesco will :

a. Encourage the launching of adult education

b.

C.

d.

e.

programmes.Collect and facilitate the exchange of infor-mation on adult education, particularly innew methods and techniques.Study the sociological background ‘of adulteducation and its relation to school educa-tion.Investigate the possibility of establishing aninternational association for adult education.Make plans for an international conferenceof leaders in adult education to be held in1948.

2. EDUCATIONAL STATISTICS.

In collaboration with a committee on educa-tional statistics the following activities will be car-ried on :

a.

b.

C.

d.

Assist in the co-ordination, standardizationand improvement of national educational sta-tistics.Assist in the standardization of educationalterminology.Advise Member-States and inter-governmen-tal organizations on general questions rela-ting to the collection, interpretation and dis-semination of statistical data on education.Explore the possibility of publishing an inter-national education yearbook, which shouldcontain information on educational policiesand trends as well as statistics.

3. TEACHERS' CHARTER.

Promote the drafting of a teachers’ charter byappointing a committee Which will invite draftsof such a charter from interested persons andgroups, with a view to improving the status ofteachers.

4. SPECIAL STUDIES.

In 1947 special studies will be made of :a. The school grading and university degree sys-

tems in the various countries, with a view toformulating proposals leading to a system ofequivalence of degrees.

b. The role of the arts in general education (inconjunction with the Arts and Letters Sec-tion).

c. The effects of the war upon children and out-standing examples of the successful treatmentof children handicapped by war.

5. RE-EDUCATION OF EX-ENEMY COUNTRIES.

An enquiry will be made into the possibility ofopening up ex-enemy countries to programmesconsistent with the objectives of Unesco.

Note : Work in the field of education includesparticipation in the general projects and activitiesdescribed in Part I.

B. — LIBRARIES

The following projects and continuing activitieswill be undertaken in 1947 :

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I. PUBLIC LIBRARY DEVELOPMENTAND POPULARIZATION.

Unesco will give new stimulus to public librarydevelopment and popularization through the fol-

lowing activities :a. Begin work in connection with a proposed

Public Libraries Conference to be held in1948.

b. Arrange, in connection with the Mexico CityConference., for :(1) an exhibition on public libraries,(2) a meeting of experts to discuss the pro-

blem of public library development inundeveloped and war-damaged countries.

2. BIBLIOGRAPHICAL SERVICES.

In the field of bibliography, Unesco will esta-blish a working centre to co-ordinate and encou-rage all bibliographical tasks and in particularinternational lending. The activities for 1947 inconnection with this project are the following :

a. Promote the establishment of a bibliogra-phical and inter-library loan system.

b. Assist in making a survey of existing biblio-graphical facilities, in collaboration with theLibrary of Congress,

c. Start field-work in connection with a surveyof the possibilities of establishing a EuropeanUnion Catalogue.

d. Rationalize bibliographical indexing and ab-stracting techniques within Unesco, as a pre-liminary step towards furthering greaterworld co-ordination and rationalization.

e. Encourage Member States, through directcontact with National Commissions and bymeans of the publication and distribution ofsample lists, to produce lists of their ownmost important recent publications.

3. DOCUMENTARY REPRODUCTION.

a. In connection with facilitating the supply ofmaterials to libraries and schools, Unescowill seek to develop, in collaboration withinternational and national organizations, aplan to finance, purchase and distribute mi-crofilms and reading machines to replacebooks, where necessary, in schools and libra-ries in war-damaged or undeveloped areas.

b. For the purpose of furthering the definitionof standards for documentary reproduction,equipment and practice, Unesco will :(i) Obtain expert advice on modern tech-

niques of documentary reproduction, theirco-ordination, etc.

(ii) Maintain a small standing exhibition ofthe latest type of equipment at UnescoHouse, which will include American andFrench equipment (the American equip-ment has already been given to Unesco.)

4. ARCHIVES DEVELOPMENT.

Steps will be taken in 1947 to :a. Establish Unesco’s own archives.

b. Organize surveys on types and methods ofarchives of other international organizations.

c. Stimulate countries to develop their archivestechniques.

Note : Work in the field of libraries and archivesincludes participation in the general projects andactivities described in Part I.

C. — NATURAL SCIENCES


I. FIELD SCIENCE CO-OPERATION OFFICES .It is proposed to establish Field Science Co-ope-

ration Offices in China, Latin America, the MiddleEast, and, as a project to be studied with a view toaction in 1948, India. These Offices will ultimatelyperform the following functions :

a. Provide personal contact with and aid to thescientists and technologists of the regionand maintain liaison between the region andthe main centres of science and technology.

b. Supply suggestions and existing scientific in-formation bearing on problems arising in theregion.

c. Assist in the exchange of scientific corres-pondence, manuscripts, articles and reviews,and arrange for their publication.

d. Facilitate the supply of scientific literatureand essential equipment and material to theregion.

e. Assist in problems of translations, abstracts,microfilms, reprints, fellowships, etc.

f. Facilitate the distribution of scientific infor-mation from the region.

g. Provide advisory functions in the region, ifrequested.

2. SCIENTIFIC DOCUMENTATIONAND ABSTRACTING.

Unesco will facilitate the improvement of scien-tific documentation and abstracting.

3. POPULARIZATIONOF THE NATURAL SCIENCES.

Unesco will encourage the popularization of thenatural sciences.

Note : Work in the field of the natural sciencesincludes participation in the general projects andactivities described in Part I.

D. — SOCIAL SCIENCES

[Note : This Section was approved subject tothe following points regarding paragraph 2 :

(i) that the Director-General consider the pos-sibility of finding a more suitable Englishtitle to the project, such as for instance,“ Study of Social Problems ThreateningPeace ’’;

(ii) that the activities to be conducted underthe heading “ International Study Centres ’’(See Part I, C 3) be linked with this pro-ject;

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(iii) that, similarly, the philosophical aspect ofthe problems involved be considered in con-nection with the work to be undertakenunder paragraph I, Section E, “ Philosophyand Humanistic Studies ’’.The Executive Board also passed the fol-lowing additional resolution :

“ To initiate in 1947, in consultation withU. N. and appropriate international organiza-tions and experts, a preliminary study in thefield of comparative and international law, witha view to carrying out the Resolution of theGeneral Conference on this subject in duecourse. ’’]The following projects and continuing activitieswill be undertaken in 1947 :

I. HOME AND COMMUNITY PLANNING.

Unesco’s task in this field will have to be clearlydefined in relation to whatever activities the U. N.may undertake under the aus pices of the Econo-mic and Social Council. Since thdecided, Unesco will :

is has not yet been

(a) with a view to the future establishment ofan International Centre for Home and Com-munity Planning, limit its efforts this yearto the encouragement of action taken byGovernments in this field, and to the pre-paration, with the approval of the Economicand Social Council, of fully documented pro-jects;

(b) participate and assist in the Conference ofthe International Federation of Housing andTown Planning to be held in Paris, June5th ta 7th, 1947;

(c) prepare a report on this subject for the 1947Mexico City Conference.

2. STUDY OF TENSIONS CRUCIAL TO PEACE.

Since this project is obviously a long-term un-dertaking it will require careful planning beforebeing started. During 1947 the following mainsteps

(a)

(b)

(c)

will be taken :Exploration, with social scientists, of thedefinition of the problem area and of sui-table methods for carrying on the project.Investigation of what research is being done,where and by whom.Investigation into the possibilities of deve-loping co-operative or co-ordinated researchon crucial aspects of the problem, with aview to developing practical means for effec-tively i-educing tensions making for war.

3. YEARBOOK OF ACTIVITIESIN SOCIAL SCIENCES.

Unesco will consult with experts regarding thedesirability and feasibility of publishing a year-book containing an appraisal of the year’s workin the various social sciences with special referenceto their international aspect. Special attentionwill be given to the question of whether the year-book can be made a useful instrument for Unesco’sown work.

4. SOCIAL SCIENCES ABSTRACTS.

Unesco will undertake an enquiry as to the needfor and the feasibility of establishing an abstrac-ting service in the field of the social sciences.

Note : Work in the field of the social sciencesincludes participation in the general projects andactivities described in Part I.

E. — PHILOSOPHYA N D H U M A N I S T I C S T U D I E S

The following activities will be undertaken in1947 :

I. SURVEY(See also Part II, Section D, note (iii)).

A survey will be made of the international as-pects of philosophy and humanistic studies withspecial emphasis on their role in Unesco’s pro-gramme. Preliminary efforts will be made to laythe foundation of a large-scale enquiry into theborrowings, actual or potential, between civiliza-tions, on how Unesco’s activity in humanistic stu-dies can contribute to peace, and on the place thathistorical study ought to take in teaching,

2. RIGHTS OF MAN.

Unesco will obtain from governments, NationalCommissions and individuals contributions towarda modern formulation of human rights with aview to :

a. Drafting, with the aid of a small confer-ence of experts, a statement on the subjectfor the United Nations Commission on Hu-man Rights.

b. Promoting the publication of a symposiumon the subject.

3. TRANSLATION OF THE CLASSICS.

A co-ordinated plan for the translation of theclassics, as requested also by the Economic andSocial Council, will be prepared.

Note : Work in the field of philosophy and huma-nistic studies includes participation in the generalprojects and activities described in Part I.

F . — A R T S A N D L E T T E R S

The ‘following projects and continuing activitieswill be undertaken in 1947 :

I. SURVEY OF THE CONDITIONOF ARTISTS AND THE ARTS.

Unesco will prepare a detailed plan with a viewto undertaking, in 1948, a survey, in connectionwith other national and international agencies,of the condition of artists and the musical andvisual arts in representative regions, includingsome non-industrialized countries.

2. RÔLE OF ARTS IN GENERAL EDUCATION.

Study, in co-operation with the Education Sec-tion, the rôle of the arts in general education. For

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this purpose representative areas will be surveyed,including some non-industrialized countries.

3. TRANSLATION.

a. To obtain from National Commissions a listof literary works to be recommended fortranslation, with a view to their eventualpublication.

b. To establish a list of recommended transla-tors.

4. INTERNATIONAL THEATRE INSTITUTE.

A basic plan will be developed for an Interna-tional Theatre Institute which would be indepen-dent of Unesco and supported by private or natio-nal sources.

5. INTERNATIONAL POOL OF LITERATURE.

During 1947 a survey will be made of the pos-sibility of organizing an international pool whosefunction will be to supply literary journals andreviews with published or unpublished materialof value for furthering Unesco’s objectives.

6. ANTHOLOGY OF CREATIVE WRITINGUNDER AXIS OCCUPATION.

To collect from National Commissions, P. E. N.Club Centres and other organizations and indi-viduals material for such an anthology, with aview to submitting a report to the Mexico Con-ference.

7. PROMOTION OF ARTISTIC ACTIVITIES.Unesco will encourage and facilitate interna-

tional activities in the field of arts and letters,including exhibitions, concerts and acting com-panies.

8. REPRODUCTION TECHNIQUES.

Make a survey of the techniques and methodsof reproduction in music and the visual arts, withspecial reference to colour reproduction. (See alsoSection G, para. 4 b below.)

Note : Work in the field of arts and letters in-cludes participation in the general projects andactivities described in Part I.

G. — MUSEUMS


I. PUBLICATION OF MUSEUM PERIODICAL.

Unesco will, as soon as possible, facilitate thepublication of a periodical in the two working lan-guages of Unesco along the lines of Mouseion(published until December 1946 by the Interna-tional Museums Office).

2. SURVEY OF MUSEUM TECHNIQUES.

A survey will be made of the techniques andmethods of visual presentation, the cost of presen-tation and the public response.

3. EXCHANGES AND LOANS OF MUSEUM OBJECTS.

Unesco will promote and facilitate museumsloans and exchanges. Towards this. end, expertadvice will be sought on the problems involved.

4. SPECIAL STUDIES.

Expert advice will be secured on the followingproblems :

a. Freedom of access to sites.b. Reproduction techniques for museum objects

(see also Section F, para. 8 above).C. Museum activities designed to stimulate pu-

blic participation in creative work.d. Preservation and care of monuments and

restoration of museum collections and equip-ment.

Note : Work in the field of museums includesparticipation in the general projects and activi-ties described in Part I.

H. — MASS COMMUNICATION

The following projects and activities will beundertaken in 1947 :

I. COMMISSION ON TECHNICAL NEEDS.Make field enquiries as to the technical needs

of war-devastated countries in press, radio andfilms and, with the assistance of a Commissionof Experts, find ways of meeting them.

The following areas will be covered by field en-quiries in 1947 :

a) Europe : France, Belgium, Luxembourg, Hol-land, Norway, Denmark, Poland, Czecho-slovakia, Yugoslavia, Greece, Byelorussia andthe Ukraine.

b) China.c) Philippines.The results of this work will be reported to the

Mexico City Conference.

2. FREE FLOW OF INFORMATIONAND REMOVAL OF BARRIERS.

In collaboration with Member Governments andother interested organizations, Unesco will con-tinue to study the problems involved in arrivingat such international agreements as may be neces-sary to promote the free flow of ideas by wordand image, having regard on the one hand to thepurposes of the Organization, and on the otherhand to the need to preserve the independence,integrity and fruitful diversity of the culture andeducation systems of Member States. In particu-lar Unesco will in 1947 :

a. Secure the ratification by Member States ofthe Convention for Facilitating the Inter-national Distribution of Visual and AuditoryMaterials of Educational, Scientific and Cul-tural Character.

b. Participate in international conferences whosepurposes are to encourage and facilitate thefree flow of information, with special refe-rence to :i) The Conference on Freedom of Informa-

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ii)

iii)

iv)

v)

tion to be convened by the U N Sub-Commission on Freedom of Informationand the Press.The Atlantic City Conference on Tele-communications.The Universal Postal, Union Congress inParis.The Conference of the International Or-ganisation of Journalists at Prague.The Congress of Radio Press to be heldin Prague.

c. Make a survey — first by enquiries throughMember Nations and National Co-operatingBodies — of such subjects as quotas, tariffs,currency restrictions and censorship regula-tions, with a view to removing obstacles,and in co-operation with the United Nations,take such positive steps towards the removalof barriers as appear desirable in the lightof the United Nations Conference on Free-dom of Information and the Press :

i) by emphasizing the ‘importance of encou-raging the free flow of ideas between allparts of the world.

ii) by emphasizing the importance of thePress, not only in war-devastated coun-tries.

3. WORLD RADIO NETWORK.

Unesco will appoint a task force to study thefeasibility and desirability of establishing a world-wide radio network. This study will cover theneeds of peoples, availability of receivers, typesof programmes, the interests of Member Statesin such activities and the means of encouragingtechnological developments.

4. PRODUCTION AND EXCHANGE OF MATERIALS.

(a) Promote — through contact with MemberNations, National Co-operating Bodies, theU N O Film Board and operators in the me-dia — the production and wider interna-tional exchange of films, broadcasts, articles,etc., on subjects important to Unesco’s work,

f) Exchange of Persons, including Fellowships andScholarships.In co-operation with organizations in these fields,

a drive will be made for the film, radio and presstraining, in technologically advanced countries,of personnel drawn from the devastated and defi-ciency countries.

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(b) Appoint a task force to study the supplyof programme material for broadcasting fa-cilities given to Unesco by broadcasting com-panies.

Note : Work in the field of Mass Communica-tions includes participation in the general pro-jects and activities described in Part I of the pro-gramme, with special reference to the following :

a) Reconstruction and Rehabilitation.In addition to the study of technical needs,

which is in itself a Reconstruction project, allthe resources of the film, radio and press unitswill be available to the general projects on Recon-struction.

b) Fundamental Education.In this field two types of activities will be under-

taken in 1947 : (I) the study of the use of the mediaof Mass Communication in Fundamental Educa-tion and (2) the encouragement of programmesdescribing the importance of Fundamental Edu-cation and contributing to it:

C) Education for International Understanding.The resources of the film, radio and press units

will be made available for the creation of Inter-national Understanding.

d) Collection of Information.

e) Co-operation with other Organizations.With the assistance of Member States, National

Commissions, and specialized voluntary groups,both national and international, Unesco will col-lect and circulate, between countries, informationthat will serve to develop the use of film, radioand press, for educational, scientific and culturalpurposes.


I N D E X


General Conference, first session, held at UNESCO House, Paris ...

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Transcript of General Conference, first session, held at UNESCO House, Paris ...