General chemistry for class 10 ok1294988295

NuclearNuclear ChemicalChemical PhysicalPhysical

Reaction TypesReaction Types

Protons& Neutronschange

Bondsmade/ broken

Electrons exchanged

No change in atoms phase change Density

Substances can be identified by their properties.

ChemicalChemical


P+1 P+1

21

Li+1

Bonds are made / broken Change in oxidation states

Chemical Bonds

Strong <----------------> Weak

Cation an ion with a positive charge.

Anion an ion with a Negative charge.

Cation an ion with a positive charge.

Anion an ion with a Negative charge.

A

ION

+

-

Li F

Ionic bond

21

21

Li+1 F-1

Ionic bond

21

21

The attraction between a cation and an anion.

Cations

H+ HydrogenNa+ SodiumMg+2 MagnesiumCa+2 CalciumAg+1 Silver

Fe+2 Iron (II) FerrousFe+3 Iron (III) FerricCu+1 Copper (I) CuprousCu+2 Copper (II) CupricNH4

+ Ammonium

mo’ Cations

F-1 FluorideCl-1 ChlorideBr-1 BromideI-1 Iodide

Anions

The Halogens

PO4-3 Phosphate

SiO4-2 Silicate

SO4-2 Sulfate

MoO4-3 Molybdate

B4O7-2 Borate

Anions

OH-1 HydroxideNO2

-1 NitriteNO3

-1 Nitrate

SALT - a Cation and an Anion held together by an ionic bond.

Opposites Attrace

An engineer searching for a material to develop a new kind of “indestructible” eyeglass frame would desire what characteristics?

High hardness, high elasticity, high brittleness.

Low elasticity, high brittleness. Low brittleness, high hardness, high

elasticity. High brittleness, low hardness, low elasticity. None of the above

Ice cubes float in a glass of water because:

a.the ice is losing mass through the melting process.

b.the colder ice is more dense.c.liquid water is less dense than ice cubes.d.the molecules of ice are arranged in an orderly

way so that there is an unusually large amount of empty space in the ice cubes.

e.None of the above

A hot air balloon rises because

molecules become lighter when heated.

molecules move faster and farther apart when heated.

molecules are less attracted by gravity when heated.

molecules become charged and repel each other when heated.

The solid, liquid, and gaseous states of water differ from each other in

the mass of the individual atoms.

the size of the individual atoms.

the net electrical charge of the individual molecules.

the average speed of movement of the individual molecules.

The molecules in a test tube filled with cold water move more slowly than the molecules in a large tank of warm water. What is responsible for this difference in molecule speed?

pressure

volume

weight

heat

Heat can cause ice to change to liquid water by

filling the spaces between molecules.

causing molecules to move faster and farther apart.

increasing the distance between electrons within molecules.

increasing the attraction between molecules

If you saw an ice cube sink after it was placed in what you thought was a glass of water, which question should you probably ask?

What kind of liquid is in the glass?

Will the ice melt slower or quicker?

How fast did the ice cube sink?

How soon would the ice cube start to float?

What will happen if you mix vinegar and baking soda?

It will explode.

Nothing will happen.

It will bubble up rapidly.

It will turn bright red.

Which is a metric unit for density?

g/cm

cm/g

g/cm3

cm3/g

When a gas forms a liquid, which process is taking place?

freezing

condensation

boiling

evaporation

Which unit correctly describes density?

pounds/square inch

kilograms/square meter

milligrams/square centimeter

grams/milliliter

Based on the melting points shown in the table, which material would still be a solid at 400°C? beeswax gold lead oxygen

Substance Melting Point (°C)Beeswax 62gold 1,063lead 327oxygen –218

A chemical change for a piece of metal would be

being bent in half.

getting cut into two pieces.

being painted.

getting rusty.

Which symbolizes a molecule of a compound?

He

Be

N2

NaCl

Putting sand and salt together makes

a compound.

an element.

a mixture.

a solution.

Plastic, wood, and iron are all made up of

cells.

atoms.

carbon.

plants.

Water is

a compound.

an element.

a solution.

a mixture.

An atom is to an element, as a molecule is to a

metal.

nonmetal.

metalloid.

compound.

1981 Pennies

1985 Pennies

Mass(g)

Volume(cm3)

3.5 0.9

Mass(g)

Volume(cm3)

2.5 0.9

In 1982, the composition of US pennies was changed. According to the information in the table, 1985 pennies

are more dense than 1981 pennies.

are less dense than 1981 pennies.

are equal in density to 1981 pennies.

cannot be compared to 1981 pennies

All of the substances on the periodic table are classified as elements because they

are pure substances. are composed of atoms. cannot be broken down into other substances. cannot be dissolved in water or other liquids.

Salt (NaCl) is a common substance. Salt is which of these?

atom

element

compound

mixture

Each element is assigned an atomic number, which is the same as

the number of electrons in the atom's nucleus.

the number of protons in the atom's nucleus.

the number of neutrons in the atom's nucleus.

the number of protons and neutrons in the atom's nucleus

Mr. Davis performs a chemical reaction for the class. Which of these does NOT show evidence that a chemical reaction has occurred ? Change in color Change in shape Formation of gas Formation of a precipitate

Which is the correct symbol for the element sodium?

S

Se

Cl

Na

Which statement is usually true about the electrical properties of metals?

Metals have high electrical resistance.

Lightweight metals are the best conductors.

Metals and plastics are both good insulators.

Metals are good electrical conductors.

Students poured different liquids to see how the liquids became layered. The denser liquids at the bottom, the lighter liquids at the top. What tool was used in this experiment?

a balance scale

a thermometer

a magnet

a graduated cylinder

Tom places four objects in a tank of water. He makes the following observations. Which statement is correct based on Tom's observations?

The rock and the chalk have a density greater than water.

The rock and the chalk have a density less than water.The cork and the can of soda have a density equal to

water. The cork and the can of soda have a density greater

than water

The chemical symbol Al represents which metal on the periodic table?

arsenic

antimony

aurum

aluminum

P+1

Covalent bond when two atoms share a pair of electrons.

P+1

Covalent bond when two atoms share a pair of electrons.

P+1 P+1

It’s like both atoms have a filled

orbital.

Covalent BondThe sharing of a pair of electrons between 2 atoms.(or even 2 or 3 pairs of electrons).

Covalent BondThe sharing of a pair of electrons between 2 atoms.(or even 2 or 3 pairs of electrons).

H2H2

Covalent BondThe sharing of a pair of electrons between 2 atoms.

Covalent BondThe sharing of a pair of electrons between 2 atoms. Li2Li2

When one oxygen and two hydrogen atoms combine, what forms?

a different atom

a different element

a molecule

a neutron

Cl2Cl2

Covalent BondThe sharing of a pair of electrons between 2 atoms.

Common chemicals

H2O2

NH3

NaOHNaClO I2

H2O2

NH3

NaOHNaClO I2

Compound o molecule ?

Metallic Bond the sharing of valence electrons by neighboring metal atoms.

Oxygen naturally occurs in which physical state?

solid

liquid

gas

plasma

ChemicalChemical


P+1 P+1

21

Li +1

Bonds are made / broken Change in oxidation states Plasma

Reactivity

Combustibility

Gas formation

Precipitate

Color change

Chemical properties/ changes/ reactions (i.e., reactivity, combustibility). development of a gas, formation of precipitate, and change in color).

A difference between physical change and chemical change is that

chemical change involves energy while physical change does not.

physical change involves energy while chemical change does not.

different kinds of molecules are present after a physical change but not after a chemical change.

different kinds of molecules are present after a chemical change but not after a physical change

ReactivityThe tendency to undergo a chemical change.

Ree ack tih vih T

H

Li

Na

Be

Mg

B

Al

C

Si

N

P

O

S

F

Cl

He

Ne

Ar

MoLessMo Less

Calorimeter

crystal labcarbohydrate labfatty acid labamino acid labconvection labdensity labdensity II labradioactive decay lab

Which picture shows only a physical change in the wood?

• Hydrogen-VERY reactive.• Helium-Non-reactive.

On the periodic table, nitrogen is represented by N (atomic number 7). N is a chemical

equation.

period.

symbol.

group (family).

Combustion - chemical reaction between a fuel and an oxidant, producing and light (flames).

CombustibilityThe tendency to react with Oxygen, releasing heat.

O2

BURNING

H + O2

C + O2

N + O2

O + O2

Si + O2

Fe + O2

H + O2

C + O2

N + O2

O + O2

Si + O2

Fe + O2

Common Oxides

H2OH2O

NO2NO2

CO2CO2

O3O3

SiO2SiO2

Fe2O3Fe2O3

Compound o molecule ?Compound o molecule ?

Which action would result in a chemical change?

crumpling several sheets of paper

pounding a nail into a piece of wood

peeling and slicing a carrot

making blueberry muffins

Metals and Non-metals prefer to react with each other.One loses electrons, the other gets electrons.

determine how it will react with other substances. produce new substances which have new properties.

Lithium Fluorine Lithium Fluorine

ChemicalChemical


P+1 P+1

21

Li +1 Bonds are made / broken Change in oxidation states Plasma

evidence of Chemical Change: development of a gas formation of precipitate change in color

NOT a Chemical Change:

crystalization fizz fluorescence

NOT a Chemical Change:

crystalization fizz fluorescence

Precipitate the formation of insoluble ionic compounds.

Precipitate the formation of insoluble ionic compounds.Does NOT dissolve in water.

Happines

Happines UnhappyUnstable

HIGH energy

UnhappyUnstable

HIGH energy

HappyStable

LOW energy

HappyStable

LOW energy

Reactants Products(unstable) (stable)Reactants Products(unstable) (stable)

Reactants Products(stable) (unstable) Reactants Products(stable) (unstable)

energy

energy

You get up in the morning and make toast for breakfast. You notice the color changes from light to dark. Later on that day in science class, your teachers asks for every day examples of physical and chemical changes.

Should you volunteer your toast as an example of a physical or chemical change?

Why?

A different chemical substance is formed when a

piece of cloth is cut.

cup breaks.

candle burns.

piece of chalk breaks.

Lucy noticed that her coin collection had begun to tarnish. Some of the metal in the coins had begun to change color. The formation of tarnish is most similar to which of the following changes?

shredding a piece of paper into hundreds of tiny strips

dropping a dinner plate on the floor

melting ice cubes in a glass of juice

burning a piece of paper to ashes in a fireplace

Which is an example of a chemical change?

ice melting

salt crystals being ground to powder

water evaporating

wood burning

The law of

Conservation of matter - matter can neither be created nor destroyed.

(Actually, NOT really true).

Matter does not “magically appear" or" disappear”.

Decomposition

Simple Reactions

Synthesis(Combination)

SingleReplacement Double

Replacement

Decomposition

Synthesis

SingleReplacement

DoubleReplacement

A B A B+

A BA B+

A BA B +C+ C

A BA B +C+ CD D

Decomposition

Synthesis

SingleReplacement

DoubleReplacement

A B A B+

A BA B +

A BA B +C+ C

A BA B +C+ CD D

A displacement reaction:metallic copper with silver nitrate

Cu + Ag NO3

Ag + Cu(NO3)2

The study of chemicals that make up living things.

The study of chemicals that make up living things.

BiochemicalsBiochemicals

Sugars (carbohydrates)

ProteinsFats (lipids)

DNA

Main categories

Hair, nails and muscles are made of Proteins

Hair, nails and muscles are made of Proteins

Protein structure

Sugars are called carbohydrates.They are made of a circle of

carbons and one oxygen.

Sugars

CC

C CC

OThey can be linked in a chain to form COMPLEX sugars.

Fatty Acids are a kind of Fat or oil.They are basically a chain of carbons, with a COOH group.

Fats (lipids)

COOH group

DNA isstored in theNucleus (center)of the cell.

It is made up of four “letters” called A, G, T and C.

All plant and animal life on Earth contains what element?

sulfur

carbon

silicon

aluminum

Concentrationthe amount of solute dissolved in a solvent.

SolventSolute

Low------------------- Highdilute dy loot concentrated

Solubility -how likely it is for a solute to dissolve in a solvent.

insoluble solubleLow High

=

Dey da same

pH- the amount of H+ ions in a solution.

ACID extra H+1 ions (protons)

BASE fewer H+1 ions.

extra OH+1 ions.

Whatchyall lookin at bra ?1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12

Weak ACID

Strong ACID

HCl Hydrochloric acidH2SO4 Sulfuric acidHNO3 Nitric acid

CH3COOH Acetic acidH2CO3 Carbonic acid

Citric acid

pH H2O H+

1 10 1

2 100 1

3 1000 1

pH paper

Blue Litmus paper

Red Litmus paper

Balancing equations

Ag + Cl2 AgClAg + Cl2 AgCl

1 2 1 1

Both sides must be equalfor ALL atoms.

22

2 2


1 2 1 1


22

2 2

22

2

CH4 + O2 CO2+ H2O 1 2 1 24 2 1

CH4 + O2 CO2+ H2O 1 2 1 24 2 1

22

24

CH4 + O2 CO2+ H2O 1 2 1 24 2 1

22

24

22

4


1 2 1 1


LiCl + Na+1 NaCl + Li+1LiCl + Na+1 NaCl + Li+1

Na + Cl2 NaCl Na + Cl2 NaCl

H2O2 H2O + O2 H2O2 H2O + O2

KI + Mg+2 MgI2 + K+1KI + Mg+2 MgI2 + K+1

AgNO3+ NaCl AgCl + NaNO3AgNO3+ NaCl AgCl + NaNO3

LiCl + NaOH NaCl + LiOHLiCl + NaOH NaCl + LiOH

Catalyst cat a lista substance which alters the rate of a chemical reaction.It is unchanged at the end of the reaction.

Platinum catalyst2 CO + O2 Pt 2 CO2

stabilizedintermediates

stabilizedintermediates

How to read aPhase Diagram

Six munths

ago I cudnt

evun spelt chemissed

. An now I are one.

General chemistry for class 10 ok1294988295

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Transcript of General chemistry for class 10 ok1294988295