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Transcript of General Chemistry 3
7/31/2019 General Chemistry 3
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Genaral Chem, Usama El-Ayaan
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Experiments to determine what
an atom was
J. J. Thomson (1856-1940)
Noble prize 1906 in physics
- used Cathode ray tubes
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( ) .
()
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Voltage source
+-
Genaral Chem, Usama El-Ayaan
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Thomson’s Experiment
Voltage source
+-
Genaral Chem, Usama El-Ayaan
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Voltage source
+-
Genaral Chem, Usama El-Ayaan
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()
Thomson’s Experiment
Voltage source
+-
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Passing an electric current makes a beamappear to move from the negative to the
positive end
Thomson’s Experiment
Voltage source
+-
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Passing an electric current makes a beamappear to move from the negative to the
positive end
Thomson’s Experiment
Voltage source
+-
Genaral Chem, Usama El-Ayaan
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Passing an electric current makes a beamappear to move from the negative to the
positive end
Thomson’s Experiment
Voltage source
+-
Genaral Chem, Usama El-Ayaan
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Voltage source
Thomson’s Experiment
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Voltage source
Thomson’s Experiment
By adding an electric field
+
-
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Voltage source
Thomson’s Experiment
+
-
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Voltage source
Thomson’s Experiment
By adding an electric field
+
-
Genaral Chem, Usama El-Ayaan
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Voltage source
Thomson’s Experiment
By adding an electric field
+
-
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Voltage source
Thomson’s Experiment
By adding an electric field
+
-
Genaral Chem, Usama El-Ayaan
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Voltage source
Thomson’s Experiment
.
+
-
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() ( 1906
).
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Found the electron Couldn’t find
positive (for a while)
Said the atom waslike plum pudding
A bunch of positive
stuff, with theelectrons able to be
removed
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o
o
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R. A. Millikan (1868-1953)Noble prize 1923 in physics
Three Nobel Laureates in Physics standing in front of the Athenaeum at California Institute of Technology (Caltech), 1931.
Front row from left: Albert A. Michelson, Albert Einstein and Robert A. Millikan.
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Millikan’s Experiment
X-rays
.
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Millikan’s Experiment
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Millikan’s Experiment
They put an electric charge on the plates
--
++
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Millikan’s Experiment
--
++
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Millikan’s Experiment
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+ + + + + + +
- - - - - - -
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Millikan’s Experiment
Measure the drop and find volume from 4/3πr3
Find mass from M = D x V
++
--
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Millikan’s Experiment
() .
++
--
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Millikan’s Experiment
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Radioactivity
Discovered by accidentBequerel
Three types – alpha- helium nucleus (+2 charge, large
mass)
– beta- high speed electron
– gamma- high energy light
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, β ,γ
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E. Rutherford (1871-1937)Noble prize 1908 in chemistry
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Rutherford’s Experiment
Used uranium to produce alpha particles Aimed alpha particles at gold foil by
drilling hole in lead block
Since the mass is evenly distributed ingold atoms alpha particles should go
straight through.
Used gold foil because it could be madeatoms thin
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Lead
block
Uranium
Gold Foil
Florescent
Screen
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What he expected
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Because
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Because, he thought the mass was evenly distributed in the atom
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What he got
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How he explained it
+
Atom is mostly empty
Small dense, positive piece at center
Alpha particles are deflected by it if they get close enough
:.1
.2( ).
.3() .
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+
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The atom is mostly empty space
Two regions
Nucleus- protons and neutrons
Electron cloud- region where you have a
chance of finding an electron
.()=
()..
.Genaral Chem, Usama El-Ayaan
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Chadwick (1932)
4Be9 + 2He4 = 0n1 + 6C12
(1.6749x10
-24
gm)
=1840
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(
( ))
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Symbols
XA
Z
Na23
11
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11H0
21H1
31H2
H D T
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Å=10-10 m
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Other terms
wave number: (cm-1.)
:
c
=3x108 ms-1
1
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1 Å = 10-10 m = 10-8 cm = 10-4 m = 10-1 nm
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c = in a vacuum is 3 x 108
m/s c =
What is the wavelength of light with a
frequency 5.89 x 105
Hz? 5.89 x 105 Hz
What is the frequency of blue light with a
wavelength of 484 nm? nm484
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Nobel Prize in Physics in 1922
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410 nm
434 nm
486 nm
656 nm
Spectrum Genaral Chem, Usama El-Ayaan
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The Bohr Ring Atom
n = 3
n = 4
n = 2
n = 1
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( )
n > 1 1 (UV)
( )
n > 2 2 (Vis)
( )
n > 3 3 (IR)
( )
n > 4 4 (IR)
( )
n > 5 5 (IR)
(n1 = 1n2 = 2)
(n1 = 2n2 = 5)
(n1 = 4n2 = 6)
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h is Planck’s constant h = 6.626 x 10-34 J s
N o b e l P r i z e i n P h y s i c
s i n 1 9 1 8 .
E = h
Said electromagnetic radiation is quantized in particles called photonsEach photon has energy = h = hc/
Combine this with E = mc2
you get the apparent mass of a photon
m = h / ( c)
Einstein
”“. h
Einstein Nobel Prize in Physics in 1921.Genaral Chem, Usama El-Ayaan
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E = mc2
E = mc2 = h = hc/
m = h / ( c)
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de Broglie
.
= h/mv N o b e l P r i z e i n
P h y s i c s i n 1 9 2 9
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de Broglie
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2pr = n
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Nobel Prize in Physics in 1933Genaral Chem, Usama El-Ayaan
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S orbitals
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P orbitals
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P Orbitals
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D orbitals
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D orbitals
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F orbitals
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F orbitals
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sms
(½)+(½-)
Spin Quantum number
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I n c r e
a s i n g e
n e r
g y
1s
2s
3s
4s
5s6s
7s
2p
3p
4p
5p6p
3d
4d
5d
7p
6d
4f
5f 6f
Orbitals available
to a Hydrogen atom
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7
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I n c r e
a s i n g e
n e r
g y
1s
2s
3s
4s
5s6s
7s
2p
3p
4p
5p
6p
3d
4d
5d
7p 6d
4f
5f
With more electrons,
repulsion changes the
energy of the orbitals.
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7
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I n c r e
a s i n g e
n e r
g y
1s
2s
3s
4s
5s6s
7s
2p
3p
4p
5p
6p
3d
4d
5d
7p 6d
4f
5f
Genaral Chem, Usama El-Ayaan
Fill from the bottom up following
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Fill from the bottom up following
the arrows
1s2s 2p
3s 3p 3d
4s 4p 4d 4f
5s 5p 5d 5f
6s 6p 6d 6f
7s 7p 7d 7f
1s2
2 electrons
2s2
4
2p6 3s2
12
3p6 4s2
20
3d10 4p6
5s2
38
4d10 5p6 6s2
56
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3d
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4s
3p
3s
2p
2s
1s
1 H
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3d
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4s
3p
3s
2p
2s
1s
2 He
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3d
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4s
3p
3s
2p
2s
1s
3 Li
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3d
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4s
3p
3s
2p
2s
1s
6 C
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3d
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4s
3p
3s
2p
2s
1s
15 P
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3d
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4s
3p
3s
2p
2s
1s
26 Fe
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[2He], [10Ne], [18Ar], [36Kr], [54Xe]
19 K : 1s2, 2s2, 2p6, 3s2, 3p6, 4s1
[Ar], 4s1
38 Sr : [Kr], 4s2
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Genaral Chem, Usama El-Ayaan
( :19K, 29Cu2+, Fe2+) (27Co)( ....... ) (28Ni2+)( ....... ) (1s2, 2s2, 2p6)
13 Al+, 12Mg3+, 9F-, 11Na-
(1s2, 2s2, 2p6)
13 Al3+,
12Mg2+,
9F+,
11Na+
(3s, 4p, 3f, 5d, 2d) (6s, 4p, 3d, 4f, 4s, 4d) ()
(2s2p, 2p2s, 3d4s, 2s5d, 4f 5p, ………………….)
(2s2p, 2p2s, 3d4s, 2s5d, 4f 5p, ………………….) (X2+) (3p6)
(X) (16, 18, 20, 22, 36)
( l
=
2)
(20
Ca) ..................
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(m=-1) (20Ca)..................
(26
Fe)( .... ) (m=-2) (4d, 4f, 4p, 5d) (m=1)(s, p, d, f ) (n=3, l =2, m=1)(10, 6, 3, 2) (n=3, l =2)(10, 6, 3, 2)
( ) ((n, m), (n, l ), (n, s), (m, l ), (m, s), ( l , s))
((n, m), (n, l ), (n, s), (m, l ), (m, s), ( l , s)) (n=4, l =1) (17C l , 29Cu, 26Fe, 46Pd) ( l ) (n=4)(3, 4, 16, 32) (m) (n=4, l=3)(5, 7, 16, 32) (22, 23, 24, 30)(65Zn2+)