Genealogical DNA Test

Prepared by:- Ankita Gupta

What is Genealogy Need of Genealogy Genealogical research Genetic analysis Essential stuffs for genealogy Genogram Records needed for genealogy Start of making genealogy Genealogy software

Content

Genealogy is the study of family history and descent. Genealogies, or the recorded histories of the descent of a person or family from their ancestors, are also often referred to as family trees or sometimes as lineages or pedigrees. “Genealogy truly is a journey of many lifetimes woven together from the past, the present and (from our perspective) the future”

What is Genealogy

Genealogists use oral traditions, historical records, genetic analysis, and other records to obtain information about a family and to demonstrate pedigrees of its members. The results are often displayed in charts or written as narratives.

At its root, genealogy satisfies basic human curiosity. These needs can be summed up in three fundamental questions:

• The Past – Where do I come from?• The Present – Why am I here?• The Future – What is going to happen to me?

Need of Genealogy

• Validate Family Stories – To determine if family stories about their ancestors are true.

• Famous People – To find out if they are related to someone famous.

• Historical Event – To gain a better understanding of an ancestor’s involvement in a famous historical event.

• Proof of Paternity – To determine the biological father of a child.

Need of Genealogy

• Trace Medical Conditions –To assess the risk of getting certain medical conditions that run in families.

• Trace a Family Inheritance –To determine genealogical proof of a family connection for potential heirs.

• Find Birth Parents – To determine the birth parents of an adopted child. Alternatively, to find children given up for adoption.

Need of Genealogy

Community History – To document a community history by understanding the families that founded and influenced the community.Historic Studies – To provide insight into history through the scholarly study of a famous family, such as a royal family.Heritage Societies –To provide proof of lineage to quality for a heritage society.Preserving Family Traditions – To preserve knowledge of ancestors who contributed to family traditions, such as a family recipe book.

• Preserve Family Culture – To allow families that have migrated to another country the opportunity to preserve some of the culture of their old country.

• Reconnect with Family – To find and reconnect with living relatives.

Genealogical research is a difficult procedure that uses historical records and sometimes genetic analysis to validate relationship. Reliable conclusions are based on the quality of sources, ideally original records and information within those sources.

Genealogical research

Genealogical research starts with collecting family documents and stories. Genealogical research begins with the present and go backward in time, this creates a foundation for documentary research. Historical, social, and family context is essential to achieving correct identification of individuals and relationships

DNA is passed from one generation to other generation and carried the unchanged information and with the help of genetic analysis we can identify the kinship ties of the ancestors.

Genetic analysis

Three DNA types are of particular interest: .Mitochondrial DNA that we all possess and that is passed down with only minor mutations through the matrilineal (direct female) line; Y-chromosome present only in males, which is passed down with only minor mutations through the patrilineal (direct male) line.

Autosomal DNA which is found in the 22 non-gender specific chromosomes (autosomes) inherited from both parents, which can uncover relatives from any branch of the family.A genealogical DNA test allows two individuals to find the probability that they are, or are not, related within an estimated number of generations. Individual genetic test results are collected in databases to match people descended from a relatively recent common ancestor

Essential stuffs for genealogyBefore you begin your research you will need two things. Pedigree chart: a chart identifying your ancestry. This is what people think of when they hear the words “Family Tree.” This chart only displays your direct ancestors. There is no room for siblings, multiple marriages, etc. The typical pedigree chart will show between four and five generations, however you can easily purchase a chart with up to 15 generations.

Example of Pedigree chart

Family Group Sheet: a chart containing genealogical information about a single family unit – husband, wife, and children. This is where you include the basic information about each family member, including dates and places of birth, marriage and death. These sheets are essential! They serve as a simple means of recording data, while making it easy to see at a glance what information is known and what is missing, and they serve as a means of easily exchanging information with other researchers.

Family group chart

 genogram to represent your family tree. A genogram is a graphical representation of a family with a set of simple rules and images. Genograms include basic information about the number of marriages, number of children in each marriage, birth order, age and death. Some genograms also include relationships between individuals and information on disorders running in a family such as alcoholism, depression and diseases.

 Genogram

Example of genogram

Vital records are records of life events kept under governmental authority, including birth certificates, marriage licenses, and death certificates.

Adoption records are documents that are both public and non-public in nature that provide information about an adoption, and include and original sealed birth certificate, the court documents that relate to the processing and finalization of the adoption.

Records needed for genealogy

• Census records is used mostly in connection with national population and housing censuses; other common censuses include agriculture, business, and traffic censuses.

Census records

Criminal record is a record of a person's criminal history, generally used by potential employers, lenders etc. to assess his or her trustworthiness

Criminal record

• Civil records is the system by which a government records the vital events of its citizens and prepare the population registry

• Emigration and immigration records is the act of permanently leaving one's country or region to settle in another.

• Naturalization is the acquisition of citizenship and nationality by somebody who was not a citizen of that country at the time of birth.

Template of emigration records

• Land and property records is any subset of land that has been legally defined and the improvements to it made by human efforts: any buildings, machinery, wells, dams, ponds, mines, canals, roads, etc.

• Medical records are used to describe the systematic documentation of a single patient's medical history and care across time within one particular health care provider's jurisdiction

Template of Medical Certificate

It contain very precious genealogical information. They provide not only vital information on your ancestor but also physical information. These records contain personal data that cannot be found in any other source, such as:• Height, Size of the chest, Color and form of

hair, face, nose, and chin, Eye color, Skin color, Condition of the teeth, Birthmarks

Military and conscription records

• In addition, you will be able to find the following vital information:

• Draftee’s full name• His parents’ names• His place of birth• His profession• His education (whether he was able to read and

write or not)• Ability to perform military services • Date the service began

Template of Military record

An individual's occupation may give insight into their social status or to their place of origin. Occupations can also be used to distinguish between two individuals of the same name. Certain skilled occupations or trades may have been passed down from father to son, providing indirect evidence of a family relationship.

Occupational records

These official records can often be a valuable source of information for genealogists. If nothing else, voter registration records provide an address where your ancestor was living during the gaps between census records, but you may also find naturalization information, voting records, or your ancestor's signature.

Voter registration records

Template of voter registration record

These documents are extremely valuable to genealogists and should not be neglected. In many instances, they are the only known source of relevant information such as the decedent’s date of death, names of his or her spouse, children, parents, siblings, in-laws, neighbors, associates, relatives, and their places of residence.

Wills and probate records

The basic objectives of genealogical research are to identify ancestors and their family relationships. At a basic level you will identify and record the following for each individual in

your family tree: - Date and place of birth - Names of parents - Date and place of marriage - Names of children - Date and place of death

Start of making genealogy

Name of children is based on the parents names. Patronymics are names that identify an individual

based on the father's name.  Children may sometimes assume stepparent,

foster parent, or adoptive parent names. Because official records may reflect many kinds of surname change, without explaining the underlying reason for the change, the correct identification of a person recorded identified with more than one name is challenging.

Names of children

The transmission of names across generations, marriages and other relationships, and immigration may cause trouble in genealogical research. For instance, women in many cultures have routinely used their spouse's surnames. When a woman remarried, she may have changed her name and the names of her children; only her name; or changed no names.

Name of parents

Date and place of marriage is a very important information for genealogical research.In many cases for green card people married with the citizen of the other country and get divorce after some period of time.One other case to find the easy marriage certificate people do the marriage in different locality instead of there native place.

Date and place of marriage

Template of marriage certificate

While the places of ancestors' residences and lifespan are core elements of the genealogist's hunt, they can often be puzzling. Place names may be subject to different spellings by partially literate transcribers. Locations may have identical or very similar names.

Place of birth

Dates are more problematic to recollection years after events, and are more easily mistranscribed than other types of genealogical records.

People sometimes reduce their age on marriage, and those under "full age" may increase their age in order to marry or to join the armed forces. Census returns are notoriously untrustworthy for ages or for assuming an estimated death date.

Date of birth and death

Example of genealogy

genealogy software collects the date and place of an individual's birth, marriage, and death, and stores the relationships of individuals to their parents, spouses, and children. 

Genealogy software

Other tools available to the genealogist include • Research management

tools,• mapping tools • charting programs• web-publishing

programs.