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7/30/2019 Gender Research as Labor Activism
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O J 5, 1920, Cg W B, gg
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mark hendrickson
Gender Research as Labor Activism:
The Womens Bureau in the New Era
It is not, afer all, because they are women, but because they are the
low wage group that we must study their problems and discover the basis
or determining their wages.
M V K, W I S
( W B)
Te women o today, as well as their employers . . . want acts, and
i the acts are presented strongly and clearly they will get action. But the
acts must be collected first, and the field is open and crying or attention
rom scientists and health experts as well as rom industrial engineers.
1921 W B B
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mark hendrickson | 483
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Colorado State University
notes
1. 66 Cg., H.R. 13229, A A E D L B K W B, W B g 1920.
2. M L R, W B U S D L, Monthly Labor Review 11 (J 1920): 17475. Cg, H, C A, Sundry Civil Bill, 1920, Part 2, 65 Cg., 3 ., 10 F 1919,155671. W N D N W W, New York imes, 3 F1918, 56. Og W I S (wis) g g g g
, wis D L (dol). I g , wis wis, W B, . I gz 1920 wis. Af 1920, I W B. F g, A K-H, In Pursuit o Equity: Women, Men, and the Quest
or Economic Citizenship in wentieth-Century America (N Y, 2001), 3542.3. F N C Lg ff -
g g g, K K S, P C Pg E: T N C Lg A A L
Lg, U.S. History as Womens History: New Feminist Essays, . L K. K,A K-H, K K S (C H, 1995), 51.
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504 | Gender Research as Labor Activism
5. O , K K S, A S, SS, Social Justice Feminists in the United States and Germany(I, 1998), 511.
6. I W B, g g -z ff g- F A Egg S x U.S. PH S ffi - , N B E R A F L R B g - ff . F g gz g fi g - , F AEgg S, Te welve Hour Shif in Industry (N Y, 1922), 22427;
Annual Report o the Surgeon General o the Public Health Service o the United States(Wg, D.C., 1919), 4143; U.S. P H S, C 8- 10- , Public Health Bulletin106 (Wg, D.C.: 1920). T PH S fi ff g . S T Pg Fg, Public HealthBulletin 117 (Wg, D.C., 1921);Annual Report o the Surgeon General o the PublicHealth Service o the United States (Wg, D.C., 1920), 3738; Annual Report othe Surgeon General o the Public Health Service o the United States (Wg, D.C.,1921), 32;Annual Report o the Surgeon General o the Public Health Service o the UnitedStates (Wg, D.C., 1924), 26. F g , H S D M G, New Yorkimes, 4 D 1920, 17; B L W, New York imes, 23 N 1922,6; Eg O -H D, New York imes, 19 N 1922, 44; FEg-H D A S M, New York imes, 7 J 1923, 10; T HD, New York imes, 20 S 1922, 16; T Eg-H Sf CI, New York imes, 18 J 1923, 12.
7. J S, As Minority Becomes Majority: Federal Reaction to thePhenomenon o Women in the Work Force, 19201963 (W, C., 1983), 9. F W W II W B, K A Lg, Womens
Work and Public Policy: A History o the Womens Bureau, U.S. Department o Labor,19451970 (B, 2000).
8. S M, Childrens Interests/Mothers Rights: Te Shaping o Americas ChildCare Policy(N H, 1999), 93.
9. K-H, In Pursuit o Equity, 35.10. I., 42.11. F W P F L T M, New York imes, 2 O 1927,
W21. P fi W B q - -; x, L P, W A I R 8,500,000,
New York imes, 6 N 1927, XX4; M W W D 30-YP, New York imes, 14 D 1928, 46; T R M W I
-
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mark hendrickson | 505
American Federationist33 (M 1925): 333; A, T W W,AmericanFederationist32 (N 1925): 1073; S. P. Bg, T H R W W Eq Wg,Journal o Political Economy31 (Ag 1923): 536;M A, I W I, Te Personnel Journal6 (F1928): 32930; A, R Ig G B, Proceedings othe National Conerence on Social Work (A 1920): 14042. W g gg ,g x J 1929, f D A; D Wg H I Cg F C E, New York imes, 18 J 1929, 3;T -J W, New York imes, 19 J 1929, 13.
12. F gg g,
N C Lg, K K S, P C Pg E: T N C Lg A A LLg, U.S. History as Womens History: New Feminist Essays, . K, K-H, S, 51.
13. E B S. J. Kg, M O W: (R)CgL, M, S, Journal o Womens History 15 (A 2003): 91.T g g-g g, P B g. S P B, T D P: W A P S, 17801920,American Historical Review89 (J 1984): 62047. Dg 1990 x g g . S TS, Protecting Soldiers and Mothers: Te Political Origins o Social Policy in the UnitedStates (Cg, 1992); S K S M, W D: MP Og W S F, G, G B, U S, 18801920,American Historical Review 95 (O 1990): 1067108; LG, Pitied But Not Entitled: Single Mothers and the History o Welare (Cg,M., 1995; N Y, 1994); R M, Creating a Female Dominion in
American Reorm, 18901935 (N Y, 1991).
14. F z g,, , E B, O I Ng: G, R, Wg P H,Journal o Policy History17 (2005): 7592; S B Kg, M O W; S, S, S, Social JusticeFeminists in the United States and Germany; K-H, In Pursuit o Equity; JL. G, Gender and the Politics o Welare Reorm: Mothers Pensions in Chicago, 19111929 (Cg, 1997), 811. M x . H. M z g . . H. M, Class,Citizenship, and Social Development, S M L (NY, 1964), 65122. F fl , , g-
, g gg z US, L K, T Mg Cz, Journal o American History84
-
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506 | Gender Research as Labor Activism
16. C -U W U A U.S. D L,Monthly Labor Review 8 (N 1918): 19091. S M A, WW R I R P? Proceedings o the Academy o PoliticalScience in the City o New York 8 (F 1919): 1316; A, Wg WW,Annals o the American Academy o Political and Social Science 81 (J 1919):12329; M V K, F P W I,Annals o the American
Academy o Political and Social Science 81 (J 1919): 8794. T wtul, - g A, g. S B C N W U Lg,Modern Labor Review 9 (J 1919): 26772. F g, 1920 fW W II, J B, Now Hiring: Te Feminization o Work in the United
States, 19001995 (Cg S, x., 1997), 7879, 13537.17. H Sg, I: G S S, Gender and
American Social Sciences: Te Formative Years (P, 1998), 3.18. S,As Minority Becomes Majority, 28.19. F ffi g B L S
g, Ax K, Out o Work: Te FirstCentury o Unemployment in Massachusetts (Cg, 1986); M F, KgC: P Ig L Q Lg Pg E, Te State and Economic Knowledge: Te American and British Experiences, . M O.F B S (Cg, 1991), 24668; J L, Carroll Wright andLabor Reorm: Te Origin o Labor Statistics (Cg, M., 1960).
20. Ag , T M B W C . . . , - , , g- g g , g [sic] - g g fig J C q g - . E N, ., P I D A 19181955,
W B, RG 86, Bx 11, F 331, N A (f na).21. Ag g , g
gfi g , , g , fi g, g , S g gz, g . I.
22. M. C T ( B M Cg) P W, 28M 1921; Mg D R ( wtul) S J J. D,21 M 1921; S W gz -
A, g . S L H U ( , N R C), 25 M
-
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mark hendrickson | 507
23. M A, G M. F, ., Biographical Dictionary o AmericanLabor(W, C., 1974), 8889; M A M W, Woman atWork (M, 1951; W, C., 1973). T V K A VK fl 1920. Offi , V K W B C,g M. F B. G C P. N ( B L S). O , A C g V K, 2 A 1926, S S C, mvk P (f mvk P), S Cg, Bx 71, F W B C. L V K A g . T gg V K g
A, q g V K . I g x V K, g g , R Sg F D IS g x x . F A V K, Bx 64 71, mvkP, .
24. T . H $1,860 . W B, T S W G S, Bulletin 53(1926), 56, 45.
25. W B, Fifh Annual Report o the Director o the Womens Bureau(Wg, D.C., 1923), 20. T A -q . I 1921 A R, A B C Lg R, $1,800 g g g D L . Agg, B g F g, ff . W
B, Tird Annual Report o the Director o the Womens Bureau (Wg, D.C.,1921), 22.
26. W B, T S W G S, 3941,4445.
27. W B, T N P W A I, Bulletin 12(1920), 16.
28. W B, T O Pg W, Bulletin 27(1922), 3.29. D - , , -
, , , , , , , , , , .
30. W B, T O Pg W, 89.31. I 50,000 1910 , -
-
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508 | Gender Research as Labor Activism
, , g- , - , , ffi . W B, T O Pg W 1920.
32. I., 2630; W B, F A Wg W, Bulletin 46 (1925),67; S P B, Counter Cultures: Saleswomen, Managers, and Customers in
American Department Stores, 18901940 (U, I., 1986).33. F x, W B, H P W I,
Bulletin 18 (1921), 6; W B, W K I, Bulletin 29 (1923),8085; W B, T S Wg-Eg W F S, Bulletin30 (1923); W B, F S Bg W F SC, Bulletin 41(1925); W B, W O I, Bulletin 44(1925), 8;W B, W W F S, Bulletin 49(1925).
34. W B, H P W I 6; M A,
R Ig G B, Proceedings o the National Conerence oSocial Work (Cg, 1920), 141.
35. W B, W Wg K, Bulletin 17 (1921), 21, 5382.36. W B, T F S Bg W: A -
, B 23 (Wg D.C.: GPO,1922), 4. Ag A, B P g zg x ffi g . I., .
37. W B, F S Bg W F SC, 89. Ag A, f P, N J, M q x . I., x.T x P, N J - J, F; W-B H , P; B,M.
38. I., 17.39. W B, W R I I, Bulletin 21 (1922).40. W B, W K I, 5557. T -
x K W B fig . B
x g A - x , g. S W B,W AI, Bulletin 34 (1924), 54. I , g x-, g g g g x g , g g g . W B, W I, Bulletin 56 (1927), 44.
41. Rgg g f , g, T , g g x
g ffi g g . I
-
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63. W B,Ng W I 15 S, Bulletin 70 (1929), 47.L g, Pg x.S C B U Vg U Cg. M A mvk, 10 F 1928, mvk P, Bx71, F 1107, W B-C.
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g . T , g . T g g , P g. Ig, fi J R. C cir , , , g g g . W B, TEff L Lg E O W, Bulletin 65(1928), x. T q . F
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91. W B, S: T Eff L Lg EO W, . H gz, N C Lg, f S C Wg, D.C. -g .H, Bound by Our Constitution, 13031. F 1920 g g , MH, Sg S: G, Ng Ogz, Mg L Kg 1920, Politics and Partnerships, . ES. C Dg G (Cg, g). F x g, Mg F. Bg, Homestead: Te Households o a Milltown (N Y, 1910) 35,17172; H. M. V, Industrial Fatigue and Effi ciency(N Y, 1921); Eg L. C M G, Te Health o the Industrial Worker (P, 1921); C
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