Gender methods: an overview
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GenderMethods:AnOverview
CarolJ.PierceColferand
RebakahMinarchekCIFORGenderWorkshop6‐8November2012
Methodologicalissuesingenderandnaturalresources
• All‐purposemethods/resources
• Methodsforthreekindsofusers:thoseneedingsomething– ‘quickand[perhaps]dirty’– Systematic/academic/extractive
– Participatory,usuallylongterm• Conclusions
Hugevarietyofapproaches
• E.g.Marxistfeminists,ThirdWorldfeminists,feministpoliticalecologists,ecofeminists,feministenvironmentalists,socialistfeminists,feministpoststructuralists,institutionalanalysisanddevelopmentspecialists
• WID,GAD,WAD[Marxist,WomenandDevelopment],DAWN[DevelopmentAlternativeswithWomenforaNewEra],WED[Women,environmentandSustainableDevelopment]
I.FourCommonAll‐PurposeMethods
1. reviewofexistingliterature,2. surveys/questionnaires,3. interviews,and4. casestudies5. [Indices(SIGI,VCI,WEAI)]
DisaggregatebySex
UsefulQuantitativeOverviews
• OECDdevelopedSIGI(SocialInstitutions&GenderIndex)–socialnorms&genderequality
• India’s(India)ISETproducedVCI(VulnerabilityCapacityIndex)–onclimatechange
• IFPRI,OPHI&USAIDdevelopedWEAI(Women’sEmpowermentinAgricultureIndex)
II.Foruserswithfewresources(time,money&expertise)
• PRA,RRA,RAAKS[RapidAssessmentofAgriculturalKnowledgeSystems],etc.
• Manycollectionsavailable(e.g.Geilfus2008)
• E.g.historicaltransects,pebbledistributiongames,seasonalcalendars,venn
diagrams,wealthranking,sondeos,
CATPAC,focusgroups,future
scenarios,++
FromBehrmannetal.2012
• DiagnosisandDesign(D&D);DiagnosticoRuralRapido(DRR);FarmerParticipatoryResearch;FarmingSystemsResearch;GroupedeRechercheetd’Appuipourl’Auto‐PromotionPaysanne(GRAPP);MethodeAccelereedeRechercheParticipative(MARP);Micro‐PlanningWorkshops;ParticipatoryAnalysisandLearningMethods(PALM);ParticipatoryActionResearch(PAR);ParticipatoryMonitoringandEvaluation(PME);ParticipatoryOperationalResearchProjects(PORP);ParticipatoryPovertyAssessment(PPA);ParticipatoryPovertyMonitoring(PPM);ParticipatoryPolicyResearch(PPR);ParticipatoryResearchMethodology(PRM);ParticipatoryRuralAppraisal(PRA);ParticipatoryRuralAppraisalandPlanning(PRAP);ParticipatorySocialAssessment(PSA);ParticipatoryTechnologyDevelopment(PTD);ParticipatoryUrbanAppraisal(PUA);PlanningforReal(PfR);ProcessDocumentation;RapidAppraisal;RapidAssessmentofAgriculturalKnowledgeSystems(RAAKS);RapidAssessmentProcedures(RAP);RapidAssessmentTechniques(RAT);RapidCatchmentAnalysis(RCA);RapidEthnographicAssessment(REA);RapidFoodSecurityAnalysis(RFSA);RapidMulti‐perspectiveAppraisal(RMA);RapidOrganisationalAssessment(ROA);RapidRuralAppraisal(RRA);SamuhikBrahman(JointTrek);Self‐esteem,AssociativeStrength,Resourcefulness,ActionPlanning,andResponsibility(SARAR);SoftSystemsMethodology(SSM);TheatreforDevelopment;TrainingforTransformation(TFT);VillageAppraisal(VA);VisualisationinParticipatoryProgrammes(VIPP);andZielorientierteProjektPlanung(ZOPP).
AdvantagesofPRA
• Speedy
• inexpensiveness
• quicklookatcommunityrealities
• entrées,waystomeetafew
communitymembers,establishearlylevelsofrapport,explainwhyyouarethere
DangersofPRA
• Thelikelihoodofmisunderstanding&errorincreasewithaquickvisit.
• Divingintoacommunitywithoutknowledgeofhowpeoplegroup(e.g.politicalfactions)canraisebarriersdifficulttoovercomelater.
• Beginningworkinanewcommunitywithoutfirstestablishingtrust,rapportcanleadtolies&misrepresentation.
III.Foruserswithsocialscienceexpertiseeasilyavailable
• Useofexistingdocuments
• Statistical&quantitativeanalysis
• ComputerDependentmethods
• Ethnography• Interpretivemethods
Advantages/DifferentiationfromPRA(1/2)
• Widelyacceptedtheory&method
• Focusedresearchertrainingorpastexperienceontopic&method.
• Sufficienttimeframeforresearch
Advantages/DifferentiationfromPRA(2/2)
• Evidenceofa)replicability;b)evidence‐based,keyinsightsintohistoricaltrends;&/orc)interactionsamongpartsofkeysystems
• Resultslikelytobepublishableinacceptedscientificjournals
ConstraintstoSystematic/AcademicUseofSocialScienceExpertise
• Trainedpeoplemayuseconceptualframeworks&terminologiesalientoothers
• Refereedjournalslonglagtimes–perhapstoolong
• Socialscientists’in‐depthtrainingmayhavereducedexposuretobiophysicalsciences
IV.Foruserswithadequateresources,seekingunderstandingand
long‐termdevelopment• Participatoryapproachesstrengthenlocalcapabilities(analysis,networking,monitoring,conflictmgm’t,leadership,facilitation+)
• [Especiallywomen’sviewpoints;
voice]
• UsesPRA&extractivemethodsascomplements,asneeded
CommonElementsofParticipatoryApproaches
• Developingavision
• Planningandmonitoring
• Facilitationofcollectiveaction
• Approachingequityexplicitly
• Participatorymodeling
AdvantagestoParticipatoryApproaches(1)
• Takessystemsapproach–attendstomultiplyintersectingelementsofwomen’s&men’slives&environment
• Buildsonlocalknowledge(men’s,women’s),‘married’withexternalknowledge
• Recognizeshuman&environmentalpropensityforchange,withmechanismsfordealingwithchange
AdvantagestoParticipatoryApproaches(2)
• Recognizesflexibilityrequiredbychangingcircumstances,greaterlikelihoodofrespondingappropriately
DOUBLYADVANTAGEOUSWITHATTENTIONTOGENDER
ChallengeswithParticipatoryApproaches
• Long(variable)periodsoftime
• Qualified/trainedpersonsregularlyinvolvedinvillagelife(remote,uncomfortable,dangerous?)
• Impossibletoensureoriginalplanssucceed,resultingneedforhumility,willingnesstochange—lossofperceivedcontrol.
• Superior(notunequivocal)rightsofcommunitiestodeterminecollaborativeactions.
ConcludingReminders
• Womenhaveactiverolesinmanynaturalresourcesystems.We’lldoabetterjobifweattendtothosedoingthework.
CONSIDERinmethodsselection:
• Scale(macro,meso,micro),genderedpowerdifferentials,andresourcesavailable(time,expertise,funds)
CommentsWelcome!
SketchesbyParadornThreemake