Gender Mainstreaming in Gender Mainstreaming in Humanitarian Action Humanitarian Action Reproductive HealthReproductive Health

Henia Dakkak, MD, MPHHenia Dakkak, MD, MPHHumanitarian Response Unit Humanitarian Response Unit

UNFPAUNFPANew York – June 21, 2007New York – June 21, 2007

““Gender”Gender”

Explains the socially constructed Explains the socially constructed identities, roles and expectations identities, roles and expectations associated with males and femalesassociated with males and females

Describes the unequal relationship Describes the unequal relationship between men and women and makes between men and women and makes clear that the prevailing unequal clear that the prevailing unequal gender roles and relations help to gender roles and relations help to limit women’s participation and limit women’s participation and contributioncontribution

Gender issues are Gender issues are notnot the same as the same as women’s issueswomen’s issues

Working towards gender equality does not Working towards gender equality does not mean sameness between men and women, mean sameness between men and women, but rather that both can exercise their but rather that both can exercise their rights in an equitable process which rights in an equitable process which recognizes that their starting points are recognizes that their starting points are different, but nevertheless equal different, but nevertheless equal

Understanding gender means Understanding gender means understanding opportunities, constraints understanding opportunities, constraints and the impacts of change as they affect and the impacts of change as they affect both men and womenboth men and women

Gender RolesGender Roles In most societies gender inequality stems In most societies gender inequality stems

from the fact that women must fulfil 3 main from the fact that women must fulfil 3 main roles, which are unrecognized and roles, which are unrecognized and undervaluedundervalued

- Reproductive “refers to women’s child Reproductive “refers to women’s child bearing as well as to their child rearing rolesbearing as well as to their child rearing roles

- Productive “refers to women’s role as Productive “refers to women’s role as income earners in both formal and informal income earners in both formal and informal sectors”sectors”

- Community “refers to women’s collective Community “refers to women’s collective work at the community level”work at the community level”

Gender-based AnalysisGender-based Analysis Gender analysis is a tool used in the Gender analysis is a tool used in the

understanding of social processes and understanding of social processes and provides a method for responding with provides a method for responding with informed and equitable optionsinformed and equitable options

Gender based analysis challenges the Gender based analysis challenges the assumption that everyone is affected by assumption that everyone is affected by policies and programs in the same way policies and programs in the same way regardless of their sex, a notion often referred regardless of their sex, a notion often referred to as ‘gender-neutral policy’ and makes visible to as ‘gender-neutral policy’ and makes visible the different needs and perspective of women, the different needs and perspective of women, identifies barriers facing women in carrying out identifies barriers facing women in carrying out their daily multiple roles and illuminates the their daily multiple roles and illuminates the socially constructed relationships between socially constructed relationships between men and womenmen and women

Gender Analysis Gender Analysis and and

Gender Sensitive IndicatorsGender Sensitive Indicators Effective gender analysis to monitor Effective gender analysis to monitor

progress on gender equity and sustainable progress on gender equity and sustainable development requires good gender-development requires good gender-disaggregated data, gender sensitive disaggregated data, gender sensitive research and indicators. research and indicators.

Severe lack of adequate data available. Severe lack of adequate data available. For example, in work assessment, caring For example, in work assessment, caring activities are still categorized as leisure, activities are still categorized as leisure, and few gender disaggregated and few gender disaggregated environment and health indicators existenvironment and health indicators exist

Gender MainstreamingGender Mainstreaming Strategy to encourage gender balance in Strategy to encourage gender balance in

governance and sustainable development governance and sustainable development include full and equal participation of include full and equal participation of women in the formulation of all policies women in the formulation of all policies and decision making; evaluating and decision making; evaluating institutions for gender balance and action institutions for gender balance and action on gender issues; overcoming women’s on gender issues; overcoming women’s apathy and lack of understanding of apathy and lack of understanding of government processes with innovative government processes with innovative types of outreachtypes of outreach

Mechanisms to achieve gender Mechanisms to achieve gender mainstreamingmainstreaming

Awareness-raising, capacity building, Awareness-raising, capacity building, education and training of women and education and training of women and men; and all people in decision-making men; and all people in decision-making positions in all sectors and all levels positions in all sectors and all levels (changing curricula, public campaigns, (changing curricula, public campaigns, developing gender sensitivity training; developing gender sensitivity training; guidelines for gender mainstreaming0guidelines for gender mainstreaming0

Institutional mechanisms for the Institutional mechanisms for the advancement of women e.g. legislation advancement of women e.g. legislation (CEDAW, national legislation); making (CEDAW, national legislation); making gender disaggregated information gender disaggregated information available and supporting relevant researchavailable and supporting relevant research

Gender Mainstreaming Strategies Gender Mainstreaming Strategies

Adequate funding and support with Adequate funding and support with monitoring and evaluation for monitoring and evaluation for effectiveness and replication (gender effectiveness and replication (gender budgeting)budgeting)

Collecting and sharing good practices Collecting and sharing good practices at local, national and international at local, national and international levels including peer review of good levels including peer review of good practice and promoting successful practice and promoting successful strategies strategies

Gender Mainstreaming in Gender Mainstreaming in Humanitarian Action Humanitarian Action Five Way Proposal Five Way Proposal

Gender Handbook in Humanitarian Action “Women, Gender Handbook in Humanitarian Action “Women, Girls, Boys and Men Different Needs – Equal Girls, Boys and Men Different Needs – Equal Opportunities” was created to establish some Opportunities” was created to establish some standards for humanitarian actorsstandards for humanitarian actors

Gender Surge Capacity and Roster – to create Gender Surge Capacity and Roster – to create standby capacity of gender advisors who can be standby capacity of gender advisors who can be deployed to help Humanitarian coordinators deployed to help Humanitarian coordinators

Sex and Age disaggregated data Sex and Age disaggregated data Capacity development of humanitarian actors – Self Capacity development of humanitarian actors – Self

training module as requirement before deployment training module as requirement before deployment similar to security awarenesssimilar to security awareness

Increase Partnership with national and regional Increase Partnership with national and regional women organizations and civil societies women organizations and civil societies

Framework for Gender Equality

A nalyse gender differencesD esign services to meet needs of allA ccess ensured for allP articipate equally for allT rain women and men equally

and

A ddress GBV in sector programsC ollect, analyse and report sex/age disaggregated dataT arget actions based on a gender analysisCoordinate actions with all partnersADAPT and ACT Collectively to ensure gender

THREE PILLARS OF REFORM THREE PILLARS OF REFORM AND AND THE FOUNDATIONTHE FOUNDATION

reformHUMANITARIAN

CLUSTER APPROACH

HUMANITARIAN COORDINATORS

HUMANITARIAN FINANCING

PARTNERSHIP

reformHUMANITARIAN

Inter-Agency Standing Committee Full Members and Standing Invitees

Full Members

Food and Agricultural

Organisation (FAO)

Office for the Coordination of

Humanitarian Affairs (OCHA)

United Nations Development

Programme (UNDP)

United Nations Population Fund

(UNFPA)

United Nations High Comissioner

for Refugees (UNHCR)

United Nations Children’s Fund

(UNICEF)

World Food Programme (WFP)

World Health Organisation

(WHO)

Standing Invitees

International Committee of the

Red Cross (ICRC)

International Council of Voluntary

Agencies (ICVA)

International Federation of Red

Cross and Red Crescent

Societies (IFRC)

American Council for Voluntary

International Action (InterAction)

International Organisation for

Migration (IOM)

Office of the High Commissioner

for Human Rights (OHCHR)

Office of the Special

Representative of the Secretary

General on the Human Rights of

Internally Displaced Persons

(RSG on HR of IDPs)

Steering Committee for

Humanitarian Response (SCHR)

World Bank (World Bank)

Whose reform?Whose reform?

Inter-Agency Standing Inter-Agency Standing Committee (IASC)Committee (IASC)

Composed of NGO consortia, Composed of NGO consortia, Red Cross and Red Crescent Red Cross and Red Crescent Movement, IOM, World bank Movement, IOM, World bank and UN agenciesand UN agencies

reformHUMANITARIAN

Cluster/Sector Working Group1. Agriculture2. Camp Coordination & Camp Mgmt3. Early Recovery4. Education5. Emergency Shelter6. Emergency Telecomms7. Health8. Logistics9. Nutrition10. Protection11. Water, Sanitation & Hygiene

Global Cluster Leads FAO

UNHCR & IOM UNDP

UNICEF & Save the ChildrenUNHCR & IFRC (Convenor)OCHA (UNICEF & WFP)WHOWFPUNICEFUNHCRUNICEF

Global Capacity-BuildingGlobal Capacity-Building

reformHUMANITARIAN

Gender Equality Gender Equality UNFPA and WHO UNFPA and WHO (IASC SWG) (IASC SWG)

HIV/AIDSHIV/AIDS UNAIDS (IASC TF)UNAIDS (IASC TF)

EnvironmentEnvironment UNEPUNEP

(Others human rights, age, older persons, etc)(Others human rights, age, older persons, etc)

Cross-cutting Issues Cross-cutting Issues

Reproductive healthReproductive health is a state of complete physical, mental and is a state of complete physical, mental and social well-being and not merely the social well-being and not merely the absence of disease or infirmity, in all absence of disease or infirmity, in all matters relating to the reproductive system matters relating to the reproductive system and to its functions and processes. and to its functions and processes. Reproductive health therefore implies that Reproductive health therefore implies that people are able to have a satisfying and people are able to have a satisfying and safe sex life and that they have the safe sex life and that they have the capability to reproduce and the freedom to capability to reproduce and the freedom to decide if, when and how often to do so. It decide if, when and how often to do so. It also includes sexual health, the purpose of also includes sexual health, the purpose of which is the enhancement of life and which is the enhancement of life and personal relations.personal relations.

  (Cairo, ICPD Programme of Action, paragraph 7.2)(Cairo, ICPD Programme of Action, paragraph 7.2)

Why reproductive health Why reproductive health services for populations in services for populations in

crisis?crisis?Reproductive health isReproductive health is a human righta human right a psychosocial health needa psychosocial health need

Inter-Agency Working Group Inter-Agency Working Group on RH in Refugee Situations on RH in Refugee Situations

(IAWG)(IAWG)Formed in 1995 under coordination of Formed in 1995 under coordination of

UNHCRUNHCR

Minimal Initial Service Package Minimal Initial Service Package (MISP)(MISP)

Inter-agency Field ManualInter-agency Field Manual

What is the MISP?What is the MISP? basic, limited reproductive basic, limited reproductive

healthhealth for use in emergency, for use in emergency, without without

site-specific needs assessmentsite-specific needs assessment

services to be delivered to the services to be delivered to the populationpopulation

supplies (e.g. RH kit) and supplies (e.g. RH kit) and activitiesactivities

coordination and planningcoordination and planning

MMimimumimimum

IInitialnitial

SServiceervice

PPackageackage

Components of the MISPComponents of the MISP Identify a coordinatorIdentify a coordinator Prevent and manage the Prevent and manage the

consequences of sexual violenceconsequences of sexual violence Reduce HIV transmissionReduce HIV transmission Prevent excess neonatal and Prevent excess neonatal and

maternal morbidity and mortalitymaternal morbidity and mortality Plan Plan for for comprehensive comprehensive RHRH

services, integrated into services, integrated into PHCPHC, as , as soon as possiblesoon as possible