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Gender Inequality & Gender Inequality & DevelopmentDevelopment

Dr. Vibhuti Patel, Director, PGSRDr. Vibhuti Patel, Director, PGSR

Prof. & HOD, Department of Prof. & HOD, Department of Economics,Economics,

SNDT Women’s University,SNDT Women’s University,

Smt. Thakersey Road, Churchgate, Smt. Thakersey Road, Churchgate,

Mumbai-400020Mumbai-400020

Phone-26770227®, 22052970 (o) Phone-26770227®, 22052970 (o)

Mobile-9321040048Mobile-9321040048

E mail:vibhuti.np@gmail.comE mail:vibhuti.np@gmail.com

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Concept of Human DevelopmentConcept of Human Development the real aim of development is to improve the the real aim of development is to improve the

quality of human life. quality of human life. process that enables human beings to realize their process that enables human beings to realize their

potential, build self-confidence and lead lives of potential, build self-confidence and lead lives of dignity and fulfillment. dignity and fulfillment.

Economic growth is an important component of Economic growth is an important component of development, but it cannot be a goal in itself, nor development, but it cannot be a goal in itself, nor can it go on indefinitely. can it go on indefinitely.

Although people differ in the goals that they would Although people differ in the goals that they would set for development, some are virtually universal.set for development, some are virtually universal.

These include a long and healthy life, education, These include a long and healthy life, education, access to the resources needed for a decent access to the resources needed for a decent standard of living, political freedom, guaranteed standard of living, political freedom, guaranteed human rights, and freedom from violence. human rights, and freedom from violence. Development is real only if it makes our lives better Development is real only if it makes our lives better in all these respects. in all these respects.

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Genesis of HD Approach:Genesis of HD Approach:

Trickle-down Theory, 1950Trickle-down Theory, 1950 Growth with social justice and Growth with social justice and

distributive justice, 1960 distributive justice, 1960 Esther Boserup (1970)’s seminal Esther Boserup (1970)’s seminal

work work Asian Drama-Volume I, II, III, 1971Asian Drama-Volume I, II, III, 1971 Human Resource Development, Human Resource Development,

19801980 Human Development, 1990Human Development, 1990

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Women and Development DebatesWomen and Development Debates The critique of trickle down theory The critique of trickle down theory Marginalisation thesis popularised by the UN Marginalisation thesis popularised by the UN

as WID (Women in Development)as WID (Women in Development) ‘‘Integration of Women’ Approach known as Integration of Women’ Approach known as

Women and Development (WAD)Women and Development (WAD) Development Alternatives with Women Development Alternatives with Women

(DAWN) at Nairobi Conference, 1985(DAWN) at Nairobi Conference, 1985 Gender and Development (GAD)- Women in Gender and Development (GAD)- Women in

Decision Making Process, 1990 Decision Making Process, 1990 Adoption of CEDAW-Convention on all forms of Adoption of CEDAW-Convention on all forms of

Discrimination against WomenDiscrimination against Women Human Development Index, Gender Human Development Index, Gender

Empowerment Measure, 1995Empowerment Measure, 1995 Millennium Development Goals (MDGs), 2000Millennium Development Goals (MDGs), 2000 Women Empowerment Policy, GoI, 2001Women Empowerment Policy, GoI, 2001 Gender Mainstreaming in planning, policy Gender Mainstreaming in planning, policy

making and programme Implementation making and programme Implementation

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Definition of Gender Equality Definition of Gender Equality ““equality is the cornerstone of every equality is the cornerstone of every

democratic society that aspires to social democratic society that aspires to social justice and human rights.” UN General justice and human rights.” UN General Assembly, 2002Assembly, 2002

““gender equality in terms of capabilities gender equality in terms of capabilities (education, health, and nutrition) and (education, health, and nutrition) and opportunities (economic and decision-opportunities (economic and decision-making).” UNDP, 1995making).” UNDP, 1995

““equality under the law, equality of equality under the law, equality of opportunity (including equality of rewards opportunity (including equality of rewards for work and equality in access to human for work and equality in access to human capital and other productive resources that capital and other productive resources that enable opportunity), and equality of voice enable opportunity), and equality of voice (the ability to influence and contribute to the (the ability to influence and contribute to the development process).” World Bank, 2000 development process).” World Bank, 2000

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Gender InequalitiesGender Inequalities Gender inequalities exist because Gender inequalities exist because

of discrimination in the family and of discrimination in the family and societal institutions and social, societal institutions and social, cultural, and religious norms that cultural, and religious norms that perpetuate stereotypes, practices perpetuate stereotypes, practices and beliefs that are detrimental to and beliefs that are detrimental to women.women.

Amartya Sen (2001) narrates Amartya Sen (2001) narrates seven forms of gender inequalities-seven forms of gender inequalities-mortality, natality, basic facility, mortality, natality, basic facility, special opportunity, profession, special opportunity, profession, ownership and household.ownership and household.

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Redress for discrimination Redress for discrimination

Convention to Eliminate All Convention to Eliminate All Forms of Discrimination against Forms of Discrimination against Women (CEDAW), adopted by Women (CEDAW), adopted by the U.N. General Assembly in the U.N. General Assembly in 1979.1979.

Economic institutions and policy Economic institutions and policy modern markets modern markets legal rights legal rights

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Empowerment of WomenEmpowerment of Women Several experts agree that an Several experts agree that an

empowered woman is one who has empowered woman is one who has the agency to formulate strategic the agency to formulate strategic choices and to control resources and choices and to control resources and decisions that affect important life decisions that affect important life outcomes outcomes

agency to use rights, capabilities, agency to use rights, capabilities, resources, and place in decision-resources, and place in decision-making bodies (such as is provided making bodies (such as is provided through leadership opportunities and through leadership opportunities and participation in political institutions). participation in political institutions).

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Economic Basis of PatriarchyEconomic Basis of Patriarchy

Control over women’sControl over women’s1.1. Sexuality-dress code, restriction, Sexuality-dress code, restriction,

double standards of morality, double standards of morality, code of conductcode of conduct

2.2. Fertility-Son Fertility-Son producing ,machines, pro & anti-producing ,machines, pro & anti-natalist policiesnatalist policies

3.3. Labour-unpaid work, Labour-unpaid work, segmentation, unequal wages, segmentation, unequal wages, opportunities, treatmentopportunities, treatment

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Market, Mobility & WomenMarket, Mobility & Women

Women in poverty groupsWomen in poverty groups Female Headed HouseholdsFemale Headed Households Feminisation of PovertyFeminisation of Poverty Structural Adjustment Structural Adjustment

ProgrammeProgramme Customary laws, family lawsCustomary laws, family laws Displacement Displacement Violence Against womenViolence Against women

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WIDWID WID Women in Development modelWID Women in Development model

explains the reasons for women explains the reasons for women being treated as beneficiaries of being treated as beneficiaries of the crumbs thrown at them, in the the crumbs thrown at them, in the margin of the economy, consumer margin of the economy, consumer and an auxiliary labour force to be and an auxiliary labour force to be utilised in the crisis period and utilised in the crisis period and eased out the moment men are eased out the moment men are ready for take over. ready for take over. The discourse The discourse revolved around the economic growth revolved around the economic growth paradigm. paradigm.

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WADWAD

WAD-Women and DevelopmentWAD-Women and Development model model integrates women in the development integrates women in the development work as active change agents. work as active change agents.

Affirmative action by the state and Affirmative action by the state and pro-active approach by the civil pro-active approach by the civil society through NGOs and women's society through NGOs and women's groups are advocated by these groups are advocated by these models for empowerment of women models for empowerment of women against the forces of patriarchal class against the forces of patriarchal class society. society.

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GADGAD

GAD-Gender and DevelopmentGAD-Gender and Development model is model is based on an understanding of gender based on an understanding of gender relations and empowers the weak (he relations and empowers the weak (he or she). Gender is socially constructed or she). Gender is socially constructed and gender relations are power and gender relations are power relations. Here power is an important relations. Here power is an important analytical category. Explicit measures analytical category. Explicit measures of gender inequalities are sex-ratio, of gender inequalities are sex-ratio, literacy rates, health and nutrition literacy rates, health and nutrition indicators, wage differentials, indicators, wage differentials, ownership of land and property. ownership of land and property.

Gender Audit as a tool to engender Gender Audit as a tool to engender governancegovernance

Gender Budgeting Gender Budgeting

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Visibility of women in statistics Visibility of women in statistics and data systemand data system

Formulation of gender aware data system on literacy, Formulation of gender aware data system on literacy, education level, employment and earnings, health and education level, employment and earnings, health and well-being, sources of livelihood helps proper planning well-being, sources of livelihood helps proper planning and policy making for empowerment of women. Inter -and policy making for empowerment of women. Inter -district, Inter-state and cross country comparisions of district, Inter-state and cross country comparisions of women's empowerment are obtained from Gender women's empowerment are obtained from Gender related Development Index (GDI).related Development Index (GDI).

GDI owes its origin to its precursor, the HDI (Human GDI owes its origin to its precursor, the HDI (Human Development Index), three main components of which Development Index), three main components of which are per capita income, educational attainment and life-are per capita income, educational attainment and life-expectancy which is a proxy for health attainment. expectancy which is a proxy for health attainment.

Gender disparities are measured keeping these three Gender disparities are measured keeping these three indicators into consideration. "An additional measure, indicators into consideration. "An additional measure, gender empowerment measure (GEM) has been gender empowerment measure (GEM) has been formulated to take into account aspects relating to formulated to take into account aspects relating to economic participation and decision-making by women. economic participation and decision-making by women. The indicators used in GEM are share in income, share The indicators used in GEM are share in income, share in parliamentary seats and an index that includes in parliamentary seats and an index that includes share in administrative and managerial jobs and share share in administrative and managerial jobs and share in professional and technical posts.” UNDP in professional and technical posts.” UNDP

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HDRsHDRs National Human Development Report National Human Development Report

(HDR), 2001(HDR), 2001 State and City Human Development State and City Human Development

Reports Reports District and Block level HDRsDistrict and Block level HDRs The human development approach The human development approach

which focuses on demographic, which focuses on demographic, health, education, employment health, education, employment and human rights issues of women and human rights issues of women provides realistic insights to provides realistic insights to address women’s concerns.address women’s concerns.

Gender Development IndexGender Development Index Gender Empowerment MeasureGender Empowerment Measure

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