Course instructor:

Dr. Sumaira Malik

CONTENTS:• INTRODUCTION

• OBJECTIVES

• LITRATURE

• TREND OVER THE YEARS

• CONCLUSION

Introduction

WHAT IS GENDER GAP ?

Difference in opinions or attitudes between

men and women concerning a variety of public

and private issues, including political

candidates, parties, or programs.

Gender Gap In Different Aspects

Education and gender:“MALE-FEMALE DIFFERENCES IN

SCHOOL ACCESS AND COMPLETION”

Young females receive less education than young

males in most low developing countries.

While young literacy is now much higher than it

was as recently as 1990.

Education and Gender Gap

The rate of return on women’s education is higher

than that on men’s in most developing countries.

Increasing women’s education not only increases

their productivity in the work place but also results in

greater labor force participation, later marriages low

fertility, and greatly improved child health and

nutrition.

Objectives: Gender gap is an important Economic Indicator.

It depends upon the age differences.

Health and education plays a very important role in

the gender gap.

Health and education are investments in human

capital to improve labor productivity.

Investment in human capital is a major determinant

of growth and development.

According to Global Gender Gap report :

Pakistan had the second lowest ranking in the

report’s overall measure of gender-based biases,

but encouragingly, it ranked 64 out of 136

countries when it came to political

empowerment of women.

Pakistan ranked 124 on women’s health and

survival, 129 on their educational attainment

and a staggering 135 again on equal economic

participation and opportunity.

Global gender gap report 2013

Interestingly and unfortunately – There is another

Pakistan paradox seen in the report:

This edition concludes that the gap between men and

women has narrowed slightly in most countries during

the past year. However, Pakistan’s ranking has

gradually dropped from 132 in 2006 to 135 this year.

The country ranks the lowest in Asia and the Pacific

region.

Global gender gap report 2013

Although Pakistan ranks high in political

empowerment for women, its ranking move

down from 134th to 135th position last year

due to a worsening in the same category of

political empowerment.

Reasons of gender gap: Social, economical, demographic and

educational.

Females are getting married later

Less segregation in the working market for

females.

Changes in the family composition.

Pakistan ranked 135 out of a total 136

countries in the Gender Gap Index 2013,

according to The Global Gender Gap Report.

The Global Gender Gap Index, introduced by

the World Economic Forum in 2006 is a

measure to capture the scope and magnitude

of gender disparities.

Gender gap in Pakistan:

Four Major Pillars Of Report:

The report bases itself on four major pillars to

measure gender disparities within nations:

1. Economic participation and

opportunity.

2. Educational attainment.

3. Health and survival.

4. Political empowerment.

Economic participation and

opportunity:

• Pakistan’s female labor participation rate

is a dismal 22%.

•Male are more in labor force and more

employed than women.

• Only seven per cent of women in Pakistan own

businesses.

• Their access to land ownership on a scale of 0 to 1,

with 0 best score and 1 worse best, is 0.5.

• Women seem more excluded from job and

labor market due to many socio-cultural

factors ranging patriarchal system and skill

required in the market.

• Unemployment among women is higher than

men showing huge gender gap.

Health and survival:

• Pakistan ranked 124th on women’s health and

survival.

• Crude death rate of male is higher than female

both in urban and rural areas of Pakistan

showing high life expectancy of women

comparing with men.

• Health facilities are more extended towards

male comparing with female.

• On the other hand, women consult health

facilities more than men showing that women are

facing more health problems than men.

• Infant mortality rate per 1,000 live births at the

age of one is 70 per cent.

Educational attainment:• In terms of educational

attainment, Pakistan ranks at 129, with a 40 per cent female literacy rate.

• Enrollment in primary education is 67 per cent and drops down to 29 per cent in secondary education.

• Literacy rate is high in male comparing with female showing high gender gap.

• This gap further increased in rural areas

where women are restricted to get

education and stay at home to help out

domestic work.

• Gross enrollment ration of the men is also

high comparing with female.

• One of the possible reasons for this could

be that 16 per cent of the women get

married between the ages of 15-19 years.

• Which estimates the level of political

decision-making accomplished by women

within public institutions, in ministerial and

parliamentary positions.

• Male overwhelmingly represented in the

national assembly as compare to female.

Similarly, women voters are less in numbers

than male.

Political empowerment:

•Women in Pakistan were allowed to vote in

1956. Ten per cent of the women hold

ministerial positions.

•Twenty three per cent women are members

of the parliament.

• Women due to which, may be suffering

more and availing less options of

enjoying life in comparison with male.

• They have been restricted to participate

in basic aspects of life and confined to

stay at home or may be considered

unable to perform equal to men.

There is a wide gender

gap exist in social and

cultural life of the

Pakistan.

Gender Gap report was made on

136 countries.

Here the countries are ranked on

Gender equality.

86 countries showed

improvement in 2013 report.

Iceland is at top of the list

with narrowest gender gap.

Iceland has had the overall smallest

gender gap for five straight years. It

ranks first in education and economic

empowerment for women, but comes in

at 97 on women’s health and survival.

United Kingdom at 18th position

Queen Elizabeth II in Ascot, England

United States at 23rd position

Meeting in White house with President Obama and Secretary Hillary Clinton

Russian Federation at 61st position

A women imprisoned for damage of public property.

Brazil at 62nd position

Fashion show designed by senior women

China at 69th position

Female construction workers

India at 101st position

Sonia Gandhi, Chief of India’s ruling congress

United Arab Emirates at 109th position

Basketball star Kobe Bryant with UAE women basketball team

Côte d’Ivoire at 131st position

Women are recycling bag

Syria at 133rd position

A Syrian girl at school

Pakistan at 135th position

A Pakistani woman returns home carrying wood to be used for cooking and

heating, Islamabad

Yemen at last position which is 136th

Child brides at Yemen

Policies

suggested to

remove gender

gap

• Offering high level education

• Social integration

• Increasing women employment

• Involving them in active politics

and social activities

• Arranging social protection

programs

• Generating awareness among

parents

• Giving scholarships to girls

• Spreading awareness against

child abuse and violence

• Social welfare developments by

politicians

• Promoting NGOs to eradicate

Gender Inequality

Conclusion:A problem which can be solved

and by solving this problems we

can remove many burning

issues in our society.