Gender Equality and Political Representation · H1: There is a positive relationship between a...
Transcript of Gender Equality and Political Representation · H1: There is a positive relationship between a...
Gender Equality and
Political Representation:
A Global Study
Haja Mohamed Nafe
April 1, 2020
Content
▪ Research Question
▪ Background Information
▪ Motivation for Research
▪ Methodology
▪ Variables
▪ Hypothesis
▪ Analysis
▪ Conclusion
Research Question
What kinds of nations have greater gender equality in
political roles?
Background
▪ Gender equality in political participation is required to achieve
democracy (UN)
▪ Males always rank the top in politics
▪ Cultural and social roles of each gender
▪ Males are more interested in politics
▪ Females have less confidence
Motivation for Research
▪ Gender disparity as an obstacle to development
▪ Finding concrete reasons to this issue
▪ Informing the public and politicians
▪ Guiding policymakers
▪ Clarifying stereotypes
Research Methodology
▪ Type of Study: Quantitative, Empirical, Comparative,
Secondary Analysis
▪ Source: MicroCase (2013) Global File
▪ Type of Data: Aggregate data
▪ No. of Cases: 172
▪ Period: 1990 – 2006
▪ Stat. Sig: p < 0.05
▪ Measures of Association: Pearson’s Correlation Coefficient (r)
and Eta Squared
Independent Variables Dependent Variables
Political
Factors
Social
Factors
Economic
Factors
- Political Engagement
- War
- Political Stability
- Voter Turnout
- Region
- Education
- Freedom of the press
- Migration
- Economic Freedom
- Poverty
- Gender Equality
- Female as Ministers
H1: There is a positive relationship between a country’s political engagement and its levels
of gender equality / percentage of female ministers.
Prob.= 0.000, r = 0.497 (strong) Prob. = 0.000, r = 0.507 (strong)
Hypothesis supported Hypothesis supported
N = 61 N = 53
Missing = 111 Missing = 119
0
1
GENDER EQ
0 70G L O B A L : P O L
Line Equation Y = 0.661 + 0.004 X
r = 0.497** Prob. = 0.000 N = 61 Missing = 111
0
60
%FEM.HEADS
0 70G L O B A L : P O L
Line Equation Y = 5.798 + 0.409 X
r = 0.507** Prob. = 0.000 N = 53 Missing = 119
India
Austria
Iran
France
H2: Countries that have not experienced any type of wars from 1990 to 2002 have higher
levels of gender equality / higher percentage of female ministers.
Prob.= 0.000, Eta² = 0.185 (weak) Prob. = 0.020, Eta² = 0.091 (weak)
Hypothesis weakly supported Hypothesis is not supported
N = 143 N = 126
Missing = 29 Missing = 46
Ov erall
Mean
0.692
0
1
GENDER EQ
None
Interstate
Civ il War
Indepndnce
Multi-ty peW A R
Ov erall
Mean
15.764
0
60
%FEM.HEADS
None
Interstate
Civ il War
Indepndnce
Multi-ty peW A R
H3: There is a positive relationship between political stability and gender equality levels /
the percentage of female ministers.
Prob.= 0.000, r = 0.658 (strong) Prob. = 0.000, r = 0.401 (strong)
Hypothesis is supported Hypothesis supported
N = 143 N = 126
Missing = 29 Missing = 46
0
1
GENDER EQ
0 110P O L . S T B : 0 4
Line Equation Y = 0.485 + 0.004 X
r = 0.658** Prob. = 0.000 N = 143 Missing = 29
0
60
%FEM.HEADS
0 110P O L . S T B : 0 4
Line Equation Y = 7.634 + 0.168 X
r = 0.401** Prob. = 0.000 N = 126 Missing = 46
Israel
Israel
H4: There is a positive relationship between voter turnout and gender equality levels / the
percentage of female ministers.
Prob.= 0.000, r = 0.470 (strong) Prob. = 0.036, r = 0.169 (weak)
Hypothesis is supported Hypothesis not supported
N = 133 N = 115
Missing = 39 Missing = 57
0
1
GENDER EQ
20 100% T U R N O U T
Line Equation Y = 0.348 + 0.006 X
r = 0.470** Prob. = 0.000 N = 133 Missing = 39
0
60
%FEM.HEADS
20 100% T U R N O U T
r = 0.169* Prob. = 0.036 N = 115 Missing = 57
US
Mali
MaliUS
H5: There is a positive relationship between education among adults and gender equality /
the percentage of female ministers.
Prob.= 0.000, r = 0.913 (strong) Prob. = 0.002, r = 0.262 (weak)
Hypothesis is supported Hypothesis not supported
N = 143 N = 125
Missing = 29 Missing = 47
0
1
GENDER EQ
0 1E D U C A T I O N
Line Equation Y = 0.005 + 0.887 X
r = 0.913** Prob. = 0.000 N = 143 Missing = 29
0
60
%FEM.HEADS
0 1E D U C A T I O N
r = 0.262** Prob. = 0.002 N = 125 Missing = 47
SK
SK
H6: The Western hemisphere has higher levels of gender equality / higher percentage of female
ministers.
Prob.= 0.000, Eta² = 0.659 (strong) Prob. = 0.000, Eta² = 0.212 (moderate)
Hypothesis is not supported Hypothesis is moderately supported
N = 143 N = 126
Missing = 29 Missing = 46
Ov erall
Mean
0.692
0
1
GENDER EQ
SUB-SAHARA
ARAB
ASIA/PACIF
WEST.HEMI.
EUROPER E G I O N
Ov erall
Mean
15.764
-10
60
%FEM.HEADS
SUB-SAHARA
ARAB
ASIA/PACIF
WEST.HEMI.
EUROPER E G I O N
H7: There is a positive relationship between the freedom of the press and gender equality / and
percentage of female ministers.
Prob.= 0.000, r = 0.560 (strong) Prob. = 0.000, r = 0.455 (strong)
Hypothesis is supported Hypothesis is supported
N = 143 N = 126
Missing = 29 Missing = 46
0
1
GENDER EQ
0 180F R E E . P R E S S
Line Equation Y = 0.492 + 0.002 X
r = 0.560** Prob. = 0.000 N = 143 Missing = 29
0
60
%FEM.HEADS
0 180F R E E . P R E S S
Line Equation Y = 5.438 + 0.109 X
r = 0.455** Prob. = 0.000 N = 126 Missing = 46
Japan
Kuwait
Kuwait
Japan
H8: There is a positive relationship between the net migration and gender equality / the
percentage of female ministers.
Prob.= 0.016, r = 0.179 (weak) Prob. = 0.013, r = 0.199 (weak)
Hypothesis is not supported Hypothesis is not supported
N = 143 N = 126
Missing = 29 Missing = 46
0
1
GENDER EQ
-2000010 6200010N E T M I G R T
r = 0.179* Prob. = 0.016 N = 143 Missing = 29
0
60
%FEM.HEADS
-2000010 6200010N E T M I G R T
r = 0.199* Prob. = 0.013 N = 126 Missing = 46
USCanada
Sudan
Colombia
H9: There is a positive relationship between the economic freedom and gender equality / the
percentage of female ministers.
Prob.= 0.000, r = 0.678 (strong) Prob. = 0.000, r = 0.391 (moderate)
Hypothesis is supported Hypothesis is supported
N = 136 N = 117
Missing = 36 Missing = 55
0
1
GENDER EQ
0 160F R E E . E C O 1
Line Equation Y = 0.478 + 0.003 X
r = 0.678** Prob. = 0.000 N = 136 Missing = 36
0
60
%FEM.HEADS
0 160F R E E . E C O 1
r = 0.391** Prob. = 0.000 N = 117 Missing = 55
Singapore
Singapore
China
China
H10: There is a negative relationship between poverty and gender equality / the percentage of
female ministers.
Prob.= 0.000, r = -0.813 (strong) Prob. = 0.228, r = 0.090 (weak)
Hypothesis is supported Hypothesis is not supported
N = 89 N = 71
Missing = 83 Missing = 101
0
1
GENDER EQ
0 80P O P < 1 $ D A Y
Line Equation Y = 0.778 + -0.007 X
r = -0.813** Prob. = 0.000 N = 89 Missing = 83
0
50
%FEM.HEADS
0 80P O P < 1 $ D A Y
r = 0.090 Prob. = 0.228 N = 71 Missing = 101
Portugal
Portugal
Findings and AnalysisGender Equality
Variables M.O.A Relationship
Strength
Education r = 0.913 Strong
Poverty r = -0.813 Strong negative
Economic Freedom r = 0.678 Strong
Region Eta² = 0.659 Strong
Political Stability r = 0.658 Strong
The Press r = 0.560 Strong
Political Engagement r = 0.497 Strong
Voting r = 0.470 Strong
War Eta² = 0.185 Weak
Migration r = 0.179 Weak
Most influencing
factors
Least influencing
factors
Findings and Analysis Female Ministers
Variables M.O.A Relationship
Strength
Political Engagement r = 0.507 Strong
The Press r = 0.455 Strong
Political Stability r = 0.401 Strong
Economic Freedom r = 0.391 Moderate
Region Eta² = 0.212 Moderate
Education r = 0.262 weak
Migration r = 0.199 Weak
Voting r = 0.169 Weak
War Eta² = 0.091 Weak
Poverty r = 0.090 Weak
Most influencing
factors
Moderate
influence
Leas influencing
factors
Conclusion
▪ Nations with free economy, less poverty, high education levels,
tend to have greater gender equality .
▪ Migration and wars have the least impact on gender equality
▪ Nations with more political engagement and free press have
the highest percentage of female ministers.
▪ Voting and poverty have the least impact on female political
representation
▪ Female political representation is not an indicator of gender
equality
Implications
▪ Political actors will have a clearer picture on where these two
qualities are found.
▪ Policymakers can improve the factors that increase gender
equality and female political representation.
▪ Nations will have a specific model nations to follow in
achieving gender equality and female political representation
▪ This study is replicable which allows researchers to look at the
changes in the issue over time
Questions ?