Gender Differences in and Gender Moderation of Peer Victimization and Its Correlates
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Gender Differences in and Gender Moderation of Peer Victimization and Its Correlates
Jordan BarnadaDr. Julie HubbardPsychology Department
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Introduction•The problem of bullying•Bullying-prevention programs•What about gender?•Literature review
▫Very inconsistent results▫Not enough information
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Goals of the Study1. To provide a more thorough examination
of gender differences in victimization2. To investigate whether gender moderates
the relations between victimization and a range of negative correlates
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Moderation•Relationship between 2 things
▫What’s the strength of that relationship? Strength can be different for boys vs. girls
Victimization
Depression
Gender
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Moderation cont’d
Victimization
Dep
ress
ion
Boys
Girls
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Hypotheses1. Boys will experience more victimization2. Gender moderation will occur for some
correlatesa. Depressionb. Anxietyc. School avoidanced. Peer rejectione. Somatizationf. Social withdrawal
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Participants•1760 children•4th and 5th graders in 94 classrooms in 12
schools•49% female, 51% male•Racial/Ethnic Breakdown
▫European American: 47.1%▫Latino American: 18.3%▫African American: 16.2%▫Mixed Race: 7.2%▫Asian American: 6.0%▫American Indian or Alaska Native: 0.7%
•Average age = 10 years old
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MeasuresReport Type Self-report Peer-report Teacher-
reportAggregate
Victimization
Depression
Anxiety
Somatization
Peer RejectionSocial Withdrawal
School Avoidance
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Results
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Hypothesis 1: Gender Differences in Victimization by Report TypeReport Type
Finding Mean Min. Max. df p value
Self- ReportGVI
No difference
Girls: 1.66Boys: 1.61
1 5 1737 .24
Self- Report PVS
Boys > Girls Girls: 1.89Boys: 1.97
1 4 1717 .04*
Peer-Report
Boys > Girls Girls: -0.10Boys: 0.10
-2.32 4.45 1852 .00**
Teacher-Report
Boys > Girls Girls: 1.21Boys: 1.35
1 4 1819 .00**
Aggregate Boys > Girls Girls: -0.07Boys: 0.08
-.97 3.42 1840 .00**
Note. *p<0.05. **p<0.01
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Interaction Terms (Victimization x Gender) in Regressions to Examine Gender Moderation of Relations Between Victimization and Outcomes
Variable B Std. Error t-statistic Sig.Depression(Self-Report)
-.03 .02 -1.39 .17
Depression(Teacher-Report)
.05 .02 2.45 .02*
Anxiety(Teacher-Report)
.02 .02 .79 .43
Somatization(Teacher-Report)
.01 .01 .45 .65
Peer Rejection(Peer-Report)
.13 .06 2.26 .02*
Peer Rejection (Teacher-Report)
.12 .05 2.54 .01*
Social Withdrawal (Teacher-Report)
.05 .03 1.82 .07
School Avoidance (Teacher-Report)
.02 .02 1.29 .20
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Hypothesis 2- Depression: Teacher-Report• Boys > Girls on strength of relation between victimization
and depression
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Hypothesis 2- Peer Rejection: Peer-Report • Boys > Girls on strength of relation between victimization
and peer rejection
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Hypothesis 2- Peer Rejection: Teacher-Report
• Boys > Girls on strength of relation between victimization and peer rejection
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Strengths Limitations•Measured robustly•3 types of reports
•Studied physical and verbal victimization
•Broader range of outcomes
•Large bulk of data is from teacher-reports
•One time point•Developmentally limited
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The Future•Implications
▫Gender-segregated anti-bullying programs may be more effective
▫Different treatment interventions can be created/utilized based on gender
•Research▫More self & peer measures▫Longitudinal studies▫Expand sample
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Acknowledgements•My Faculty Mentor
▫Dr. Julie Hubbard•McNair Scholars Program Staff
▫Dr. Kim Saunders, Tiffany Scott, Natalie Cook, Nicole Mozee
•Peer Relations Lab Graduate Students▫Megan Bookhout, Marissa Smith, Lauren
Swift, Stevie Grassetti•My fellow McNair Scholars
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Descriptive Statistics
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Bivariate CorrelationsVariable 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 81. Aggregated Victimization
2. Self-Reported Depression .37**
3. Teacher-Reported Depression .47** .16**
4. Teacher-Reported Anxiety .27** .08** .61**
5. Teacher-Reported Somatization .20** .06** .37** .34**
6. Peer-Reported Peer Rejection .42** .13** .36** .15** .15**
7. Teacher- Reported Peer Rejection .42** .13* .56** .35** .19** .44*
8. Teacher- Reported Social Withdrawal
.44** .14** .65** .41** .21** .39** .78**
9. Teacher- Reported School Avoidance
.27** .09** .46** .30** .65** .22** .23** .29**
Note. *p<0.05. **p<0.01