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Gender
• characteristics, whether biologically or socially influenced, by which people define male and female.
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Gender RoleI'm Glad I'm a Boy--
• A set of expected behaviours for males and females
• List some of the “normal” gender roles.
What gender role is she breaking?
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Gender Identity
• one’s own sense of being male or female.
• realized through gender-typing : acquiring the traditional masculine or feminine roles
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Gender Typing Theories
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Social Learning TheoryLets use Sammy as an example.
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Social Learning Theory
Baseball. Sammy imitates my behavior.I reward Sammy.
Sammy’s Mom puts on makeup.
Sammy copies her. I punish Sammy
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Gender Schema Theory• Schema: a concept or framework
of how we organize information.• Develop schemas for gender.• See the world through the lens of
your gender schemas.
Boy’s don’t do this, that’s for girls.
Yeah, that’s cool!!!!I want to do that.
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Genes: Our Biological Blueprint
Chromosomes threadlike structures made of DNA that contain the
genes
DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid) complex molecule containing the genetic
information that makes up the chromosomes has two strands-forming a “double helix”--held
together by bonds between pairs of nucleotides
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Genes: Our Biological Blueprint
Genes biochemical units of heredity that make up the
chromosomes a segment of DNA capable of synthesizing a protein
Genome the complete instructions for making an organism consisting of all the genetic material in its
chromosomes
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Evolutionary Psychology
Natural Selection the principle that, among the range of inherited trait
variations, those that lead to increased reproduction and survival will most likely be passed on to succeeding generations
Mutations random errors in gene replication that lead to a
change in the sequence of nucleotides the source of all genetic diversity
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Evolutionary Psychology
Evolutionary Psychology the study of the evolution of behavior and
the mind, using the principles of natural selection
Gender in psychology, the characteristics, whether
biologically or socially influenced, by which people define male and female
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Behavior Genetics
• The study of the power and limitations of genes on who we are.
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Twin Studies
• Identical Twins – same egg, same genes
• Fraternal Twins – different egg, different genes
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Which of the following pairs is
likely to be the most similar?
Identical Twins (Together)
Identical Twins (Apart)
Fraternal Twins (Apart)
Fraternal Twins (Together)
Why?
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Twin Studies: The Results
• Twins, (especially identical) whether or not they are raised in the same environment are very much alike in many ways.
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Behavior Genetics
Temperament a person’s characteristic emotional reactivity
and intensity Heritability
the proportion of variation among individuals that we can attribute to genes
may vary, depending on the range of populations and environments studied
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Behavior Genetics
Interaction the dependence of the effect of one factor
(such as environment) on another factor (such as heredity)
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Environmental Influence
Experience affects brain development
Impoverishedenvironment
Rat braincell
Rat braincell
Enrichedenvironment
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Environmental Influence
A trained brain
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Environmental Influence
Culture the enduring behaviors, ideas, attitudes, and
traditions shared by a large group of people and transmitted from one generation to the next
Norm an understood rule for accepted and
expected behavior
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Environmental Influence
Personal Space the buffer zone we like to maintain
around our bodies
Memes self-replicating ideas, fashions, and
innovations passed from person to person