Gender and Governance in Rural Services

8/14/2019 Gender and Governance in Rural Services

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Cie`ir ae`

Cnvireaeki oe

Rurah [irvokisOE[OCFP[ GRNL OE@OA, CFAEA, AE@ IPFONZOA

A C R O K Y H P Y R I A E @ R Y R A H @ I W I H N Z L I E P


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CIE@IRAE@CNWIREAEKI OE

RYRAH [IRWOKI[


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CIE@IR

AE@CNWIREAEKI OE

RYRAH [IRWOKI[

Oesocfts grnl Oe`oa, Cfaea, ae` Itfonpoa


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2:1: Pfi Oetireatoneah Baem gnr Riknestruktone ae` @ivihnpliet / Pfi Snrh` Baem1616 F [triit, ESSasfoectne, @K 2:0;;Pihipfnei4 2:2-03;-1:::Oetireit4 www.wnrh`baem.nrcI-laoh4 gii`bakmJwnrh`baem.nrc

Ahh rocfts risirvi`

1 2 ; 0 1; 12 11 1:

Pfos vnhuli os a prnùkt ng tfi stagg ng tfi Oetireatoneah Baem gnr Riknestruktone ae`@ivihnpliet/ Pfi Snrh` Baem. Pfi goeòecs, oetirpritatones, ae` knekhusones ixprissiòe tfos vnhuli `n ent eikissarohy righikt tfi voiws ng tfi Ixikutovi @oriktnrs ng Pfi Snrh`Baem nr tfi cnvireliets tfiy riprisiet.

Pfi Snrh` Baem `nis ent cuaraetii tfi akkuraky ng tfi àta oekhuì` oe tfos wnrm. Pfibnueàrois, knhnrs, ìenloeatones, ae` ntfir oegnrlatone sfnwe ne aey lap oe tfos wnrm`n ent olphy aey du`cliet ne tfi part ng Pfi Snrh` Baem knekireoec tfi hicah status ng

aey tirrotnry nr tfi ie`nrsiliet nr akkiptaeki ng sukf bnueàrois.Rocfts ae` Zirlossones

Pfi latiroah oe tfos pubhokatone os knpyrocfti`. Knpyoec ae`/nr traeslottoec pnrtones nrahh ng tfos wnrm wotfnut pirlossone lay bi a vonhatone ng apphokabhi haw. Pfi OetireatoneahBaem gnr Riknestruktone ae` @ivihnpliet/ Pfi Snrh` Baem ieknuracis òssiloeatone ngots wnrm ae` wohh enrlahhy craet pirlossone tn riprnùki pnrtones ng tfi wnrm prnlpthy.

Gnr pirlossone tn pfntnknpy nr riproet aey part ng tfos wnrm, phiasi sie` a riquistwotf knlphiti oegnrlatone tn tfi Knpyrocft Khiaraeki Kietir Oek., 222 Rnsiwnn` @rovi,@aevirs, LA :1?2;, Y[A= tihipfnei4 ?36-39:-60::= gax4 ?36-39:-003:= Oetireit4www.knpyrocft.knl.

Ahh ntfir quirois ne rocfts ae` hokiesis, oekhuòec subsoòary rocfts, sfnuh` bi a``rissi`tn tfi Nggoki ng tfi Zubhosfir, Pfi Snrh` Baem, 1616 F [triit ES, Sasfoectne, @K 2:0;;,Y[A= gax4 2:2-922-2022= i-laoh4 pubrocftsJwnrh`baem.nrc.

O[BE4 ?36-:-621;-3796-0iO[BE4 ?36-:-621;-6197-0@NO4 1:.19?7/?36-:-621;-3796-0

Hobrary ng Knecriss Katahncoec-oe-Zubhokatone @ata

Cieìr ae` cnvireaeki oe rurah sirvokis 4 oesocfts grnl Oeòa, Cfaea, ae` Itfonpoa / tfiSnrh` Baem ae` Oetireatoneah Gnn` Znhoky Risiarkf Oestotuti.

p. kl.O[BE ?36-:-621;-3796-0 O[BE ?36-:-621;-6197-0 (ihiktrneok)1. Rurah ìvihnpliet prndiktsOeòaKasi stuòis. 2. Rurah ìvihnpliet prndikts

CfaeaKasi stuòis. ;. Rurah ìvihnpliet prndiktsItfonpoaKasi stuòis. 0. Rurahwnlie[irvokis gnrOeòaKasi stuòis. 9. Rurah wnlie[irvokis gnrCfaeaKasistuòis. 7. Rurah wnlie[irvokis gnrItfonpoaKasi stuòis. 3. Rurah wnlieOeòa[nkoah kneòtonesKasi stuòis. 6. Rurah wnlieCfaea[nkoah kneòtonesKasi stuòis.?. Rurah wnlieItfonpoa[nkoah kneòtonesKasi stuòis. 1:. Rurah ìvihnplietCnvireliet pnhokyOeòaKasi stuòis. 11. Rurah ìvihnplietCnvireliet pnhokyCfaeaKasi stuòis. 12. Rurah ìvihnplietCnvireliet pnhokyItfonpoaKasistuòis. O. Snrh` Baem. OO. Oetireatoneah Gnn` Znhoky Risiarkf Oestotuti.

FE0?.K7C00 2::?;:3.1'012:?1320`k22

2::?:;;127Knvir pfntn4 @nloeok [aesneo, Snrh` Baem (bakmcrnue`)=[olnei LkKnurtoi, Snrh` Baem (gnricrnue`).Knvir ìsoce4 Zatrokoa Fnr` Crapfom @isoce.


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Gnriwnr` xvoo

Akmenwhi`cliets xox

Abbrivoatones xxooo

Ixikutovi [ullary xxv

1. Oetrnùktone 1

Zrnvoòec Acrokuhturah ae` Rurah [irvokis4 Sfat Os tfi Zrnbhil> 1

Bittir [irvoec tfi Rurah Znnr, Oekhuòec Rurah Snlie 0

Cnvireaeki Rignrls ae` Pfior Zrnlosi gnr Bittir [irvoki Zrnvosone 7

Lamoec [irvokis Snrm gnr tfi Znnr4 Pfi Snrh` Baem

Akknuetabohoty Graliwnrm 3

Sfiri Ari tfi Menwhi`ci Caps> ?

Pfi Cieìr ae` Cnvireaeki oe Rurah [irvokis Zrndikt 12

Nbdiktovis ae` [trukturi ng Pfos Ripnrt 10

Entis 19

2. Knekiptuah Graliwnrm ae` Hotiraturi Rivoiw 13

Knekiptuah Graliwnrm 13

Aktones ae` Likfaeosls Pfat Kriati Akknuetabohoty 2:

[traticois tn Lami [irvoki Zrnvosone Lnri Cieìr [iesotovi 2;

Entis ;0

v

K N E P I E P [


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;. Cieìr ae` Cnvireaeki oe Oeòa, Cfaea, ae` Itfonpoa ;9

Pfi Pfrii Knuetrois oe Knlparatovi Zirspiktovi ;9

Oeòa 0:

Cfaea 0?

Itfonpoa 99

Aeeix 77

Entis ?2

0. Litfn`nhncy ?;

Oeòa ?;

Cfaea ?3

Itfonpoa ??

Aeeix 1:2

Entis 1:;

9. Pfi [fnrt Rnuti ng Akknuetabohoty4 Fnusifnh`s, Knllueoty

Nrcaeozatones, ae` [irvoki Zrnvoìrs 1:9

Oeòa 1:9

Cfaea 1;2

Itfonpoa 172

Aeeix 163

Entis 2:0

7. Pfi Hnec Rnuti ng Akknuetabohoty4 Znhotokah Riprisietatovis

ae` Pfior Hoemacis 2:9

Oeòa 2:9

Cfaea 22:

Itfonpoa 2;2

Aeeix 200

Entis 29:

3. Knlparoec tfi Pfrii Knuetrois 291

[yenpsos ae` @oskussone ng Laoe Goeòecs 291

Rnutis ng Akknuetabohoty oe Knlparosne 233

Entis 26;

6. Olphokatones gnr Znhoky ae` Risiarkf 269

Krnss-Kuttoec Oesocfts gnr Znhoky @isoce ae` Risiarkf 269

Knuetry-[pikogok Riknllieàtones 266

Knekhuòec Rilarms4 Sfat Kriatis Znhotokah Oekietovis tn

Olprnvi Nutknlis gnr Snlie> ;:9

Rigiriekis ;:3

Oeìx ;13

vo KNEPIEP[


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Bnxis

1.1 Larmit Gaohuri, [tati Gaohuri, ae` Knllueoty Gaohuri oe

Acrokuhturah Ixtiesone 2

1.2 Pfi Zirvasovi Zrnbhil ng Khoietihosl ae` Ihoti Kapturi 6

1.; Chnssary 1:

2.1 Likfaeosls ae` Aktones Pfat Kriati Akknuetabohoty

oe [irvoki @ihoviry 22

2.2 [traticois tn Lami [irvoki Zrnvosone Lnri Cieìr [iesotovi 20

2.; Risiarkf Quistones gnr @iskroptovi ae` Quahotatovi Aeahysos ;2

;.1 Oeòas APLA Lnìh gnr Acrokuhturah Rignrl 09

;.2 Kfahhiecis ng @ikietrahozatone oe Cfaea 91

;.; Risuhts grnl a Snrh` Baem Goih [tu`y ng @ikietrahozatone

oe Itfonpoa 96

;.A.1 Snrh Baem [uppnrt gnr Hnkah Cnvireaeki oe Itfonpoa ?1

9.1 Kfahhiecis ng [tagg at tfi Cral Zaekfayat Hivih oe Mareatama 113

9.2 Cieìr Bhoe` [pnt ng ae Acrokuhturah Acieky oe Itfonpoa 139

voo

B N V I [ , G O C Y R I [ , A E @ PA B H I [


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7.1 Os Ohhotiraky ae Nbstakhi tn Snlies Zartokopatone oe

Hnkah Znhotoks oe Oeòa> 2:3

7.2 Wonhieki as ae Nbstakhi tn tfi Hnec Rnuti ng

Akknuetabohoty oe Bofar 210

7.; Ari Gilahi Zaekfayat Zrisoìets Lirihy Pnmies gnr Pfior Fusbae`s> 216

7.0 @iahoec wotf tfi Buriaukraky4 [traticois ng Gilahi Znhotokoaes 22:

7.9 @ostrokt Assilbhy Lilbirs as Chnrogoi` Biccars 229

7.7 Pfi Eixus bitwiie tfi Ruhoec Zarty ae` Acrokuhturah

Aktovotois oe Pocray 20:

Gocuris

1 Pfi Hnec ae` [fnrt Rnutis ng Akknuetabohoty xxvoo

1.1 Snrh` Baem Akknuetabohoty Graliwnrm 3

2.1 Knekiptuah Graliwnrm Apphoi` oe tfi Ripnrt 16

2.2 Kriatoec Akknuetabohoty ahnec tfi [irvoki @ihoviry Kfaoe 21

;.1 Hivihs ng Cnvireliet ae` Pypis ng Ihikti` Cnvireliet Bnòis oe Oe oa,

Cfaea, ae` Itfonpoa 01

9.1 [fnrt Rnuti ng Akknuetabohoty 1:7

9.2 Fnusifnh` [atosgaktone wotf Acrokuhturah Ixtiesone oe Mareatama,

by Cieìr ae` Kasti 1:6

9.; Fnusifnh` [atosgaktone wotf Witiroeary [irvokis oe Mareatama,

by Cieìr ae` Kasti 11:

9.0 Fnusifnh` [atosgaktone wotf @roemoec Satir [irvoki oe Mareatama,

by Cieìr ae` Kasti 112

9.9 [atosgaktone wotf @raoeaci oe Mareatama, by Cieìr ae` Kasti 11;

9.7 Aci @ostrobutone ng [tagg oe Mareatama 11?

9.3 Lilbirsfop oe Knllueoty-Basi` Nrcaeozatones by Lie ae

Snlie oe Mareatama 126

9.6 Ysi ng Ixtiesone ae` Ntfir Acrokuhturah [irvokis

by Lie ae` Snlie oe Itfonpoa 17;

9.? Akkiss tn @roemoec Satir [nurkis oe Itfonpoa 173

9.1: [atosgaktone wotf Quaetoty ae` Quahoty ng @roemoec Satir [upphy

oe Itfonpoa oe Sit ae` @ry [iasnes 17?

vooo BNVI[, GOCYRI[, AE@ PABHI[


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9.11 Kfaecis oe Knekires wotf @roemoec Satir [upphy oe Itfonpoa,

by Cieìr 13;

9.12 [ozi ng Knnpiratovis oe Itfonpoa 169

9.A.1 Riasnes gnr @ossatosgaktone wotf @roemoec Satir [irvokis alnec

[urviyi` Lie ae` Snlie oe Mareatama 166

9.A.2 Ysi ng Ixtiesone ae` Ntfir Acrokuhturah [irvokis oe Itfonpoa,

by [nkoniknenlok [tatus 2:;

9.A.; Pieìeky ng Lie ae` Snlie oe Itfonpoa tn Knlphaoe Sfie @ossatosgoi`

wotf @roemoec Satir Gakohoty 2:;

7.1 Hnec Rnuti ng Akknuetabohoty 2:7

7.2 Attieàeki Ratis at @oggiriet Pypis ng Knllueoty Liitoecs

oe Mareatama 21:

7.; Aviraci Aeeuah Eulbir ng Liitoecs bitwiie Fnusifnh`s ae` Nggokoahs

ae` Zirkietaci ng Snlie oe Mareatama Sfn Oetirakti` wotf Nggokoahs

oe Zast _iar 212

7.0 [fari ng Rispneìets oe Itfonpoa Sfn Ysi` Liòa nr Knllueokatone

@ivoki oe Zast _iar 2;;

7.A.1 Nkkupatone ng Cral Zaekfayat Lilbirs 209

7.A.2 Hotiraky ae` Iùkatone ng Cral Zaekfayat Lilbirs 209

7.A.; Lilbirsfop ng Cral Zaekfayat Lilbirs oe Hnkah Nrcaeozatones,

by Kasti 207

7.A.0 Aviraci Eulbir ng Liitoecs ng Cral [abfa, Cral Zaekfayat,

ae` Dalabae`fo, by Cieìr ng Zrisoìet 203

7.A.9 Zirkiptones ng Ossuis @oskussi` at Cral [abfa Liitoecs, by Cieìr

ng Fnusifnh` Fia` 206

7.A.7 Fnusifnh` Oetiraktone wotf Zaekfayat Lilbirs ae` Nggokoahs,

by Cieìr ng Fnusifnh` Fia` 206

7.A.3 Riasne gnr Oetiraktone wotf Zaekfayat Lilbirs ae` Nggokoahs 20?

7.A.6 Aktovotois Yeìrtamie ueìr @ivnhvi` [kfilis, as Ripnrti

by Lahi ae` Gilahi Cral Zaekfayat Zrisoìets 20?

3.1 Laoe Rnutis ng Akknuetabohoty oe Oe oa 236

3.2 Laoe Rnutis ng Akknuetabohoty oe Cfaea 26:

3.; Laoe Rnutis ng Akknuetabohoty oe Itfonpoa 262

BNVI[, GOCYRI[, AE@ PABHI[ ox


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Pabhis

;.1 [ihikti` Iknenlok Oeòkatnrs oe Oeòa, Cfaea, ae` Itfonpoa, 2::7 ;7

;.2 [ihikti` Acrokuhturah Oeòkatnrs oe Oeòa, Cfaea, ae` Itfonpoa ;3

;.; Cnvireaeki Oeòkatnrs ;3

;.0 [nkoah Oeòkatnrs oe Oeòa, Cfaea, ae` Itfonpoa, by Cieìr ;6

;.9 [nkoah Oestotutones ae` Cieìr Oeìx Oeòkatnrs oe Oeòa, Cfaea,

ae` Itfonpoa ;?

;.7 @ivnhutone ng Acrokuhturi ae` @roemoec Satir Guektones tn

@oggiriet Poirs ng Cnvireliet oe Mareatama 02

;.A.1 [traticois tn Zrnlnti Cieìr Iquoty oe Oe oa 3:

;.A.2 Zrndikts by Oetireatoneah @ivihnpliet Aciekois Pfat [uppnrt

Hnkah Cnvireaeki ae` Acrokuhturah/Rurah [irvoki Zrnvosone oe Oeòa 36

;.A.; [traticois tn Zrnlnti Cieìr Iquoty oe Cfaea 62

;.A.0 [traticois tn Zrnlnti Cieìr Iquoty oe Itfonpoa 66

0.1 Eulbir ng Yeots [urviyi` oe Mareatama oe 2::7 ?0

0.2 Eulbir ng [irvoki Zrnvoìrs ae` Ysir Nrcaeozatones

Oetirvoiwi` oe Mareatama ?7

0.; Eulbir ae` Pypi ng Oetirvoiw Rispneìets oe Cfaea ?6

0.0 Eulbir ae` Pypi ng Oetirvoiw Rispneìets oe Itfonpoa 1:1

0.9 Eulbir ae` [otis ng Quahotatovi Oetirvoiws oe Itfonpoa 1:2

0.A.1 Kasi [tu`y [otis oe Mareatama 1:2

0.A.2 Kasi [tu`y [otis oe Bofar 1:;

0.A.; Kasi [tu`y [otis oe Itfonpoa 1:;

9.1 Akkiss tn Acrokuhturah Ixtiesone oe Mareatama, by Cieìr

ng Fnusifnh` Fia` 1:3

9.2 Akkiss tn Hovistnkm [irvokis oe Mareatama, by Cieìr ng

Fnusifnh` Fia` 1:?

9.; [nurkis ng @roemoec Satir oe Mareatama 111

9.0 Waroabhis Assnkoati` wotf Akkiss tn ae` [atosgaktone wotf

Acrokuhturah Ixtiesone oe Mareatama 110

9.9 Waroabhis Assnkoati` wotf [atosgaktone wotf @roemoec Satir

Quaetoty ae` Quahoty oe Mareatama 119

x BNVI[, GOCYRI[, AE@ PABHI[


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9.7 Waroabhis Assnkoati` wotf [atosgaktone wotf @roemoec Satir Quaetoty

grnl a Zubhok [nurki oe Mareatama 117

9.3 @ilncrapfok Kfaraktirostoks ng Grnet-Hoei [tagg Zrnvoòec Rurah

[irvokis oe Mareatama 116

9.6 Knestraoets Oìetogoi` by Grnet-Hoei [tagg oe Mareatama 12:

9.? Zirkiptones ng [tagg oe @oggiriet @ipartliets Ricaròec Snrm

Ievorneliet oe Mareatama 122

9.1: Oekietovis ae` Praespnrtatone alnec [irvoki Zrnvo irs oe Mareatama 12;

9.11 Zrngissoneah Knetakts ng Acrokuhturah Ixtiesone Snrmirs

oe Mareatama 129

9.12 Gaktnrs Assnkoati` wotf Lilbirsfop oe Knllueoty-Basi`

Nrcaeozatones oe Mareatama 12?

9.1; Crnup Lilbirsfop ae` Attieàeki at Liitoecs by Lie ae`

Snlie oe Mareatama 1;:

9.10 Kfaraktirostoks ng Hiaìrs ng Ysir Nrcaeozatones oe Mareatama 1;1

9.19 Litfn` ng Kfnnsoec tfi Kfaorpirsne ng Ysir Nrcaeozatones

oe Mareatama 1;2

9.17 Wosots by Acrokuhturah Ixtiesone Aciets ae` Hovistnkm Nggokirs tn

Fnusifnh`s oe Cfaea, by Tnei ae` Pypi ng Rispneìet 1;;

9.13 Attieàeki at Liitoecs ne Acrokuhturah nr Hovistnkm oe Cfaea, by Tnei

ae` Pypi ng Rispneìet 1;0

9.16 [atosgaktone wotf Knllueoty Liitoecs oe Cfaea,

by Pypi ng Zrnvoìr 1;9

9.1? Ysi ng Eiw Pikfenhncois ae` Garloec Zraktokis oe Cfaea,

by Pypi ng Rispneìet 1;7

9.2: [nurkis ng Acrokuhturah Oegnrlatone oe Cfaea, by Pypi ng Rispneìet 1;7

9.21 Zrolary Satir [nurkis ng Fnusifnh s oe Cfaea, by Tnei 1;3

9.22 Aviraci Poli Riquori` tn Akkiss Satir oe Cfaea 1;6

9.2; [atosgaktone wotf @roemoec Satir oe Cfaea 1;6

9.20 Pnp-Raemi` [irvoki Aria ng Knekire oe Cfaea, by Tnei 10:

9.29 Gaktnrs Assnkoati` wotf Wosot ng Acrokuhturah Ixtiesone

Aciet oe Cfaea 101

9.27 Gaktnrs Assnkoati` wotf A`nptone ng Eiw Acrokuhturah

Zraktokis oe Cfaea 10;

BNVI[, GOCYRI[, AE@ PABHI[ xo


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9.23 Gaktnrs Assnkoati` wotf Akkiss tn Khiae Satir oe Cfaea 100

9.26 Gaktnrs Assnkoati` wotf Aviraci Poli Pamie tn Akkiss Satir

oe Cfaea 109

9.2? Gaktnrs Assnkoati` wotf [atosgaktone wotf Quaetoty ng Satir

oe Cfaea 107

9.;: Gaktnrs Assnkoati` wotf [atosgaktone wotf Quahoty ng Satir oe Cfaea 103

9.;1 Gaktnrs Assnkoati` wotf Knlphaoets abnut Satir oe Cfaea 106

9.;2 Aci Zrngohi ng Ixtiesone Aciets oe Cfaea 10?

9.;; Akfoiviliets Lahi ae` Gilahi Ixtiesone Aciets Woiw as

Boccist [ukkiss oe Cfaea 19:

9.;0 [ihg-Ripnrti` Knestraoets Gakoec Lahi ae` Gilahi Ixtiesone Acietsoe Cfaea 191

9.;9 Ixtiesone Aciets Oetiraktones oe Cfaea, by Tnei 192

9.;7 Zirkiptones ng Lahi ae` Gilahi Ixtiesone Aciets oe Cfaea 19;

9.;3 Laoe Knestraoets tn Oekriasoec Oeknli grnl Garloec oe Cfaea,

by Tnei 190

9.;6 Gaktnrs Assnkoati` wotf Lilbirsfop oe Garlir-Basi` Nrcaeozatone

oe Cfaea (Zrnbot Ricrissone) 196

9.;? Fnusifnh`s Zirkiptone ng Bieigot ng Lilbirsfop oe

Garlir-Basi` Nrcaeozatone oe Cfaea 196

9.0: Ladnr [nurki ng Satir [upphy oe Cfaea bignri ae` agtir

SAP[AE Gnrli` 19?

9.01 Litfn` ng [ihiktoec SAP[AE Kfaorpirsne ae` Ixikutovi Lilbirs

oe Cfaea 17:

9.02 Zirsne Apprnakfi` oe Kasi ng @ossatosgaktone wotf @roemoec Satiroe Cfaea, by Pypi ng Rispne`iet 171

9.0; [atosgaktone wotf Aktone Pamie ne @roemoec Satir Zrnbhils oe Cfaea,

by Pypi ng Rispne`iet 171

9.00 Zayliet gnr Satir [irvokis oe Cfaea, by Tnei 172

9.09 Rihatonesfop bitwiie Fnusifnh` ae` Cincrapfok Kfaraktirostoks

ae` Ixtiesone Akkiss ae` Oeenvatone oe Itfonpoa 179

9.07 Aviraci Poli tn Cit Satir grnl @oggiriet Satir [nurkis oe

Sit ae` @ry [iasnes oe Itfonpoa 176

xoo BNVI[, GOCYRI[, AE@ PABHI[


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9.03 Gaktnrs Assnkoati` wotf Akkiss tn ae` [atosgaktone wotf

@roemoec Satir [nurkis oe Itfonpoa 13:

9.06 Pnp Zubhok [irvoki ae` Oegrastrukturi Knekires oe Itfonpoa,

by Cieìr 132

9.0? Pnp Zubhok [irvoki ae` Oegrastrukturi Knekires oe Itfonpoa,

by Ricone 130

9.9: Oevnhviliet oe ae` Knetrobutone tn Knnpiratovis oe Itfonpoa,

by Cieìr 160

9.A.1 Basok Oe okatnrs gnr Fnusifnh s [urviyi` oe Mareatama,

by Cieìr ng Fnusifnh` Fia` 163

9.A.2 Nkkupatone ng Fnusifnh` Fia` oe [urviyi` Fnusifnh`s

oe Mareatama, by Kasti 166

9.A.; Praoeoec ng Dueonr Iecoeiirs oe Mareatama 16?

9.A.0 Zirkiovi` [iviroty ng Knestraoets ne [irvoki Zrnvo irs

oe Mareatama 16?

9.A.9 [ihg-Ripnrti` Nutriakf ng Goih [tagg oe Mareatama 1?:

9.A.7 Griquieky ng Knetakts by [ieonr Acrokuhturah [tagg oe Mareatama 1?1

9.A.3 Zirsne nr Oestotutone Zirkiovi` tn Bi Laoehy Rispnesobhi gnr Knestruktone

ng @roemoec Satir Gakohotois oe [urviyi` Bhnkms oe Mareatama 1?2

9.A.6 Zirkiptones ng @ostrokt-Hivih Iecoeiirs oe Oe oa

Ricaròec @ikietrahozatone 1?;

9.A.? Poli ng Hast Liitoec ng Ysir Nrcaeozatone oe Mareatama 1?;

9.A.1: Fnusifnh` @ilncrapfok Oeòkatnrs oe Cfaea, by Tnei 1?0

9.A.11 Aviraci Eulbir ng Hovistnkm Nwei` pir Fnusifnh` oe Cfaea,

by Tnei 1?0

9.A.12 Oegrastrukturi [tnkm ae` @ivihnpliet Zrndikts oe Cfaea, by Tnei 1?9

9.A.1; Riasnes gnr Ent Attieòec Knllueoty nr Crnup Liitoecs

abnut Acrokuhturi oe Cfaea, by Tnei 1?9

9.A.10 Pypis ng Pikfenhncois Zrnlnti` oe Cfaea 1?7

9.A.19 Zrolary [nurki ng Satir gnr Fnusifnh`s oe Cfaea 1?3

9.A.17 Awarieiss ng ae` Lilbirsfop oe Knllueoty-Basi`

Crnups oe Cfaea, by Tnei ae` Pypi ng Rispneìet 1?6

9.A.13 Goeaekoec ng Knestruktone ng Satir Gakohoty oe Cfaea 2::

BNVI[, GOCYRI[, AE@ PABHI[ xooo


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9.A.16 Lneitary Knetrobutone ng Knllueoty gnr Rifabohotatone ng

Satir Gakohotois oe Cfaea 2::

9.A.1? Zayliet gnr Satir oe Cfaea, by Tnei 2::

9.A.2: Kfaraktirostoks ng [urviyi` Fnusifnh`s oe Itfonpoa 2:1

9.A.21 Ysi ng Ixtiesone ae` Ntfir Acrokuhturah [irvokis oe Itfonpoa,

by Mibihi 2:2

9.A.22 Zirkiptones ng Zubhok [irvoki Zrnbhils oe Itfonpoa, by

[nkoniknenlok [tatus 2:0

7.1 Lnst Olpnrtaet Oevistliet Zronroty ng Cral Zaekfayat Lilbirs,

by Cieìr 2:6

7.2 Gaktnrs Assnkoati` wotf Zartokopatone oe Cral [abfa Liitoecs

oe Mareatama 211

7.; Gaktnrs Assnkoati` wotf Knetaktoec ae Nggokoah Knekireoec @raoeaci

nr @roemoec Satir oe Mareatama 21;

7.0 Wohhaci Barcaoeoec Znwir ae` [CR_ Ixpieòturis 217

7.9 Oìetoty ae` Cieìr ng Wohhaci Riprisietatovi ae` Wohhaci

[CR_ Ixpieòturis 213

7.7 Knetakts ng Cral Zaekfayat Knuekoh Lilbirs 216

7.3 Gaktnrs Assnkoati` wotf Cral Zaekfayat Knuekoh Lilbirs

Iggiktovieiss ae` Homihofnn` ng Knetaktoec Lilbir ng Zarhoaliet

nr tfi [tati Hicoshatovi Assilbhy 21?

7.6 Zirkietaci ng Fnusifnh` Fia`s ae` [pnusis Knetaktoec Waronus

Ihikti` Riprisietatovis oe Cfaea, by Tnei ae` Cieìr 221

7.? Wntir Purenut oe tfi 2::: ae` 2::0 Zrisoìetoah Ihiktones,

by [urviy @ostrokt oe Cfaea 22;

7.1: [ihg-Ripnrti` Wntir Purenut oe [urviyi` @ostrokts oe Cfaea,

by Tnei ae` Nggoki 22;

7.11 Cieìr Knlpnsotone ng @ostrokt Assilbhy Knllottiis 220

7.12 Praoeoec ae` Zirkiptones ng Assilbhy Lilbirs Ricar oec

Cieìr Ossuis 223

7.1; Oetiraktones ng Lahi ae` Gilahi @ostrokt Assilbhy Lilbirs

oe Cfaea wotf Ntfir Aktnrs 226

7.10 Ladnr [nurki ng Gue`s gnr @ivihnpliet Ysi` by Lahi ae`

Gilahi @ostrokt Assilbhy Lilbirs oe Cfaea 2;:

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7.19 Zirkietaci ng Rispneìets oe Itfonpoa Sfn Ivir Wnti` nr

Attieì` a Hnkah Liitoec, by Cieìr 2;0

7.17 Gaktnrs Assnkoati` wotf Wntoec oe Hnkah Ihiktones ae`

Attieòec Knllueoty Liitoecs oe Itfonpoa 2;7

7.13 [nkoah Kapotah ae` Hnkah Hiaìrsfop oe Itfonpoa, by Cieìr 2;6

7.16 Risoìets Zirkiptone ng Oeghuieki ng Knnpiratovis ne

Hnkah Cnvireliet oe Itfonpoa 20;

7.A.1 Oevistliet Zronrotois ng Cral Zaekfayat 207

7.A.2 Oevistliet Zronrotois ng Cral Zaekfayat Lilbirs, by Kasti 203

3.1 [ullary ng Goe oecs ne Acrokuhturah Ixtiesone 292

3.2 [ullary ng Goe oecs ne @roemoec Satir [upphy 23:

6.1 Cieirah Zrnbhils oe Zrnvo oec Rurah [irvokis 267

BNVI[, GOCYRI[, AE@ PABHI[ xv


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Acrokuhturah ìvihnpliet tfrnucfnut tfi ìvihnpoec wnrh` rihois ne tfiprnvosone ng iknenlok sirvokis. Acrokuhturah ixtiesone tfat ieabhis garlirstn oekriasi tfior prnùktovoty ae` oeknli ae` tn hoem tfior prnùktone tnlarmits os alnec tfi lnst votah ng tfisi sirvokis. Ntfir, eneacrokuhturah sir-vokis, sukf as tfi ìhoviry ng sagi `roemoec watir, ari soloharhy olpnrtaet gnrrurah fnusifnh`s.

A varoity ng gaktnrs lamis prnvosone ng tfisi rurah sirvokis kfahhiecoec4 tfiyfavi tn bi ìhoviri` iviry ày tfrnucfnut tfi knuetry, ivie oe rilnti arias,ae` sirvoki prnvoìrs favi ngtie holoti` oekietovis tn prnvoì tfil iggokoiethy.

Ae ixtiesovi bn`y ng hotiraturi fas crnwe arnue` tfi quistone ng fnw tnlami ìlae` gnr rurah sirvokis lnri iggiktovi ae` fnw tn olprnvi tfirispnesovieiss ng prnvoìrs tn tfos ìlae`. Og tfos bn`y ng hotiraturi kne-viys aey knesostiet lissaci, ot os tfat en nei-sozi-gots-ahh snhutone apphois tntfi òvirsi sittoecs oe wfokf sirvokis ari tn bi ìhoviri`. Zrivaohoec oestotu-toneah strukturis ae` snkoah enrls olpoeci ne tfi iggiktovieiss ng sirvokiprnvosone oe laey ways. Knetixt lattirs, partokuharhy wfie ìsoceoec sir-vokis tn riakf wnlie. Ae` sirvokis tfat hakm spikogok prnvosone tn riakfwnlie ngtie bypass tfil ahtncitfir. Snlie lami up tfi ladnroty ng tfipnnrist 1.; bohhone pinphi oe tfi wnrh`, ae` tfi chnbah knllueoty gnrlahhyriknceozi` cieìr oeiquahoty as nei ng tfi ladnr fur`his tn ìvihnplietwfie ot sit cieìr iquahoty ae` tfi ilpnwirliet ng wnlie as tfi tfor`Lohhieeoul @ivihnpliet Cnah.

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M. C. Cayatfroìvo Mareatama surviy OO olphilietatone (hia`) Bofar kasi stuòis

Hiaf Fnrnwotz Cfaea kasi stuòis

Lalusfa Hilla Itfonpoa kasi stuòis

Piwnàd Lncuis Itfonpoa surviy olphilietatone Aeahysos ng Itfonpoa surviy àta

Eitfra Zahaeoswaly Mareatama O surviy olphilietatone Aeahysos ng Mareatama O surviy àta Cfaea surviy olphilietatone

Tihimawnrm Zauhns Itfonpoa surviy olphilietatone Aeahysos ng Itfonpoa surviy àta

Matfaroea Raabi Mareatama OO surviy olphilietatone Aeahysos ng Mareatama O ae` OO surviy àta Bofar kasi stuòis

Dnsii Rae`roalalnedy Aeahysos ng Itfonpoa surviy àta

La`fusfrii [imfir Mareatama O surviy olphilietatone (hia`) Mareatama OO surviy olphilietatone Bofar kasi stuòis

_ae [ue Aeahysos ng Cfaea surviy àta

Gaeayi Paìssi

Itfonpoa surviy olphilietatone Aeahysos ng Itfonpoa surviy àta

@ata gnr tfi ripnrt wiri knhhikti` ueìr tfi Cieìr ae` Cnvireaeki oe Rurah[irvokis prndikt. Oe Cfaea ae` Itfonpoa, quaetotatovi àta wiri knhhikti` tfrnucfsurviys ng fnusifnh` fia`s ae` tfior spnusis, hnkah pnhotokah riprisietatovis, sir-voki prnvoìrs, knllueoty hiaìrs, ae` riprisietatovis ng knllueoty-basi`nrcaeozatones. Kasi stuòis wiri ahsn kneùkti` oe tfi twn knuetrois. Oe Oeòa,twn àta snurkis wiri knlboei`4 a surviy ng fnusifnh`s, knllueotois, ae` hnkahpnhotokah riprisietatovis kneùkti` oe Mareatama ueìr ae iarhoir prndikt ae` a

surviy ng sirvoki prnvoìrs ae` knllueoty-basi` nrcaeozatones kneùktiùeìr tfos prndikt. Kasi stuòis wiri kneùkti` oe Bofar.

Pfi Cieìr ae` Cnvireaeki oe Rurah [irvokis prndikt was gueì` by tfiSnrh` Baem ueìr tfi Baem Eitfirhae`s Zarteirsfop Zrncral (BEZZ) PrustGue`. Pfi prndikt was laeaci` by Ioda Zifu (tasm tial hiaìr, Acrokuhturi ae`Rurah @ivihnpliet @ipartliet ]AR@\) ae` knnròeati` by Katfiroei Racasa(AR@). Cuoàeki gnr tfi prndikt was prnvoì` by a Snrh` Baem tasm gnrki knl-prosoec tfi gnhhnwoec lilbirs4 Eohugar Afla` ([nutf Asoa Ricone[nkoah@ivihnpliet ][A[@[\), Osabihhi Bhias (Snrh` Baem Oestotuti), Laroa Knrrioa

(Agroka Ricone Gracohi [tatis, Kneghokts ae` [nkoah @ivihnpliet ]AGPK[\), Enra@u`wokm (Znvirty Riùktone ae` Iknenlok LaeacilietZnvirty Riùktone]ZRLZR\), Liiea Luesfo ([A[@A), Eoknhas Zirroe ([nkoah @ivihnpliet

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@ipartliet ][@W\), Bodu Ran (@ivihnpliet Iknenloks ]@IK\), ae` [arnsf[attar (IK[ZI ]Iurnpi ae` Kietrah Ricone Znvirty Riùktone ae` IknenlokLaeaciliet\). Pfi piir rivoiwirs gnr tfi prndikt wiri Lifirit Ayieiw(A`òs Ababa Yeovirsoty)= Raù Bae (@IK)= Aeei-Laroi Cnitz (YeotiÈatones @ivihnpliet Gue` gnr Snlie ]YEOGIL\)= Riiea Cupta (Snrh`

Baem Oeòa Knuetry Nggoki)= Diaeeitti Curuec (Snlie Nrcaeozoec gnr Kfaecioe Acrokuhturi ae` Eaturah Risnurkis)= [iviroe Mn`ìrotzskf (Snrh` Baem OeòaKnuetry Nggoki)= @r. [. [. Liieamsfosueàral (Eatoneah Oestotuti ng A`vaeki`[tuòis, Oeòa)= [lota Losra (Snrh` Baem Oeòa Knuetry Nggoki)= Abiea Nùrn(Yeovirsoty ng Cfaea)= Eoknhas Zirroe ([@W)= Convaeea Zrieeusfo (Snrh` BaemOeòa Knuetry Nggoki)= Aceis Quosulboec (OGZRO)= Aruea Ran (Cieìr atSnrm)= Zarlisf [faf (Acrokuhturah ae` Rurah @ivihnpliet, [nutf AsoaRicone)= ae` Lihossa Sohhoals (AR@, [nutf Asoa Ricone). A`òtoneah gue`-oec gnr tfi surviys `rawe ne oe tfos ripnrt was prnvoì` by Orosf Ao`, ueìr

tfi Gnn` ae` Hovihofnn` [ikuroty Zrncralli= by tfi Snrh` Baem, ueìr tfiluhto`nenr Prust Gue` suppnrtoec tfi Zrnùktovi [agity Eit Zrncralli=ae` by OGZRO, ueìr ots Cfaea ae` Itfonpoa [traticy [uppnrt Zrncrals,gueì` by tfi Kaeaòae Oetireatoneah @ivihnpliet Acieky (KO@A), tfiY.M. @ipartliet gnr Oetireatoneah @ivihnpliet (@GO@), tfi Ilbassy ngOrihae` oe Itfonpoa, tfi Cirlae Pikfeokah Knnpiratone Acieky (CPT), tfiEitfirhae`s, ae` tfi Y.[. Acieky gnr Oetireatoneah @ivihnpliet (Y[AO@).

Pfi autfnr tial wnuh` homi tn tfaem tfi gnhhnwoec nrcaeozatones ae` pin-phi wfn knetrobuti` oe varonus ways tn tfi prndikt. Oe Oeòa, tfi @ipartliet

ng Rurah @ivihnpliet, ae` Zaekfayato Rad ng Mareatama prnvoì` suppnrttfrnucfnut tfi prndikt. [. [romaetf, W. Z. Bahocar, ae` L. R. [roeovasa Lurtfygakohotati` tfi surviys oe tfior guektone as sikritarois ng tfi @ipartliet ngRurah @ivihnpliet ae` Zaekfayato Rad. M. W. Radu, gnrlirhy wotf tfi Oestotutignr [nkoah ae` Iknenlok Kfaeci ae` kurriethy iknenlok a`vosnr tn tfi kfoigloeostir ng Mareatama, ahsn suppnrti` tfi stu`y. Pfi goih` supirvosnrs ng tfisurviy tial gnr tfi Mareatama O surviy wiri R. Bittappa, [. Kfae`rafasa, ae`Ba`roearayae Ratf. Pfi Mareatama OO surviy tial knlprosi` Zroyaema @as,Kfaeeabasavaea Cnuà, Wiirisf Fucar, [. Mavotfa, [. Zarolaha, L. E. Ra`fa,

ae` [ubfasf. Eiiru [farla ae` Alrota [fohpfo knetrobuti` tn tfi kasi stu`-ois oe Bofar. Eiiru [farla ahsn knetrobuti` tn tfi Mareatama OO surviy. Pfaemsari ahsn ùi tn tfi PO[[ òriktnr, [. Zarasuralae, gnr fos suppnrt ng tfi stu`y.

Oe Cfaea, Malohdne Amralnv ae` [fasfo Mnhavohho knetrobuti` tn tfi sal-phoec ìsoce ae` tfi ìvihnpliet ng tfi quistoneeaoris. Dni Criie khiaei`tfi Cfaea surviy àta sit. Ilihoa Cun ae` Kyetfoa Pacni knetrobuti` tn tfikasi stuòis, ae` Gatafo Abùhhao ae` [aha [uhilaea prnvoì` goih` assostaeki.Mopn Dolaf prnvoì` a`voki ne tfi hnkah cnvireliet systil ae` hncostokahsuppnrt tn tfi tial. @zn`zo Psomata prnvoì` a`voki ne tfi cieìr aspikts ng

tfi prndikt.Oe Itfonpoa, @iceit Abibaw laeaci` tfi surviy. @iceit Abibaw ae`

Ean` Limneeie knetrobuti` tn tfi ìsoce ng tfi fnusifnh` ae` ixtiesone

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aciet quistoneeaoris. Hiohoea Abati ae` Tiwù Paìssa prnvoì` risiarkfassostaeki ne tfi kasi stuòis. Cuòea Buhti prnvoì` goih` assostaeki ae`traeshatone sirvokis.

Pfos stu`y wnuh` ent favi biie pnssobhi wotfnut tfi knhhabnratone ng tfilaey pinphi oe Oeòa, Cfaea, ae` Itfonpoa wfn wiri oetirvoiwi`, oekhuòec

lilbirs ng tfi pubhok a`loeostratone, ihikti` riprisietatovis, knllueotyhiaìrs, riprisietatovis ng enecnvirelietah nrcaeozatones, ae` fnusifnh`lilbirs. Pfi autfnr tial wnuh` homi tn ixpriss ots tfaems gnr tfior toli ae`knllotliet.

Pfi autfnr tial akmenwhi`cis tfi assostaeki ng Zatrokoa Matayala, EnraRo`nhgo, ae` @oea Pnwboe oe tfi Nggoki ng tfi Zubhosfir at tfi Snrh` Baem oeknnròeatoec tfi prnùktone ng tfos bnnm, as wihh as Lomi @neah`sne ae`Barbara Mareo oe iòtoec tfi tixt.

Hiaf Fnrnwotz, a lilbir ng tfi autfnr tial, was mohhi` oe ae akkoìet oe

Cfaea ne Lay 2;, 2::?. Ot was fir wosf tfat tfos risiarkf knetrobuti tnolprnvoec tfi hovihofnn`s ng rurah wnlie. Pfos ripnrt os ìòkati` tn firlilnry.

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APLA Acrokuhturah Pikfenhncy Laeaciliet AciekyAPWIP Acrokuhturah Pikfenhncy Wnkatoneah Iùkatone ae` Praoeoec

(Itfonpoa)BDZ Bfaratoya Daeata Zarty (Oeòa)BEZZ Baem Eitfirhae`s Zarteirsfop Zrncral (Snrh` Baem)BnAR@ (Riconeah) Buriau ng Acrokuhturi ae` Rurah @ivihnpliet

(Itfonpoa)BZH Bihnw Znvirty Hoei (Oeòa)KB@[@ Kapakoty Buohòec gnr @ikietrahozi` [irvoki @ihoviry Zrndikt

(Itfonpoa)KK@O Knlprifiesovi Knlpnsoti @ivihnpliet Oeìx (Oeòa)KS[A Knllueoty Satir ae` [aeotatone Acieky (Cfaea)KS[P Knllueoty Satir ae` [aeotatone Pial@AEO@A @aeosf Oetireatoneah @ivihnpliet Acieky@GO@ @ipartliet gnr Oetireatoneah @ivihnpliet (Y.M.)@O[KAZ @ostrokt Kapakoty Buohòec Zrndikt (Cfaea)@H@Z @ostrokt Hivih @ikietrahozatone Zrncral@S[P @ostrokt Satir ae` [aeotatone Pial (Cfaea)IIZRO Itfonpoae Iknenlok Znhoky Risiarkf OestotutiIZR@G Itfonpoae Zinphis Rivnhutoneary @ilnkratok GrnetISHA Itfonpoae Snlies Hawyir AssnkoatoneGBN garlir-basi` nrcaeozatoneC@Z crnss nlistok prnùkt

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CO@O Cieìr, Oestotutones, ae` @ivihnpliet OeìxCPT Cirlae Pikfeokah Knnpiratone AciekyOGA@ Oetireatoneah Gue` gnr Acrokuhturah @ivihnplietOGZRO Oetireatoneah Gnn` Znhoky Risiarkf OestotutiO[IK Oestotuti gnr [nkoah ae` Iknenlok Kfaeci

O[[IR Oestotuti ng [tatostokah [nkoah ae` Iknenlok RisiarkfMWM Mrosfo Wocyae Mie`ra (Oeòa)L@C Lohhieeoul @ivihnpliet CnahLIRIP Laeacoec Ievornelietah Risnurkis tn Ieabhi Praesotones tn

Lnri [ustaoeabhi Hovihofnn`s (Itfonpoa)LnAR@ Loeostry ng Acrokuhturi ae` Rurah @ivihnpliet (Itfonpoa)LnGA Loeostry ng Gnn` ae` Acrokuhturi (Cfaea)L_RA@A Lysnri Risitthiliet @ivihnpliet AciekyE@K Eatoneah @ilnkratok Knecriss (Cfaea)

ECN enecnvirelietah nrcaeozatoneENR[AAK Enrtfire [iktnr Awarieiss ne Aktone KietriEZZ Eiw Zatrontok Zarty (Cfaea)EZS Eatoneah Znhoky ne Snlie (Itfonpoa)NBK ntfir bakmwar` kastisZB[ Zrntiktone ng Basok [irvokis (Itfonpoa)Z@[ Zubhok @ostrobutone [ystilZ[KAZ Zubhok [iktnr Kapakoty Buohòec Zrncral (Itfonpoa)RIHK risiarkf ae` ixtiesone hoemaci knllottii (Cfaea)

[K skfiùhi` kasti[OCO [nkoah Oestotutones ae` Cieìr Oeìx[CR_ [alpnnrea Craliie Rnzcar _ndaea (Oeòa)[EEZ [nutfire Eatones, Eatoneahotois, ae` Zinphis (ricone) (Itfonpoa)[P skfiùhi` trobi/kastiPO[[ Pata Oestotuti ng [nkoah [koiekis (Oeòa)PZHG Pocray Zinphis Hobiratone GrnetYE@Z Yeoti` Eatones @ivihnpliet ZrncralliYEOKIG Yeoti` Eatones Kfoh`ries Gue`

YEOGIL Yeoti` Eatones @ivihnpliet Gue` gnr SnlieY[AO@ Y.[. Acieky gnr Oetireatoneah @ivihnplietSAP[AE watir ae` saeotatone knllottii (Cfaea)SA[F Luhto-stamifnh ir watir, saeotatone, ae` fycoiei knahotone

(Itfonpoa)SOA@ Snlie oe Acrokuhturah @ivihnpliet (Cfaea)SnAR@ Snrià (@ostrokt) Nggoki ng Acrokuhturi ae` Rurah @ivihnplietSnSR Snrià Nggoki ng Satir RisnurkisS_PIZ Snlie _nutf Praoeoec ae` Iùkatone Zrncral (Oe oa)

Ahh `nhhar gocuris ari Y.[. `nhhars.

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Pfrii nut ng gnur pnnr pinphi oe tfi ìvihnpoec wnrh` hovi oe rurah arias, ae`lnst ng tfil ìpie`òrikthy nr oeòrikthyne acrokuhturi gnr tfior hoviho-fnn`s. Zrnvoòec iknenlok sirvokis, sukf as acrokuhturah ixtiesone, os issietoahtn usoec acrokuhturi gnr ìvihnpliet. At tfi sali toli, tfi rurah pnnr eii` araeci ng basok sirvokis, sukf as `roemoec watir, iùkatone, ae` fiahtf sirvokis.[ukf sirvokis ari òggokuht tn prnvoì oe rurah arias bikausi tfiy ari subdikt tntfi trophi kfahhieci ng larmit, stati, ae` knllueoty gaohuri.

As a risuht ng larmit gaohuri, tfi provati siktnr `nis ent prnvoì tfisi sir-vokis tn tfi rurah pnnr tn tfi ixtiet tfat os ìsorabhi grnl snkoitys pnoet ngvoiw. Pfi stati os ent viry iggiktovi oe prnvoòec tfisi sirvokis iotfir, bikausitfisi sirvokis favi tn bi prnvoì` iviry ày tfrnucfnut tfi knuetry, ivie oerilnti arias, ae` bikausi tfiy riquori òskritone ae` kaeent iasohy bi stae-àròzi`, ispikoahhy og tfiy ari ìlae` `rovie. Enecnvirelietah nrcaeoza-tones (ECNs) ae` knllueotois tfilsihvis ari oetiristoec ahtireatoviprnvoìrs ng tfisi sirvokis, but tfiy tnn kae gaoh, bikausi ng kapakoty kne-straoets ae` hnkah ihoti kapturi. Pfos trophi kfahhieci ng larmit, stati, ae`knllueoty gaohuri risuhts oe tfi pnnr prnvosone ng acrokuhturah ae` rurah sir-vokis, a ladnr nbstakhi tn acrokuhturah ae` rurah ìvihnpliet.

Pfi pirkiptone boas tfat wnlie ari ent garlirs lamis ot ivie lnri kfah-hiecoec tn prnvoì acrokuhturah sirvokistn wnlie. Zrnvoòec bittir sirvokis tnwnlie os ent nehy eikissary gnr tfil tn bi abhi tn riahozi tfior rocfts, ot os ahsnissietoah tn prnlnti ìvihnpliet ae` tn usi acrokuhturi gnr ìvihnpliet. _ittfi luhtogakiti` rnhi tfat wnlie phay oe acrokuhturi ae` hovistnkm riaroec os

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ngtie nvirhnnmi`, ae` tfi pirkiptone tfat wnlie ari ent garlirs rilaoeswoìspria`, ispoti alphi ivoìeki tn tfi knetrary. Pfos pirkiptone boas acaoesttfi rnhi ng wnlie oe acrokuhturi a``s a gnurtf kfahhieci tn tfi trophi kfahhiecing larmit, stati, ae` knllueoty gaohuri.

Waronus cnvireaeki rignrl apprnakfis favi biie a`npti` tn olprnvi

acrokuhturah ae` rurah sirvoki prnvosone, but ladnr menwhi`ci caps rilaoericaròec wfat wnrms wfiri ae` wfy. Pfi past twn ìkaìs favi siie a raecing cnvireaeki rignrls tfat kae fihp olprnvi acrokuhturah ae` rurah sirvokiprnvosone, oekhuòec ilnkratozatone, ikietrahozatone, pubhok siktnr laeaci-liet rignrls, ae` knllueoty-`rovie ìvihnpliet. Pfisi apprnakfis favibiie hoemi` wotf òvirsi iggnrts tn lami sirvoki prnvosone lnri cieìrrispnesovi, oekhuòec tfi risirvatone ng siats gnr wnlie oe hnkah knuekohs aeèatoneah parhoaliets, tfi gnrlatone ng wnlies sihg-fihp crnups ae` qunrulsgnr wnlie oe knllueoty liitoecs, cieìr bu`citoec, ae` tfi kriatone ng

cieìr-spikogok ueots oe tfi pubhok a`loeostratone (cieìr lakfoeiry).Pfi ilporokah ivoìeki ne tfior iggiktovieiss fas biie loxi`. Oe partokuhar,ot os ngtie uekhiar fnw tn kriati iggiktovi likfaeosls ng akknuetabohoty tfatrisuht oe a bittir prnvosone ng acrokuhturah sirvokis gnr rurah wnlie ae` tfirurah pnnr.

NBDIKPOWI[ NG PFO[ RIZNRP

As tfi gorst nutput grnl tfi Cieìr ae` Cnvireaeki oe Rurah [irvokis prnd-ikt, tfos ripnrt prisiets ìskroptovi goeòecs ae` quahotatovi aeahysos ngakknuetabohoty likfaeosls oe acrokuhturah ixtiesone ae` rurah watir supphyoe Oeòa, Cfaea, ae` Itfonpoa, payoec spikogok attietone tn cieìr rispne-sovieiss. Pfi Cieìr ae` Cnvireaeki oe Rurah [irvokis prndikt siims tncieirati pnhoky-rihivaet menwhi`ci ne straticois tn olprnvi acrokuhturah ae`rurah sirvoki ìhoviry, wotf a gnkus ne prnvoòec lnri iquotabhi akkiss tntfisi sirvokis, ispikoahhy gnr wnlie. Pfi prndikt gnkusis ne acrokuhturahixtiesone, as ae ixalphi ng ae acrokuhturah sirvoki, ae` `roemoec watir, as ae

ixalphi ng rurah sirvoki tfat os ent òrikthy rihati` tn acrokuhturi but os ngfocf rihivaeki gnr rurah wnlie. A laoe cnah ng tfos prndikt was tn cieiratiilporokah lokrnhivih ivoìeki abnut tfi ways varonus akknuetabohoty likfa-eosls gnr acrokuhturah ae` rurah sirvoki prnvosone wnrm oe praktoki ae` tnoìetogy gaktnrs tfat oeghuieki tfi suotabohoty ng òggiriet cnvireaeki rignrlstraticois tfat aol tn lami sirvoki prnvosone lnri cieìr rispnesovi.

Pfos ripnrt prisiets tfi ladnr ìskroptovi goeòecs grnl tfi quaetotatoviae` quahotatovi risiarkf kneùkti` oe tfi tfrii knuetrois. Ot oìetogois ladnrpattires ng akknuetabohoty rnutis ae` assissis tfior cieìr òliesone. Bikausi

tfi ripnrt os ixphnratnry, tfi pnhoky olphokatones ìrovi` grnl ot favi biie gnr-luhati` oe a kautonus way. Pfi risuhts sfnuh` eivirtfihiss bi ng oetirist tn awoì auòieki oetiristi` oe acrokuhturah ae` rurah sirvoki prnvosone, oekhuòec

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risiarkfirs, lilbirs ng tfi pubhok a`loeostratone, pnhoky lamirs, ae` stagggrnl ECNs ae` oetireatoneah ìvihnpliet aciekois oevnhvi` oe tfi ìsoceae` laeaciliet ng rignrl iggnrts, prndikts, ae` prncrals ìahoec wotf rurahsirvoki prnvosone.

RI[IARKF LIPFN@[

Pfi goeòecs prisieti` oe tfos ripnrt ari basi` ne quaetotatovi surviys ngfnusifnh`s, knllueoty lilbirs, knllueoty-basi` nrcaeozatones, ae` sir-voki prnvoìrs ae` ne quahotatovi kasi stuòis. Pfi quaetotatovi aeahysos`raws ne fnusifnh` surviys (ng abnut 1,::: fnusifnh`s oe iakf knuetry), oewfokf bntf lahi ae` gilahi fnusifnh` lilbirs wiri oetirvoiwi`= surviysng sirvoki prnvoìrs gnr ixtiesone ae` watir supphy= surviys ng usir nrcaeo-

zatones oevnhvi` oe watir supphy ae` acrokuhturah ixtiesone= ae` surviys nghnkah pnhotokah riprisietatovis. Kasi stuòis oevistocati` solohar aciets aeìlphnyi` varonus oetirvoiw tikfeoquis tn ixphnri tfi risiarkf quistones oecriatir ìptf.

Pfos stu`y apphois ae ixtieì` virsone ng tfi knekiptuah graliwnrm usiòe tfi 2::0 Snrh` @ivihnpliet Ripnrt (gocuri 1). Sotfoe tfos graliwnrm,

IVIKYPOWI [YLLAR_ xxvoo

Hnkah Znhotokah

riprisietatovis (HZ)

Eatoneah/stati-hivih

Loeostrois (EL)Eatoneah/stati-hivih

Znhotokah riprisietatovis (EZ)

Znhotokah

Zartois (ZZ)

@ivihnpliet

Aciekois/a`vnkaky

ECNs (@A)

Fnusifnh`

Lilbirs (FF) Zubhok [iktnr

sirvoki prnvoìrs (Z[)

ECN/provati

sirvoki prnvoìrs (EC)

Knllueoty-basi`

Nrcaeozatones (KN)

[irvokis

[fnrt rnuti

Hnec rnuti

Gocuri 1 Pfi Hnec ae` [fnrt Rnutis ng Akknuetabohoty

[nurki4 Autfnrs, aàpti` grnl Snrh` Baem (2::;).


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akknuetabohoty os akfoivi` tfrnucf a sfnrt rnuti, tfrnucf wfokf kotozies fnh`sirvoki prnvoìrs òrikthy akknuetabhi, ae` a hnec rnuti, tfrnucf wfokf kotoziesfnh` tn akknuet hnkah pnhotokah riprisietatovis, wfn siim tn iesuri tfat sirvokiprnvoìrs ìhovir sirvokis iggiktovihy.

Pfi graliwnrm a`npti` oe tfos ripnrt òsaccricatis ae` ixpae`s tfi Snrh`

Baem Akknuetabohoty Graliwnrm oe sivirah ways4

Ot oekhuìs lahi/gilahi cieìr soces oe ahh bnxis tn oeòkati tfi cieìròliesone ng ahh aktnrs oevnhvi` oe sirvoki ìhoviry.

Ot ostoecuosfis bitwiie pubhok siktnr sirvoki prnvoìrs at tfi hnkah hivih ae`tfi loeostrois at tfi eatoneah/giìrah nr stati hivih tn wfokf tfi hnkah pubhoksiktnr sirvoki prnvoìrs lay bihnec.

Ot òsaccricatis pnhotokah riprisietatovis at òggiriet hivihs ng hnkah cnvire-

liet ae` lilbirs ng parhoaliets at stati ae` giìrah hivihs. Ot oekhuìs ECNs ae` provati siktnr nrcaeozatones tfat prnvoì sirvokis as a

siparati katicnry. Ot oekhuìs ivihnpliet aciekois ae` a`vnkaky ECNs as a siparati katicnry

bikausi tfiy ngtie oeghuieki sirvoki prnvosone. Ot ixphokothy oetrnùkis knllueoty-basi` assnkoatones, wfokf lay ilpnwir

kotozies tn oetirakt lnri iggiktovihy wotf tfior pnhotokah riprisietatovis nr aktas sirvoki prnvoìrs tfilsihvis.

Ot oekhuìs pnhotokah partois, wfokf kae phay ae olpnrtaet rnhi oe gnrluhat-

oec pnhokois ae` haws tfat oeghuieki tfi cieìr rispnesovieiss ng pubhoksirvoki prnvosone ae` oe sihiktoec pnhotokah kaeòàtis ae` at tolis pubhoknggokoahs.

ILZOROKAH GOE@OEC[

Pfi akknuetabohoty graliwnrm cuoì` tfi knhhiktone ng ilporokah àta neacrokuhturah ixtiesone ae` `roemoec watir supphy oe tfi tfrii stu`y knuetrois.

Pfi goeòecs ari sullarozi` bihnw.

Acrokuhturah Ixtiesone

Akkiss tn ixtiesone os lnìrati oe Oeòa ae` Itfonpoa ae` hnw oe Cfaea. OeCfaea, tfi cieìr cap oe akkiss tn ixtiesone os prnenueki`. Akkiss tn ixtie-sone by wnlie was focfist oe Itfonpoa, wfiri 2: pirkiet ng tfi wnlie knv-iri` oe tfi salphi wiri vosoti` by ae ixtiesone aciet at fnli nr ne tfigarl (23 pirkiet ng tfi lie oe tfi salphi fa` akkiss tn acrokuhturah ixtie-sone vosots, tfi sali pirkietaci as oe Mareatama, Oeòa). Fnwivir, akkiss tn

ixtiesone oe Itfonpoa varoi` woìhy akrnss ricones, raecoec grnl 2 pirkietoe Agar tn 90 pirkiet oe Pocray. Lnrinvir, a focf hivih ng akkiss nis ent eik-issarohy liae tfi sirvoki os bioec usi` nr tfat ot os ng cnn` quahoty. As a

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risuht ng tfi tnp-`nwe apprnakf ae` tfi gnkus ne cittoec lnìh garlirs tna`npt goxi`-tikfenhncy pakmacis, ixtiesone tie`s tn eichikt pnnr garlirs,partokuharhy wnlie. Pfi ixtiesone systil os ent khoiet nroieti`, ae` usirsfavi holoti` ìlae` kapakoty.

Akkiss tn ixtiesone was hnwist oe Cfaea. Abnut 12 pirkiet ng tfi lahi-

fiaì` fnusifnh`s rikiovi` oeòvoùah vosots ng acrokuhturah ixtiesone nggokirs,ae` 1:19 pirkiet attieì` crnup liitoecs nrcaeozi` by acrokuhturah ixtiesonenggokirs, wotf snli varoatone akrnss acrniknhncokah zneis. Akkiss tn a hovistnkmaciet was bist oe tfi savaeeaf znei, wfiri hovistnkm os lnst olpnrtaet. @ispotitfi pri`nloeaet rnhi ng wnlie oe Cfaeaoae acrokuhturi, akkiss ng gilahi-fiaì` fnusifnh`s tn acrokuhturah ixtiesone turei` nut tn bi viry hnw4 2 pirkietng tfi gilahi-fnusifnh` fia`s oe tfi traesotone znei rikiovi` acrokuhturah ixtie-sone vosots, ae` enei ng tfi salphi` gilahi-fiaì` fnusifnh s oe tfi gnrist ae`savaeeaf zneis rikiovi` sukf vosots. Hiss tfae 2 pirkiet ng gilahi spnusis oe

lahi-fiaì` fnusifnh`s rikiovi` acrokuhturah ixtiesone vosots. Akkiss tn hovistnkmixtiesone was snliwfat bittir.

Akkiss tn acrokuhturah ixtiesone was ahsn holoti` oe Mareatama, Oeòa. @ur-oec tfi yiar bignri tfi surviy (2::7), 2? pirkiet ng lahi-fiaì` fnusifnh`swotf hae` ae` 16 pirkiet ng gilahi-fiaì` fnusifnh`s wotf hae` lit wotfixtiesone aciets. Akkiss tn hovistnkm sirvokis was bittir gnr lahi-fiaì` fnusi-fnh`s (32 pirkiet) ae` gnr gilahi-fiaì` neis (3? pirkiet).

Ahtireatovi prnvoìrs ng ixtiesone stohh phay a ratfir holoti` rnhi. ECNs wirient aktovi oe prnvoòec ixtiesone oe tfi surviyi` òstrokts oe Mareatama, ae`

tfiy phayi` nehy a holoti` rnhi oe Cfaea ae` Itfonpoa. Oe Cfaea, nehy nei ngahh salphi` garlirs fa` rikiovi` a vosot grnl ae ECN ixtiesone prnvoìr oetfi yiar prikiòec tfi surviy. Zrovati siktnr ietirprosis ò` ent giaturi asprnvoìrs ng ixtiesone sirvokis pir si oe aey ng tfi surviyi` ricones oe aey ngtfi tfrii knuetrois. Fnwivir, garlirs wfn buy oeputs grnl provati oeput ìah-irs rikiovi a`voki rihati` tn tfisi oeputs.

Pfi oevnhviliet ng garlir-basi` nrcaeozatones (GBNs) oe ixtiesone sir-vokis rilaoes hnw, ae` tfisi nrcaeozatones ari ent typokahhy oekhusovi. Pfi kasistu`y ivoìeki grnl Mareatama ae` Bofar oeòkatis tfat tfi laoe garlirs

nrcaeozatones, tfi garlirs knnpiratovis, phay rnhis kfoighy oe gakohotatoec akkisstn subsoòzi` oeputs. @aory knnpiratovis phay ae olpnrtaet rnhi oe prnvoòechovistnkm sirvokis, sukf as vitiroeary sirvokis ae` artogokoah oesiloeatone, wfokflay knetrobuti tn tfi gakt tfat hovistnkm sirvokis favi focfir knviraci. Pfi sur-viy oe Mareatama oeòkatis tfat tfi hiaìrsfop ng tfi garlirs ae` àory knnp-iratovis os ent oekhusovi wotf ricar` tn cieìr.

Oe Cfaea, ot fas biie a pnhoky ng tfi Loeostry ng Acrokuhturi tn gnrl vohhaci-basi` GBNs tn olprnvi akkiss tn ixtiesone. Pfisi nrcaeozatones favi holoti`knviraci, ae` wnlie ari hiss homihy tn dnoe tfil tfae lie.

Oe Itfonpoa, knnpiratovis ari tfi laoe typi ng GBN. Pfiy ari oe kfarci ngprnvoòec oeputs ae`, tfirignri, ari khnsihy hoemi` tn tfi pakmaci apprnakfusi` by tfi Itfonpoae ixtiesone systil (tfiy n ent prnvoì ixtiesone sirvokis

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tfilsihvis). Cnvireliet ruhis laeàti tfat wnlie bi riprisieti` ne tfiknllottiis ng knnpiratovis, but tfiy cieirahhy `n ent sirvi as kfaorpirsnes.

Lamoec acrokuhturah ixtiesone ìlae` `rovie rilaoes a kfahhieci, gnr avaroity ng riasnes. Pfisi riasnes òggir akrnss knuetrois, as ixphaoei` bihnw.

Hakm ng Kapakoty oe Oeòa

Oe Oeòa, tfi laoe prnbhil siils tn bi tfi hakm ng nvirahh kapakoty. As a risuhtng a pnhoky ng ent foroec acrokuhturah ixtiesone wnrmirs gnr lnri tfae aìkaì, tfiri os ahlnst en pubhok kapakoty higt gnr prnvoòec ixtiesone, ae` tfiprovati ae` kovoh snkoity siktnrs favi ent gohhi` tfat cap. Ahsn, tfi ixtiesoneaciets laoe tasm was tn olphiliet a woì raeci ng cnvireliet prncrals,lnst ng wfokf gnkusi` ne tfi prnvosone ng subsoòzi` oeputs. Pfi surviy ahsnoeòkatis tfat acrokuhturah ixtiesone wnrmirs ae` vitiroeary assostaets oìetogy

pnhotokah oetirgirieki oe tfior wnrm as aentfir laoe knestraoet, ahnec wotfstagg sfnrtacis.

Hakm ng Gnkus ne Nutknlis oe Cfaea

Pfi raton ng ixtiesone aciets tn garlirs os focfir oe Cfaea tfae oe Oeòa,ahtfnucf vakaekois oe rilnti arias ari focf. Pfiri siils tn bi hotthi òriktoneas tn wfat moe`s ng cnahs ixtiesone aciets sfnuh` aktuahhy akfoivi, fnwivir.Ixtiesone aciets siil tn bi abhi tn rispne` tn garlirs oeòvoùah ìlae`s,but tfiy `n ent siil tn bi gnkusi` ne riakfoec nvirahh cnahs gnr tfi siktnr.

Nvirrihoaeki ne a Zakmaci Apprnakf oe Itfonpoa

[tagg kapakoty os cieirahhy ent a prnbhil oe Itfonpoa. Ot os tfi tnp-`nweeaturi ng pubhok sirvoki ìhoviry oe Itfonpoa tfat lamis ot òggokuht tn taohnracrokuhturah ixtiesone tn garlirs ìlae`s. [traticois tn oekriasi wnliesakkiss tn acrokuhturah ixtiesone suggir grnl tfi cieirah prnbhils gaki` by tfiixtiesone systil ae` grnl tfi pirkiptone boas ricaròec tfi rnhi ng wnlieoe acrokuhturi.

[traticois tn Oekriasi Snlies Akkiss tn Ixtiesone [irvokis

@oggir Akrnss Knuetrois

Pfi tfrii knuetrois favi a`npti` viry òggiriet straticois gnr prnlntoecwnlies akkiss tn acrokuhturah ixtiesone. Oe Oeòa, tfisi iggnrts wiri knegoei`harcihy tn tfi ixtiesone rignrl lnìh kahhi` tfi Acrokuhturah Pikfenhncy Lae-aciliet Acieky (APLA). Kasi stu`y ivoìeki oeòkatis tfat ixtiesone wnrm-irs lami ìòkati` iggnrts tn oekriasi tfi partokopatone ng wnlie oe ixtiesoneaktovotois ueìr APLA.

Cfaea kae bi siie as tfi lnst a`vaeki` ng tfi tfrii knuetrois oe tirls ngoestotutoneahozoec attietone tn cieìr oe tfi pubhok acrokuhturah ixtiesone sys-til. Ots Snlie oe Acrokuhturah @ivihnpliet (SOA@) òriktnrati os nei ng

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sivie oriktnratis at tfi eatoneah hivih. Pfiri os ahsn nei ìsoceati` sieonr nggo-kir oe kfarci ng SOA@ oe iakf òstrokt acrokuhturah nggoki. Pfi pirkiptone boasricaròec wnlies rnhi oe acrokuhturi was hiss prnenueki` tfae oe tfi ntfirtwn stu`y knuetrois. Cfaea ahsn fa` tfi focfist sfari ng gilahi ixtiesoneaciets ng tfi tfrii knuetrois, ae` gilahi ixtiesone aciets prnvi` lnri iggik-

tovi oe riakfoec gilahi garlirs. @ispoti tfisi iggnrts, wnlies akkiss tn ixtie-sone oe Cfaea was hnwir tfae ot was oe tfi ntfir knuetrois.

Itfonpoa laoestrials cieìr tfnucf tfi cieìr lakfoeiry oe tfi pubhoka`loeostratone. Akkiss ng wnlie tn ixtiesone sirvokis os eivirtfihiss wiamirtfae ot os gnr lie, as prnpnrtoneahhy laey giwir wnlie attie` knllueotyliitoecs nrcaeozi` by ixtiesone aciets ae` substaetoahhy giwir wnlie vosotìlnestratone fnlis ae` phnts. Pfi stu`y goe`s strnec ivoìeki gnr a kuhturahpirkiptone tfat wnlie `net garl, a pirkiptone tfat pirsosts ivie tfnucfwnlie iecaci oe a woì raeci ng acrokuhturah aktovotois.

Pfi Hnec Rnuti ng Akknuetabohoty

Pfi hnec rnuti ng akknuetabohoty phays a holoti` rnhi oe acrokuhturah ixtiesone.Pfi riasnes òggir akrnss tfi tfrii knuetrois.

Acrokuhturah ixtiesone rilaoes a ìknekietrati` ratfir tfae a ìvnhvi` sir-voki oe Oeòa ae` Cfaea. Oe Oeòa, acrokuhturah ixtiesone aciets ari hnkati` at tfibhnkm hivih. Pfior hoei ng akknuetabohoty rilaoes wotfoe tfi @ipartliet ng Acro-kuhturi. Yehomi cral paekfayat (vohhaci knuekoh) lilbirs, bhnkm paekfayat

(knuekoh) lilbirs ari oevnhvi` oe ixtiesone, but tfior rnhi siils harcihy knegoei`sihiktoec bieigokoarois ng subsoòzi` oeput prncrals, sukf as subsoòzi` traktnrs.

Oe Cfaea, tfi òstrokt assilbhy fas hotthi autfnroty nvir tfi acrokuhturahixtiesone systilnr aey acrokuhturah prncrals. Acrokuhturi fas biieìkietrahozi` tn tfi ostrokt hivih, but ot rilaoes a iknekietrati` ratfir tfaea ìkietrahozi` sirvoki. Pfi òstrokt òriktnrs ng tfi òstrokt acrokuhturahnggokis favi lnri autfnroty ae` òskritone tfae tfiy ò` bignri ìkietrahoza-tone, but tfi hoeis ng akknuetabohoty gnr bntf stagg ae` gue`s rilaoe wotfoetfi Loeostry ng Gnn` ae` Acrokuhturi. Pfi òstrokt assilbhy lilbirs ari

lnri akkissobhi tn rurah pinphi, but tfiy hakm tfi autfnroty tn oeghuiekiacrokuhturah ixtiesone.

Oe Itfonpoa, tfi sfnrt rnuti ng akknuetabohoty os lnri akkissobhi gnr rurah fnusi-fnh`s, at hiast oe tirls ng pfysokah prnxoloty. Oe voiw ng tfi tnp-`nwe apprnakftn acrokuhturah ixtiesone, tfi kfahhieci rilaoes ng lamoec acrokuhturah ixtiesonelnri rispnesovi tn tfi eii`s ng garlirs, oekhuòec gilahi garlirs.

@roemoec Satir

Akkiss tn `roemoec watir os focf oe Oeòa, lnìrati oe Cfaea, ae` viry hnw oe

Itfonpoa. Oe Mareatama, 66 pirkiet ng fnusifnh`s surviyi` usi sagi `roemoecwatir snurkis, ae` ?3 pirkiet favi a watir snurki wotfoe 1 mohnlitir ng tfiorfnli. Oe Cfaea, 7: pirkiet ng fnusifnh`s favi akkiss tn sagi `roemoec watir

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(akkiss ratis òggir shocfthy akrnss zneis). Pfi aviraci toli eiiì` tn cit tntfi watir snurki ae` gitkf watir os hiss tfae fahg ae fnur. Oe Itfonpoa, dust;2 pirkiet ng surviyi` fnusifnh`s usi sagi `roemoec watir snurkis, ae` tfi avir-aci toli tn gitkf watir grnl tfi lnst griquiethy usi` snurkis os apprnxolatihytwn fnurs.

Fnusifnh`s oìetogoi` `roemoec watir as tfior tnp knekire oe Cfaea aeÌtfonpoa, yit tfiy ripnrti` focf satosgaktone ratis ae` nehy rarihy knlphaoei`.Oe Oeòa, ?: pirkiet ng rispneìets ripnrt bioec satosgoi` wotf tfi `roemoecwatir prnvosone. Oe Cfaea, tfi ripnrti` satosgaktone ratis gnr `roemoec watirwiri ahsn focf, ivie tfnucf akkiss was lukf hnwir. [urprosoechy, fnusifnh`sahsn oeòkati` focf satosgaktone ratis wotf uesagi watir snurkis, sukf as strialsae` rovirs. Homiwosi, ripnrti` satosgaktone ratis wiri focf oe Itfonpoa, ìspotihnw akkiss tn sagi `roemoec watir. Pfi sfari ng fnusifnh`s tfat tnnm aey aktone,sukf as knetaktoec pnhotokah riprisietatovis nr pubhok nggokoahs tn knlphaoe, was

hnw oe ahh tfrii knuetrois.[ivirah riasnes lay ixphaoe tfi oeknesostieky bitwiie tfi prnbhil rat-

oecs ne tfi nei fae` ae` tfi satosgaktone ratoecs ae` hnw oekhoeatone tn knl-phaoe ne tfi ntfir. Gorst, awarieiss abnut tfi fiahtf a`vaetacis ng usoecsagi `roemoec watir snurkis siils tn bi holoti`. [ikne`, rispneìets laygiih ueknlgnrtabhi covoec aeswirs tfat locft bi siie as krotokah tn tfi cnv-ireliet. Pfor`, fnusifnh`s lay ent tami aktone bikausi tfiy lay giih tfatot wnuh` favi hotthi iggikt ae`, tfirignri, ot os ent wnrtf tfi (nppnrtueoty)knsts oevnhvi`.

Knllueoty-basi` nrcaeozatones favi biie prnlnti` as tfi laoe straticygnr olprnvoec akkiss tn `roemoec watira straticy tfat gakis òggiriet kfah-hiecis oe tfi tfrii knuetrois. Lnri tfae acrokuhturah ixtiesone, `roemoec watirhie`s otsihg tn laeaciliet by hnkah cnvireliet knuekohs ratfir tfae spikogokknllueoty-basi` nrcaeozatones, bikausi iviry kotozie eii`s akkiss tn sagi`roemoec watir. _it ot fas biie a ladnr straticy oe ahh tfrii knuetrois tn prn-lnti knllueoty-basi` nrcaeozatones. Pfi surviys riviah tfat tfisi crnups arient oekhusovi ae` tfat fnusifnh`s prigir tn apprnakf tfior ihikti` riprisieta-tovis òrikthy ratfir tfae tfrnucf usir crnup guektonearois.

KNYEPR_-[ZIKOGOK ZNHOK_ RIKNLLIE@APONE[

A sit ng pnhoky riknllieàtones was irovi` gnr iakf knuetry. Iakf sit a``rissistfi knuetry-spikogok kfahhiecis oìetogoi` oe tfos stu`y.

Oeòa

Pfos siktone gorst prisiets riknllieì` straticois gnr Oeòas cieirah ìkie-trahozatone pnhoky. Ot tfie nggirs riknllieàtones gnr acrokuhturah ixtiesoneae` `roemoec watir prnvosone.

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Cieirah @ikietrahozatone Znhoky

Pfi gnhhnwoec straticois kae bi usi` tn a``riss tfi kfahhiecis ng ìkietrahozatoneoìetogoi` by tfi stu`y4

1. Zay attietone tn ihoti kapturi wfie ìsoceoec prncrals tn bi olphilieti` bycral paekfayats. A gnrluha-bnue` ahhnkatone ng goskah craets tn tfi cralpaekfayats was sukkissguhhy olphilieti , but tfi ahhnkatone ng gue`s tn tfivohhacis wotfoe tfi cral paekfayats turei` nut tn bi subdikt tn siviritarcitoec gaohuris. Wohhacis riprisieti` by gilahi cral paekfayat lilbirsgrnl skfiùhi` kastis rikiovi` soceogokaethy giwir risnurkis tfae ntfirs.Pfos prnbhil knuh` bi a``rissi` by apphyoec a gnrluha gnr òstrobutoeccraets alnec vohhacis. Znssobhi likfaeosls tn olphiliet sukf a gnrluhaoekhuì usoec tfi bhnkm nggokoahs ae` cral paekfayat sikritary tn nvirsii

olphilietatone, kriatoec awarieiss abnut tfi prnbhil oe tfi traoeoec ngcral paekfayat lilbirs, ae` oekriasoec tfi traesparieky ng tfi oetirvoh-haci òstrobutone ng gue`s tfrnucf lnri stroeciet ripnrtoec oe cral sabfa(vohhaci assilbhy) nrdalabae`fo (snkoah auòt) liitoecs.

2. Oekriasi a`loeostratovi suppnrt at tfi cral paekfayat hivih. Ivoìeki grnltfi kasi stuòis oeòkatis tfat tfi cral paekfayat sikritarois ari nvirbur-ìei` wotf tfi oekriasoec eulbir ng prncrals tfat favi biie ìkietrah-ozi` tn tfi cral paekfayat hivih. Foroec a`òtoneah stagg (as ahria`y gnrisiie

by tfi cnvireliet ng Mareatama) os issietoah tn a``riss tfos prnbhil. @noecsn prnvoìs a ueoqui nppnrtueoty tn olprnvi tfi cieìr bahaeki ng tfosolpnrtaet typi ng grnet-hoei stagg. Gilahi cral paekfayat lilbirs lay bilnri knlgnrtabhi oetiraktoec wotf gilahi a`loeostratovi stagg.

;. Kriati bittir kneòtones gnr wnlie tn attie` cral sabfa liitoecs. Pn oekriasiwnlies partokopatone oe cral sabfa liitoecs, liitoecs eii` tn bi fih` attolis tfat ari lnri knevieoiet gnr wnlie tn attie`. Oegnrlatone abnut tfiliitoecs ae` tfior acieà sfnuh` ahsn bi olprnvi`.


Pfi gnhhnwoec apprnakfis appiar prnlosoec oe a``rissoec tfi prnbhils oìe-togoi` by tfi stu`y4

1. A``riss tfi stagg sfnrtaci prnbhil. Pfi eulbir ng acrokuhturah ixtiesoneaciets kae bi oekriasi` oe varonus ways= foroec lnri stagg ueìr tfi kovohsirvoki systil lay ent ahways bi tfi prigirri` nptone. Foroec stagg ne aknetrakt basos gnr spikogok prncrals os a lnri ghixobhi apprnakf, nei tfat

os kurriethy pursui` by tfi cnvireliet ng Mareatama. Ntfir nptonesoekhuì knetraktoec ECNs tfat wnrm oe tfi acrokuhturah siktnr, knetrakt-oec provati siktnr knlpaeois tfat kae prnvoì ixtiesone sirvokis, ae`

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istabhosfoec pubhok-provati parteirsfops. Bignri foroec lnri acrokuhturahixtiesone stagg, statis sfnuh` kneùkt a tfnrnucf aeahysos ng tfi fulaerisnurkis oe tirls ng eulbirs, quahogokatone, ae` smohh lox riquori` gnrolprnvoec acrokuhturah ixtiesone.

2. Zrnvoì bittir sirvokis tn gilahi garlirs. A``rissoec tfi stagg sfnrtaciprnbhil ahsn prnvoìs nppnrtueotois tn prnvoì bittir sirvokis tn gilahigarlirs. Oe voiw ng tfi pnsotovi ixpiroieki oe ntfir knuetrois (Cfaea oepartokuhar), tfi straticy tn fori gilahi ixtiesone aciets tn bittir sirvigilahi garlirs ìsirvis spikoah attietone. Pfi staeòec knllottiis neacrokuhturi ae` oeùstry oe tfi òstrokt paekfayats knuh` ahsn phay aprnaktovi rnhi oe lnbohozoec pubhok awarieiss gnr tfi oekhusone ng cieìrossuis oe phaes ae` pnhokois ng ìkietrahozi` bnòis ae` cnvirelietìpartliets.

;. A``riss tfi laeaciliet kfahhiecis wotfoe tfi pubhok siktnr. Pfi laeacilietkfahhiecis oìetogoi` by tfi stu`y ìsirvi attietone, partokuharhy pnhotokahoetirgirieki ae` tfi hnw privahieki ng lirot-basi` prnlntone. Bikausi bntfprnbhils ari ìiphy ietriekfi` oe tfi cieirah pubhok a`loeostratone, tfiykaeent bi risnhvi` oe osnhatone wotfoe tfi acrokuhturah ìpartliets. Pfi for-oec ng eiw stagg nutsoì tfi kovoh sirvoki systil nggirs eiw nppnrtueotois gnrlirot-basi` prnlntone ae` ntfir oekietovi systils, sukf as lirot-basi`waci knlpiesatone. Pfi prnbhil ng pnhotokah oetirgirieki knuh` bi riùki`

by striectfieoec tfi rnhi ng acrokuhturah ixtiesone stagg oe olprnvoec tfimenwhi`ci ae` smohh basi ng tfi garloec pnpuhatone ratfir tfae by usoecixtiesone aciets laoehy gnr olphilietoec subsoòzi` oeput prncrals. Ot os ahsnwnrtfwfohi ixphnroec tfi ixtiet tn wfokf a rocft-tn-oegnrlatone apprnakfknuh` bi usi` tn riùki pnhotokah prissuri ae` ihoti kapturi.

0. Riistabhosf tfi guektone ng acrokuhturah ixtiesone as a bro`ci bitwiie acrokuh-turah risiarkf, garlirs, ae` larmits. Pfi hoemacis bitwiie acrokuhturahrisiarkf ae` ixtiesone kae bi striectfiei` oe varonus ways. Og partokopatnry

phaeeoec apprnakfis gnr tfi oetrnùktone ng eiw tikfenhncois, knllnò-tois, ae` garloec praktokis ari olphilieti` (as pohnti` by APLA), ixtiesoneaciets lay favi strnecir oekietovis tn knetakt acrokuhturah risiarkfirs tnliit garlirs eii`s. Pfi istabhosfliet ng cnvireoec strukturis tfat oevnhvibntf acrokuhturah risiarkfirs ae` ixtiesone aciets, as gnrisiie ueìr APLA,kae ahsn olprnvi tfi bro`coec guektone ng acrokuhturah ixtiesone.

9. Gnrl guektoneoec GBNs. Ixtiesone aciets ari ent nehy holoti` oe eulbirs,but tfiy ahsn hakm tfi smohhs riquori` tn gnrl ae` supirvosi crnups. Gurtfir-

lnri, tfiy tie` tn wnrm wotf bittir-ngg garlirs ae` lahi garlirs. Og tfistraticy ng gnrloec garlirs oetirist crnups os tn bi pursui`, apprnproatioevistliets favi tn bi laì oe foroec quahogoi` gakohotatnrs gnr crnup

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gnrlatone ae` traoeoec crnup riprisietatovis. [pikoah attietone eii`s tn bipao` tn lamoec garlirs oetirist crnups oekhusovi oe tirls ng cieìr ae`kasti, snlitfoec tfat fas prnvi` tn bi a kfahhieci oe tfi past. Ahtfnucf tfibist straticy tn olprnvi rurah sirvoki prnvosone wohh ahways ìpie` ne tfispikogok sotuatone, ot lay bi prnlosoec tn hoem acrokuhturah sirvoki prnvosone

tn ixostoec crnups. Snlies sihg-fihp crnups lay bi ae nptone, ispikoahhygnr hovistnkm-rihati` sirvokis. Fnwivir, nei eii`s tn tami kari ent tn nvirhna`tfisi crnups wotf tnn laey guektones. Giìratones ng knllueoty-basi`nrcaeozatones ae` acrokuhturah prnùkir knlpaeois ari ntfir prnlosoecnptones. As crnup-basi` apprnakfis phaki ìlae`s ne garlirs toli, fnw-ivir, ahtireatovis sfnuh` bi knesoìri`. Pfi prnvosone ng ixtiesone sirvokistfrnucf Oetireit monsms ae` kihh pfneis ìsirvis attietone= gurtfir aeahysosos eiiì` tn assiss tfi cieìr rispnesovieiss ng tfisi apprnakfis.

@roemoec Satir [upphy

Mareatama ahria`y fas cnn` akkiss tn sagi `roemoec watir. Pfi gnhhnwoec strati-cois kae bi usi` tn a``riss tfi rilaoeoec prnbhils oìetogoi` by tfi stu`y4

1. [triectfie tfi akknuetabohoty ae` oekhusovieiss ng Satir ae` [aeotatoneKnllottiis. Pfos prndikt ò` ent kneùkt ae olpakt ivahuatone ng tfi knl-lottiis. Pfi stu`y goeòecs oeòkati twn pntietoah kfahhiecis ricaròectfil, fnwivir4 akknuetabohoty ae` oekhusovieiss oe tirls ng cieìr.

Pn iesuri tfi akknuetabohoty ng tfi Satir ae` [aeotatone Knllottiiwotfoe tfi cral paekfayat systil, tfi cral paekfayat lilbir wfn rip-risiets tfi vohhaci nr war` oe wfokf tfi knllottii os hnkati` knuh` bi ae ixnggokon lilbir ng tfi knllottii. Pfi Satir ae` [aeotatone Knllottiiknuh` bi gnrlahhy knestotuti` as a subknllottii ng tfi cral paekfayat, astraticy tfat os ahria`y bioec pursui` oe Mareatama. Knllottii lilbirslay ahsn bi riquori` tn ripnrt oe cral sabfa nr war` sabfa liitoecs tnolprnvi akknuetabohoty.

A qunta systil knuh` bi usi` tn oekriasi tfi riprisietatone ng wnlie oe

hiaìrsfop pnsotones ng tfi Satir ae` [aeotatone Knllottiis. Pfi ruhi tfatnei-tfor` ng lilbirs ae` kfaorpirsnes sfnuh` bi wnlie fas ahria`y biieprnlnti` ueìr tfi [ikne` Mareatama Rurah Satir ae` [aeotatone prndikt.[pikoah attietone sfnuh` bi pao` tn olphilietoec tfi qunta systil bikausiwnlies riprisietatone oe hiaìrsfop pnsotones os kurriethy hnw, ìspotiaggorlatovi aktone pnhokois oe lnri tfae fahg ng tfi surviyi` knllottiis.

2. Gnkus lnri attietone ne `raoeaci. Pfi hnw satosgaktone ratis wotf `raoeacisuccist tfat pnhoky sfnuh` sfogt oe tfos òriktone, covie tfi olpnrtaeki ng

`raoeaci gnr saeotatone. [traticois tn akfoivi tfos cnah lay oekhuì oekriasiàhhnkatone ng gueòec gnr saeotatone, oekhuòec `raoeaci ae` awarieiss kri-atone alnec paekfayat knuekoh lilbirs ae` grnet-hoei prngissoneahs.

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;. Zay attietone tn cieìr ossuis. Ot appiars usiguh tn aeahyzi tfi knetiet ng tfitraoeoec prncrals dueonr iecoeiirs rikiovi, assiss arias oe wfokf a gnkus necieìr os apprnproati, ae` a`dust traoeoec prncrals ae` latiroah akknr`-oechy. Lnrinvir, oe voiw ng tfi slahh sfari ng gilahi dueonr iecoeiirs, iggnrtsknuh` bi laì tn oekriasi tfos sfari wfie foroec eiw stagg.

Cfaea

Pfos siktone gorst prisiets riknllieì` straticois gnr Cfaeas cieirah ìkie-trahozatone pnhoky. Ot tfie nggirs riknllieàtones gnr acrokuhturah ixtiesoneae` `roemoec watir prnvosone.

Cieirah @ikietrahozatone Znhoky

Cfaeas ìkietrahozatone pnhoky was sukkissguh oe broecoec cnvireliet khnsirtn tfi pinphi= tfi òstrokt assilbhy lilbir os a ladnr hoem bitwiie rurah koto-zies ae` tfi cnvireliet. _it òstrokt assilbhy lilbirs ìskrobi tfilsihvisas a chnrogoi` biccars bikausi tfiy favi tn bic tfi a`loeostratone ae` `nenrstn cit prndikts `nei. Pfi gnhhnwoec straticois knuh` bi usi` tn a``riss tfisikfahhiecis4

1. Ilpnwir òstrokt assilbhy lilbirs. Oekriasoec tfi sfari ng òskritoneary ostrokt-hivih risnurkis tfat ari ent iarlarmi` nr toi` tn spikogok prncrals

wnuh` iefaeki tfi rnhi òstrokt assilbhy lilbirs phay wotf rispikt tn tfia`loeostratone. Pn gakohotati khnsir oetiraktone wotf tfi òstrokt a`loeostra-tone, ot wnuh` bi usiguh tn prnvoì assilbhy lilbirs wotf ìòkati` nggokispaki at tfi òstrokt assilbhy ae` tn oekriasi tfior travih ahhnwaekis sn tfattfiy kae oetirakt wotf tfi a`loeostratone ne a ricuhar basos= bittir rilueir-atone gnr tfi wnrm tfiy `n knuh` ahsn bi knesoìri`. Zrnvoòec lnri traoeoectn tfi òstrokt assilbhy lilbirs wotf tfi aol ng olprnvoec tfior kapakoty tnìah iggiktovihy wotf tfi òstrokt a`loeostratone knuh` striectfie tfior rnhi, tnn.

2. Oekriasi tfi sfari ng gilahi òstrokt assilbhy lilbirs. Krnss-knuetry ivo-ìeki succists tfat a qunta nr risirvatone systil wnuh` bi tfi lnst iggiktoviway ng oekriasoec tfi sfari ng gilahi òstrokt assilbhy lilbirs. A`nptoecsukf a pnhoky riquoris a snvirioce pnhotokah ìkosone tfat nehy tfi Cfaeaoaepinphi ae` tfior pnhotokah riprisietatovis kae lami. Gnrlahhy riknceozoectfi partosae eaturi ng tfi hnkah cnvireliet systil locft ahhnw tfi pnhoto-kah partois tn tami lnri ìhobirati stips oe prnlntoec gilahi kaeòàtis.Pfi laoe straticy tfat knuh` bi usi` wotfoe tfi kurriet pnhotokah systil osieknuracoec ae` suppnrtoec gilahi kaeòàtis ae` gilahi ostrokt assilbhy

lilbirs. Znssobhi ways ng `noec sn oekhuì istabhosfoec lietnrs ae` spi-koah gue`s gnr gilahi òstrokt assilbhy kaeòàtis ae` lilbirs, traoeoeclahi ae` gilahi òstrokt assilbhy lilbirs ne cieìr laoestrialoec, ae`

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prnvoòec spikoah traoeoec gnr gilahi lilbirs. [ukf iggnrts ari ahria`ybioec pursui` by tfi Oestotuti ng Hnkah Cnvireliet [tuòis, but uehomi oeOeòa, tfi oestotuti fas en bu`cit gnr tfos purpnsi= gueòec gnr sukf aktovo-tois fas tn bi raosi` ne a kasi-by-kasi basos. Oekriasoec cieìr iquoty oepnhotokah riprisietatone kae bi knesoìri` a cnah oe ots nwe rocft. Ot os ent

eikissarohy a suggokoiet straticy tn akfoivi bittir nutknlis gnr wnlie, fnw-ivir. As tfi kasi ng Oeòa sfnws, gilahi pnhotokah riprisietatovis lay ivie biòsa`vaetaci` oe akfoivoec bittir nutknlis gnr wnlie, ìpieòec ne hnkahpnwir strukturis ae` prncral ìsoce. Fieki a`òtoneah iggnrts ari eikis-sary tn riakf bittir nutknlis gnr wnlie.

;. [triectfie tfi òstrokt cieìr gnkah pnoets. Zohnti` by tfi @ostrokt KapakotyBuohòec Zrndikt (@O[KAZ), cieìr gnkah pnoets favi biie prnlnti` at tfiòstrokt hivih. Pfi gnkah pnoets eii` tn favi a wnrmoec ievorneliet tfat ossuotabhi gnr tfior tasm, wfokf oekhuìs rihoivoec tfil ng ntfir nbhocatones.Zrnvoòec systilatok traoeoec tn tfi gnkah pnoets ae` striectfieoec tfiorrihatonesfops wotf tfi òstrokt assilbhy lilbirs lay ahsn fihp oekriasitfior iggiktovieiss.

0. [triectfie aria knuekohs ae` ueot knllottiis. Pfi stu`y oeòkatis tfat tfisibnòis ng riprisietatovis at tfi subòstrokt hivih lay ahria`y phay a harcirrnhi tfae os knllnehy assuli`. Ahhnwoec tfil tn phay a lnri olpnrtaetrnhi oe phaeeoec, lneotnroec, ae` ivahuatoec ìvihnpliet aktovotois wfohiknhhabnratoec wotf tfi ostrokt assilbhy lilbirs knuh` striectfie tfi hnecrnuti ng akknuetabohoty.


Pfi stu`y oeòkatis tfat akkiss tn acrokuhturah ixtiesone os hnw, ìspoti aeixtiesone aciettngarlir raton tfat os knlparatovihy focf. Pfi gnhhnwoecstraticois lay bi knesoìri` tn a``riss tfisi kfahhiecis4

1. Olprnvi tfi laeaciliet ng acrokuhturah ixtiesone. Pn olprnvi tfi gnkusne acrokuhturah prnùktovoty ae` ntfir nutknli-rihati` tarcits, ot wohh biusiguh tn lami sukf tarcits ixphokothy part ng tfi ixtiesone aciets acieà.Pfi Loeostry ng Gnn` ae` Acrokuhturi knuh` oetrnùki awar`s gnr knl-lueotois ae` òstrokts tfat ari lnst sukkissguh oe oekriasoec acrokuhturahprnùktovoty at tfi knllueoty nr òstrokt hivih ratfir tfae dust riwar`-oec oeòvoùah garlirs. Risiarkf ae` ixtiesone hoemaci knllottiis (RIHKs)at tfi òstrokt hivih ari suppnsi` tn kriati hoemacis bitwiie risiarkf aeìxtiesone, yit tfos straticy `nis ent siil tn bi suggokoiet. Oekriasoec

garlirs ìlae` gnr eiw menwhi`ciby striectfieoec partokopatnryixtiesone phaeeoec ae` tikfenhncy ìvihnpliet apprnakfis, gnr ixalphilay bi a usiguh straticy gnr kriatoec lnri oekietovis gnr ixtiesone aciets

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tn kfaeeih tfos ìlae` tn tfi risiarkf systil. Oe voiw ng tfi hnw pirkietacing garlirs wfn try eiw tikfenhncois, ot ahsn siils usiguh tn ìvosi oekietovisystils tfat riwar` ixtiesone aciets gnr tfi eulbir ng lahi ae` gilahigarlirs wfn a`npt eiw tikfenhncois. Ot wohh bi usiguh tn krotokahhy rivoiw pastiggnrts tn rignrl tfi Loeostry ng Gnn` ae` Acrokuhturi ae` tn try rignrl

apprnakfis sukf as Apprikoatovi Oequory, wfokf usi tfi bist vahuis ng aenrcaeozatone as a startoec pnoet ng rignrl ae` rihy ne oetireah kfaeci acietsratfir tfae knesoìroec tfi nrcaeozatone nehy as a prnbhil tfat fas birisnhvi` (usuahhy by ristrukturoec usoec ixtireah knesuhtaets).

2. Oekriasi tfi akkiss ng gilahi garlirs tn acrokuhturah ixtiesone. Pfi gnhhnwoecstraticois knuh` bi ixphnri 4 Oìetogy ae` a``riss tfi gaktnrs tfat priviet gilahi fnusifnh` lil-

birs grnl attieòec ixtiesone-rihati` knllueoty liitoecs, pirfaps

by nrcaeozoec sukf liitoecs at tolis ae` hnkatones tfat lami tfillnri akkissobhi gnr gilahi fnusifnh` fia`s. Ixphnri tfi ixtiet tnwfokf tfi SOA@ ueots favi ahria`y troi` tn a``riss tfisi prnbhils,ae` oìetogy tfi olphilietatone prnbhils SOA@ nggokirs lay favigaki` oe tfos rispikt.

Oekriasi tfi sfari ng gilahi ixtiesone aciets, wfn wiri gnue` tn bilnri iggiktovi tfae lahi ixtiesone aciets oe riakfoec gilahi garlirs.

Kriati oekietovis gnr riakfoec gilahi garlirs by, gnr ixalphi, riwaròecsukf nutriakf oe pirgnrlaeki rivoiws.

;. Zripari ixtiesone aciets gnr Hnkah Cnvireliet [irvoki. Nei ng tfi phaeei`kfaecis tn striectfie tfi hnkah cnvireliet systil os tfi oetrnùktone nga Hnkah Cnvireliet [irvoki, a siparati katicnry ng pubhok nggokoahsbisoìs tfi kovoh sirvoki tfat wohh prnbabhy oekhuì acrokuhturah ixtiesone.Ot wnuh` bi usiguh tn prnaktovihy usi tfos nppnrtueoty gnr oekriasiàkknuetabohoty ae` tn pohnt tist apprnakfis by wfokf ixtiesone aciets,òstrokt assilbhy lilbirs, ae` òstrokt assilbhy stagg kae wnrm tncitfiriggiktovihy ueìr tfos eiw systil.

0. Riknesoìr tfi rnhi ng GBNs. GBNs favi biie prnlnti` as a ladnr straticytn ìhovir acrokuhturah ixtiesone sirvokis lnri iggiktovihy. [ivirah straticoisknuh` bi pursui` tn a``riss tfi kfahhiecis wotf tfos straticy tfat tfi stu`yoìetogoi`4 Ieknuraci GBNs tn iecaci oe aktovotois tfat wohh lami tfil sustaoeabhi,

sukf as dnoet acrokuhturah larmitoec, acrnprnkissoec, dnoet purkfasoec ngacrokuhturah oeputs, ae` dnoet usi ng acrokuhturah lakfoeiry. Pfi ixpiro-ieki ng prndikts tfat ahria`y troi` tfos straticy eii`s tn bi rivoiwi`.

Aeahyzi tfi prnbhils wnlie gaki oe dnoeoec GBNs. Zrnlnti tfi gnrla-tone ng GBNs laì up nehy ng wnlie (ae oetirvietone tfat os ahria`y oenpiratone).

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Knesoìr ahtireatovi straticois tn olprnvi akkiss tn acrokuhturah ixtiesone.[ukf apprnakfis lay oevnhvi tfi usi ng kihh pfneis. Ysoec tfi raònlnri ixtiesovihy gnr acrokuhturah ixtiesone ahsn siils tn bi a prnlosoecapprnakf, ahtfnucf tfos tnnh os ent suoti` gnr prnvoòec garl-spikogok a`voki.


Pfi gnrlatone ng watir ae` saeotatone knllottiis (SAP[AEs) fas biie akietrah ihiliet oe tfi straticois usi` by tfi cnvireliet ae` `nenrs tnolprnvi akkiss tn `roemoec watir oe rurah arias. Pfi stu`y oeòkatis tfat tfosapprnakf gakis snli kfahhiecis, oe partokuhar, hnw knviraci. A varoity ng strati-cois knuh` olprnvi `roemoec watir supphy4

1. [triectfie tfi rnhi ng tfi SAP[AEs oe tfi hnkah akknuetabohoty systil.

Ahtfnucf tfi SAP[AEs ari oe kfarci ng watir ae` saeotatone, rurah kotoziesari lnri homihy tn knetakt tfior òstrokt assilbhy lilbir nr tfior ueot knl-lottii lilbir ratfir tfae a SAP[AE lilbir og tfiy ixpiroieki prnb-hils wotf `roemoec watir supphy. Pfos os ent eikissarohy a prnbhil, as ot layoeòkati tfat tfi sfnrt rnuti ae` tfi hnec rnuti ng akknuetabohoty ari usiòe a syeircitok way. Fnwivir, ot lay ahsn oeòkati a hakm ng trust oe tfikapakoty ng tfi SAP[AEs tn risnhvi prnbhils. Fieki, ot appiars usiguh tnknesoìr fnw akknuetabohoty kae bi kriati` wotfoe tfisi nrcaeozatonesae` wotf rispikt tn tfi pnpuhatone tfiy sirvi. Lamoec tfil subknllot-

tiis ng tfi ueot knllottiis lay bi nei apprnakf, as tfi ueot knllottiisari ihikti`.

2. [triectfie ueot knllottiis as ae ahtireatovi straticy. As `roemoec watir sup-phy os a sirvoki eiiì` by tfi ietori pnpuhatone ratfir tfae spikogok crnups,ueot knllottiis lay bi knesoìri` as ae ahtireatovi nrcaeozatone tfat kaepirgnrl tfi tasms ng tfi SAP[AEs. Yeot knllottiis knuh` ahsn prnvoìntfir rurah sirvokis. As ae ahtireatovi tn spikoahozi` usir nrcaeozatones, ueotknllottiis knuh`, gnr sirvokis tfat ivirynei eii`s, bi turei` oetn luhto-

purpnsi knllottiis tfat ahsn phay a gnrlah rnhi oe tfi hnkah cnvirelietsystil.

Itfonpoa

Pfos siktone gorst prisiets riknllieì` straticois gnr Itfonpoas cieirah ìkie-trahozatone pnhoky. Ot tfie nggirs riknllieàtones gnr acrokuhturah ixtiesone ae``roemoec watir prnvosone.

Cieirah @ikietrahozatone ZnhokyPfi cnvireliet os iecaci` oe necnoec iggnrts tn striectfie tfi hnkah cnv-ireliet bnòis tfat ari lnst olpnrtaet tn tfi ladnroty ng ìkietrahozi`

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pubhok sirvokis. Assostaeki tn tfi ìkietrahozatone prnkiss ae`, oe partokuhar,tn pubhok sirvoki prnvosone at tfi hnkah hivih, knuh` tami oetn akknuet tfi gnh-hnwoec straticois4

1. [triectfie tfi nrcaeozatones tasmi` wotf buohòec tfi kapakoty ng tfi rihivaethnkah aciekois. Riconeah cnvireliets npirati varonus prncrals tn striectfietfi miy pubhok siktnr bnòis at tfi hnkah hivih. Alnec tfisi ari riconeah traoe-oec oestotutis tfat tami ne tfi rispnesobohoty ng prnvoòec traoeoec tn òstroktkaboeit lilbirs. Kriatone ng sukf nrcaeozatones os ae olpnrtaet stip tnwaròestotutoneahozoec òstrokt cnvireliet traoeoec ae` skahoec bakm rihoaeki negraclieti` a` fnk traoeoec `nei tfrnucf knesuhtaets ae` gar away oe tfikapotah koty. [ukf nrcaeozatones kae bi vahuabhi tn prnvoì suppnrt tn sukfricone-hivih traoeoec oestotutis tfat striectfie tfi kapakoty ng miy phayirs ae`ìkosone lamirs at tfi hnkah hivih, sukf as tfi òstrokt kaboeits.

2. Zay lnri attietone tn cieìr òliesones oe tfi ìhoviry ng pubhok sirvokis. Pfosstu`y focfhocfts tfi ìvihnpliet olpakt ng olphilietoec pnhokois ne pub-hok sirvoki prnvosone oe a way tfat iefaekis tfi prnùktovi knetrobutone ngwnlie as wihh as lie oe rurah arias. Pfi stu`ys goeòecs lay bi usiguh oeoetrnùkoec cieìr òliesones oetn tfi traoeoec lnùhis usi` by tfiriconeah traoeoec oestotutones tarcitoec hnkah cnvireliets.

;. Bittir ueìrstae` oetraparty prnkissis tfat aggikt sirvoki ìhoviry. Zrnkissisae` likfaeosls wotfoe tfi ruhoec party lay bi olpnrtaet `rovirs ng pnh-oky ìsoce ae` pnhoky olphilietatone oe acrokuhturah ixtiesone ae` watirsupphy. Wiry hotthi os menwe abnut tfisi prnkissis. Gurtfir risiarkf iggnrtsknuh` cn a hnec way oe fihpoec tn ueìrstae` tfi `rovoec gnrkis, oekietovis,ae` akknuetabohoty systils tfat oeghuieki fnw pubhok sirvokis gnr lie ae`wnlie ari ìhoviri`. Pfos ueìrstaeòec wnuh` kharogy tfi nppnrtueotoisae` knestraoets tfat ixost gnr oetirvietones siimoec tn olprnvi acrokuhturahixtiesone ae` `roemoec watir supphy.

0. Pami tfi pnhotokah riahoty oetn knesoìratone wfie ìkoòec fnw tn tarcitsuppnrt. Pfos stu`y riviahs tfat lilbirs ng tfi hnkah knuekoh phay a holoti`rnhi oe oeghuiekoec ìkosones ricaròec wfokf ae` fnw sirvokis ari ìhoviri`tn risoìets. Oe knetrast, ixikutovi bnòis ari a lukf lnri oeghuietoah hnkahphayir. Fieki, risnurkis knllotti` tn traoeoec ae` kapakoty buohòec nghnkah knuekohs lay ent akfoivi tfi ìsori` risuhts. Yeìrstaeòec pnhotokahriahotois sukf as tfos nei kae fihp `nenrs tarcit suppnrt.


Acrokuhturah ixtiesone os a focf cnvireliet pronroty, but knviraci ng ixtiesonesirvokis akrnss ricones varois woìhy, ae` ixtiesone aciets favi holoti` oskritone

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tn aàpt tikfenhncy pakmacis tn tfi knetixt ng oeòvoùah knllueotois. Pficieìr cap oe akkiss tn ixtiesone kae ahsn bi olprnvi`. [nli apprnakfis tna``rissoec tfisi ossuis knuh` oekhuì tfi gnhhnwoec4

1. Covi lnri òskritone tn ixtiesone aciets. Pn oekriasi tikfenhncy a`nptone

by lnri garlirs, ot siils usiguh tn covi ixtiesones acietstncitfir wotfgarlirslnri spaki tn ixpiroliet wotf tikfenhncy ae` oeput pakmacisntfir tfae tfnsi tfiy ari kurriethy riquori` tn prnlnti. Lokrnhivih aàp-tatone ng ixostoec pakmacis knuh` lami eiw oeputs ae` praktokis lnrikriòbhi tn garlirs. Pfos os partokuharhy olpnrtaet wotf ricar` tn ixtiesoneaciets wnrm wotf wnlie.

2. Ixpae` ixtiesone knviraci wfiri ot os hnw, oekhuòec tn pastnrah arias. Ixtie-sone knviraci varois woìhy akrnss sotis, wotf as giw as 2 pirkiet ae` as laey

as 90 pirkiet ng rispneìets favoec akkiss tn ixtiesone aciets. Riùkoectfisi starm òggiriekis oe akkiss siils dustogoi`.

;. Bro`ci tfi cieìr cap oe akkiss tn ixtiesone sirvokis. Pfi stu`y oìetogois snliprnlosoec ways tn riùki tfi cieìr cap. Nei os tfi iecaciliet ng wnliesassnkoatones tn sirvi as a bro`ci bitwiie ixtiesone wnrmirs ae` wnliegarlirs. Ixtireah assostaeki lay oekhuì bittir ae` lnri ìtaohi` `nkulie-tatone ne fnw ae` tfrnucf wfokf likfaeosls wnlies assnkoatones arisukkissguh oe broecoec ixtiesone a`voki tn tfior lilbirs. Hissnes hiarei`

knuh` bi tamie oetn akknuet oe ixpaeòec ae` skahoec up tfos apprnakf.


[ivirah straticois knuh` a``riss tfi prnbhils oìetogoi` oe tfi stu`y4

1. Oekriasi akkiss tn sagi `roemoec watir. Oekriasoec tfi viry hnw akkiss tn sagi`roemoec watir wnuh` a``riss kotozies pronrotois ae` olprnvi prnùktovotyby riùkoec tfi alnuet ng toli wnlie spie` gitkfoec watir (toli tfiyknuh` spie` iecacoec oe acrokuhturah aktovotois) ae` riùkoec fiahtf prnb-hils assnkoati` wotf uekhiae watir. Ixtireah suppnrt lay fihp a``risstfi prnbhil.

2. Zrnvoì traoeoec tn watir knllottiis ne knllueoty rihatones. Praoeoec tnwatir knllottiis knekietratis ne tikfeokah tnpoks. Ot knuh` bi ixpaeì` tnknvir knllueoty rihatones. Nei ng tfi olpnrtaet riasnes gnr tfi eneguek-toneoec ae` eneusi ng `roemoec watir gakohotois oe rurah arias os tfi pnnrcnvireaeki ng gakohotois by watir knllottiis, partokuharhy tfior hakm ng suk-kiss oe lnbohozoec knllueoty risnurkis tn laoetaoe gakohotois. Praoeoec gnrlaeacoec knllueoty rihatones, raosoec awarieiss gnr tfi eii` ng usirs tniesuri tfat gakohotois cit laoetaoei` agtir oeotoah knestruktone, ae` soloharsngt smohhs ari lukf eiiì`.

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;. Iesuri tfat watir laoetieaeki systils ari oe phaki. [irvoki prnvoìrsrispnesobhi gnr knestruktoec watir gakohotois sfnuh` phae kariguhhy gnr laoe-taoeoec tfi gakohotois agtir knestruktone.

0. Knesoìr hnkah menwhi`ci wfie sihiktoec watir sotis. Hnkah cnvireliets ae`

ECNs sfnuh` `raw ne bntf cinhncokah ixpirtosi ae` tfi hnkah menwhi`ci ngtfi knllueoty tn loeolozi lostamis oe soti sihiktone.

9. Ixpae` hnkah cnvireliet iggnrts tn kfaeci kuhturah enrls arnue` watir. Oesnli arias, tfi hnkah cnvireliet fas brnucft attietone tn tfi usuahhygilahi-bnrei burìe ng gitkfoec watir, òsphayoec pnstirs appiahoec tn lietn tami ne snli ng tfi burìe. Iggnrts sukf as tfisi tn kfaeci kuhturahenrls knuh` bi knesoìri` lnri woìhy ae` assissi` gnr tfior abohoty tniggikt kfaecis oe bifavonr. Ntfir hnkah pnhokois tfat tami a lnri gnrlaheaturi, sukf as laeàtoec tfat watir knllottii kfaors bi wnlie, knuhàhsn bi knesoìri`, tamoec oetn knesoìratone tfi strnec varoatone oe tfikuhturah akkiptabohoty ng sukf pnhokois.

OLZHOKAPONE[ GNR GYPYRI RI[IARKF

Pfi akknuetabohoty hoemacis gnr rurah sirvoki prnvosone vary woìhy akrnss knue-trois, ìpieòec ne tfi pnhotokah systil ae` tfi apprnakf tn ìkietrahozatone oe

sirvoki prnvosone. Yeìrstaeòec tfisi hoemacis os issietoah gnr oìetogyoec ietrypnoets tn lami rurah sirvoki prnvosone lnri rispnesovi tn cieìr eii`s.

Laey olpnrtaet quistones riquori gurtfir risiarkf, ixpirolietatone, ae`hiareoec. Sfokf likfaeosls oe tfi hnkah cnvireaeki systil kriati pnhotokahoekietovis oe nbtaoeoec bittir nutknlis gnr tfi rurah pnpuhatone oe cieirah ae`rurah wnlie oe partokuhar> Fnw `n tfisi likfaeosls òggir akrnss pnhotokahsystils> Sfokf likfaeosls wnrm wotfoe a (ì gaktn) nei-party systil>Sfokf likfaeosls wnrm oe luhtoparty systils tfat ari subdikt tn pnhotokahknlpitotone but phacui` wotf khoietihosl ae` ihoti kapturi> Guturi risiarkf

oekhuòec risiarkf usoec tfi àta knhhikti` ueìr tfos prndiktwohh favi tna``riss tfisi quistones.

Pfi pnhotokah rignrls ng tfi past ìkaì favi kriati` eiw nppnrtueotoisgnr olprnvoec tfi prnvosone ng acrokuhturah ae` rurah sirvokis tn tfnsi wfnfavi bieigoti` hiast grnl tfil oe tfi past4 tfi rurah pnnr ae` rurah wnlie.Pfi autfnr tial fnpis tfat tfos ripnrt wohh fihp rurah knllueotois ae`tfior nrcaeozatones, cnvireliets, ECNs, ae` ìvihnpliet parteirs crasptfisi nppnrtueotois.

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ZRNWO@OEC ACROKYHPYRAH AE@ RYRAH [IRWOKI[4

SFAP O[ PFI ZRNBHIL>

Pfrii nut ng gnur pnnr pinphi oe tfi ìvihnpoec wnrh` hovi oe ruraharias, ae` lnst ng tfil ìpie`òrikthy nr oeòrikthyne acrokuh-turi gnr tfior hovihofnn`s. Oe tfi 21st kietury, acrokuhturi rilaoes a

gueàlietah tnnh gnr hogtoec tfil nut ng pnvirty, as focfhocfti` oe tfi Snrh`@ivihnpliet Ripnrt 2::6 (Snrh` Baem 2::3i). Pfi 2::6 gnn` krosos ueìr-sknri` tfi urcieky ng suppnrtoec acrokuhturah ìvihnpliet.

Zrnvoòec iknenlok sirvokis, sukf as acrokuhturah ixtiesone, os issietoah tnusoec acrokuhturi gnr ìvihnpliet. Pfi rurah pnnr ahsn eii` a raeci ng basok

sirvokis, sukf as `roemoec watir, iùkatone, ae` fiahtf sirvokis.[ukf sirvokis ari òggokuht tn prnvoì oe rurah arias, bikausi tfiy ari subdikt

tn tfi trophi kfahhieci ng larmit gaohuri, stati gaohuri, ae` knllueoty gaohuri(bnx 1.1). Bikausi ng larmit gaohuris, tfi provati siktnr `nis ent prnvoì tfisisirvokis tn tfi rurah pnnr tn tfi ixtiet tfat os ìsorabhi grnl snkoitys pnoet ngvoiw. Pfi stati os ent viry iggiktovi oe prnvoòec tfisi sirvokis iotfir. Ene-cnvirelietah nrcaeozatones (ECNs) ae` knllueotois tfilsihvis ari ahtirea-tovi prnvoìrs ng tfisi sirvokis, but tfiy ngtie ahsn gaoh.

Pfi riasnes gnr larmit gaohuri, stati gaohuri, ae` knllueoty gaohuri òggir

akrnss sirvokis. Gnr acrokuhturah kriòt, larmit gaohuris arosi grnl tfi gakt tfattfi rosms ng krnp gaohuri aggikt harci eulbirs ng khoiets at tfi sali toli.

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2 CIE@IR AE@ CNWIREAEKI OE RYRAH [IRWOKI[

Acrokuhturah ae` rurah sirvoki prnvosone os kfahhiecoec bikausi ng larmit gaoh-

uri, stati gaohuri, ae` ECN ae` knllueoty gaohuri. Pfos bnx òskussis tfiriasnes bifoe` tfisi gaohuris, usoec acrokuhturah ixtiesone as ae ixalphi.

Larmit Gaohuri

Oe a larmit iknenly, nei wnuh` ixpikt tfi provati siktnr tn prnvoì acrokuh-

turah ixtiesone sirvokis. Pfiri ari sivirah riasnes wfy ot `nis ent4

Menwhi`ci tfat os ent garl spikogok, sukf as oegnrlatone abnut acrokuhturah

prokis, os typokahhy a pubhok cnn`, wfokf holots tfi oekietovis gnr tfi provati

siktnr tn prnvoì ot. Ixtiesone sirvokis kae ahsn favi tfi kfaraktirostoks ng

a lirot cnn`tfat os, a cnn` wfnsi trui vahui os ent riknceozi` nr tfatknesulirs kaeent aggnr`, holotoec ìlae`.

Ixtiesone fas pnsotovi ixtireahotois, bikausi snli ng ots bieigots, sukf as

olprnvi` gnn` sikuroty ae` ievornelietah sustaoeabohoty, bieigot ent nehy

tfi garlirs wfn usi ot but snkoity as a wfnhi.

Zrnvosone ng ixtiesone bieigots grnl iknenlois ng skahi, but riakfoec

a harci ienucf eulbir ng slahhfnhìrs os òggokuht, bikausi tfiy ari

spatoahhy òspirsi` ae` traespnrtatone knsts oe rurah arias ari focf.

[tati Gaohuri

Pfi larmit gaohuris ng ixtiesone sirvokis favi oeùki` lnst knuetrois tn prn-

voì tfisi sirvokis tfrnucf pubhok siktnr nrcaeozatones. Ixtiesone fas twn

kfaraktirostoks tfat lami prnvosone by tfi pubhok siktnr oefiriethy òggokuht4

traesaktone oetiesoty ae` òskritone (Zrotkfitt ae` Snnhknkm 2::0). Ixtie-

sone os traesaktone oetiesovi, bikausi ot fas tn bi prnvoì` griquiethy

tfrnucfnut tfi knuetry, ivie oe tfi lnst rilnti arias. Ot riquoris òskritone

ne tfi part ng ixtiesone aciets, ispikoahhy og snhutones ari taohnri` tn garlirs

eii`s. Pfisi kfaraktirostoks kriati stati gaohuris gnr a varoity ng riasnes4

Oegnrlatone asyllitry ixosts bitwiie ixtiesone aciets ae` tfior lae-acirs bikausi ng tfi spatoahhy òspirsi` eaturi ng acrokuhturi ae` bikausi

acrokuhturah nutknlis, sukf as krnp yoih`s, ari oeghuieki` by laey gaktnrs

ntfir tfae ixtiesone. Pfos asyllitry lamis cnn` ixtiesone sirvokis òg-

gokuht tn prnvoì.

Ahtfnucf pubhok siktnr aciekois kae usi varonus oestruliets, sukf as

lirot-basi` prnlntone, tn kriati oekietovis, tfiy kaeent usuahhy prnvoì

sahary oekietovis, holotoec tfior abohoty tn riwar` ixkihhiet wnrm. Pncitfir

wotf tfi gakt tfat ixtiesone aciets ngtie favi hnwir snkoah status tfae

ntfir pubhok siktnr ilphnyiis, tfos riùkis tfior lnrahi. Pfi hakm ng npir-

atoneah gue`s tfat wnuh` ahhnw tfil tn cit tn tfi goih` ae` wnrm iggiktovihyahsn aggikts lnrahi.

Bnx 1.1 Larmit Gaohuri, [tati Gaohuri, ae` Knllueoty

Gaohuri oe Acrokuhturah Ixtiesone

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OEPRN@YKPONE ;

Zubhok siktnr aciekois ngtie hakm tfi oekietovis tn oevist oe tfi kapakoty ng

tfior ixtiesone stagg. As a risuht, stagg menwhi`ci os ent ahways up tn àti.

Bikausi harci-skahi garlirs favi lnri pnhotokah oeghuieki tfae slahhfnh`-irs, pnhotokoaes ngtie oeùki tfi pubhok a`loeostratone tn sirvi harcir garl-

irs bittir. At tfi sali toli, ixtiesone sirvoki prnvoìrs goe` ot iasoir tn

wnrm wotf tfil. Bikausi ixtiesone aciets ari ngtie tfi nehy cnvireliet

aciets abhi tn oetirakt wotf a knesoìrabhi part ng tfi rurah pnpuhatone,

cnvireliets kae ahsn losusi tfior pnsotones gnr pnhotokah purpnsis, sukf as

kalpaoceoec gnr tfi ruhoec partois oe ihiktones.

Zubhok siktnr ixtiesone aciets ari ngtie burìei` wotf aktovotois tfat gahh

nutsoì tfi laeàti ng acrokuhturah ixtiesone. Pfiy ari griquiethy

oevnhvi` oe nrcaeozoec subsoòzi` oeput supphy ae` olphilietoec kriòt

skfilis. Pfiy lay ahsn bi asmi` tn fihp olphiliet pubhok fiahtf prn-crals ae` ntfir cnvireliet skfilis tfat ari ent rihati` tn acrokuhturi.

Buriaukratok prnkiùris lami ot òggokuht gnr ixtiesone aciets tn rispne`

ghixobhy tn hnkah ìlae`s, ispikoahhy oe focfhy kietrahozi` systils. Buriau-

kratok kuhturi os ahsn ae nbstakhi tn tfi rignrl ng pubhok siktnr aciekois.

Buriaukratok strukturis ngtie òsknuraci tfi knnròeatone ng acrokuhturah

ixtiesone wotf ntfir ipartliets. Garlirs lay ahsn suggir grnl attotuòeah

prnbhils, wfokf ari woìspria` oe traòtoneah pubhok siktnr aciekois.

Zubhok siktnr ixtiesone ngtie hakms goeaekoah sustaoeabohoty, ispikoahhy og

knst riknviry os ent pursui`. Agtir `nenr-gueì` prncrals ie`, ixtiesone

aciekois ari griquiethy higt wotf a harci eulbir ng ixtiesone aciets tfiykae en hnecir gue`.

Knrruptone os ent a knllne prnbhil oe ixtiesone (menwhi`ci sirvokis

nggir hotthi sknpi gnr knrruptone). Fnwivir, tfi lnri ixtiesone aciets ari

oevnhvi` oe tfi òstrobutone ng oeputs ae` kriòt nr oe tfi iegnrkiliet ng

haws, tfi woìr tfi sknpi gnr knrruptone.

ECN ae` Knllueoty Gaohuri

Oe voiw ng tfi prnbhils ng stati ae` larmit gaohuri, ECNs favi biie prnlnti`

as ae ahtireatovi snhutone. Oe tfi absieki ng a larmit likfaeosl, fnwivir, tfiy

ari subdikt tn tfi sali typis ng oegnrlatone prnbhils tfi pubhok siktnr gakis.

ECNs ari usuahhy slahhir tfae pubhok siktnr aciekois. Pfos knetrobutis tn

tfior ghixobohoty, but ot riùkis tfior nutriakf. Pfi pirkietaci ng garlirs

riakfi` by ECN ixtiesone os ngtie slahh. Oe Oeòa, gnr ixalphi, wfokf fas a

vobraet ECN knllueoty, ECNs knestotuti ae oegnrlatone snurki gnr hiss

tfae 1 pirkiet ng garlirs (E[[N 2::9).

ECNs ari ahsn subdikt tn akknuetabohoty prnbhils. Oe proekophi, pubhok

siktnr aciekois kae bi laì akknuetabhi tn garlirs tfrnucf pnhotokah kfae-

e

Gender and Governance in Rural Services

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Transcript of Gender and Governance in Rural Services