GENDER andDEVELOPMENT MAINSTREAMING

THE RATIONALE BEHINDGENDER MAINSTREAMINGINTRODUCTION

OBJECTIVES

SEX AND GENDER

GENDER NEEDS (USE OF GENDER-FAIR LANGUAGE)

WHAT IS DEVELOPMENT?

GENDER AND DEVELOPMENT

GENDER MAINSTREAMING (WHAT HAVE WE DONE SO FAR?)

OBJECTIVES 1.Deepen the awareness and knowledge of participants on gender issues;

2. Identify the differing situations and needs of women and men and consider them in every action or decision they make;

3. Develop skills in using gender-fair language in the workplace; and,

4. Advocate gender equality and equity in every programs and projects of their respective office/agency

MAIN PREMISES1. That, this is not a WAR OF THE SEXES;2. That, we are not ANTI-MALE;3. That, both WOMEN and MEN are victims, although WOMEN are usually/oftentimes the victims than MEN;4. That, both MEN and WOMEN have a stake in the struggle from Gender Equality.

Any Discussion On GAD Starts With The Difference Between SEX And GENDER

SEX Is a natural distinguishing variables based on biological characteristics of being a woman or man. It refers to physical attributes pertaining to a persons body contours, chromosomes and reproductive organs.

GENDER - Refers to the socially differentiated roles, characteristics and expectations attributed by culture to women and men. It is set of characteristics that identifies the social behavior of women and men and the relationships between them.

Gender roles, expectations and perceptions both women and men into situations that constrain their capacity to do and capacity to be, hindering, in turn, their potentials to attain a full and satisfying life.

Draw the first image (s) that come toyour mind when you hear the wordWoman;

- When you hear the word Man

INSTITUTIONS OF SOCIALIZATIONA. FAMILY/PARENTS IMPLICATIONS- Boys should be While boys shouldaggressive, go out; have the privilegetrained to be decision- to go to school sincemakers and leaders they will be future breadwinners.Girls are trained in house When there are limited work. resources, girls should stay at home.

B. FAMILY/HUSBAND IMPLICATIONS AND WIFE- Husband who consults hisUnder de saya; wife for decision; husband Ridiculed by palswho goes home early;and relatives;husband who does notRestrictions affectgo out on nights out w/mens self esteemfriends; no vices

SCHOOLIMPLICATIONSCourses for boys: Not an opportunity Engineering; Medicine to choose but an Architecture imposition.Courses for girls:Nursing, Social Work;Secretarial; Education.

On out-of-wedlock A girl who gets pregnantPregnancy while studying, gets kicked out, but a boy who gets a girl pregnant does not receive any sanction

CHURCH IMPLICATIONSWedding rites Misinterpretation of rite:WIFE, submit to your husband MAN, love your wife (forgets the line. . As you love GOD)> used by some to justify why women should stay with a batterer.

E. GOVERNMENTIMPLICATIONS

Men in general getLess opportunities for higher pay at workwomen to take leader-ship positions

A COMPARISON (CSC 2008) - Senate: Male-20 Female- 3 - Congress: Male-214 Female -54

- Supreme Court Justices (2010)

Male-12Female-3

-GovernorsMale-52Female-15 -Mayors Male-1,083Female-258

F. WORKPLACEIMPLICATIONS

Women in general, TRABAHO NA,work in serviceBAHAY PAindustries (an extension of theirexpected role at home)

G. MEDIA IMPLICATIONS-Women in Advertisements: Women should alwaysCosmetic ads- Convey that be YOUNG and BEAUfor a woman to be loved, TIFUL (a self-worthdapat maganda, makinis based on mens sexy perceptions)

-Other product ads: WOMEN ARE SEX OBJECTS BUY THIS BEER/LIQUOR (pangkama,CAR and this woman will pampagana, pambe yours pasaya)

MANIFESTATIONS OF GENDER BIAS

ECONOMIC MARGINALIZATION- Under or non- violation/recognition of womens work- Unequal pay for work of equal value- Last to be hired, first to be fired- Limited opportunities- Exacting sex favours

POLITICAL SUBORDINATIONPosition- Women always attend PTA meetings, but when a man attends one, he even gets elected as president.Status- Women have no identity, when they get married, they usually carry the names of their husbands.Decision Making- Women cannot make decisions by themselves. They still have to consult their husbands.Process Of Socialization- Women are accepted as second class citizen next to men. Even in dancing it is the man who directs the woman.

MULTIPLE BURDEN

Parenting or child rearingHousework

Women work outside their homes but they are still expected to perform domestic responsibilities and take care of the children.

GENDER STEREOTYPING

Child Rearing - Expected To Take Care Of The ChildrenReligion - Does not allow women to be free with what they wear, or are merely subordinatesOccupation - Nurses, teachers, Maids, Social WorkersEducation - Pambahay Lang, Hindi Na Pag Aaralin Sa High School o CollegeLanguage - Language used in our culture is a man thing- humanity, manhole, policeman, postman, utility man, chairman.Behavior - Women Are WeakMedia - Women are often portrayed as virgin or vamp and as sex object.

VIOLATION AGAINST WOMEN Verbal, psychological and physical abuse forms of violence: jokes, wolf whistles, peeping, tsansing, making sexual passes, sexual harassment, domestic rape, prostitution.

PERSONAL ( Epekto Sa Pagkatao) Low Self EsteemNo Control Over Ones Body

THE USE OF GENDER-FAIR LANGUAGEGender-fair language is needed whenlanguage is sexist, devalues members of onesex, fosters gender inequality and discriminateswomen by rendering them invisible, at thesame time, perpetuates notion of malesupremacy.

The way we speak and the way we write affects the way we think.

Activity Eliminate the generic use of HE, HIS or HIM unless the antecedent is obviously male by:Using plural noun;Deleting he, his & him altogether;Reword if necessary;Using one, we or youUsing the passive voice;Eliminate the use of MAN. Instead use people, person (s).

The lawyer uses his brief to guide him.The architect uses his blue print to guide him.The manager must submit his proposal today.Ordinary man; the brotherhood of man;The administrator requires every nurse to sterilize her hands before entering the intensive care unit.6. Each supervisor will be at his workstation by 8:00a.m.

DEVELOPMENT MUST BENEFIT BOTH WOMEN AND MEN

What is development?

Development Means - Market growth, modernization, infrastructure improvement, trade and employment.- It promotes people participation and empowerment and strives to meet basic needs and interests.- Provides opportunities to broaden an individuals Capacity to do and Capacity to be.

CAPACITY TO DO

Do productive and satisfying workHave control over ones income and benefit from it.Enjoy nature and the natural environmentProcreate and rear childrenCare for othersTravel in search of opportunities

CAPACITY TO BE

Being knowledgeable and skillfulBeing well nourishedBeing confident of ones own abilitiesBeing comfortable with ones achievements, independence and power

DEVELOPMENT INDICATORS

Employment

Education and training

Nutrition

Health

Fertility

MigrationCAPACITIES

To do productive and satisfying workTo be knowledgeable and skillful

To be well nourished

To be physically and mentally healthy

To bear and rear children

To travel in search of opportunities

GENDER AND DEVELOPMENT

Is about removing explicit, implicit,actual and potential gender biases within organizations and programs, projects and activities of those who are concerned with development.

EXPLICIT CULTURE

PoliciesStatementsProceduresDress codePublicised image

IMPLICIT CULTURE

Unstated beliefsShared gossipTraditionsNorms

Gender mainstreaming is an approach to development that looks more comprehensively at the relationships between women and men in their access to and control over resources,decision making, benefits and rewards in society.

GENDER MAINSTREAMING

May Include The Following:

The directions that government follows in terms of resource distribution among social and economic programs;The views about gender roles promoted by culture and religion;The Agenda Of Political Groups;

The hiring and pay practices in the private sector and global trade relations; and

Practices And Activities Of Multilateral Financial Institutions, such as, World Bank And The International Monetary Fund,

And Bilateral assistance agencies.

INTERNATIONAL MANDATES:

The united nations convention on the Elimination of all forms of discrimination Against women (UN- CEDAW) which promotesEquality in all fields, affirmative action for Women and protection of women from violence;

Beijing platform for action (PFA) of the Fourth world conference on women (FWFW) Which calls for actions on 12 areas of concernAffecting women; and

Commitments made in such globalmeetings as, the UN Conference on Women, International Conference on Population and Development, the World Summit for Social Development and Habitat Conference.

NATIONAL MANDATES FOR GENDER MAINSTREAMING ARE:

SECTION 14, ARTICLE II OF THE 1987 PHILIPPINE CONSTITUTION WHICH STATES THAT THE STATE RECOGNIZES THE ROLE OF WOMEN IN NATION BUILDINGAND SHALL ENSURE THE FUNDAMENTAL EQUALITY BEFORETHE LAW OF WOMEN AND MEN;

REPUBLIC ACT 7192 OR THE WOMEN IN DEVELOPMENT AND

NATION BUILDING ACT WHICH PROMOTES THE INTEGRATION OF WOMEN AS FULL AND EQUAL PARTNERS OF MEN IN DEVELOPMENT AND NATION BUILDING;

[W]e support societies that empower women -- because no country will reach its potential unless it draws on the talents of our wives and our mothers, and our sisters and our daughters You can measure how well a country does by how it treats its women. President Obama, Cape Town, South Africa, June 30, 2013

SECTION 28 OF THE GENERAL APPROPRIATIONS ACT (GAA) FROM 1995 TO 2000 DIRECTING GOVERNMENT ENTITIES TO FORMULATE A GAD PLAN, THE COST OF WHICH SHALL NOT BE LESS THAN FIVE PERCENT(5%) OF THEIR YEARLY BUDGET, OTHERWISE KNOWN AS GAD BUDGET;

EXECUTIVE ORDER 273 DIRECTING ALL GOVERNMENT AGENCIES AND LOCAL LEVELS TO INSTITUTIONALIZE(GAD) EFFORTS IN GOVERNMENT BY INCORPORATING GAD CONCERNS IN THEIR PLANNING, PROGRAMMING AND BUDGETING PROCESSES; AND

LOCAL BUDGET MEMORANDUM 28 WHICH DIRECTS LOCAL GOVERNMENT UNITS TO MOBILIZE RESOURCES TO MAINSTREAM AND IMPLEMENT GENDER AND DEVELOPMENTPROGRAMS USING THE 5% DEVELOPMENT FUND.

The Gender Mainstreaming Evaluation FrameworkWill individuals in the bureaucracy perform better on the job after gender mainstreaming?Will government services improve?Will agencies perform better?

Stages of Gender MainstreamingStage 1. Foundation FormationStage 2. Installation of Strategic MechanismsStage 3. GAD ApplicationStage 4. Commitment Enhancement and Institutionalization

Stage 1 Foundation formationIssuing broad statements by top management expressing support for GAD and its concepts;Reviewing existing policies, both addressing the agencys personnel and its clients, to determine their gender responsiveness;Allocating budget to fund GAD-related activities; andEvaluating and analyzing the organizations potentials for incorporating GAD in its programs and projects.

Stage 2 Installation of strategic mechanisms

GAD Focal System and TWGs who serve as the planners and implementers of gender mainstreaming;GAD plans that spell out the agencys vision and goals with regard to gender mainstreaming, and incorporate GAD into actual programs and projects;Identification of institutional mechanisms, such as funding and staff, to be tapped in implementing GAD programs and projects; and

Stage 3 GAD applicationIntegration of the interventions in the Balance Scorecard of the agency and in the performance contracts of its officials;Ensuring that the agencys flagship programs address gender issues;GAD training programs that are more focused and particular to the needs of the sponsors, advocates and targets of change;GAD intervention are undertaken not only by the central offices but by regional offices and attached agencies; and

Stage 4 Commitment enhancement and institutionalizationPolicies and procedures are constantly modified and improved to make them gender responsive;GAD programs and projects are constantly introduced, evaluated and enhanced to sustain the mainstreaming effort; andThe accountability of sustaining the gains of mainstreaming is accepted and claimed as a commitment of everyone in the agency.

FOR EVERY WOMAN NANCY SMITH

For every woman who is tired of acting weak when she knows she is strong. There is a man who is tired of appearing strong when he feels vulnerable.

For every woman who is tired of acting dumb. There is a man who is burdened with the constant expectations of knowing everything.

For every woman who is tired of being called an emotional female. There is a man who is denied of the right to weep and be gentle.

For every woman who feels tied-down by her children. There is a man who is denied the full pleasure of shared parenthood.

For every woman who is denied meaningful employment and equal pay. There is a man who must bear responsibility for another human being.

For every woman who was not taught the intricacies of the automobile. There is a man who was not taught the satisfaction of cooking.

For every woman who take a step toward her own liberation. There is a man who finds that the way to freedom has been made a little easier.