Finals Pictures

Examples of Malformations

A. Polydactyly (one or more extra digits) and syndactyly (fusion of digits)B. Cleft lip (may be with or without associated cleft palate)C. Lethal malformation (midface structures are fused or ill-formed); external

dysmorphogenesis associated with severe internal anomalies such as maldevelopment of the brain and cardiac defects

Disruption by an amniotic

band

Disruptions (Amniotic Bands)

Oligohydramnios sequence

Flattened facial features and deformed right foot (talipes equinovarus)

Thalidomide Babies

Fetal macrosomia in Gestational Diabetes

Trisomy 21 (Down’s Syndrome)

Trisomy 18 (Edward’s Syndrome)

• unusually small head

• back of the head is prominent

• ears are malformed and low-set

• mouth and jaw are small (may also have a cleft lip or cleft palate

• hands are clenched into fists, and the index finger overlaps the other fingers

• Clubfeet (or rocker bottom feet) and toes may be webbed or fused

Trisomy 13 (Patau Syndrome)

Hyaline Membrane Disease

This is hyaline membrane disease due to

prematurity and lack of surfactant

production from type II pneumonocytes

within the immature lung. Note the thick

pink membranes lining the alveolar

spaces.

Necrotizing enterocolitis (NEC)

Necrotizing enterocolitis (NEC)

The plain abdominal film shows air in the portal vein, air in the bowel walls, and a large

pneumoperitoneum [subdiaphragmatic free air, perihepatic free air, double wall sign (blue

arrows), triangle sign (green arrows), and falciform ligament (red arrow)].

Pneumatosis

instestinalis

(air within

the intestinal

walls)

Hydrops Fetalis (non-immune)

Generalized edema from fluid collection in the soft tissues

results in hydrops fetalis. Causes: Most common are "non-

immune" types that include infections, congestive failure (from

anemia or cardiac abnormalities), and congenital anomalies.

Immune hydrops, from maternal antibody formed against fetal

red blood cells, is not common when Rh immune globulin is

employed in cases of potential Rh incompatibility.

Cystic hygroma (in fetus w/ Turner’s syndrome)

Kernicterus

Congenital Capillary Hemangioma

At birth At 2 years

After spontaneous regression

Capillary Hemangioma

RBC-filled capillaries

Lymphangioma

Dilated lymphatic channels

Teratoma

Mucus-secreting glands, cartilage, bone

Neuroblastoma

Acute Myeloid Leukemia

BM expansion

Wilms Tumor, kidney

Wilms tumor of the kidney (lobulated white-tan mass), many are associated with genetic defects on

chromosome 11.

Children present with abdominal enlargement from the mass effect.

nests and sheets of dark blue cells at the left

with compressed normal renal parenchyma

at the right

Carbon monoxide poisoning

Cherry-red discoloration of the skin

Asbestosis

Asbestos fiber

Asbestos fibers coated with iron

Tan-white pleural plaques

Lead Toxicity

Arsenic poisoning

Dental fluorosis

Tetracycline-stained teeth

Effects of Smoking

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Liver cirrhosis in chronic alcoholism (left)Esophageal varices associated with liver cirrhosis (right)

Stevens-Johnson Syndrome

SJS is defined as detachment of less

than 10% of the body surface area

Marasmus vs. Kwashiorkor

Anorexia Nervosa

Bulimia nervosa

Bitot’s spot in Vit. A deficiency

Rickets

Scurvy

Riboflavin deficiency

Chickenpox vs. Shingles

Mumps

Measles

Herpes Simplex

Cytomegalovirus

Blueberry-muffin babyOwl-eye inclusions in the lung tissue

Epstein-Barr virus

Dengue

Herman's rash – islands of white in a sea of red

Human Papilloma Virus

Cervical Cancer

Poliomyelitis

Strep throat

Diphtheria

Gram-negative intracellular diplococci

Tetanus

Opisthotonus

(severe spastic paralysis)

Syphilis (chancre)

Entamoeba histolytica(cause of amoebiasis)

Giardia lamblia(Giardiasis)

Trichomonas vaginalis(Trichomoniasis)

“Strawberry cervix" - cervical mucosa

reveals punctate hemorrhages with

accompanying vesicles or papules

Ascaris lumbricoides(Giant intestinal roundworm)

cause of Ascariasis

Enterobius vermicularis

Female worms leave the rectum during the

night and deposit eggs on the perianal

skin, producing pruritus.

Tapeworm

Schistosomiasis

Candida albicans(Candidiasis-oral thrush)

Yeast cells Pseudohyphae

Ringworm

Tinea corporis

Tinea cruris

Ameloblastoma

Pleomorphic Adenoma

Warthin’s Tumor

Mucoepidermoid Carcinoma

Adenoid Cystic Carcinoma

Aneurysm

Atherosclerotic aneurysm of

the aorta (large "bulge“ just

above the aortic bifurcation).

Prone to rupture when they

reach about 6 to 7 cm in size.

Felt on PE as a pulsatile mass

in the abdomen.

Arteriovenous malformation (AVM)

Atrial Septal Defect (ASD)

Ventricular Septal Defect (VSD)

Patent Ductus Arteriosus (PDA)

Tetralogy of Fallot (TOF)

Transposition of the Great Arteries

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