GEM as a source for disease and insect resistance & Crop Biosecurity Wm. E. Dolezal Pioneer Hi-Bred...
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Transcript of GEM as a source for disease and insect resistance & Crop Biosecurity Wm. E. Dolezal Pioneer Hi-Bred...
GEM as a source for disease and insect resistance
& Crop Biosecurity
Wm. E. DolezalPioneer Hi-Bred International, Inc.
Johnston, IA
GEM Cooperator Meeting - 2003Hyatt Regency Hotel
Chicago, ILDecember 10, 2003
Topics to discuss today
• Importance of Maize Genetic Resources in Crop Biosecurity
• Need to identify new source for disease and insect resistance
• Screening/pathogen population monitoring opportunities worldwide
• The difficulty in screening material that is not crossed onto a locally adapted tester
• Suggestions in the use of these GEM germplasm in breeding programs
Importance of Maize Genetic Resources in Crop Biosecurity
The events of September 11, 2001 has changed our world.• What was not considered possible is now plausible
• Economic disruption – crop bioterroristic targets – Corn & soybean?• Relatively “low tech” effort needed.• Historical efforts during the cold war by the super powers
Are we broad enough with our genetic diversity of our major commercial maize germplasm?
Stiff Stalk X Non-Stiff Stalk (Lancaster, Etc)
Importance of Maize Genetic Resources in Crop Biosecurity
Unintentional Pest Introduction through Worldwide Trade
Once major natural barriers to pest movement now easily
overcome by modern transportation
Unintentional Pest Introductions through man’s activities:• Since 1980, over 200+ Non-indigenous species have been intercepted by the USDA. 59 economically damaging.
• Free Trade agreements have allowed more INTERNATIONAL movements of commodities and containerized freight shipments.
Example: CRW introduction into Europe
Importance of Maize Genetic Resources in Crop Biosecurity
Are we operating ourplant breeding programs under an outdated model
of genetic susceptibility to a new series of Exotic PESTS and higher introduction risk?
Some Recent Examples:• Soybean Rust • Soybean Aphid• Russian Wheat Aphid• Sorghum Ergot• Corn Rootworm (Europe)
Microsoft PowerPoint Presentation
Need to identify new source of insect & disease resistance
Summary GEM Disease/Entomology Collaborations - 2003
18 Collaborations• 4 Private Companies: AgriSource, Nidera, Pioneer, (All In Kind Support) & Professional Seed
• 7 Universities (SCA’s): Cornell, LSU, NCSU, Ohio St. Univ.Texas A& M(2), Univ’s of DE & IL
• 6 USDA-ARS GA, MO, MS(2), & NC(2) (USDA Support)
Countries• Argentina, Thailand, USA
SHANE SCOTT 021397
Identifying Worldwide Disease Screening Locations - GEM
DISEASE NAME GEM Collaborator Northern Leaf Blight: PHI, Northern Leaf Spot Professional SeedSouthern Leaf Blight: Prof. Seed, PHI, NCSUSouthern Rust: PHIEyespot: Prof. Seed Common Rust: PHITropical Rust: ---Stewart’s Wilt: Prof. SeedGoss’ Wilt: ---Gray Leaf Spot: Prof. Seed, NCSU, OSUHead Smut: ---Common Smut: ---Corn Stunt Spiroplasma: ---MDMV: ---MDMCPX: OSU?HPV: ---MRDV/MRFV: Nidera, PHIMaize Stripe Virus: ---CLN: ---
SHANE SCOTT 021397
Identifying Worldwide Disease & Insect Screening Locations
- GEMDISEASE/INSECT NAME GEM Collaborator
Bacterial Stalk Rot ---Sorghum Downy Mildew (S.macro.) ---Philippine Downy Mildew (S. phil.): AgriSourceDiplodia Stalk Rot: ---Anthracnose Stalk Rot: Cornell, Univ.-DelFusarium Stalk Rot: ---Gibberella Stalk Rot: ---Diplodia (D. maidis) Ear Rot: PHI,Diplodia (D. macrospora): ---Fusarium Ear Rot: PHI, NCSU,Gibberella Ear Rot: ---
Mycotoxins: Aflatoxin LSU, Texas A&M,
USDA-ARS-GA,MSFumonisin Univ-IL,USDA-ARS-NC DON ---
Insects:CEW Texas A&MCRW PHI, Univ. IL, USDA-ARS-MoECB PHI, Univ-ILSWCB USDA-ARS-MS
GEM as a “target rich” source for identifying new sources of resistance to major crop performance traits
Stalk Lodging – Premature death and standability
Additional Opportunities to enlist other Worldwide CollaboratorsProactive effort by USDA-APHIS Collect pest information before before pest arrival
• Africa • Asia• Central & South America
Solicit New Members/Cooperators?
• Public
• Agricultural Universities.
• NGO Research Centers / CGIAR
• Government Agricultural Research Units
• Multinational Maize Breeding Companies
Screening/pathogen population Monitoring opportunities worldwide
Team Involvement of Pathologist / Entomologist, working with Plant Breeders, to Understand Pest Population Biology
• Determine stability of host resistance by understanding the existing variability in pest population
• Northern leaf blight genes: HT1-3 genes• Anthracnose – MP305, LB31, exotic• Rust genes – Rp1’s, Rpp’s, • Ear molds & mycotoxin production
• Linkages with maize genomic programs
Southern Corn Rust (Puccinia polysora)
Central Brazil – March 2003
Susceptible hybrid – foregroundResistant hybrid - background
What is our current ability to determine races using host differentials?
• A. Roberts (1963) rust collection & host differential sets are mostly gone!
• Rpp9 gene in use but not effective in parts of So. America, Asia and SE USA
• What are the identity of the other races in these regions?• Are specific sources of resistance identified for each race or are there partial resistance sources available?
GEM Collaborators Span the World
Offers unique opportunity for characterizing material study plant pathogen populations
and discover resistant/tolerant germplasm
Example: Race, strain or biotype differentiation • Puccinia polysora
• Asian, So. American & USA isolates
• Maize Rio Cuarto Virus / Maize Rough Dwarf Virus
Yield without yield stability (disease/insect resistance) It is just as bad!
•Big Advantage of GEM – Yield is a major selection component
• Must avoid the “Greeny Winnies”
• Resistance without yield is NOT a winner!
• Balance: ear size (yield) & pest resistance
Microsoft PowerPoint Presentation
The difficulty in screening material that is not crossed onto a locally adapted tester
Difficult to measure assigned disease/insect trait when you have poor plant development due to choice of non - adapted tester.
Makes the job much more difficult to utilize other worldwide screening locations to test GEM material.
• cross onto adapted tester that is good for other key agronomic traits but poor for the trait of interest
Top Quality
Data collected from GEM Screening locations
Insure adequate disease & insect pressure• measure against an appropriate maturity & trait check (B73, SX19, etc).
• be aware of gene insertions (B73Ht1)
Insure that a well developed ear has formed when collecting late season traits (foliar, ears & stalk traits)
Other Testing Complications:Sensitivity to common herbicides
GEM Cooperators: Earlier generation screening for lethals?• Systematic screening of common herbicide chemistry? • Compiling data on any reports of injury?
2003 Herbicide DamageJohnston, IA
North Carolina
Cuba164:S1517-163-1-B
Ramosa gene?
Displayed both at• Johnston, IA• Woodland, CA
Both locations experienced heat
and drought stress
Suggestions in the use of these GEM germplasm in breeding programs
• Making GEM cross onto locally adapted tester that is resistant/tolerant to most diseases but susceptible to specific trait
• Other suggestions?