CONTENTS

NOCONTENTPAGE

1INTRODUCTION2

2OBJECTIVE3

3SCOPE4

4

DISCUSSION4.1 Constructions4.2 Architectural types4.3 Design4.4 Third floor5-789-1516

5REFFERENCE17

6 APPENDIX18-23

1. INTRODUCTION The University of California, San Diego Library consists of the Geisel Library building and the Biomedical Library building. The Geisel Library building contains materials and services related to: Arts, Area Studies, Engineering, Humanities, Marine Sciences, Physical Sciences, and Social Sciences. It also contains the Mandeville Special Collections & Archives, which houses the Dr. Seuss Collection. The Dr. Seuss Collection contains original drawings, sketches, proofs, notebooks, manuscript drafts, books, audio- and videotapes, photographs, and memorabilia. The approximately 8,500 items in the collection document the full range of Dr. Seuss's creative achievements, beginning in 1919 with his high school activities and ending with his death in 1991. The Geisel Library building is named in honor of Audrey and Theodor Seuss Geisel or Dr. Seuss for the generous contributions they have made to the library and their devotion to improving literacy. The building is featured in the UC San Diego logo and is the most recognizable building on campus. It is located in the center of the campus with Library Walk to its south, Thurgood Marshall College to its west, and Earl Warren College to its east.The library first opened in 1970. It was simply called the Central Library until a renovation was completed in 1993, when it was rededicated as the University Library Building. It was renamed Geisel Library in 1995.The distinctive original building was designed in the late 1960s by William Pereira.

2. OBJECTIVE1. Storage content material, collection contains such original drawings, sketches, proofs, notebooks, manuscript drafts, books, audio- and videotapes, photographs, and memorabilia. 2. As a centre of world knowledge and suitable place for search and study.3. Give good furniture for study spaces, computer labs also individual study space, and group study rooms. 4. Give many more of inspiration within the great and unique design.

3. SCOPE OF PROJECT

The study is focused on the construction, materials and structure design for Geisel Library, a library in University of California, San Diego (UCSD). The study will discuss about the use of materials, design and construction phase during the 1970s. This will help to differentiate the old time building with modern building in term of architectural design. In accordance with the objectives of the study, the place of studies was in the area of 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA 92093, United States. The building is featured in the UCSD logo and is the most recognizable building on campus. It is located in the center of the campus with Library Walk to its south, Thurgood Marshall College to its West and Earl Warren College to its East.The Geisel Library was an eight-story structure, rising 110 feet above the ground with two submerged floors and six floors of varying sizes above ground level. The total area of the library is about 176,000 square feet. In the next chapter will be discussed about how the design of the building can be done in reality by using suitable methods of construction and materials used.

4. DISCUSSION4.1. CONSTRUCTIONIn 1957, William Pereira & Associates was commissioned to begin site selection studies in San Diego County. In June 1965, Pereiras firm was asked to design the main library for the UCSD campus The library addition, designed by Gunnar Birkerts, was deliberately designed to be subordinated to the strong, geometrical form of the existing library. The library, designed in the late 1960's by William Pereira (original report), is an eight story, concrete structure sited at the head of a canyon near the center of the campus. The lower two stories form a pedestal for the six story, stepped tower that has become a visual symbol for Geisel Library. Whatever its metaphorical connotation, its image is preserved and enhanced by the concept for the addition. On July 1, 1968, ground was broken for the new library. The building was completed and the first opened in 1970. It was simply called the Central Library until a renovation was completed in 1993, when it was rededicated as the University Library Building. It was renamed "Geisel Library" in 1995. The library addition, designed by Gunnar Birkerts, was deliberately designed to be subordinated to the strong, geometrical form of the existing library.In the tower, Floors 4 through 8 house much of the Library's collection and study space, while Floors 1 and 2 house service desks and staff work areas. Some of the austerity of the original building has been lessened by the addition of the coved ceilings, painted walls, and carpeting throughout levels 1 and 2. The new colour scheme complements the colour scheme in the addition.The architect intended future additions to slide underneath the sloped sides and proceed into the canyon. It is located at a canyon's entrance in the center of the university campus. But instead, the interior of the building has been changed over the years to the determinant of the bare design. A 1992 restoration returned private reading stations that had been lost. Original construction cost $5.4 million.

Executive Architect: William L. Pereira Associates.Project Architect: Robert A. Thorburn.Consultant: Keyes D. MetcalfGeneral Contractors: Nielsen Construction Company with Swinerton & Walberg, joint venturers.Height: Eight levels rising 110 feet above the ground.Width: The building's widest point is 248 feet at ground level. The widest floor above the ground is the sixth level which is 210 feet.Square Feet: 176,000 gross square feet; 112,000 assignable square feet. These figures are for the original tower.Construction: Complete University occupancy took place during September, 1970. Partial occupancy began in June, 1970, two years after construction began. The first books were moved into the building on June 29, 1970.Location: The Geisel Library is located in the center of theUCSD campus, directly north of the Price Center. In this location the building is visible to motorists traveling south from the Sorrento Valley area on Interstate 5. 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA 92093, United States.Materials:Construction is reinforced concrete and glass. Overall finish is rough form board exposed concrete in a horizontal pattern with anodized aluminium window walls containing 38,000 square feet of plate glass. The building contains 17,000 cubic yards of concrete. To bear the weight and stress of the cantilevered building, four massive castin place bents or slope beam columns are anchored in footings containing 1,500 cubic yards of concrete on each of the four sides of the building. The bents angle upward at 45 degrees to the sixth level and are literally tied to their counterpart across the building at both the fifth and sixth levels by up to 300 posttensioning rods of 1/4inch diameter high tensile steel.

Cost: Total project, including construction, architect, furniture, equipment and administration $5,400,000. Construction cost alone $4,400,000. Construction cost per square foot $25.00.

Renovation of the Existing Building:The existing building had not been renovated since it was built in the 1960s. During 1992 the building was functionally updated and the tower, as it is called, was restored to a floorplan similar to the one originally designed by Pereira which allows for more reader stations. A new heating, ventilation, and air conditioning system was installed, the elevators were renovated and a third public elevator was added. The book stacks received additional reinforcement for seismic occurrences.

4.2. ARCHITECTURAL TYPES

The tower, is of course, a striking and significant architectural form, and its use for a library has many advantages. In additional, to its visual contribution to the over-all campus scene, a tower library usually features relatively small floors, useful for housing subjects. The smaller spaces also avoid the bowling-alley effect which occurs in some of the huge lines of stacks in other libraries. Since vertical transport by elevator is inevitable, tower can help cut down the need for extended horizontal movement. If the natural light desirable, the tower provides an abundance of exterior wall surface for window. The tower form is not without the advantages. However, unless it is on a commanding site, it has to be extremely tall to be significant. The small floor can severely limit both the arrangement and the use of the collection. The spread of the collection over many floors, even though serviced by elevator inevitably creates a circulation problem. One overriding consideration is the fact that a tower is not readily expandable.The cube or box the tower form is desired unless the floors themselves are large. From, a design standpoint, this library shape can be extremely simple and elegant. Furthermore, because the cube can provide the unobstructed floors, the collection can be efficiently organized into large blocks or section. The existence of fewer floors means easier access to the books, without depending on mechanical vertical circulation. On the negative side, however, certain elements must be acknowledged. To begin with the cube does not by its geometry alone, establish a significant architectural form and this is particularly importance consideration when the building of a campus. Also the floors may be large for comfort and may require excessive horizontal movement on the part of readers.Disadvantages of this approach include increased building cost, increased library personnel to administer and oversee the dispersed stacks, and inconvenient relationships between various portions of the collection.4.3. THE DESIGN OF GEISEL LIBRARY, UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA SAN DIEGO.

The distinctive original building was designed in the late 1960s by William Pereira to sit at the head of a canyon. William Pereira & Associates prepared a detailed report in 1969. Considering the location, Pereira originally conceived of a spherical building resting atop a pedestal, with the structural elements on the inside. After several drafts of this ball-shaped design, the structural elements were deemed as being too space-consuming, and they were moved to the outside of the structure, essentially resulting in the current "lantern" design. Pereira originally conceived a steel-framed building, but this was changed to reinforced concrete to save on construction and maintenance costs. This change of material presented an opportunity for a more sculptural design. It was envisioned that future additions to the original building would form terraced levels around the tower base descending into the canyon, the first of which was designed by Gunnar Birkerts and completed in the early 1990s.Pereira envisioned that future additions to the original building would form terraced levels around the tower base descending into the canyon. The tower is a prime example of brutalist architecture. It rises 8 stories to a height of 110 ft (33.5 m). The four upper stories of the tower houses collections, individual study space, and group study rooms.The Library Addition, designed by Gunnar Birkerts in the early 1990s, was "deliberately designed to be subordinated to the strong, geometrical form of the existing library." Within its two subterranean levels are the other library sections as well as study spaces and computer labs.

The building occupies a fascinating nexus between brutalism and futurism that its architect, William Pereira, intrepidly pursued throughout his career. With its strong concrete piers and hovering glassy enclosures, the library beautifully occupies an ambiguous state between massiveness and levitation, as if the upper stories have only just been set into their base and can be lifted back out at any moment. The tension between these two conditions gives the library an otherworldly appearance and provides a startling statement about the generative and imaginative power of the architect. While he is often stylized as one of the more under-appreciated shapers of 20th century American architecture, Pereira enjoyed tremendous influence throughout the United States in the 1960s and 1970s. In 1965, he was awarded the commission to build the library at UCSD due in part to his impressive history of eye-catching and inventive designs. The building was to be located at geometric center of the San Diego campus at the crest of a small canyon, arguably the universitys most prominent piece of real estate. The design needed to be a visually robust statement worthy of the location, and Pereira seemed to be the right man for the job.

To develop the schematic design for the library, Pereira analysed and categorized dozens of university libraries by their massing, circulation, and programmatic arrangements. He theorized about which forms were more effective than others at providing certain functions that he valued, such as daylight in the stacks, the ability to browse the shelves, and the potential for future expansion.Using rudimentary diagrams as the basis of his design, he theorized that partially submerging the library would allow maximum potential for expansion and would bury the elements of the library that were not necessary above ground. For the aboveground portion, he wanted access to emanate from a singular point at the ground level, with a central core connecting the different floors. The most logical shape for a library, he concluded, would therefore be a sphere, which could maximize daylight to the floors, provide a variety of flexible floor arrangements, and maintain an ideal central circulation system. Even though the spherical exterior was ultimately abandoned for this project, Periera preserved the underlying concept of a large middle floor with tapered, smaller floors below and above.

The resulting building is an eight-story structure with two submerged floors and six floors of varying sizes above ground level. The widest of the above ground levels occurs at the sixth floor, which is over two hundred feet wide. A solid core containing the stairs, elevators, and mechanical shafts runs throughout the building. While the main level is considered the first submerged level, the experiential center of the building is immediately above it at the forum level, where the building is at its thinnest and the massive overhangs of the floors above cast a heavy shadow over the outdoor plaza.

The tapered cantilevers above the plaza are supported by a simple but ingenious structural system consisting of sixteen massive concrete piers that rise out of the forum level and branch outward at 45-degree angles. They extend past the full width of the sixth floor and bridge the jagged edges of the enclosed spaces with a continuous, diagonal motion that meets the floor plates at their bottom edge. To prevent them from buckling outward under the stress transferred to them by the floors, each pier is connected to its opposite by over three hundred quarter-inch steel tie rods that counteract the gravitational forces.

At each aboveground level, giant sheets of plate glass coated in anodized aluminium provide light to the reading spaces and stacks within. The treatment of the windows allows them to reflect and sometimes blend in perfectly with the sky behind it. The colour of the glass oscillates between dull greys, vibrant blues, and fiery yellows depending on the weather and time of day, creating a dynamic and ever-changing appearance. The treatment also allows the vast expanses of glass38,000 square feet in allto dematerialize into the sky, intensifying the levitating effect created by the unconventional configuration of the building.As an icon of brutalism, the library has at times been subjected to the vitriolic criticism so commonly associated with the movement, even being named to a Reuters list of the Top 10 Ugly Buildings to Visit. [1] However, while it seems obvious that the building belongs squarely within the brutalist tradition, the original design actually called for a modernist construction made entirely out of steel and glass. While this seems unconscionable given the severe character of the existing building, it wasnt until cost-cutting measures were introduced that the structure was re-designed with concrete and re-located to the outside of the building. The success of the articulate brutalist language present in the current design, which incorporates Breuer-like flares at the bases of the piers and an intricate lattice system on the underside of the floor plates, reveals a remarkable material and syntactic versatility on the part of the architect.

Although the project may be misunderstood, for the vast majority of the UCSD community, the library is a cherished icon and the symbol of the campus. It is featured prominently on university recruiting materials, and was even briefly incorporated into the universitys logo. In 1995, the library was renamed in honour of Audrey Geisel and Theodor Seuss Geisel, better known as Dr. Seuss, following a $20 million gift from their estate and the contents of their archives. And while the library may resemble nothing of colourful, lyrical architecture of the Who Houses, Pereiras design expresses the same imaginative impulse that made so many people fall in love with the librarys new namesake.

4.4. THIRD FLOOROne unusual feature of the library is that the lower levels are numbered 1 and 2, and the upper floors numbered 4 through 8. This has given rise to several fanciful explanations for why the third floor is apparently sealed off and not accessible from elevators or steps.One of the more popular stories is that the building's design had not taken into account the eventual weight of books in the library, so the third floor has of necessity been left empty. This is a common urban legend, associated at different times with many other university libraries.There are manyurban legendsassociated with the building.In reality, the "missing" third floor is actually the open/outside forum. There is no other third floor, blocked off or otherwise. It is simply reinforced concrete and an emergency exit that helps students from the 4-8 floors get out without having to go to the second floor.The "third floor" is actually two separate levels. The third floor landings in the public stairwells open to the concrete platform outside the library which was originally intended to be used for sculpture displays, acoustic music, impromptu outdoor conversations, an open public meeting area and poetry readings. Due to potential theft of library materials and the risks attributed to the potential theft of UCSD's rare private collections of literature and art, the doors to third floor were protected to be only used in case of emergencies or for building personnel to conduct transfer of equipment to the central core directly, so as not to disrupt library operations. The "second" third floor's landing is numbered as floor "3.5" and consists of utility connections and wiring to the upper levels. There are no access-ways beyond the stairwell doors of floor 3.5, they are locked utility rooms, in essence for maintenance and repair. The doors to the 3rd floor open outwards from the stairwells while the 3.5 floor doors open inwards towards the central core. The Central Forum, the 3rd floor, was originally intended to be a 'formal' area of the library, but outside the interior so as not to disturb library patrons or library operations.

5. REFFERENCE

1. Dr. La Jolla, Library Floor Plans from http://libraries.ucsd.edu/directions/floor-plans.html on 26/3/15.2. ArchDaily, AD Classics: Geisel Library / William L. Pereira & Associates from http://www.archdaily.com/566563/ad-classics-geisel-library-william-l-pereira-and-associates/ on 26/3/15.3. San diego, California,USA by William Pererira from http://architectuul.com/architecture/geisel-library on 25/3/15.4. University of California Geisel Library from http://www.docomomous.org/register/fiche/university_california_geisel_library on 26/03/15.5. Compiled by Barbara Henderson and Charles (Bud) Stem from http://web.archive.org/web/20070707102135/http://libraries.ucsd.edu/services/legends.htm#third on 25/3/156. Geisel Library, University of California San Diego from http://architecturerevived.blogspot.com/2013/01/geisellibraryuniversityofcalifornia.html on 25/3/15.

6. APPENDIX

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