Gehl architects presentations from workshop 21st June 2010
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Transcript of Gehl architects presentations from workshop 21st June 2010
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Citi f Bi li tCities for Bicyclists = Cities for PeopleGehl ArchitectsCities for People WorkshopOrder of presentations:Order of presentations:David Sim Lin SkaufelJeff Risom Gil PenalosaJan GehlJan Gehl
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Cities for Bicyclists = Cities for PeopleDavid SimDirector
A city full of moving objects.....or
A city full of faces on the streets I am going to talk about….
About being a human being
About how to make good places for human beingsfor human beings
About the Copenhagen experience
About how biking fits in when making Cities for People
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Gehl Architects
Urban Quality Consultants, Copenhagen
Multi-disciplinary means
Equal focus on
’Hardware’ & ’Software’
N Cit Lif
Life Between BuildingsJan Gehl
Public Spaces ‐ Public LifeJan Gehl & Lars Gemzøe
Founded on literature and research
New City SpacesJan Gehl & Lars Gemzøe
New City Life Gehl, Gemzøe, Søndergaard & Kirknæs
Our Philosophy:
-Empirical base
-Framework rather than plan
Focus:
-Improving Quality of Life in Cities
Our Methodology
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Selected project cities Cultures are different…
Cultures are different… Climates are different… seasons change
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But the way People inhabit and use Space is universal Quality Criteria for Space and Architecture must start with considering People
Man is a Walking Animal – Ground Speed 5 km/hour
Our senses are very important
Our senses are the basis for experiencing the environment
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In search of
Human scale?
“Man is man’s greatest jo(Old Icelandic saying)
Health?
Fresh air, exercise and meeting people…
Litet, lågt och långsamt…
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60km/h environementsmade for driving
60 km/h
5 km/h architecture:
an environment made for walking
Bo 01Malmö Sweden
•small spaces
•small signals
•details
•people
What is Urban Quality?
Aesthetics and design is NOT the only thing that matters!
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• walk • Bike
Denmark as inspiration
Modal split – Commuting to Work in 2008- on a citywide network of bicycle lanes
Bicycling in Copenhagen
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Why do Danes cycle?Is it because of the environment?
Copenhageners cycling save over 90.000 t CO2
annually1% state that it is because of thebecause of the environment
Copenhagen Bicycle Account 2006
Is it because of financial reasons?
6% state that it is because it is cheapbecause it is cheap
Copenhagen Bicycle Account 2006
Is it part of a healthy lifestyle?
19% state that it is because of thebecause of the exercise
Copenhagen Bicycle Account 2006
Is it because it is convenient, fast and easy?
61% state that it is because it isbecause it is convenient, fast and easy
Copenhagen Bicycle Account 2006
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Why do Copenhageners cycle?
61% Easy, fast & convenient
19% E i19% Exercise
6% Financial reasons
1% The environment
Copenhagen Bicycle Account 2006
Denmark has established a strong bicycling tradition
The Danish bicycling culture has always defined Copenhagen as a city for cyclists Slide 9
Or has it?
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Copenhagen ‐ Process
A gradual process with focus on establishing
a pedestrian- and public space network
PS PL1968
PS PL1985
PS PL1995
PS PL2005New City Life 2006
Cph PSPL 1996
From car invasion
From car invasion....to people places
“Strøget” before 1962
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“Strøget” to day
80.000 people per 24 hours in the summer
Nyhavn - before ……and after 1980
Strædet - before Strædet - before …..and after 1992
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Development of car‐free squares and pedestrian/cycle friendly streets 1968 ‐ 2005
In 1962 m2 pedestrian areas
The first pedestrian
promenade is introduced
By 1973
Car-free street network
is developed
1973-2005
In all 22 squares that were
once parking lots are
today places for people
Copenhagen – stationary activity
1968 1986 1995
From 1968 to 1995: Almost 4 times more space and almost 4 times more activity
12 m2/activity 14 m2/activity 13 m2/activity
The Copenhagen Experience proves that improved conditions mean that more people spend more time in the
city
Better conditions for bicycling = more bicyclists
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The Key to Danish Cycling Success lies in: THE 4 C’S
CONSISTENT
CONNECTED
CONTINUOUS
COMFORTABLE
Simple and user friendly:
Main principles:
CONSISTENT
Main principles:Pedestrians + bicyclists
Parked cars + traffic lanes
Lanes and tracks are always on the right-hand side
CONSISTENT CONNECTED
Placed where demand is highest – where people want to be!
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CONTINUOUS
Sidewalks and biketracks aren’t interupted at sidestreets Integrated with other transport modes
CONTINUOUS
COMFORTABLE
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COMFORTABLE Bicycling has doubled in the last 10 years
More bicycles than cars
Inner city morning peak
Modal split – Commuting to Work in 2008
2010 38%
The benefits of cycling for sustainability are widely known and accepted
SUSTAINABILITY
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SOCIAL
In terms of access and mobility
SUSTAINABILITY
SOCIAL ENVIRONMENTAL
In terms of zero emission transport
SUSTAINABILITY
SOCIAL ENVIRONMENTAL
In terms of affordable, private mobility
ECONOMIC
SUSTAINABILITY
SOCIAL ENVIRONMENTAL
A city for cyclists is a sustainable city
ECONOMIC
SUSTAINABILITY
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Der er stor forskel på livet og karakteren i de forskellige typer gader
Nothing new!
cycling
cycling walking cycling walking
Public transport
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Cycling Walking
Public t ttransport Public
space
Cycling Walking
Public Public
transport space
= Cities for People!
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Bicycle toolboxLin Skaufel
I will address:
1.What is a good bicycle city?=Toolbox content2 Wh i d bi l lb d h 2.What is a good bicycle toolbox, and how can a
toolbox improve cities for bicycles?3. Ex. Mexico City bicycle toolbox
1. What characterizes the good bicycle cities?
Sebastian lycra
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Sebastian alle
Climates are different…
Copenhagen
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Culture- software
What characterizes the good bicycle cities?Strong synergy between culture and infrastructure
Infrastructure- hardware
Copenhagen
E.g. CopenhagenCampaigns for safety‐ “Take care of blind angles”
E.g. CopenhagenCampaigns for safety– “preventing car door accidents”
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Copenhagen
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E.g. Copenhagen‐ Bicycles on metro
• MunicipalityMunicipality
What characterizes the good bicycle cities?
Strong synergy between “providers” and users
Users
BicyclesPublic transport
cars
Bicycle account
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What characterizes the good bicycle cities?Strong synergy between what you build and what you learn
E.g. CopenhagenImproving Infrastructure‐ “head‐start bicyclists”
Copenhagen (turtle plan),has never had a masterplan but, slowly grown (40 years) as a bicycle city trough a mindset for
What characterizes the good bicycle cities?
Strong mindset (time?)
years) as a bicycle city trough a mindset for cycling
38% 50% bicycle
Copenhagen new modal-split goal- New tools needed
38% 50% bicycle
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Green wave for bicycles Get a free breakfast! On selected main streets once a year
New bridgesIncreased permeability for pedestrians and bicyclists
Pilot projectsNørrebrogade- extended bicycle path
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Accommodating new users New and improved city bicycles
Paris: 2001-07: Cycling up 94% while car traffic down 20%*1 Bogota: Cycling increased 268% between 2000-2007 *1.
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Berlin: Cycling increased 100% between 1997-2007*1 A toolbox can be a kit based on knowledge, inspiration,
research and best practice from the successfull bicycle cities..
Paris: 2001-07:
Cycling up 94% while car traffic down 20%
Bogota: 2000‐2007
Cycling increased 268% Berlin: 1997‐2007 Cycling increased 100%
Copenhagen: all ages bicycle
2 What is a good bicycle toolbox and how can a2. What is a good bicycle toolbox, and how can a toolbox improve cities for bicycles?
A toolbox can be a kit based on knowledge, inspiration, research and best practice from inspiration, research and best practice from the successful bicycle cities..
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..operationalized to local conditions and challenges.
A toolbox contains tools to achieve your goals and visions
VISION/GOALSWHAT YOU WOULD LIKE TO ACHIEVE
STRATEGIES/INITIATIVESHOW YOU CHOOSE TO ACHIEVE IT
TOOLSHow to make it operational‐ WHAT DOES IT LOOK LIKE?
HOW DOES IT WORK?
INSPIRATION/BEST PRACTICE
LEGISLATIVE/MANDATORY
Toolbox- content
BEST PRACTICE MANDATORY
Toolbox- content
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Toolbox: research Toolbox: best practice
Toolbox: principles ToolboxDifferent challenges needs different tools
1% 10%1% 10%3-5% 15%
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ToolboxMust have and nice to have‐ priority of needs
The toolbox can be a pedagogical tool to creating an approach….
..limiting confusion... ...increasing safety..
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.....and creating an approach that everybody canagree upon- a future-proof coherent system…
• Lærke alle enige
....that ensures everything is thought of and included to limit poor or ad-hoc solutions.
• Bilde på dette?
Growing a bicycle city in one direction- over time
3. Ex. Mexico City bicycle toolbox
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Mexico City
Flat!
Good climate!
Many short trips!
Dangerous!
Unhealthy!
Slow!
Dangerous!26 pedestrians killed on average every day in Downtown
Unhealthy!…obesity and air polution
”… spending a day in Mexico City is the equivalent of smoking over 40 cigarettes a day, without actuallytaking a drag”
”… Mexico is the second‐fattestnation after U.S.”
Slow!Traffic jams– but the bicycle is the fastest form of transportation during rush hour
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More than a bicycle project…
…bicycle infrastructe as a catalyst for improvingcity quality
One bicycle system for the whole cityy y y
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Based on quality
Integrated!Integrated!Safe!
Comfortable!Enjoyable!
Generated out of the overall visions for Mexico City
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Content has two parts:
Software & Hardware(Culture + infrastructure)
Customisedfor the different users
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A safe streetPhysical separation of cars and bicycles
A safe crossingStreet markings / levels
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Safe bicycle parkingA safe and convenient location
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Improving mobility in NYCThe Insider Story
Jeff Risom
Associate Gehl Architects
MSc City Design and Social Science
Contents for this session
1. Insight into the NYC process
2. Holistic approach
– Integrated with the public realm
– Across city departments
– Public and private sectors
3. Using temporary pilot projects
– Together with empirical data
– Efficient and affordable implementation
– To inspire and as a catalyst for change
New York CityNew York City’s incredible list of accomplishments
In June 2009, DOT completed 200 miles of bike lanes in all five boroughs in just three years. (doubling the citywide on‐street bike network while reshaping the city’s streets to make them safer for users)
Of this: 4.9 miles of bike paths physically separated from car traffic lanes, 20 sheltered bike parking structures, andcar traffic lanes, 20 sheltered bike parking structures, and 3,100 bike racks
These projects led to more than 45% growth in commuter cycling in that time (3 years)
.
New York City… and ongoing work
DOT plans are to install 50 lane miles each year until the citywide bicycle network is complete
Overall goal: double bicycle commuting between 2007 and 2015, triple it by 2020
Goal of 1,800 bike lane miles by the year 2030Goal of 1,800 bike lane miles by the year 2030
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Times Square‐ before
Times Square‐ after
9th Ave. July 07
9th Ave. Sept.079th Ave. Sept.07
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9th Avenue, Manhattan
Pilot Projects as a means to a greater ends – to improve the process
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Build Political BasePilot Projects –QuickWins
Guaranteed SuccessPermanent Projects
Change of Mindset
ConsultStake‐holders
VisionJustificationand strategyfor change
Operationalizing – ensurethat change endures and
adapts
Gehl survey, lectures , visits support
Out‐reach and consultations were across disciplines and departments
‐ both across city agencies
Advocacygroups
Private Business
NeighborhoodGov’t
Interestorganizations
Additionalgroups
‐ and in the community
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Designing objects
Toward a holistically conceived public realm –based on Quality for People!
Making places(creating opportunities for place to flourish)
This process is about balancing interests and needs
Test the waters – the first pilotsSummer 2006Private sector initiatedSupported by Dept. Of Transport
Test the waters – the first pilotsSmall scaleIn ‘forgotten’ city spaces
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Test the waters – the first pilotsWatch and see•What are the problems? And successes?•Who uses the spaces?
Use publications to frame the argumentVision – PlaNYC
Launched ’Earth Day’April 22, 2007
The second pilotsLessons learned from first projectsAugust 2007
Toward a healthy, vibrant, safe, attractive, sustainable New York City
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A strategy for creating real changethrough a series of pilot projects
Gehl Architects are engaged
Unbalanced distribution of space
All were illegallyparked
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Seeing places with fresh eyes Quantifying impressions
Existing paintedcycle lanes werenot performingwell
Tough streets for bicycling
In conflict with other traffic modes Bicycle network is incomplete
Tough streets for bicycling
Poor access for bicyclists Bicycle network is unclear
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Tough streets for bicycling
Poor comfort High risk for accidents
Improve the bicycling infrastructureand experience
Introduce bicycling infrastructure as a important step towards a sustainable and healthy
i
city lifestyle.
New York is the perfect City for cycling New York is the perfect City for cycling
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Opportunities to experience potential first‐hand
Test, Refine, Adjust, Re‐launch
2008 –first Summer Streets
2009 –Revised Route
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DOT used in‐house staff and recycled materials and resources to deliver the project quickly and efficiently • Estimated cost $1.5 million
DOT has implemented 200 miles of Bicycle lanes over the last 2 years
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9th Avenue, Manhattan
8th Avenue, Manhattan
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Broadway scheme
Access is allowed butthrough traffic is prohibited
And space is reclaimed at the Pearls on a String for Broadway
Columbus Circle ‐ before
The pilots focused on areas where success was most likely –People cycled already and traffic was minimal
Columbus Circle ‐ after
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Broadway, Manhattan
Madison Square Nov. 2008
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Herald Square ‐ before
And where people already choose to spend time
Herald Square ‐ after
What began with the ‘pearls’ …spread out to the ‘strings’ as well
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The Third Generartion of Pilot Projects place the bicycle lane next to parked cars
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The design is not perfect... But it is a start
Gehl Architects · Urban Quality Consultants · Gl. Kongevej 1, 4.tv · 1610 Copenhagen V · Denmark · www.gehlarchitects.dk
The design is not perfect... But it is a start
Gehl Architects · Urban Quality Consultants · Gl. Kongevej 1, 4.tv · 1610 Copenhagen V · Denmark · www.gehlarchitects.dk
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And the new space is appreciated by other user groups
Gehl Architects · Urban Quality Consultants · Gl. Kongevej 1, 4.tv · 1610 Copenhagen V · Denmark · www.gehlarchitects.dk
Inviting for new users and uses
And the new space is appreciated by other user groups
Gehl Architects · Urban Quality Consultants · Gl. Kongevej 1, 4.tv · 1610 Copenhagen V · Denmark · www.gehlarchitects.dk
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Partnerships and publicity
New public seating integrated with bicycle parking
– on previously disusedsubway vents
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Ian Mahaffy and Maarten De Greeve
Invitations to soak in the atmosphere
Gehl Architects · Urban Quality Consultants · Gl. Kongevej 1, 4.tv · 1610 Copenhagen V · Denmark · www.gehlarchitects.dk
Inviting a new user group…
…locals
A place more accessible for all
Gehl Architects · Urban Quality Consultants · Gl. Kongevej 1, 4.tv · 1610 Copenhagen V · Denmark · www.gehlarchitects.dk
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BuildingsLife Space
People first
People don’t change their behavior when you tell them to;
People change when the context compels them to
Copenhagen Modal Split61% of those who bike do so out of convenience
Questions for discussion
1. How do we promote a sense of urgency to speed up the process of changing cycling culture?
2. How can we encourage people that don’t cycle to cycle?
The role of cycling in creating cities for people
3. How can we promote intermodal behavior to encourage cycling as part of transport trips?
Please consider strategies for both‘SOFTWARE’ as well as ‘HARDWARE’
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CITIES FOR PEOPLECITIES FOR PEOPLE
JAN GEHL, PROFESSOR, DR. LITT. JAN GEHL, PROFESSOR, DR. LITT. FOUNDING PARTNER: GEHL ARCHITECTS FOUNDING PARTNER: GEHL ARCHITECTS
URBAN QUALITY CONSULTANTS, COPENHAGEN URBAN QUALITY CONSULTANTS, COPENHAGEN
Those were the days when architects were Those were the days when architects were big, and people were quite smal....big, and people were quite smal....
Graduated as Graduated as Architect Architect
19601960The worst period in City Planning ever!The worst period in City Planning ever!
1960..1960..
From 1955…. From 1955…. CarinvasionCarinvasion
Perth, West Australia Elsinore, DenmarkPerth, West Australia Elsinore, Denmark
CarinvasionCarinvasion
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All Cities have Traffic & All Cities have Traffic & Planning Departments and Planning Departments and
perfect statistics concerning perfect statistics concerning traffic and planning issuestraffic and planning issues
**
The Buildings & the Traffic is The Buildings & the Traffic is very very visiblevisible and everpresent and everpresent
in the planning procesin the planning proces
Do you know of any City which have a Do you know of any City which have a People department, a Departments for People department, a Departments for
pedestrians and public life? pedestrians and public life?
Hardly any City have statistics and data Hardly any City have statistics and data concerning the people who use the cityconcerning the people who use the cityconcerning the people who use the cityconcerning the people who use the city
**
The people in the City tends to be very The people in the City tends to be very invisibleinvisible and poorly represented in the and poorly represented in the
planning procesplanning proces
Jane Jacobs Jane Jacobs 19611961
”Life Between ”Life Between Buildings” Buildings”
1st edition 1971 1st edition 1971 Published in Published in
many versions many versions 20 languages20 languages
”New City ”New City Spaces” Spaces” -- 20012001
44decades decades
of of researchresearch
SpacesSpaces 0000
”Public Spaces ”Public Spaces Public Life Public Life
-- 19961996
”New City Life” ”New City Life” --20062006
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Making People VisibleMaking People Visible
CopenhagenCopenhagenLondonLondonEdinburghEdinburghOsloOslo
SeattleSeattleSan FransiscoSan Fransisco
StockholmStockholmRigaRigaRotterdamRotterdamZürichZürich
Major City Improvement Projects:Major City Improvement Projects:
New YorkNew York
ReykjavikReykjavik
xx
PerthPerth
AdelaideAdelaide
HobartHobartCape TownCape Town
Wellington Wellington Auckland Auckland ChristchurchChristchurch
AmmanAmmanMuscatMuscat
Mexico CityMexico City
New YorkNew York
Brisbane Brisbane Sydney Sydney MelbourneMelbourne
xx
Comming ProjectsComming ProjectsCurrent ProjectsCurrent Projects
Previous ProjectsPrevious Projects
GEHLGEHL--ArchitectsArchitects, , Urban Quality Consultants, DenUrban Quality Consultants, Den
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A Presentation with 3 Tales:* The Human Dimension ”The Client”
* New Towns/ New DevelopementsNew Developements
* Cities/City Planning
1.
THE HUMAN DIMENSIONTHE HUMAN DIMENSION - introducing ”the Client”
Children always play where the activity and life is
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People watching - the number one attraction in any city
People watching - the number one attraction in any city
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IN SEARCH OF A HUMAN SCALE
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THE CLIENT:
A slow, linear, horizontal,
max 5 km/h walking creature
5 km/hour Architecture
•small spaces
•small signals
•details
•people
•close up´s + distant views
60 km/hour Architecture•large spaces
•huge signals
•no details
•no people
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5 km/hour Architecture Venice, Italy
100 km/hour Architecture Dubai
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Prerequisities for Planning:
• Human Body
• Human Movements
• Human Senses
• Human Interaction
• Human Behaviour 2.CITIES FOR PEOPLE AS
Almeere, New Town, Holland. 100.000 Inh (1975-2000)
CITIES FOR PEOPLE AS DESIGN CHALLENGE( New Developement / New Towns)
”THE BRASILIA SYNDROME”!
(City Planning from 5.000 meter above the ground )
Brasilia (1955Brasilia (1955-- ))(( ))
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Brasilia Brasilia --The people scale is completely neglected The people scale is completely neglected
Welcome to Kenzo Tange & Singapore Welcome to Kenzo Tange & Singapore
Shanghai, ChinaShanghai, ChinaDowntown, DubaiDowntown, Dubai
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Downtown, DubaiDowntown, DubaiDubaiDubai
”Welcome to the ”New” London””Welcome to the ”New” London”
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”Welcome ?””Welcome ?”
Uninteresting City Uninteresting City Plan ScalePlan Scale
Old Housing area (1905) Old Housing area (1905) Copenhagen, DenmarkCopenhagen, Denmark
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But a realy nice But a realy nice and inviting and inviting
People ScalePeople Scale
Turning the traditional design process upside downTurning the traditional design process upside down
First LIFEFirst LIFE
--then SPACEthen SPACE
--then BUILDINGSthen BUILDINGS
The secret: A public Space Plan as the first step in the planning process
Sibelius Park, Residential district, CopenhagenSibelius Park, Residential district, Copenhagen
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Bo01, Residential district,
Malmö, Sweden, 2001
Rieselfeld & Vauban, Rieselfeld & Vauban, New Towns Freiburg New Towns Freiburg
New City Spaces
Jan Gehl & Lars Gemzøe
3. THE CITIES
Lars Gemzøe
Wanted:Wanted:-- Lively City Lively City -- Attractive City Attractive City --Safe City Safe City --Sustainable City Sustainable City --Healthy CityHealthy CityHealthy CityHealthy City
Needed: Needed:
ONE STONEONE STONE--FIVE BIRDSFIVE BIRDSPOLICYPOLICY
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Lively CityLively City Attractive CityAttractive City
Safe city Sustainable CitySustainable City
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Healthy CityHealthy City
”Houston ”Houston --the City with the the City with the fattest people of the World”fattest people of the World”
Suggestion for simple Suggestion for simple
ONE STONE/FIVE BIRDS ONE STONE/FIVE BIRDS Sustainability PolicySustainability Policy
”In this City everything will be done ”In this City everything will be done t s C ty e e yt g be do et s C ty e e yt g be do eto to inviteinvite people to people to walkwalk and and bicyclebicycleas much as possible in the course as much as possible in the course
of their daily day doings”of their daily day doings”
Copenhagen Copenhagen From traffic place to people placeFrom traffic place to people place
The development of pedestrian areas in the city from The development of pedestrian areas in the city from 1962…….7 times more People Space!1962…….7 times more People Space!
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Many more People are walking in the city 4 times more people spend time in the city
In only 40 years the good season has been In only 40 years the good season has been extended from 2 to 10 monthsextended from 2 to 10 months
Copenhagen: New Public Life Policy 2009: Copenhagen: New Public Life Policy 2009: ”WORLDS FINEST CITY FOR PEOPLE””WORLDS FINEST CITY FOR PEOPLE”
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Official City Poster Official City Poster
September 2007September 2007
Copenhagen Copenhagen The No 1 Bicycle The No 1 Bicycle City in the WorldCity in the World
Goals for 2015: Goals for 2015:
* 50% of all comuting * 50% of all comuting
on bicycles on bicycles * Bicycle Accidents to * Bicycle Accidents to
Melbourne, Melbourne, -- 3 mio. Inh.3 mio. Inh.
The Age c. 1980The Age c. 1980
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MELBOURNE City Center 1994MELBOURNE City Center 1994--20042004
Pedestrian traffic weekdays daytime: +40%Pedestrian traffic weekdays daytime: +40%
Pedestrian traffic evening: +100 %Pedestrian traffic evening: +100 %
Stationary activities +200Stationary activities +200--300%300%
Melburne Melburne --looks like any city in the new Worldlooks like any city in the new World
--but when it comes to street life and ambience it but when it comes to street life and ambience it has by now a distinct touch of has by now a distinct touch of --saysay-- ParisParis
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RetailRetail
ResidentialResidential
Office VacanciesOffice Vacancies
EmploymentEmployment
Bars and PubsBars and Pubs
CopenhagenCopenhagen Melbourne oct 07Melbourne oct 07
A CITY GOOD AT PARTIES, OLYMPICS and SUMMITSA CITY GOOD AT PARTIES, OLYMPICS and SUMMITS….….
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….. BUT NOT SO GLORIOUS FOR THE EVERYDAY LIFE….. BUT NOT SO GLORIOUS FOR THE EVERYDAY LIFE Main Street in Sydney to be transformed Main Street in Sydney to be transformed to Pedestrians, Bicycles and Light Railto Pedestrians, Bicycles and Light Rail
Present situationPresent situation George St. After conversionGeorge St. After conversion
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Copenhagen Style Copenhagen Style Bicycle Lanes Bicycle Lanes (on (on
Copenhagen Corner) Copenhagen Corner)
Sydney, Oct.2008Sydney, Oct.2008
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NYC Dept. of Transp. w/ NYC Dept. of Transp. w/ Gehl Architects, Published: Gehl Architects, Published:
13 nov 200813 nov 2008
WELCOME TO THE 21st CENTURYWELCOME TO THE 21st CENTURY
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”the Client”
PLEASE Never forget who we are working for! ”CITIES FOR PEOPLE”CITIES FOR PEOPLE
The forgotten dimension The forgotten dimension