Geder Diff

7/30/2019 Geder Diff

1/28

Gender Differences in Parenting Styles and Effects on the Parent-

Child Relationship

Approved:

____________________________Dr. Heather C. Galloway

Director, University Honors Program

Approved:

____________________________

Dr. Shirley S. OgletreeDepartment of Psychology

Supervising Professor


2/28

GENDER DIFFERENCES IN PARENTING STYLES AND

EFFECTS ON THE PARENT CHILD RELATIONSHIP

HONORS THESIS

Presented to the Honors Committee of

Texas State University-San Marcos

In Partial Fulfillment of

the Requirements

For Graduation in the University Honors Program

By

Meredith Ashley Stephens

San Marcos, Texas

May 2009


3/28

GenderDifferencesandParenting

1

Abstract

Thepurposeofthisstudywastodetermineiftherewereanygenderdifferencesin

parentingstylesandifso,measurehowtheyaffecttheparentchildrelationship.

Participantsweregivenasurveyaskingbasicdemographicquestions,questionsabout

whichparent/parentstheyhavelivedwiththemost,andquestionsthatrelatedtothe

genderrolesofeachparent.ParticipantswerealsogiventheParentalBonding

Inventorythatmeasuresmaternalcareandoverprotectivenessandpaternalcareand

overprotectiveness.Thereweresignificantgenderdifferencesinthewaysthatparents

interactedwiththeirchildren.Forexamplemostyoungpeoplehavebeenraisedby

traditionalparentsandfeltclosesttotheirmothers.Mothersonaveragespentmore

timewiththeirchildreningeneralthanfathers,spentmoretimetakingcareoftheir

children,weremorelikelynottoworkfulltime,wereseenasmoreoverprotectiveand

morecaring,spentthemostqualitytimewiththeirchildren,andstillspeaktotheir

childrenmoreoftentoday.Anothergenderdifferencebetweenfathersandmotherswas

thatfathersweremorelikelytobeoverprotectiveoftheirdaughtersthantheirsons.

Theresultssupportedtraditionalgenderexpectations,withmothersspendingmore

timewiththeirchildrenandchildrenfeelingclosertotheirmotherswhengrowingup.


4/28


2

GenderDifferencesinParentingStylesandEffectsontheParentChildRelationship

Genderrolesarebeliefsaboutthewaysinwhichindividual,familial,community

andsocietalrolesaredefinedbygender(Slavkin&Stright,2000).Traditionalgender

roles,whicharecommonintraditionalfamiliesinwhichthemaleisthebreadwinner

andthefemaleisinchargeofchildcareandhousekeeping,definemasculinityasbeing

independent,assertive,andaggressive(Eagly&Steffen,1984;Eagly,1987).Femininity

isdefinedasbeingnurturing,sensitiveandemotional(Slavkin&Stright,2000;Bem,

1981).

Itiscommonknowledgethatthereareoftentwoseparatespheresinthe

household,especiallyinmanytraditionalmarriagesbetweenamanandawoman.The

manssphereisusuallyoutsidethehomeintheworkplace.Thewomanssphereis

insidethehometakingcareofhouseholdchoresandthechildren.

Familieshavechangeddrasticallyfromthestereotypical1950sstayathome

momandtheworkingdad.Gerson(2002)foundthatbothmenandwomenoften

expressedstronglyegalitarianattitudestowardparenting.However,eventhoughmost

mothersfromthe1980stotodayworkoutsidethehome,thereisstillwhatiscalledthe

secondshiftofhouseworkandchildcarewhenthewomangetshomefromafulldayof

work(Hochschild,2003).Mothers,onaverage,spendmoretimetakingcareofchildren

thanfathers(Craig,2006).Itmayfollowthatchildrenwouldfeelmoreemotional

closenesstotheirmothersthantheirfathersbecausetheyhavespentmoretimewith

theirmothers.

Folbreetal(2001)saidthattakingcareofchildrenisacomplicatedmixtureof

workandloveinwhichtherelationshipitselfisveryimportant.Researchershave


5/28


3

beguntostudytheaffectofthechildsattachmenttothefatheraswellasthemother

(Thompson,2000).Fathersrelationshipswiththeirchildrenareactuallyvery

important,despitewhatmanypeoplemaythink.AccordingtoDaltonIII,FrickHorbury,

andKitzmann(2006)reportsoffathersparenting,butnotmothers,wererelatedtothe

qualityofcurrentrelationshipswitharomanticpartner.Also,fathersparentingwas

relatedtotheviewoftheselfasbeingabletoformcloseandsecurerelationships

(Daltonetal,2006).

TheresultsofastudyconductedbyCraig(2006)foundthatmothersweremore

likelythanfatherstospendnotonlymoretimeoverallwiththeirchildren,butalso

moretimemultitasking,morephysicallabor,amorerigidtimetable,moretimealone

withchildren,andmoreoverallresponsibilityfortheircare.Craig(2006)alsofound

thatthesegenderdifferencesintheamountoftimespentwithchildrenaswellasthe

circumstancesstatedabovearethesameevenwhenthemotherworksfulltime.

Fatherswerefoundtobemorelikelytospendtimewiththeirchildrenbyplayingwith

them,talkingwiththem,engagingineducationalandrecreationalactivitiesmorethan

anyotherkindsofcaring(Craig,2006).Otherresearchhasconsistentlyfoundthat

mothersstillspendtwotothreetimesasmuchtimewithchildrenasfathers(Baxter,

2002;Yeung,Sandberg,DavisKean,&Hofferth,2001).

Thereasonforthegenderdifferenceinhowmuchtimemothersandfathers

spendwiththeirchildrenisprobablynotduetothefactthatfathersdontwantto

spendtimewiththeirchildren.Infact,Milkie,Mattingly,Nomaguchi,Bianchi,and

Robinson(2004)foundthatmensaidthattheywantedtospendmoretimewiththeir

children.


6/28


4

Onecommonviewofmothersisthattheyareoftenoverinvolvedintheir

childrenslives,whilefathershaveamuchlessinvolvedapproach,beingmostly

playmatesfortheirchildren(Craig,2006).Also,perhapsitismoreacceptablefor

womentoshowaffectionthanmen,soitmightbemoredifficultformentoshow

affectiontowardstheirsons.

Womenareoftenperceivedasmorenurturinginoursociety,andmanypeople

thinkthatwomenarebetterattakingcareofchildrenthanmenare(Craig,2006).Men

andwomenareoftenbelievedtohavecertaintraitsthatmakemenmoresuccessfulin

theworkplace,andwomenarebetterattakingcareofchildren.Pohl,Bender,and

Lachmann(2005)foundthatwomentendtoshowmoreempathythanmen,andmen

tendtobemoreassertivethanwomen.Peoplemayassumethatthatfindingappliesto

allmenandwomenandthattherecannotbeassertivewomenandempatheticmen.

Therefore,societyoftentendstoassumethatallwomenshouldtakecareofchildren

andallmenshouldfocusonworkandleavethechildrearingtothemother.Itisalso

assumedthatmothersshouldhaveacloserrelationshiptotheirchildrenthanthe

fathersbecausemothersaresupposedtobemorefocusedontheirchildren.

FormyresearchIexpectthatmanyofthepeopleinthissurveywerenotreared

bytheirfathers,thattheydidnotspendmuchtimewiththeirfathersandthattheywill

havespentmoretimewiththeirmotherswhentheygrowingupthantheirfathers.I

expectthisresultbecausemanypeoplethinkthattakingcareofchildrenismostlythe

responsibilityofthemother,notthefather.Singlemothersaremuchmorecommon

thansinglefathers,andyouaremorelikelytohearofastayathomemomratherthana

stayathomedad.Inaddition,whentwoparentsofachilddivorceeachother,Ithink


7/28


5

thatitismorecommontohearofthemothergettingcustodythanthefather.Also,I

hypothesizethatbecausechildrenspendmuchmoretimewiththeirmotherswhen

theyaregrowingup,eveniftheygrowupwithbothparentsintheirlife,theywillbe

morelikelytofeelclosertotheirmothers.

Method

Participants

TheparticipantswereTexasStateUniversityundergraduates(N=302,95males,

207females)whoparticipatedforextracreditinasophomoreleveldevelopmental

psychologyclass.Theparticipantsrangedinagefromyoungerthan18toolderthan25.

Oneparticipantwasunder18,89were18or19,122were20or21,67werebetween

22and25,and23wereolderthan25.Asubset,the180participants(54menand126

women)whoindicatedthattheylivedwithboththeirmotherandfatherequallywhen

theyweregrowingup,werethemaingroupthatwasthefocusofthisstudy.The

materialandmethodswereapprovedbyTexasStateUniversitysInstitutionalReview

Board.

Materials

Thematerialsusedinthisstudywerefourstandardsurveyquestionsasking

abouttheparticipantssex,age,ethnicity,socioeconomicstatus,andonequestion

askingabouttheparticipantsparentsrelationshipstatus.Therewere13questions

askingaboutwhotheparticipantspentthemosttimewith,feltclosesttoowhile

growingupandcurrently,havethemostincommonwith,enjoyedspendingtimewith

themost,ect.


8/28


6

Thelast50questionsweretheParentalBondingInventory(PBI;Parker,Tupling

andBrown,1979)whichisa50questionselfreportsurveyusingafourpointLikert

scale,rangingfromverylike(1)toveryunlike(4),designedtoassessthe

individualsperceptionofcareandoverprotectionfromeachparentduringthefirst16

yearsoftheindividualslife.Onesetof25questionswascompletedforthemotherand

thenanothersetforthefather.Careinvolvesmeasuringparentalaffection,warmthand

empathy.Alowscoreinthiscategorymeansthattheindividualsawhis/hermother

and/orfatherascaring;ahighscoremeansthemotherand/orfatherwasperceivedas

cold,indifferentandrejecting.Overprotectionmeasuressuchparentalbehaviorsas

intrusivenessandinfantilization.Ifthemotherand/orfatherreceivedalowscorein

thiscategory,theywereseenasbeingoverprotectiveand/orcontrolling.Highscores

forthemotherand/orfathermeanthattheparentorparentspromotedindependence

intheirchild.Twelvequestionsassessedcare,whichgivesamaximumscoreof48.

Thirteenquestionsmeasuredoverprotection,whichgivesamaximumscoreof52.The

PBIhasgoodpsychometricpropertiesandisinsensitivetotheeffectsofthe

respondentsmood(Parker,1989).Parker(1989)alsoreportedsupportforthePBIs

validityasameasureofbothactualandperceivedparentingbasedonstudiesusing

familycorroborativewitnesses,twinstudies,andstudiesusingindependentraters

(Parker,1989).AllquestionsinthesurveyarefoundintheAppendix.

DesignandProcedure

Beforethesurveywasgivenout,theparticipantswereinformedaboutwhatthe

surveywasaboutandabouthowlongitwouldtakethemtocompleteit.Therewere

consentformsthatwereavailablefortheparticipantstosign.Theparticipantswere


9/28


7

toldthattheydidnothavetocompletethesurveyiftheydidnotwanttoo.Theywere

toldnottoputtheirnamesanywhereonthesurvey.Therewasnotimelimitfor

completingthesurvey.

Afterthesurveywasfinished,theparticipantswerethankedfortheirtimeand

participationandgiveninformationaboutwhenandhowtheycouldfindoutaboutthe

resultsofthestudy.Theywerealsoallowedtokeepacopyoftheconsentformifthey

chosetodoso.

DataAnalysis

Datawereanalyzedusingthechisquares,ttests,andcorrelations.

Results

SurveyQuestions

Chisquaretestswereusedtoanalyzethefrequenciesofthequestionsbasedon

genderofthechildandgenderoftheparentforthesubsetofparticipantswholived

withtheirmotherandfatherequallywhilegrowingup.Outofthe302participants,180

livedwithbothparentsforthesameamountoftimewhengrowingup.Thisgroupof

180participantsmadeupthesubsetthatwetested.Thestudentsleftoutofthetest

were101studentswhospentmoretimelivingwiththeirmother,17studentswho

spentmoretimelivingwiththeirfather,and4studentswholivedwithneitherparent.

Regardingclosenesstoparentswhilegrowingup,81indicatedtheyfeltclosettotheir

mother,32closesttotheirfather,and63feltequallyclosetobothparts,X2(2)=20.94,

p


10/28


8

Seetableonnextpage:

Table1:Frequenciesofparentalrelationshipitemsforparticipantswhogrewupliving

withbothparentsequally

Item Mother Father BothEqually ChiSquare

Feltclosesttoo

growingup

81 32 63 20.94***

Caretakingtime

growingup

120 7 52 108.48***

Punishedmost 52 61 61 .93

*p


11/28


9

Regardingdifferencesinparentalcaring/overprotectiondependingon

participantsgender,onlyoneofthefourcomparisonsweresignificant.Womenwere

morelikelythanmentoindicatethattheirfatherswereoverprotective,t(168)=2.62,p


12/28


10

theirchildrenthanfathers.Stereotypically,afathersroleisoftenseenasaprovider

role,andamothersroleisseenasthecaretakersrole(Gerson,2002).Alsothefinding

thatmothersareperceivedonaverageasspendingmoretimetakingcareoftheir

childrenthanfathersevenwhenworkingfulltimesupportswhatweknowaboutthe

secondshiftandmenandwomensperceivedresponsibilityinandoutofthehome

(Hochschild,2003).

ThesecondshiftasdefinedbyHochschild(2003)iswhenawomancomeshome

afterafulldayofworkandhasasecondshiftofhousework,cookingandtakingcareof

thechildren,whileherhusbanddoesnotdomuchoranyofthiswork.Thesecondshift

accountsforanextramonthofhouseworkandchildcareayearforwomen(Hochschild

2003).Forparticipantsinmysubsamplewholivedwithbothparentsequallygrowing

up,themajorityhadmothers(93of179)andfathers(169of180)whoworkedfull

time.Manychildrenwhohavetwoparentsthatworkfulltimeareputintodaycareor

leftwithafamilymemberorbabysitter.Ifonlyoneparentworkedfulltimeitwas

probablythefather,givingthemothertheentiredaywiththechildren.Whenthe

employedparentscomehomefromwork,thesecondshiftbeginsforthemotherwho

spendsmuchofthistimecooking,cleaningandtakingcareofthechildren.Often,since

menusuallymakemoremoneythanwomen,womensincomeisseenassupplemental

andifachildissick,theresponsibilityusuallylieswiththemothertostayhomefrom

worktotakecareofthechild(Yaremko&Lawson,2007).

Thecorrelationsthatwerefoundinthisstudywerealsoveryinteresting.The

morecaringamotherorfatherwas,thelesslikelytheyweretobeviewedbytheiradult

childrenasoverprotectiveandviceversa.Itseemsthatbeingoverprotectivemaybe


13/28


11

theoppositeofbeingcaringformanyparticipantsandtheirparents.Another

interestingfindingwasthatifthemotherorfatherwasperceivedascaring,theother

parentwasalsoverylikelytoberegardedasbeingcaring.Alsoifoneparentwas

consideredoverprotective,theotherparentwasalsomorelikelytobeseenas

overprotective.Perhapsitislesslikelyforoneparenttobecaringandtheother

overprotective.Mostparentsappeartohavesimilarstyles,atleastintheeyesoftheir

collegestudentchildren,asfarascaringandoverprotectiongo.Also,averyinteresting

genderdifferencethatwasfoundinthissurveyisthatfemalestudentsweremorelikely

thanmalestudentstoindicatethattheyhadoverprotectivefathers.

Thisstudyhassomelimitations.Firstofall,thestudyshouldbereplicated.Even

thoughthisstudyusedafairlylargesamplesize(302undergraduatestudents),there

weretwiceasmanywomenthanmen(95males,207females.)Thisstudycouldhave

beenimprovediftherewereasmanymenandwomen,sothattherecouldhavebeena

morerepresentativesampleofmales.Also,thenumberofparticipantswasmadeeven

smallerbecauseweonlyanalyzedtheparticipantswholivedwiththeirmotherand

fatherequallywhengrowingup.Thisleft180participantsoutoftheoriginal302.These

resultsmaynotbereplicatedinthelargerpopulationandmayhavebeendifferentifthe

surveyhadbeengiventoadifferentagegrouportwoparticipantslivinginadifferent

areaofthecountry.

Also,perhapsasocialdesirabilitybiasaffectedthedata;itispossiblethatsome

participantsdidnotwanttosaythattheyfeltclosertooneparentthantheother.

Faultymemorycouldalsohavebeenafactorsincethestudywasdoneretrospectively;

perhapsparticipantscouldnotaccuratelyrememberthingsabouttheirparentswhen


14/28


12

theyweregrowingup.Anotherfactorthatmighthaveaffectedthesurveyisthatthe

participantstookthesurveyaftertakingatest,sotheymightnothavethoughtvery

carefullyaboutthequestionsandmightnothaveansweredthemasaccuratelyasthey

wouldhaveiftheyhadnotjusttakenatestthathadexhaustedthemmentally.

Inconclusion,mostyoungpeopleinthissubsamplehavehadtraditionalparents

andfeltclosesttotheirmothers.Mothersonaveragespentmoretimewiththeir

childreningeneralthanfathers,spentmoretimetakingcareoftheirchildren,were

seenasmoreoverprotectiveandmorecaring,andspentthemostqualitytimewith

theirchildren.Eventhough,intheParentalBondingInventory,motherswereseenas

moreoverprotective,femalestudentsweremorelikelytosaythattheyhadover

protectivefathersthanmalestudentswere.AlthoughIdidfinddatasupporting

traditionalgenderrolescontinuinginfluenceonparenting,someindicationwasalso

foundthatparticipantsfeelclosetobothparentsasadults.Oftheparticipants,76(of

176)indicatedthattheyfeltequallyclosetobothparentstoday,and69(of171)

participantsequallytalkedtoorsawbothparents.Also,overhalfoftheparticipants

indicatedthattheyenjoyedspendingtimewithbothparentsequally.

Inthefuture,itwouldbebeneficialtodomoresurveysaboutfemalesbeing

morelikelythanmalestoindicatethattheyhadoverprotectivefathers.Therehasnot

beenmuchresearchdoneinthisarea.Also,itwouldbebeneficialiftherewasmore

researchdoneonstayathomedads,becausetheyareanimportantandgrowing

population.Fromthesefamilies,itwouldbeinterestingtolearnabouttherelationships

betweenthefatherandchildren,andifitisverydifferentfromfathersthatwork

outsidethehome.


15/28


13

Ithinkthatinthefuture,parentingwillbecomemoreequallydividedamong

mothersandfathersandinturnthiswillresultinchildrenfeelingsimilarlycloseto

bothparents.GanongandColeman(2001)believethatwearealreadymovingtoward

thesocialidealoffathersascoparentswithmothers.Fatherstodayarecaringmorefor

theirchildrentodaythaninthepast(Sandberg&Hofferth,2001).


16/28


14

References

Baxter,J.(2002,December).Patternsofchangeandstabilityinthegenderdivisionof

householdlabourinAustralia,19861997.JournalofSociology,38(4),399424.

Bem,S.(1981).Genderschematheory:acognitiveaccountofsextyping.Psychological

Review,88,354364

Craig,L.(2006,April).DOESFATHERCAREMEANFATHERSSHARE?AComparisonof

HowMothersandFathersinIntactFamiliesSpendTimewithChildren.Gender&

Society,20(2),259281.

Dalton,W.,FrickHorbury,D.,&Kitzmann,K.(2006,January).Youngadults'

retrospectivereportsofparentingbymothersandfathers:Associationswith

currentrelationshipquality.JournalofGeneralPsychology,133(1),518.

Eagly,A.H.(1987).Sexdifferencesinsocialbehavior:asocial-role

interpretation.Hillsdale,NJ:LawrenceErlbaumAssociates,Inc.

Eagly,A.H.Steffen,V.J.(1984).Genderstereotypesstemfromthedistributionof

womenandmenintosocialroles.JournalofPersonalityandSocialPsychology,

46(4),735754.

Folbre,N.,Christensen,K.,Gringeri,C.,Matthaei,J.,Kornbluh,F.,Rose,N.,etal.(2001).

Theinvisibleheart:economicsandfamilyvalues.

Ganong,L.,&Coleman,M.(2001).Contentoffatherstereotypes.Contentoffather

stereotypes.


17/28


15

Gerson,K.(2002,February).MoralDilemmas,MoralStrategies,andtheTransformation

ofGender:LessonsfromTwoGenerationsofWorkandFamilyChange.Gender&

Society,16(1),8.

HochschildA,MachungA.(2003).Thesecondshift[ebook].Availablefrom:Family&

SocietyStudiesWorldwide,Ipswich,MA.

Milkie,M.,Mattingly,M.,Nomaguchi,K.,Bianchi,S.,&Robinson,J.(2004,August).The

TimeSqueeze:ParentalStatusesandFeelingsaboutTimewithChildren.Journal

ofMarriageandFamily,66(3),739761.

Parker,G.,Tupling,H.,andBrown,L.B.(1979).AParentalBondingInstrument.British

JournalofMedicalPsychology,52,110.

Parker,G.(1989).TheParentalBondingInstrument:psychometricpropertiesreviewed.

PsychiatricDevelopments,7(4),317335.

Pohl,R.,Bender,M.,&Lachmann,G.(2005,September).AutobiographicalMemoryand

SocialSkillsofMenandWomen.AppliedCognitivePsychology,19(6),745759.

Slavkin,M.,&Stright,A.(2000,January).GenderRoleDifferencesinCollegeStudents

fromOneandTwoParentFamilies.SexRoles,42(1/2),2337.

Thompson,R.(2000,January).TheLegacyofEarlyAttachments.ChildDevelopment,

71(1),145.

Yaremko,S.,&Lawson,K.(2007,November).Gender,InternalizationofExpressive

Traits,andExpectationsofParenting.SexRoles,57(9/10),675687.


18/28


16

Yeung,W.,Sandberg,J.,DavisKean,P.,&Hofferth,S.(2001,February).Children'stime

withfathersinintactfamilies.JournalofMarriageandFamily,63(1),136154.


19/28


17

Appendix

Pleasefillinyourscantronwiththeappropriateletterforeachitem.

1.Yoursex a.Male

b.Female

2.Age a.Youngerthan18

b.18or19

c.20or21

d.2225

e.Olderthan25

3.Ethnicitya.Caucasian/White

b.AfricanAmerican

c.Hispanic/LatinAmerican

d.Asian

e.Other

4.Howwouldyoudescribeyoursocioeconomicstatus?

a.Upperclass

b.Uppermiddleclass

c.Middleclass

d.Lowermiddleclass e.Lowerclass

5.Parentsrelationshipstatus a.Biologicalparentsmarried

b.Biologicalparentsdivorcedfromeachother c.Biologicalparentswerenevermarried

d.Motherisawidow

e.Fatherisawidower

ParentingQuestions

6.Whichbiologicaloradoptiveparentdidyoulivewiththemostwhenyouweregrowingup?

a.Biologicalmotherandfatherequally

b.Biologicalmother

c.Biologicalfather

d.Neitherbiologicalparent


20/28


18

7.Whichbiologicaloradoptiveparentdidyouspendthemosttimewithwhenyou

weregrowingup?

a.Mother

b.Father

c.Bothparentsequally

d.Didnotlivewitheitherparent

8.Whichbiologicaloradoptiveparentwouldyousayyoufeelclosesttoowhenyou

weregrowingup?

a.Mother b.Father


d.Didnotfeelatallclosetoeitherparent

9.Whichbiologicaloradoptiveparentspentthemosttimetakingcareofyouwhenyou

weregrowingup?(Cooking,cleaning,takingyoutoschool,ect.) a.Mother

b.Father


d.Neither

10.Mostofthetime,didyourmotherworkwhileyouweregrowingup?

a.No

b.Yes,fulltime

c.Yes,parttime

d.Doesnotapply(livedwithfatherorotherfamilymember)

11.Mostofthetime,didyourfatherworkwhileyouweregrowingup?a.No

b.Yes,Fulltimec.Yes,Parttime

d.Doesnotapply(livedwithmotherorotherfamilymember)

12.Whichparentpunishedyouthemostasachild?a.Mother

b.Father

c.Bothparentsequally d.Neither/doesnotapply

13.Whichparentspentthemosttimeplayingwithyouasachild?

a.Mother

b.Father


d.Neither


21/28


19

14.Whichparentdoyouthinkthatyouspentthemostqualitytimewithasachild?

a.Mother

b.Father


d.Neither

15.Whichparentdoyoufeelclosesttootoday?

a.Mother

b.Father c.Bothparentsequally

d.Neither

16.Whichparentdoyoutalktoorseethemosttoday?

a.Mother b.Father

c.Bothparentsequally d.Neither

17.Whodoyouhavemoreincommonwith?

a.Mother

b.Father

c.Ihavethesameamountofthingsincommonwithbothparents

d.Neither

18.Whodoyouenjoyspendingthemosttimewith?

a.Mother

b.Father c.Bothparentsequally

d.Neither

ParentalBondingInventory

Thisquestionnairelistsvariousattitudesandbehaviorsofparents.Asyouremember

yourMother/Fatherinyourfirst16years,wouldyoupleaseindicatethemost

appropriateresponsecategory.(Ifyoudidnotgrowupwithyourmotherorfather,

pleaseleavethatsectionblank.)

Pleaseanswerthesefirst25questionsaboutyourmother.

Responsecategories:

a.VeryLike

b.ModeratelyLike

c.ModeratelyUnlike

d.Veryunlike


22/28


20

19.Spoketomewithawarmandfriendlyvoice.

20.DidnothelpmeasmuchasIneeded.

21.LetmedothosethingsIlikeddoing.

22.Seemedemotionallycoldtome.

23.Appearedtounderstandmyproblems&worries24.Wasaffectionatetome.

25.Likedmetomakemyowndecisions

26.Didnotwantmetogrowup.

27.TriedtocontroleverythingIdid28.Invadedmyprivacy

29.Enjoyedtalkingthingsoverwithme

30.Frequentlysmiledatme.

31.Tendedtobabyme.

32.DidnotseemtounderstandwhatIneededorwanted33.Letmedecidethingsformyself

34.MademefeelIwasntwanted35.CouldmakemefeelbetterwhenIwasupset

36.Didnottalkwithmeverymuch.

37.Triedtomakemedependentonher/him

38.FeltIcouldnotlookaftermyselfunlessshe/hewasaround

39.GavemeasmuchfreedomasIwanted

40.LetmegooutasoftenasIwanted.

41.Wasoverprotectiveofme

42.Didnotpraiseme

43.LetmedressinanywayIpleased

Pleaseanswerthesesecond25questionsaboutyourfather.

Responsecategories:

a.VeryLike

b.ModeratelyLike

c.ModeratelyUnlike

d.Veryunlike

44.Spoketomewithawarmandfriendlyvoice.45.DidnothelpmeasmuchasIneeded.

46.LetmedothosethingsIlikeddoing.

47.Seemedemotionallycoldtome.

48.Appearedtounderstandmyproblems&worries

49.Wasaffectionatetome.50.Likedmetomakemyowndecisions

51.Didnotwantmetogrowup.


23/28


21

52.TriedtocontroleverythingIdid

53.Invadedmyprivacy

54.Enjoyedtalkingthingsoverwithme

55.Frequentlysmiledatme.

56.Tendedtobabyme.

57.DidnotseemtounderstandwhatIneededorwanted58.Letmedecidethingsformyself

59.MademefeelIwasntwanted

60.CouldmakemefeelbetterwhenIwasupset

61.Didnottalkwithmeverymuch.62.Triedtomakemedependentonher/him

63.FeltIcouldnotlookaftermyselfunlessshe/hewasaround

64.GavemeasmuchfreedomasIwanted

65.LetmegooutasoftenasIwanted.

66.Wasoverprotectiveofme67.Didnotpraiseme

68.LetmedressinanywayIpleasedThankyouforparticipatinginoursurvey.


24/28


22

AuthorsNote

Iamverygratefultomythesissupervisor,Dr.ShirleyOgletree.Withoutherhelp,

Iwouldnothavebeenabletodothisthesis.Iamveryappreciativeforthetimeand

effortthatshespenthelpingmeontheresearchandthewritingofthisthesis.Iwould

alsoliketothankherforlettingmegivemysurveytoherclassforextracredit.


25/28


23

FigureCaptions

Figure1:Whichparentwastheparticipantclosesttoowhilegrowingup?1.00,themost

commonchoiceisthemother(F=81).2.00,theleastcommonchoiceisthefather

(F=32).3.00isbothparentsequally(F=63).

Figure2:Whichparentdoestheparticipantfeelclosesttootoday?1.00,themother

(F=73),2.00,thefather(F=27),3.00,bothparentsequally,(F=76).

Figure3:Whichparentspentthemosttimetakingcareoftheparticipantwhenthey

weregrowingup?1.00,themother(F=120).2.00,thefather(F=7).3.00,bothparents

equally(F=52).

Figure4:Didtheparticipantsmotherworkwhiletheparticipantwasgrowingup?1.00,

No(F=51).2.00,Yes,fulltime(F=93).3.00,Yes,parttime(F=35).

Figure5:Didtheparticipantsfatherworkwhiletheparticipantwasgrowingup?1.00,

No(F=6).2.00,Yes,fulltime(F=169).3.00,Yes,parttime(F=5).


26/28


24


27/28


25


28/28


26

Geder Diff

Documents

Transcript of Geder Diff