GC #1: cognates Cognates are words that can be easily recognized because they either look or sound...
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GC #1: cognates
• Cognates are words that can be easily recognized because they either look or sound like words in the English language.
• However, there are false cognates:• Examples of cognates– La clase, febrero
• Examples of false cognates– Embarazada, sopa
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GC #2: pronouns
Yo-I
Tú-youÉl-he Ella-sheUsted (Ud.)-you formal
NosotrosweVosotrosYou (Spain)Ellos (as)-theyUstedes (Uds.)You
First person
Second Person
Third Person
Singular Plural
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GC # 3: ser (to be)
Yo soy
Tú eresÉl esEllas esUsted (Ud.) es
Nosotros somosOs sois
Ellos sonEllas sonUstedes son
First person
Second Person
Third Person
Singular Plural
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GC #4: question formationPreguntas (con letra) ECDL
• To ask a question that may be answered yes or no, simply raise your voice at the end of the question.
• You may answer a question with the word no twice: once to mean no and again to mean not.
• Notice that all question words are written with an accent mark.
• Also all questions start with an upside question mark
¿ then close up the questions with ?
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GC # 4: question formation¿Qué dice el Wordle?
¿Qué?
¿Cómo?¿Cuándo?
What?What? How?
When?
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GC # 4: question formation
¿Quién?¿Quiénes?
¿Cuánto?
Who?Who all?Who are?How much?
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GC # 4: question formation
¿Por qué?
¿De dónde?
¿Cuál?
Why?
Where from?Which?What?
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GC #5: gender and adjective agreement
• Adj. describe nouns and must therefore match the gender and number of the noun.
• The masculine forms of most adj. end in –o.• The feminine forms of most adj. End in –a.• Adj. ending in consonants or “e” have the
same masc. and fem. Forms and do not add an “a”.
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GC #5: gender and adjective agreement
• One exception: Adj. ending in letters “or” or are adj. of nationality form the fem. By adding an “a”
• To make an adj. plural, add –s to the singular form.
• If it ends in a consonant, add –es.• To describe a mixed group of men and
women, use the masc. Plural form of the adj.
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GC #5: gender and adjective agreement
• To describe a mixed group of men and women, use the masc. plural form of the adj.
• Examples:
–El libro bueno–La comida buena–Los libros buenos–Las comidas buenas
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GC #6: nouns and definite articles
• Definite articles are used to say “the”. • They have different forms and
must agree with the noun in gender and number.
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GC # 6: definite articles (the)
Masculino
ellos
femenino
lalas
singular
plural
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GC #7: gustar (to like)
Use the verb gustar to say what people like. If the thing they like is singular, use gusta. If it's plural, use gustan. Use ¿qué? with gusta to ask what someone likes.
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Ejemplos:
¿Te gusta la pizza? Do you like pizza?
--Sí, y me gustan las verduras.--Yes, and I like vegetables.
¿Qué te gusta? What do you like?Me gustan los carros. I like cars.
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GC # 7: gustar (to like)
Me gusta
Te gusta
Le gusta
Nos gusta
Os gusta
Les gusta
First person
Second Person
Third Person
Singular Plural
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1. Notice that le can stand for you (usted), he, she or it;
2. and les can stand for you (ustedes) or they.
3. To ask who is being talked about, use a quién or a quiénes.
4. To clarify who is being talked about, use a + name(s).
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Ejemplos:
—¿A quién le gusta la pizza? —Who likes pizza?—A Juan le gusta la pizza.
—¿A quiénes les gusta la pizza? —Who likes pizza?—A Juan y a Sara les gusta.
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• Put the word no before the pronoun to say don't or doesn't.
—¿Te gusta la fruta? —No, no me gusta la fruta.
• To ask why, use ¿Por qué? Answer with porque (because).
—¿Por qué te gusta el helado? —Me gusta porque es delicioso.
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GC #8: Preposition “de”1) De is used to show possession or relationship.
Es el carro de Ernesto. It’s Ernesto’s car.
Son los amigos de la profesora. They’re the teacher’s friends.
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GC #8: Preposition “de”2) In addition, de can be used to indicate what type of thing you’re describing.
los libros de aventuras adventure books
las películas de misterio mystery movies
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GC #8: Preposition “de”3) The word de is also used to say where someone is from. Julio es de Costa Rica. Julio is from Costa Rica.
4) The preposition de followed by el makes the contraction del. el correo electrónico del profesorthe teacher’s e-mail address
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GC #9: Gustar + infinitives1) Infinitive – to + a verb, tells what’s
happening without telling who performs the action or when the action takes place:
2) There are 3 types of infinitives in Spanish
-ar -er -ir Hablar comer escribir
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3) Use an infinitive after the verb “gustar” to say what people like to do.
Me gusta patinar. I like to skate.
¿Te gusta cantar? Do you like to sing?Cantaris a verb written in the infinitive.
4) Always use gusta with an infinitive never gustan.
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GC #10: Querer (to want)
1. Use a noun after querer to say what you want.
2. Use an infinitive after querer to say what you want to do.
Examples:Quiero Taco Bell. I want Taco Bell.
Quiero comer Taco Bell. I want to eat…
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GC #10: Querer to want
quieroquieres
Quiere
queremos
queréis
quieren
First person
Second Person
Third Person
Singular Plural
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GC #11: Pronouns after prepositions1. Pronouns can have different forms even
if they refer to the same person.Example: Yo soy Andrea.
Me gusta el helado.2 After preposition like a (to, at), de (of, from, about), and en (in, on, at), the subject pronouns yo and tú change to mí and ti. All other subject pronouns stay the same.
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3. Con + the pronoun mí and ti make conmigo (with me) and contigo (with you).
4. To add people to the sentence, use the word a before the name.
Example:A Lisa y a Teo les gusta cantar. A mí me gusta patinar.
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GC #12: Present tense of regular –ar verbs1. Every verb has a stem followed by an
ending. The stem tells the verb’s meaning. An infinitive ending doesn’t name a subject.
Stem Hablar endingStem Comer endingStem Vivir ending
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2. To give the verb a subject, you conjugate it. To conjugate a
regular -ar verb in the present tense, drop the -ar ending of the infinitive and add these endings. Each ending goes with a particular subject.
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Cantar: to sing
Yo canto
Tú cantasÉl cantaElla cantaUd. Canta
Nosotros cantamosvosotros/ascantáisEllos/as cantanUds. cantan
First person
Second Person
Third Person
Singular Plural
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Examples:
--¿Cantan ustedes mucho?Do you sing a lot?
--No, casi nunca cantamos.No, we hardly ever sing.
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3. Since most of the time the ending of the verb tells the subject, the subject pronoun is normally left out. Use subject pronouns to add emphasis, or when it wouldn’t otherwise be clear who the subject is.
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Examples:
--¿Patinan ustedes mucho?Do you skate a lot?
--Ellos patinan. Yo nunca pantino.They skate. I never skate.
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GC #13: irregular verb irThe -ar verbs you have learned are called regular verbs because their conjugations all follow a predictable pattern. Some verbs such as ir (to go) are called irregular, because they do not follow a clear pattern.
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GC #13: Ir to go
VoyVasVa
Vamos
vaisVan
First person
Second Person
Third Person
Singular Plural
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GC #13: jugar U UE
The verb jugar (to play a sport or game) has regular -ar endings, but the vowel u in the stem changes to ue in all but the nosotros and vosotros forms.
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GC #13: Jugar: to play
JuegoJuegasJuega
Jugamos
JugáisJuegan
First person
Second Person
Third Person
Singular Plural
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The preposition a is used after ir to mean to. A is also used after jugar with a sport. When a is followed by el, the two words combine to form the contraction al. Use ¿adónde? to ask where to.Al to the—¿Adónde van los domingos?
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CONTRACTION: al = a + el1. Juego al (a el) ajedrez.2. Jugamos al béisbol.3. Juegas al básquetbol.4. Voy al (a el ) mercado.5. Vamos al (a el ) cine.6. Van al (a el) colegio.
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GC #14: Weather Expressions¿Qué tiempo hace? How is the weather?Hace mal tiempo. The weather is bad.Hace buen tiempo.The weather is good.
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Hace fresco. It is cool.Hace calor.It is hot.Hacer frío. It is cold.Hace sol. It is sunny.Hace viento. It is windy.Llueve. It rains.Nieva. It snows.
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GC #15: Indefinite Articles.1. Indefinite articles are used to
say “a”, “an”, and “some”.2. Indefinite articles have four
forms and must agree with the noun in gender and number.
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GC #15: indefinite articles
masculine
ununos
feminine
unaunas
Sing.
Plu.
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GC #16: Present Tense -er verbs
-o-es-e
-emos
-en
First person
Second Person
Third Person
Singular Plural
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GC #16: P T -ir verbs
-o-es-e
-imos
-en
First person
Second Person
Third Person
Singular Plural
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GC #17: tener (to have)
TengoTienesTiene
Tenemos
Tienen
First person
Second Person
Third Person
Singular Plural
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Tener idiomsTengo que + infinitive-to have to do something.Tener ganas de + inf. –to feel like doing something.Tener prisa– to be in a hurryTener (mucha) hambre– to be very hungry
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Tener mucha sed—to be very thirsty.Tener sueño– to be sleepyTener miedo– to be afraidTener calor– to be hotTener frío– to be cold
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GC #18: venir (to come)
VengoVienesViene
Venimos
Vienen
First person
Second Person
Third Person
Singular Plural
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GC #19: hacer (do)
HagoHacesHace
Hacemos
Hacen
First person
Second Person
Third Person
Singular Plural
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GC #19: poner (to put)
PongoPonesPone
Ponemos
Ponen
First person
Second Person
Third Person
Singular Plural
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GC #19: traer (to bring)
TraigoTraesTrae
Traemos
Traen
First person
Second Person
Third Person
Singular Plural
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GC #19: salir (to go out)
SalgoSalesSale
Salimos
Salen
First person
Second Person
Third Person
Singular Plural
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GC #19: Saber (to know something)
SéSabesSabe
Sabemos
Saben
First person
Second Person
Third Person
Singular Plural
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GC #19: Ver (to see)
VeoVesVe
Vemos
Ven
First person
Second Person
Third Person
Singular Plural
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GC #20: Stem-Changing Verbs e ieDespertarse To wake upSentirse To feelMantenerse To maintain/To stay in
formCerrar To closeComenzar To startSentarse To sit down
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GC #20: Stem-Changing Verbs e ie
Querer To wantEmpezar To beginEntender To understandPreferir To preferCalentar To heat upPerder To lose
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GC #20: Stem-Changing Verbs e i
Servir To servePedir To ask forVestirse To get dressedSeguir To followConseguir To obtain
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GC #20: Stem-Changing Verbs O ue
Dormir To sleepVolver To returnAlmorzar To have lunchProbar To try (food)Acostarse To go to bed
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GC #20: Stem-Changing Verbs O ue
Encontrarse To find oneself withDoler To feel painCostar To costDevolver To return (something)Colgar To hang (something)Contar To count
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GC #20: Stem-Changing Verbs
U ue
Jugar to play
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GC #20: possessive adj.
MyYour(s)His/her(s)
Our(s)
Their(s)
First person
Second Person
Third Person
Singular Plural
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GC #20: possessive adj.
Mi (s)Tu (s)Su (s)
Nuestra(s)Nuestro(s)
su(s)
First person
Second Person
Third Person
Singular Plural
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GC #21: Estar + prepositions
EstoyEstásEstá
Estamos
Están
First person
Second Person
Third Person
Singular Plural
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PrepositionsThe verb estar is also used with some prepositions to say where someone or something is in relation to someone or something else. Here are some prepositions made up of more than one word:
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PrepositionsDetrás de behindCerca de close to, nearDebajo de underneathAl lado de next to
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PrepositionsDelante de in front ofLejos de far fromEncima de on top, above
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Ejemplo¿En dónde esta tu departamento?Está detrás de un edificio grande.
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TocarTocar is used to say what you have to do, what your duties are, or whose turn it is.
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GC #23: tocar (to play/to touch)
Me toca(n)Te toca(n)
Le toca(n)
Nos toca (n)
Les toca(n)
First person
Second Person
Third Person
Singular Plural
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ejemplos¿Qué quehaceres te tocan en tu casa?
¿Qué te toca hacer hoy?
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ParecerParecer means to seem. It is used to give your opinion about something.
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GC #23: Parecer
Me parece(n)Te parece(n)Le parece(n)
Nos parece(n)
Les parece(n)
First person
Second Person
Third Person
Singular Plural
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ejemplos¿Qué te parecen tus clases?
¿Qué te parece hacer tarea?
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GC # 24: Ser vs. Estar
Ser and estar both mean to be.
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Ser 1. Permanent characteristics.2. Physical descriptions3. Origin/natinality4. Time expressions5. Professions (jobs)
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GC #24: Ser
Soy-I am
Eres- you areEs-he is, she is, you are -formal
Somos-we are
Son-they are; you all are
First person
Second Person
Third Person
Singular Plural
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Estar 1. Estar2. Location3. Feelings
4. Weather expressions
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GC #24: estar
Estoy-I amestás- you areEstá, he is, she is, you are -formal
Estamos-we are
Estás-they are; you all are
First person
Second Person
Third Person
Singular Plural
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Pedir and servir
1. Pedir to ask for; to order2. Servir to serve
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Pedir and servir 1. Pedir i2. Servir i
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Pedir to ask for; to order
Pidopides
Pide
pedimos
Piden
First person
Second Person
Third Person
Singular Plural
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Servir to serve
sirvosirves
sirve
servimos
sirven
First person
Second Person
Third Person
Singular Plural
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GC #25: direct object pronouns
• Verbs can be followed by direct objects, the person or thing receiving the action of the verb.
Rafaela pone la mesa. Siempre pido la sopa.
A direct object can be a noun or a pronoun. Use direct object pronouns to avoid repeating nouns that have already been mentioned. These pronouns must agree with the nouns they stand for.
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Direct object pronouns
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Servir to serve
Singular
Lo-it, him
La-it, her
Plural
Las
Los-them
-them
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GC #25: direct object pronouns• Direct object pronouns go before the
conjugated verb. If there is an infinitive in the sentence, the pronouns go before the conjugated verb or are attached to the end of the infinitive.
—¿Quién prepara los sándwiches?—Yo los preparo.—¿Quién va a preparar la cena?—Mi padre la va a preparar.—Mi padre va a prepararla.
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GC #26: affirmative informal commands
• To tell someone you address as tú to do something, use an affirmative informal command.
• To form the affirmative informal command of regular or stem-changing verb, just drop the final s off the end of the tú form of the verb.
(tú) hablas habla you speak speak(tú) comescome you eateat(tú) pides pideyou ask (for) ask (for)
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GC #26: affirmative informal commands
Pide un sandwich de pollo.Order a chicken sandwich.
Lava los platos.Wash the dishes.
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GC #26: affirmative informal commands
Some verbs have irregular affirmative informal command forms.
Tener Ten haveVenir Ven comeHacer Haz do; makePoner Pon putSalir Sal go out; leaveIr Ve goSer Sé be
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GC #26: affirmative informal commands
Here are some verbs you might use to ask someone to help you in the kitchen. They all have regular command forms. Note that calentar is an e→ ie stem-changing verb.
Abrir abre open upCortar corta cutMezclar mezcla mixCalentar calienta heat upSacar saca take outAñadir añade add
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GC #27: Reflexive Pronouns
• A reflexive verb shows that the subject acts upon itself. In Spanish, reflexive verbs have -se attached to the verb. (lavarse, bañarse, ponerse, quitarse, etc.). Some verbs can be both regular and reflexive.
Lavo los platos. I wash the dishes.Me lavo la cara. I wash my face.
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GC #27: Reflexive Pronouns• When you conjugate the reflexive verb,
include the reflexive pronoun that agrees with the subject.
Example: lavarse
Yo me lavo nosotros nos lavamosTú te lavasUd. Él, ella se lava Uds. , ellos se lavan
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GC #27: Reflexive Pronouns• A reflexive pronouns can go before a conjugated
verb or can be attached to the end of an infinitive:
Example:
Me voy a lavar la cara == voy a lavarme la cara.
Both sentences mean: I am going to wash my face.
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GC #27: Reflexive pronouns
Me -I
Te - you
se –he, she, it, you formal
Nos-we
se- theyYou all
First person
Second Person
Third Person
Singular Plural
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Reflexive pronouns
Me despiertoTe despiertasSe despierta
Nos despertamos
Se despiertan
First person
Second Person
Third Person
Singular Plural
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Reflexive pronouns
Me acuestoTe acuestasSe acuesta
Nos acostamos
Se acuestan
First person
Second Person
Third Person
Singular Plural
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Reflexive pronouns: vestir
Me visto
Te vistes
Se viste
Nos vestimos
Se visten
First person
Second Person
Third Person
Singular Plural
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Reflexive pronouns
Me mantengoTe mantienesSe mantiene
Nos mantenemos
Se mantienen
First person
Second Person
Third Person
Singular Plural
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GC #28: Negative affirmative commands• A negative command tells someone not to do
something. To form the negative informal command of most -ar verbs, drop the final o of the yo form and add es.
Yo fumo No fumes Don’t smokeYo trabajo No trabajes Don’t workYo hablo no hables Don’t talk
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GC #28: Negative affirmative commands• To form the negative informal command of most
-er and -ir verbs, drop the final o of the yo form and add as.
Yo form n.i. command translation
Vengo No vengas don’t comeComo No comas don’t eatDuermo No duermas don’t sleepPongo no pongas don’t put
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GC #28: Negative affirmative commandsThese verbs have irregular negative informal commands.
Dar no des Don’t give Ir no vayas Don’t go
Ser no seas Don’t be
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GC # 29: Demonstrative adj. and Comparatives.
This, these: este, esta, estos, estasThat, those: ese, esa, esos, esas
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Estos pantalones estan pasados de moda.
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GC # 29: Comparatives.
Más + adj.: more…thanMenos + adj.: less…thanTan + adj. + como: as…as
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GC # 29: Irregular Comparatives.
Mejor(es): betterPeor(es): worseMenor(es): youngerMayor(es): older
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GC # 29: Irregular Comparatives.
Mejor(es): betterPeor(es): worseMenor(es): youngerMayor(es): older
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GC # 30-Preterite of –ar verbs
-é
-aste
-ó
-amos
-aron
First person
Second Person
Third Person
Singular Plural
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GC # 31-Preterite of “ir” to go
FuiI went
FuisteYou wentFueHe,she, itwent
FuimosWe went
FueronThey, you all went
First person
Second Person
Third Person
Singular Plural
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GC # 32-Preterite of –er/-ir verbs
-í
-iste
-ió
-imos
-ieron
First person
Second Person
Third Person
Singular Plural
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GC # 33: conocer-to know someone
Conozco
conoces
conoce
conocemos
conocen
First person
Second Person
Third Person
Singular Plural
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Yo conozco a Laura.
I know laura.
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GC # 33: saber-to know-something
Sé
sabes
sabe
sabemos
saben
First person
Second Person
Third Person
Singular Plural
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Yo sé hablar dos idomas.
I know how to speak two languages.
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GC # 34: present progressive –ar verbs
Estoy cantando
Estás cantandoEstá cantando
Estamos cantando
Están cantando
First person
Second Person
Third Person
Singular Plural
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GC # 34: present progressive of –er verbs
Estoy comiendo
Estás comiendoEstá comiendo
Estamos comiendo
Están comiendo
First person
Second Person
Third Person
Singular Plural
![Page 117: GC #1: cognates Cognates are words that can be easily recognized because they either look or sound like words in the English language. However, there are.](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022081516/56649c715503460f94922b61/html5/thumbnails/117.jpg)
GC # 34: present progressive of –ir verbs
Estoy viviendo
Estás viviendoEstá viviendo
Estamos viviendo
Están viviendo
First person
Second Person
Third Person
Singular Plural
![Page 118: GC #1: cognates Cognates are words that can be easily recognized because they either look or sound like words in the English language. However, there are.](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022081516/56649c715503460f94922b61/html5/thumbnails/118.jpg)
GC # 34: present progressive of leer
Estoy Leyendo
Estás LeyendoEstá Leyendo
Estamos Leyendo
Están leyendo
First person
Second Person
Third Person
Singular Plural
![Page 119: GC #1: cognates Cognates are words that can be easily recognized because they either look or sound like words in the English language. However, there are.](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022081516/56649c715503460f94922b61/html5/thumbnails/119.jpg)
GC # 34: present progressive of dormir
Estoy Durmiendo
Estás DurmiendoEstá Durmiendo
Estamos durmiendo
Están durmiendo
First person
Second Person
Third Person
Singular Plural
![Page 120: GC #1: cognates Cognates are words that can be easily recognized because they either look or sound like words in the English language. However, there are.](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022081516/56649c715503460f94922b61/html5/thumbnails/120.jpg)
GC # 34: present progressive of servir
Estoy Sirviendo
Estás sirviendoEstá sirviendo
Estamos sirviendo
Están sirviendo
First person
Second Person
Third Person
Singular Plural
![Page 121: GC #1: cognates Cognates are words that can be easily recognized because they either look or sound like words in the English language. However, there are.](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022081516/56649c715503460f94922b61/html5/thumbnails/121.jpg)
La estoy haciendo
Estoy haciendola