Gaza–Israel ConflicT
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Mujahideen Shura Council
in the Environs of
Jerusalem
Ansar Bait al-Maqdis
Abdullah Azzam Brigades
Supported by:
Hezbollah
Commanders and leaders
B. Netanyahu a
Ehud Olmert b
Ehud Barak c
Gabi Ashkenazi d
Gassan Alian e
Khaled Mashal [2]
Ismail Haniyeh
Said Seyam (KIA)
Mohammed Deif
Abu Z. al-Jamal (KIA)Ahmed Jabari (KIA)
Tawfik Jaber (KIA)[3]
Osama Mazini
Nizar Rayan (KIA)[3]
Mahmoud al-Zahar
Casualties and losses
139 killed[4] ~2,200 killed [4]
aPrime Minister since April 2009.
bPrime Minister 20062009.
cDefense Minister.
dChief of the General Staff.
1 Background
1.1 IsraelGaza barrier
1.2 Second Intifada
1.3 Israel's unilateral
disengagement
1.4 Ascendancy of Hamas
2 Timeline
2.1 2004
2.2 2006
2.3 Fatah-Hamas conflict and
Israeli blockade
2.4 Operation "Hot Winter"
2.5 Six-month ceasefire
2.6 Gaza War
2.7 March 2010 events
2.8 2011 cross-border attack
2.9 Operation "Returning Echo"
2.10 Operation "Pillar of
Defense"
2.11 2013
2.12 2014
3 International response
3.1 Other responses
4 See also
5 References
6 External links
Background
IsraelGaza barrier
The Gaza Strip has been separated from Israel by the IsraelGaza barrier since 1996, which has helped reduce
infiltration into Israel. Since the beginning of the Second Intifada, Gazans are no longer permitted to enter Israel
for work purposes. Special permits to enter Israel for medical purposes have also been greatly reduced, which
has made travel for Palestinians a difficult task.[12]
Daniel Schueftan, in his 1999 book,Disengagement: Israel and the Palestinian Entity[13][14]
("The Need forSeparation: Israel and the Palestinian Authority") reviews new and existing arguments underlying different
separation stances, in order to make the case for separation from the Palestinians, beginning with those in the
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palestinian_peoplehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daniel_Schueftanhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Israel%E2%80%93Gaza_barrierhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Israelhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gaza_Striphttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chief_of_General_Staff_(Israel)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Defense_Minister_of_Israelhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Israelhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mahmoud_al-Zaharhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Flag_of_Hamas.svghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Killed_in_actionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nizar_Rayanhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Flag_of_Hamas.svghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Osama_Mazinihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Flag_of_Hamas.svghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Killed_in_actionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tawfik_Jaberhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Flag_of_Hamas.svghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Killed_in_actionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ahmed_Jabarihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Flag_of_Hamas.svghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Killed_in_actionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abu_Zakaria_al-Jamalhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Flag_of_Hamas.svghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mohammed_Deifhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Flag_of_Hamas.svghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Killed_in_actionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Said_Seyamhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Flag_of_Hamas.svghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ismail_Haniyehhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Flag_of_Hamas.svghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khaled_Mashalhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Flag_of_Hamas.svghttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Gassan_Alian&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Israelhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gabi_Ashkenazihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Israelhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ehud_Barakhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Israelhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ehud_Olmerthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Israelhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benjamin_Netanyahuhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Israelhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hezbollahhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abdullah_Azzam_Brigadeshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ansar_Bait_al-Maqdishttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mujahideen_Shura_Council_in_the_Environs_of_Jerusalem -
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The Israeli Air Force (IAF) AH-64 Apache
were used as platform for shooting guidedmissiles at Palestinian targets and employed
at the targeted killings policy against both
militants and political leaders.
West Bank and Gaza. Schueftan favors the "hard separation" stances of politicians like Yitzhak Rabin and Ehud
Barak.[14]
Yitzhak Rabin was the first to propose the creation of a physical barrier between the Israeli and Palestinian
populations in 1992, and by 1994, construction on the first barrier the IsraelGaza barrier had begun; it is
actually a wire fence equipped with sensors. Following an attack on Bet Lid, near the city of Netanya, Rabin
specified the objectives behind the undertaking, stating that:
This path must lead to a separation, though not according to the borders prior to 1967. We want
to reach a separation between us and them. We do not want a majority of the Jewish residents of
the state of Israel, 98% of whom live within the borders of sovereign Israel, including a united
Jerusalem, to be subject to terrorism."[15][16]
Second Intifada
The Second Intifada, also known as the al-Aqsa Intifada, began in September 2000. Many Palestinians
consider the Intifada to be a struggle of national liberation against Israeli occupation imposed on them following
the 1967 War, whereas many Israelis consider it to be a terrorist campaign.
Palestinian tactics have ranged from carrying out mass protests and general strikes, as in the First Intifada, to
mounting suicide bombing attacks and firing Qassam rockets into east southern Israeli residential areas. Israeli
tactics range from conducting mass arrests and locking up Palestinians in administrative detention through setting
up checkpoints and building the Israeli Gaza Strip barrier and West Bank barrier to carrying out assassinations
targeting militants and leaders of Palestinian organizations.
Since the Palestinian legislative election, 2006, Israel has been
negotiating with Mahmoud Abbas and the PLO, but has been
simultaneously targeting and bombing Hamas activists andmilitants and arresting Hamas's elected legislative counsel
politicians.
The death toll, both military and civilian, over the entire period in
question (20002007) is estimated to be over 4,300 Palestinians
and over 1,000 Israelis. To date, 64 foreign citizens have also
been killed (54 by Palestinians, and 10 by Israeli security
forces).[17]
Israel's unilateral disengagement
Israel implemented its Disengagement Plan in AugustSeptember
2005, withdrawing its civilian and military presence from the
Gaza Strip, and retaining control over the Gaza airspace,
maritime access and borders even with Egypt according to the 2005 agreement with Palestinian authority.
Qassam rockets were fired regularly prior to the Israeli disengagement and the frequency of Qassam attacks
increased after the Disengagement from Gaza. Palestinian militants have targeted a number of military bases and
civilian towns in Southern Israel.[18]
The Qassam rocket attacks by Hamas against Israel started in the year 2000 in response to the Israeli
occupation in Gaza and West bank and have continued since then. Thirteen Israelis have been killed and
hundreds injured as a result of Qassam rocket fire at Israeli targets. Additionally, Qassam rocket attacks have
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resulted in post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) in both children and adults, with 33% of children living in
Sderot suffering from PTSD.[19][20]
Ascendancy of Hamas
When the Islamic party Hamas won the January 2006 Palestinian legislative election, gaining a majority of seats
in the Palestinian Legislative Council,[6]the conflict between Israel and Gaza intensified. Israel sealed its border
with the Gaza Strip, largely preventing free flow of people and many imports and exports. Palestinians have
been shooting Qassam rockets at Israeli settlements located near the Gaza borders, and have staged cross-
border raids aimed at killing or capturing Israeli soldiers. In one such raid, on 25 June 2006, Palestinians
captured Israeli soldier Gilad Shalit, leading to massive retaliation by the Israeli army which included air strikes
against Hamas targets.
In June 2007, internal fighting broke out between Hamas and Fatah and Hamas fully consolidated its power by
staging an armed coup d'tat and taking control of the Gaza Strip. Following the internecine fighting that
occurred between 7 June and 15 June 2007, also known as the Battle of Gaza 2007 in which 118 Palestinians
were killed and over 550 were wounded,
[21]
the entire Gaza Strip came under full control of a Hamasgovernment.
As a response to the Hamas takeover, Israel sharply restricted the flow of people and goods into and out of
Gaza. About 70% of Gaza's workforce have become unemployed or without pay, and about 80% of its
residents live in poverty.[22]
Since Hamas' takeover, Palestinian armed groups in Gaza and Israel continued to clash. Palestinian armed
groups have fired rockets into Israel, killing Israeli civilians, including children, and wounding others, as well as
causing damage to infrastructure; and Israel have launched attacks, and shelled Gaza with artillery, killing
Palestinian combatants, as well as civilians, including children.[23][24][25] and causing devastating damage to
infrastructure.[26]According to Human Rights Watch, the Palestinian deliberate attacks against civilians violate
international humanitarian law. Because Hamas exercises power inside Gaza, it is responsible for stopping
unlawful attacks even when carried out by other groups.[27]
Timeline
2004
The 2004 IsraelGaza conflict refers to the series of battles between Palestinian militants and the Israel Defense
Forces (IDF). Several Qassam rocket attacks on Israel (Sderot and the Negev) led the IDF to retaliate with
airstrikes and land incursions. The fighting included two IDF operations, Operation "Rainbow" and Operation
"Days of Penitence".
Operation "Rainbow" was a military operation from 18 May 2004 to 23 May 2004 in Rafah to clear terrorist
infrastructure, find smuggling tunnels connecting the Gaza Strip to Egypt, and kill militants after the deaths of 13
Israeli soldiers in guerrilla attacks. Israel said the operation was also aimed at preventing a shipment of Strela-2
(SA-7 Grail) anti-aircraft missiles, AT-3 Sagger anti-tank guided missiles, and other long-range rockets which
are stored on the Egyptian side of the border from being smuggled through tunnels into the Gaza Strip.[28]
Operation "Days of Penitence", an IDF operation in the northern Gaza Strip conducted between 30 September
2004 and 15 October 2004, focused on Beit Hanoun, Beit Lahia and Jabalia refugee camp, which were used as
launching sites of Qassam rockets on Sderot and Israeli settlements in the Gaza Strip, and in response to the
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death of two children in Sderot. The operation resulted in the deaths of between 104 and 133 Palestinians and 5
people on the Israeli side.
2006
Large-scale conventional warfare beyond the peripheries of the Gaza Strip began when Israel launched
Operation "Summer Rains" in the Gaza Strip that began on 28 June 2006, in response to the Palestinian militants
abduction of Corporal Gilad Shalit. It became the first major mobilization into the Gaza Strip since Israel'sunilateral disengagement plan was implemented between August and September 2005.
The Gaza beach blast was an event on 9 June 2006 in which eight Palestinians were killed including nearly the
entire family of seven-year-old Huda Ghaliya and at least thirty others were injured in an explosion on a beach
near the municipality of Beit Lahia in the Gaza Strip.[29]The incident received considerable attention from news
media worldwide, with blame for the explosion hotly disputed in the following weeks.
Israel maintains that it mobilized thousands of troops in order to suppress Qassam rocket fire against its civilian
population and to secure the release of Gilad Shalit. It is estimated that between 7,000 and 9,000 Israeli artillery
shells were fired into Gaza between September 2005 and June 2006, killing 80 Palestinians in 6 months. [30]Onthe Palestinian side, over 1,300 Qassam rockets have been fired into Israel from September 2000 to 21
December 2006. Israeli forces also continued to search for underground tunnels, used by militants to smuggle
weapons, as well as monitor operations at checkpoints (with some assistance from the European Union at
Rafah) for security reasons, specifically possible weapons transfers and uninhibited return of exiled extremist
leaders and terrorists.[31][32][33][34][35] As of 18 October 2006, Israel has discovered 20 tunnels used for illegal
arms smuggling under the border of the Gaza Strip and Egypt.[36]
Israel had said it would withdraw from the Strip and end the operation as soon as Shalit was released. [37]ThePalestinians had said that they were willing to return Shalit in exchange for the release of some of the Palestinians
held in Israeli jails. The Palestinians and others have also said the assault was aimed at toppling the
democratically elected Hamas-led government and at destabilizing the Palestinian National Authority, citing the
targeting of civilian infrastructure such as a power station and the captures of government and parliament
members. Some 300 Palestinians had been targeted by the IDF in the Gaza Strip since the kidnapping of
Corporal Gilad Shalit.[38]
In July 2006, first reports emerged about mystery injuries after Israeli attacks. Previously unseen injuries
included severely damaged internal organs, severe internal burning and deep internal wounds often resulting in
amputations or death. Bodies arrived severely fragmented, melted and disfigured. There were speculations
about a new experimental weapon, particularly Dense Inert Metal Explosives (DIMEs).[39]
Operation "Autumn Clouds" was launched on 1 November 2006.
The Beit Hanoun November 2006 incident occurred on 8 November 2006 when Israel Defense Forces shells
missed their target and hit a row of houses in the Gaza Strip town of Beit Hanoun,[40]killing 19 Palestinians and
wounding more than 40.[41][42]It occurred the day after the Israeli withdrawal following Operation "Autumn
Clouds", a week-long operation by the Israeli military in the northern Gaza Strip aimed at curbing Qassam
rocket attacks fired by Palestinian militants from the town.[43]
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Autumn_Cloudshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beit_Hanounhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beit_Hanoun_November_2006_incidenthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Autumn_Clouds_(2006)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dense_Inert_Metal_Explosive#Speculation_of_usehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palestinian_Legislative_Councilhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Power_stationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palestinian_National_Authorityhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hamashttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Union_Border_Assistance_Mission_Rafahhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beit_Lahiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gaza_beach_blast_(2006)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Israel%27s_unilateral_disengagement_planhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corporal#Israelhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conventional_warfarehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Days_of_Penitence_Fatalities -
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Monthly rocket hits in Israel in
2008, according to Israeli military-
tied Meir Amit Intelligence and
Terrorism Information Center.
than a holocaust."[65]On 3 March Abbas suspended all contact with Israel over its assault on Gaza as the Israeli
government sent warplanes to hit more targets early on Monday and vowed to continue its offensive.[66]The
European Union condemned what it called "disproportionate use of force" by the Israeli military in Gaza after 54
Palestinians were killed in the highest casualty toll for a single day since fighting erupted in 2000.[67]United
Nations Secretary-General Ban Ki-moon also issued a condemnation of what he termed Israel's "excessive and
disproportionate" response, and called on Israel "to cease such attacks", while denouncing the ongoing rocket
attacks on Sderot and Ashkelon.[68]
In the Muslim world, demonstrators took to the streets to protest the IDFattacks. Iran's Supreme Leader Ayatollah Ali Khamenei called on Muslims to rise up and their leaders to hit
Israel "in the face with their nations' anger." In Lebanon, hundreds of Hezbollah supporters gathered at the
Fatima Gate at the border between Lebanon and Israel, shouting "Death to Israel" and waving Lebanese and
Palestinian flags. In Egypt, thousands of students held protests at universities across the country calling on Arab
leaders to stop Israeli aggression and support the Palestinians. Some protesters burned Israeli and American
flags.[64]About 10,000 protesters, mainly from Jordan's mainstream Muslim Brotherhood and smaller
opposition groups, took to the streets in one of the country's most vocal and largest anti-Israeli demonstrations
in recent years. Saudi Arabia meanwhile compared the IDF offensive to "Nazi war crimes" and called on the
international community to stop what it called the "mass killings" of Palestinians. Turkey's Prime Minister Recep
Tayyip Erdogan said that the IDF attacks can have "no humanitarian justification" and added that Israel was
rejecting a "diplomatic solution" to the dispute.[64]Most Israeli tanks and troops pulled out of northern Gaza 3
March 2008, and an Israel Defense Forces spokesman confirmed that the Israeli military was ending offensive
operations there after five days.[69]
On 29 February 2008, the Israeli military launched Operation "Hot Winter" (also called Operation "Warm
Winter") in response to Qassam rockets fired from the Strip by Hamas. The Israeli army killed 112 Palestinians,
and Palestinian militants killed three Israelis. More than 150 Palestinians and seven Israelis have been injured. [70]
There was widespread international alarm at the scale of the operation, with the US state departmentencouraging Israel to exercise caution to avoid the loss of innocent life, and the European Union and the United
Nations criticising Israel's "disproportionate use of force". The European Union also demanded an immediate
end to Palestinian militant rocket attacks on Israel and urged Israel to halt activities that endanger civilians,
saying they were "in violation of international law."[71]
Six-month ceasefire
The 2008 Israel-Hamas ceasefire was an Egyptian-brokered six-month
Tahdia (an Arabic term for a lull) "for the Gaza area", which went into
effect between Hamas and Israel on 19 June 2008,.[72][73]The ceasefire
did create a six-month long decrease in the Gaza-Israel conflict intensity,
but, according to The New York Times, neither side fully respected its
terms.[74]Some rockets still continued to fire from Gaza and the Israeli
blockade of Gaza was loosened but not completely opened. Hamas
hoped that the accord would lead Israel to suspend attacks on the West
Bank and Gaza while Israel hoped that the accord would lead to
progress on negotiations for the release of Gilad Shalit; neither hope was
met.[74]
Gaza War
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Destroyed buildings in Gaza City,
January 2009
The Gaza War[75]started when Israel launched a large military
campaign in the Gaza Strip on 27 December 2008, codenamed
Operation "Cast Lead" (Hebrew: ),[76]with the
stated aim of stopping Hamas rocket attacks on southern Israel and
arms smuggling into Gaza.[77][78]The conflict has also been called the
Gaza massacre in the Arab world (Arabic: ).[79]A fragile
six-month truce between Hamas and Israel expired on 19 December2008.[80]The Israeli operation began with an intense bombardment of
the Gaza Strip,[81]targeting Hamas bases, police training camps, [82]
police headquarters and offices.[83][84]Civilian infrastructure,
including mosques, houses, medical facilities and schools, were also
attacked, as Israel stated that many of them were used by
combatants, and as storage spaces for weapons and rockets.[85]Hamas intensified its rocket and mortar attacks
against targets in Israel throughout the conflict, hitting previously untargeted cities such as Beersheba and
Ashdod.[86][87]On 3 January 2009, the Israeli ground invasion began. [88][89]Human rights groups and aid
organisations have accused Hamas and Israel of war crimes.[90][91][92]An estimated 1,166-1,417 Palestinians
and 13 Israelis died in the conflict.[93][94][95] The conflict came to an end on 18 January after first Israel and then
Hamas announced unilateral ceasefires.[96][97]On 21 January, Israel completed its withdrawal from the Gaza
Strip.[98]On 2 March, it was reported that international donors had pledged $4.5 billion in aid for the
Palestinians, mainly for rebuilding Gaza after Israel's offensive.[99]This war is considered to be the largest,
devastating and deadliest military operation in Gaza since the Six-day war in 1967.[100]
March 2010 events
On 26 March 2010, two Israeli soldiers and two Hamas militants were killed during clashes on the Gaza Strip's
southern border. Two other soldiers were wounded during the fighting which broke out east of the town of
Khan Younis. They are the first Israeli soldiers to have been killed in hostile fire in or around Gaza since Israel's
major offensive there in January 2009, according to the BBC.[101]
2011 cross-border attack
On 18 August 2011, a series of cross-border attacks was carried out in southern Israel near the Egyptian
border, by a squad of militants. The militants first opened fire at civilian bus.[102][103]Several minutes later, abomb was detonated next to an Israeli army patrol along Israel's border with Egypt. In a third attack, an anti-
tank missile hit a private vehicle, killing four civilians.
Operation "Returning Echo"
During the second week of March 2012, Israeli Defense Forces (IDF) initiated Operation "Returning Echo". It
was the worst outbreak of violence covered by the media in the region since the 200809 Operation "Cast
Lead" (the Gaza War).
Operation "Pillar of Defense"
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Pro-Palestinian demonstration in
Paris, France
havebeen very concerned about the level of intra-Palestinian violence, but also by the Israeli attacks
which I know have caused civilian deaths, considerable numbers."[127]The International condemnation of
Israeli incursion were further augmented with a scathing report prepared by eight British-based rights
organizations, highlighting humanitarian situation in the Gaza Strip that has reached its worst point since
Israel captured the territory in 1967. The report indicates more than 1.1 million people, about 80 percent
of Gaza's residents, were dependent on food aid, and hospitals faced power cuts of up to 12 hours a
day,and the water and sewage systems were close to collapse. [128]
United States
After the death of a woman from a rocket attack in Sderot, a representative for the U.S. Government
reaffirmed the position that Israel has the right to self-defense. State Department spokesman Sean
McCormack also stated that his country is aware of the difficulty of targeting terrorists without civilian
casualties. He added that Israel must "take all possible actions in order to avoid any civilian casualties, to
avoid any undue damage to the Palestinian infrastructure and always to consider the effects of theiractions on the political process, the Israeli-Palestinian track and moving that forward."[124]
Turkey
In response to the 2014 IsraelGaza conflict and Egyptian support for Israel, Turkish Prime Minister
Recep Tayyip Erdogan called Egyptian President Abdel Fattah el-Sisi an "illegitimate tyrant".[129]He also
stated that "If Israel continues with this attitude, it will definitely be tried at international courts."[130]
Other responses
On 31 July2014 on the 23rd day of the 2014 IsraelGaza conflict,
Ireland's Foreign Minister Charlie Flanagan said he shared "the horror
and revulsion of senators and very many of our citizens at the
horrendousscenes we have witnessed since the start of the Israeli
military operation." The Irish government, he said, condemned "both
the unacceptably high civilian casualty rate resulting from
disproportionate military action on Israel's part as well as the firing of
rockets by Hamas and other militants into Israel." [131]
See also
Israeli disengagement from Gaza
List of modern conflicts in the Middle East
Palestinian political violence
References
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External links
Video(https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-_CjAZuqIAk) on YouTube of Israeli President Shimon
Peresspeaking about the Israeli-Gaza conflict in Davos, 2009.
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