GAUSSOVA KRIVULJAuc.fmf.uni-lj.si/mi/arhivpoletih/gradiva/1920/mr_g.pdf · 2019-09-25 · GAUSSOVA...

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GAUSSOVA KRIVULJA Martin Raiˇ c Izzivi pouˇ cevanja matematike UL FMF 21. september 2019 Martin Raiˇ c GAUSSOVA KRIVULJA

Transcript of GAUSSOVA KRIVULJAuc.fmf.uni-lj.si/mi/arhivpoletih/gradiva/1920/mr_g.pdf · 2019-09-25 · GAUSSOVA...

GAUSSOVA KRIVULJA

Martin Raic

Izzivi poucevanja matematikeUL FMF

21. september 2019

Martin Raic GAUSSOVA KRIVULJA

GAUSSOVA KRIVULJA

Martin Raic GAUSSOVA KRIVULJA

Carl Friedrich Gauß(1777–1855)

nemski matematik

Vir: Vikipedija

Martin Raic GAUSSOVA KRIVULJA

GAUSSOVA KRIVULJA (OSNOVNA)

-3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3

01

23

y = e−x2

x

y

Martin Raic GAUSSOVA KRIVULJA

GAUSSOVA KRIVULJA (TRANSFORMIRANA)

-3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3

01

23

y = a e−b(x−µ)2

x

y

a=1, b=1, µ=0 a=1, b=1,µ=2

a=2, b=4, µ=0

a= 12 , b=

14 , µ=0

Martin Raic GAUSSOVA KRIVULJA

TELESNA VISINA 1382 BAVARSKIH VOJASKIHOBVEZNIKOV IZ 19. STOLETJA

visina

frekv

enca

150 160 170 180

050

100

150

Vir podatkov (9. 8. 2015): http://www.uni-tuebingen.de/fakultaeten/wirtschafts-und-sozialwissenschaftliche-fakultaet/faecher/wirtschaftswissenschaft/lehrstuehle/volkswirtschaftslehre/wirtschaftsgeschichte/data-hub-height.html

Martin Raic GAUSSOVA KRIVULJA

OBSEG PRSNEGA KOSA PRI 5738 SKOTSKIHVOJAKIH

velikost

frekv

enca

35 40 45

020

040

060

080

010

00

Vir podatkov (9. 8. 2015): https://vincentarelbundock.github.io/Rdatasets/datasets.html

Martin Raic GAUSSOVA KRIVULJA

ZRACNI TLAK PO SVETU (761286) MERITEV

tlak [mb]

frekv

enca

9600 9800 10000 10200 10400 10600

010

000

2000

030

000

4000

0

Vir podatkov (9. 8. 2015): http://cdiac.ornl.gov/epubs/ndp/ndp026c/ndp026c.html

Martin Raic GAUSSOVA KRIVULJA

DEM : USD (1980–1987)

0 500 1000 1500

0.30

0.35

0.40

0.45

0.50

0.55

dan

DE

M/U

SD

Vir podatkov (9. 8. 2015): https://vincentarelbundock.github.io/Rdatasets/datasets.html

Martin Raic GAUSSOVA KRIVULJA

DEM : USD (1980–1987)

DEM/USD

frekv

enca

0.30 0.35 0.40 0.45 0.50 0.55 0.60

050

100

150

Vir podatkov (9. 8. 2015): https://vincentarelbundock.github.io/Rdatasets/datasets.html

Martin Raic GAUSSOVA KRIVULJA

DEM : USD (1980–1987) – SPREMEMBE

sprememba

frekv

enca

-0.02 0.00 0.02 0.04

050

100

150

200

250

Vir podatkov (9. 8. 2015): https://vincentarelbundock.github.io/Rdatasets/datasets.html

Martin Raic GAUSSOVA KRIVULJA

TOCKE V SVETOVNEM POKALU PRI ZENSKEMSMUCANJU (2012/13)

tocke

frekv

enca

0 500 1000 1500 2000 2500

010

2030

4050

Vir podatkov (27. 3. 2013):http://www.fis-ski.com/uk/disciplines/alpine-skiing/cupstandings.html

Martin Raic GAUSSOVA KRIVULJA

MET 30 POSTENIH KOVANCEV: 1. izvedba

0 5 10 15 20 25 30

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stevilo grbov

frekv

enca

Martin Raic GAUSSOVA KRIVULJA

MET 30 POSTENIH KOVANCEV: 1. izvedba

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MET 30 POSTENIH KOVANCEV: 1. izvedba

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MET 30 POSTENIH KOVANCEV: 1. izvedba

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Martin Raic GAUSSOVA KRIVULJA

MET 30 POSTENIH KOVANCEV: 1. izvedba

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stevilo grbov

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Martin Raic GAUSSOVA KRIVULJA

MET 30 POSTENIH KOVANCEV: 1. izvedba

0 5 10 15 20 25 30

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frekv

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Martin Raic GAUSSOVA KRIVULJA

MET 30 POSTENIH KOVANCEV: 1. izvedba

0 5 10 15 20 25 30

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Martin Raic GAUSSOVA KRIVULJA

MET 30 POSTENIH KOVANCEV: 1. izvedba

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stevilo grbov

frekv

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Martin Raic GAUSSOVA KRIVULJA

MET 30 POSTENIH KOVANCEV: 1. izvedba

0 5 10 15 20 25 30

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Martin Raic GAUSSOVA KRIVULJA

MET 30 POSTENIH KOVANCEV: 1. izvedba

0 5 10 15 20 25 30

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stevilo grbov

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Martin Raic GAUSSOVA KRIVULJA

MET 30 POSTENIH KOVANCEV: 1. izvedba

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MET 30 POSTENIH KOVANCEV: 1. izvedba

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MET 30 POSTENIH KOVANCEV: 1. izvedba

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stevilo grbov

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MET 30 POSTENIH KOVANCEV: 1. izvedba

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MET 30 POSTENIH KOVANCEV: 1. izvedba

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MET 30 POSTENIH KOVANCEV: 1. izvedba

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MET 30 POSTENIH KOVANCEV: 1. izvedba

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MET 30 POSTENIH KOVANCEV: 1. izvedba

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Martin Raic GAUSSOVA KRIVULJA

MET 30 POSTENIH KOVANCEV: 1. izvedba

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Martin Raic GAUSSOVA KRIVULJA

MET 30 POSTENIH KOVANCEV: 1. izvedba

0 5 10 15 20 25 30

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stevilo grbov

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Martin Raic GAUSSOVA KRIVULJA

MET 30 POSTENIH KOVANCEV: 1. izvedba

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stevilo grbov

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Martin Raic GAUSSOVA KRIVULJA

MET 30 POSTENIH KOVANCEV: 1. izvedba

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enca

Martin Raic GAUSSOVA KRIVULJA

MET 30 POSTENIH KOVANCEV: 1. izvedba

0 5 10 15 20 25 30

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stevilo grbov

frekv

enca

Martin Raic GAUSSOVA KRIVULJA

MET 30 POSTENIH KOVANCEV: 1. izvedba

0 5 10 15 20 25 30

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stevilo grbov

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enca

Martin Raic GAUSSOVA KRIVULJA

MET 30 POSTENIH KOVANCEV: 1. izvedba

0 5 10 15 20 25 30

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stevilo grbov

frekv

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Martin Raic GAUSSOVA KRIVULJA

MET 30 POSTENIH KOVANCEV: 1. izvedba

0 5 10 15 20 25 30

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stevilo grbov

frekv

enca

Martin Raic GAUSSOVA KRIVULJA

MET 30 POSTENIH KOVANCEV: 1. izvedba

0 5 10 15 20 25 30

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stevilo grbov

frekv

enca

Martin Raic GAUSSOVA KRIVULJA

MET 30 POSTENIH KOVANCEV: 1. izvedba

0 5 10 15 20 25 30

010

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60

stevilo grbov

frekv

enca

Martin Raic GAUSSOVA KRIVULJA

MET 30 POSTENIH KOVANCEV: 1. izvedba

0 5 10 15 20 25 30

010

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stevilo grbov

frekv

enca

Martin Raic GAUSSOVA KRIVULJA

MET 30 POSTENIH KOVANCEV: 1. izvedba

0 5 10 15 20 25 30

010

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60

stevilo grbov

frekv

enca

Martin Raic GAUSSOVA KRIVULJA

MET 30 POSTENIH KOVANCEV: 1. izvedba

0 5 10 15 20 25 30

010

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4050

60

stevilo grbov

frekv

enca

Martin Raic GAUSSOVA KRIVULJA

MET 30 POSTENIH KOVANCEV: 1. izvedba

0 5 10 15 20 25 30

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stevilo grbov

frekv

enca

Martin Raic GAUSSOVA KRIVULJA

MET 30 POSTENIH KOVANCEV: 2. izvedba

0 5 10 15 20 25 30

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stevilo grbov

frekv

enca

Martin Raic GAUSSOVA KRIVULJA

MET 30 POSTENIH KOVANCEV: 3. izvedba

0 5 10 15 20 25 30

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stevilo grbov

frekv

enca

Martin Raic GAUSSOVA KRIVULJA

MET 30 POSTENIH KOVANCEV: 4. izvedba

0 5 10 15 20 25 30

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stevilo grbov

frekv

enca

Martin Raic GAUSSOVA KRIVULJA

MET 30 POSTENIH KOVANCEV: 5. izvedba

0 5 10 15 20 25 30

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stevilo grbov

frekv

enca

Martin Raic GAUSSOVA KRIVULJA

MET 30 POSTENIH KOVANCEV: 6. izvedba

0 5 10 15 20 25 30

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stevilo grbov

frekv

enca

Martin Raic GAUSSOVA KRIVULJA

MET 30 POSTENIH KOVANCEV: 7. izvedba

0 5 10 15 20 25 30

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stevilo grbov

frekv

enca

Martin Raic GAUSSOVA KRIVULJA

MET 30 POSTENIH KOVANCEV: 8. izvedba

0 5 10 15 20 25 30

010

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60

stevilo grbov

frekv

enca

Martin Raic GAUSSOVA KRIVULJA

MET 30 POSTENIH KOVANCEV: 9. izvedba

0 5 10 15 20 25 30

010

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stevilo grbov

frekv

enca

Martin Raic GAUSSOVA KRIVULJA

MET 30 POSTENIH KOVANCEV: 10. izvedba

0 5 10 15 20 25 30

010

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stevilo grbov

frekv

enca

Martin Raic GAUSSOVA KRIVULJA

MET 30 POSTENIH KOVANCEV: 30. izvedba

0 5 10 15 20 25 30

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frekv

enca

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MET 30 POSTENIH KOVANCEV: 100. izvedba

0 5 10 15 20 25 30

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frekv

enca

Martin Raic GAUSSOVA KRIVULJA

MET 30 POSTENIH KOVANCEV: 300. izvedba

0 5 10 15 20 25 30

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frekv

enca

Martin Raic GAUSSOVA KRIVULJA

MET 30 POSTENIH KOVANCEV: 10000. izvedba

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stevilo grbov

frekv

enca

Martin Raic GAUSSOVA KRIVULJA

MET 30 POSTENIH KOVANCEV: 10000. izvedba

0 5 10 15 20 25 30

0.00

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0.20

stevilo grbov

rela

tivna

frekv

enca

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MET 30 POSTENIH KOVANCEV: VERJETNOSTI

0 5 10 15 20 25 30

0.00

0.05

0.10

0.15

0.20

stevilo grbov

verje

tnos

t

Martin Raic GAUSSOVA KRIVULJA

100 METOV POSTENEGA KOVANCA

n = 100, p = 0.5

pik

verje

tnos

t

0 20 40 60 80 100

0.00

0.02

0.04

0.06

0.08

Martin Raic GAUSSOVA KRIVULJA

100 METOV POSTENEGA KOVANCA

n = 100, p = 0.5

pik

verje

tnos

t

30 40 50 60 70

0.00

0.02

0.04

0.06

0.08

Martin Raic GAUSSOVA KRIVULJA

Abraham de Moivre(1667–1754)

francoski matematik, deloval v Angliji

Vir: Vikipedija

Martin Raic GAUSSOVA KRIVULJA

IZPELJAVA ZA POSTEN KOVANEC (1)

n-krat vrzemo posten kovanecX := stevilo grbov, ki padejoVerjetnost, da pade natanko g grbov, oznacimo sPn(X = k).

Pn(X = k) =

(nk

)2n(

nk

)=

n(n − 1)(n − 2) · · · (n − k + 1)

k !

Martin Raic GAUSSOVA KRIVULJA

IZPELJAVA ZA POSTEN KOVANEC (2)

Aproksimacija temelji na kvocientu zaporednih verjetnosti:

Pn(X = k)

Pn(X = k − 1)=

n!2n k! (n−k)!

n!2n (k−1)! (n−k+1)!

=(k − 1)! (n − k + 1)!

k ! (n − k)!=

=n − k + 1

k.

Zaradi enostavnosti vzemimo, da je n sodo stevilo, t. j. n = 2m.Naj bo k = m + d . Tedaj lahko zgornjo enakost prepisemo vobliki:

P2m(X = m + d)

P2m(X = m + d − 1)=

m − d + 1m + d

=1− d−1

m

1 + dm

.

V naslednjem koraku bomo to aproksimirali za primer, ko jed � m.

Martin Raic GAUSSOVA KRIVULJA

IZPELJAVA ZA POSTEN KOVANEC (3)

Za majhne x je 1 + x ≈ ex :

x

y

1 2

1

2

y = ex

y = 1 + x

Martin Raic GAUSSOVA KRIVULJA

Leonhard Euler(1707–1783)

svicarski matematik

Vir: Vikipedija

Martin Raic GAUSSOVA KRIVULJA

IZPELJAVA ZA POSTEN KOVANEC (4)

Ce d ni prevelik, je torej:

P2m(X = m + d)

P2m(X = m + d − 1)=

m − d + 1m + d

≈ e−(d−1)/m

ed/m = e−(2d−1)/m .

Z mnozenjem teh priblizkov dobimo (za d ≥ 0):

P2m(X = m + d)

P2m(X = m)≈ e−(1+3+5+···+(2d−1))/m = e−d2/m .

Sledi:P2m(X = m + d) ≈ P2m(X = m) e−d2/m .

Zaradi simetrije to velja tudi za negativne d .Verjetnosti torej sledijo Gaussovi krivulji.

Martin Raic GAUSSOVA KRIVULJA

IZPELJAVA ZA POSTEN KOVANEC (5)

Priblizek za P2m(X = m) dobimo iz dejstva, da je vsota vsehverjetnosti enaka 1:

m∑d=−m

P2m(X = m + d) = 1 .

Ker se vse dogaja v obmocju d = O(√

n)

(sicer je faktor e−d2/m

zanemarljiv), smemo aproksimirati:

∞∑d=−∞

P2m(X = m) e−d2/m ≈ 1 .

Martin Raic GAUSSOVA KRIVULJA

IZPELJAVA ZA POSTEN KOVANEC (6)

Prejsnjo formulo prepisemo v obliki:

√m P2m(X = m)

∞∑d=−∞

1√m

e−(d/√

m)2 ≈ 1 .

Posamezen sumand je enak ploscini pravokotnika s sirino1/√

m in visino e−(d/√

m)2, ta pa je priblizno enaka ploscini pod

krivuljo y = e−x2na intervalu okoli d/

√m s sirino 1/

√m:

x

y

d/√

m

Φ(c)

y = e−x2

Martin Raic GAUSSOVA KRIVULJA

IZPELJAVA ZA POSTEN KOVANEC (7)

Celotna vsota pa je priblizno enaka ploscini pod celotno krivuljoy = e−x2

, za katero je znano, da je enaka√π:

∞∑d=−∞

1√m

e−(d/√

m)2 ≈∫ ∞−∞

e−x2dx =

√π .

Torej je:

P2m(X = m) ≈ 1√mπ

,

P2m(X = m + d) ≈ 1√mπ

e−d2/m .

Martin Raic GAUSSOVA KRIVULJA

IZPELJAVA ZA POSTEN KOVANEC (8)

A tudi ce je n lih, se da z nekoliko tehnicno zahtevnejsoizpeljavo dobiti:

Pn

(X =

n2

+ d)≈√

2nπ

e−2d2/n

oziroma:

Pn(X = k) ≈√

2nπ

e−2(k−n/2)2/n .

Gaussovi krivulji pa sledijo tudi verjetnosti za nepostenkovanec, na katerem grb pade z verjetnostjo p ∈ (0,1), cifra paz verjetnostjo q = 1− p: za |k − np| � (npq)2/3 veljaLaplaceova lokalna formula:

Pn,p(X = k) ≈ 1√2πnpq

e−2(k−np)2/(2npq) .

Martin Raic GAUSSOVA KRIVULJA

Pierre-Simon de Laplace1749–1827

francoski matematik, astronom, fizik in politik

Vir: Vikipedija

Martin Raic GAUSSOVA KRIVULJA

100 METOV NEPOSTENEGA KOVANCA

n = 100, p = 0.1

pik

verje

tnos

t

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0.00

0.02

0.04

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0.10

0.12

Martin Raic GAUSSOVA KRIVULJA

100 METOV NEPOSTENEGA KOVANCA

n = 100, p = 0.9

pik

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tnos

t

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0.00

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0.04

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0.10

0.12

Martin Raic GAUSSOVA KRIVULJA

CENTRALNI LIMITNI IZREK

Velja X = Y1 + Y2 + · · ·+ Yn, kjer je:

Yj =

{1 ; pri j-tem metu pade grb,0 ; pri j-tem metu pade cifra.

Gaussovi krivulji pa pod razmeroma milimi pogoji sledi tudiporazdelitev vsote veliko splosnejsih neodvisnih slucajnihspremenljivk: porazdelitve posameznih sestevancev ne smejobiti pregrde in nobeden ne sme prevec izstopati. Precizniformulaciji tega dejstva pravimo centralni limitni izrek.

Gaussovi krivulji torej sledi porazdelitev slucajne kolicine, kinastane kot rezultanta veliko majhnih neodvisnih vplivov, ki semed seboj sestevajo.

Martin Raic GAUSSOVA KRIVULJA

NORMALNA (GAUSSOVA) PORAZDELITEV

µ

σ σ

x

f (x)

f (x) = 1σ√

2πe−(x−µ)

2/(2σ2)

X ∼ N(µ, σ)

µ = E(X ) (pricakovana vrednost ali matematicno upanje)σ2 = var(X ) = D(X ) = E

[(X − E(X ))2]

(varianca ali disperzija)

Martin Raic GAUSSOVA KRIVULJA

Paul Pierre Levy(1886–1971)

francoski matematik zidovskega rodu

Vir: Vikipedija

Martin Raic GAUSSOVA KRIVULJA

POSTENA KOCKA

n = 1

pik

verje

tnos

t

1 2 3 4 5 6

0.00

0.05

0.10

0.15

Martin Raic GAUSSOVA KRIVULJA

2 META POSTENE KOCKE

n = 2

pik

verje

tnos

t

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0.00

0.05

0.10

0.15

Martin Raic GAUSSOVA KRIVULJA

30 METOV POSTENE KOCKE

n = 30

pik

verje

tnos

t

50 100 150

0.00

0.01

0.02

0.03

0.04

Martin Raic GAUSSOVA KRIVULJA

GRDA PORAZDELITEV

stevilo

verje

tnos

t

0 2 4 6 8

0.0

0.1

0.2

0.3

0.4

0.5

Martin Raic GAUSSOVA KRIVULJA

VSOTA 10 GRDIH PORAZDELITEV

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Martin Raic GAUSSOVA KRIVULJA

VSOTA 10 GRDIH PORAZDELITEV

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Martin Raic GAUSSOVA KRIVULJA

VSOTA 50 GRDIH PORAZDELITEV

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tnos

t

-60 -40 -20 0 20 40 60

0.00

00.

005

0.01

00.

015

0.02

00.

025

0.03

0

Martin Raic GAUSSOVA KRIVULJA

VSOTA 100 GRDIH PORAZDELITEV

vsota

verje

tnos

t

-60 -40 -20 0 20 40 60

0.00

00.

005

0.01

00.

015

Martin Raic GAUSSOVA KRIVULJA

VSOTA 500 GRDIH PORAZDELITEV

vsota

verje

tnos

t

-200 -150 -100 -50 0 50 100 150

0.00

00.

002

0.00

40.

006

0.00

8

Martin Raic GAUSSOVA KRIVULJA

DOHODKI 43886 DRUZIN V KIBERGRADU

dohodek

frekv

enca

0 50000 100000 150000 200000

050

010

0015

0020

0025

0030

0035

00

Vir podatkov: J. Rice: Mathematical Statistics and Data Analysis, Duxbury, 2007

Martin Raic GAUSSOVA KRIVULJA

1000 POVPRECIJ PO 20000 DOHODKOV

dohodek

frekv

enca

40800 41000 41200 41400 41600 41800

050

100

150

200

Martin Raic GAUSSOVA KRIVULJA

TOCKE V SVETOVNEM POKALU PRI ZENSKEMSMUCANJU (2012/13)

tocke

frekv

enca

0 500 1000 1500 2000 2500

010

2030

4050

Vir podatkov (27. 3. 2013):http://www.fis-ski.com/uk/disciplines/alpine-skiing/cupstandings.html

Martin Raic GAUSSOVA KRIVULJA

LOGARITEM TOCK

log10(tocke)

frekv

enca

0 1 2 3 4

010

2030

40

Vir podatkov (27. 3. 2013):http://www.fis-ski.com/uk/disciplines/alpine-skiing/cupstandings.html

Martin Raic GAUSSOVA KRIVULJA

STANDARDNA NORMALNA PORAZDELITEV

z

f (z)

N(0,1)

f (z) = 1√2π

e−x2/2

Z ∼ N(0,1) =⇒ a + bZ ∼ N(a, |b|)

Martin Raic GAUSSOVA KRIVULJA

PRIMERJALNI KVANTILNI (Q–Q) GRAFIKON:IDEJA 1

n razlicnih podatkov razdeli realno os na n + 1 delov:Primer: 3, 22, 7, −20, 11, −10, 15, 18, 25

y

−20

−10

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Martin Raic GAUSSOVA KRIVULJA

PRIMERJALNI KVANTILNI (Q–Q) GRAFIKON:IDEJA 2

Realno os pa lahko razdelimo tudi glede na ploscine podGaussovo krivuljo:

x

Martin Raic GAUSSOVA KRIVULJA

PRIMERJALNI KVANTILNI (Q–Q) GRAFIKON:PRIMER 1

Podatki: 3, 22, 7, −20, 11, −10, 15, 18, 25

x

y

−20

−10

10

20

Martin Raic GAUSSOVA KRIVULJA

PRIMERJALNI KVANTILNI (Q–Q) GRAFIKON:PRIMER 2

Podatki: 5, 20, 5, −20, 10, −10, 10, 10, 25

x

y

−20

−10

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Martin Raic GAUSSOVA KRIVULJA

OBSEG PRSNEGA KOSA PRI 5738 SKOTSKIHVOJAKIH

velikost

frekv

enca

35 40 45

020

040

060

080

010

00

Vir podatkov (9. 8. 2015): https://vincentarelbundock.github.io/Rdatasets/datasets.html

Martin Raic GAUSSOVA KRIVULJA

OBSEG PRSNEGA KOSA PRI 5738 SKOTSKIHVOJAKIH

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−4 −2 0 2 4

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Vir podatkov (9. 8. 2015): https://vincentarelbundock.github.io/Rdatasets/datasets.html

Martin Raic GAUSSOVA KRIVULJA

TELESNA VISINA 1382 BAVARSKIH VOJASKIHOBVEZNIKOV IZ 19. STOLETJA

visina

frekv

enca

150 160 170 180

050

100

150

Vir podatkov (9. 8. 2015): http://www.uni-tuebingen.de/fakultaeten/wirtschafts-und-sozialwissenschaftliche-fakultaet/faecher/wirtschaftswissenschaft/lehrstuehle/volkswirtschaftslehre/wirtschaftsgeschichte/data-hub-height.html

Martin Raic GAUSSOVA KRIVULJA

TELESNA VISINA 1382 BAVARSKIH VOJASKIHOBVEZNIKOV IZ 19. STOLETJA

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−3 −2 −1 0 1 2 3

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Vir podatkov (9. 8. 2015): http://www.uni-tuebingen.de/fakultaeten/wirtschafts-und-sozialwissenschaftliche-fakultaet/faecher/wirtschaftswissenschaft/lehrstuehle/volkswirtschaftslehre/wirtschaftsgeschichte/data-hub-height.html

Martin Raic GAUSSOVA KRIVULJA

DEM : USD (1980–1987) – SPREMEMBE

sprememba

frekv

enca

-0.02 0.00 0.02 0.04

050

100

150

200

250

Vir podatkov (9. 8. 2015): https://vincentarelbundock.github.io/Rdatasets/datasets.html

Martin Raic GAUSSOVA KRIVULJA

DEM : USD (1980–1987) – SPREMEMBE

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−3 −2 −1 0 1 2 3

−0.

020.

000.

020.

04

standardna normalna porazdelitev

spre

mem

ba te

caja

Vir podatkov (9. 8. 2015): https://vincentarelbundock.github.io/Rdatasets/datasets.html

Martin Raic GAUSSOVA KRIVULJA

TOCKE V SVETOVNEM POKALU PRI ZENSKEMSMUCANJU (2012/13)

tocke

frekv

enca

0 500 1000 1500 2000 2500

010

2030

4050

Vir podatkov (27. 3. 2013):http://www.fis-ski.com/uk/disciplines/alpine-skiing/cupstandings.html

Martin Raic GAUSSOVA KRIVULJA

TOCKE V SVETOVNEM POKALU PRI ZENSKEMSMUCANJU (2012/13)

●●

●●●

●●

●●●●●●●●●●●

●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●● ●●●● ●

−2 −1 0 1 2

050

010

0015

0020

0025

00

standardna normalna porazdelitev

tock

e

Vir podatkov (27. 3. 2013):http://www.fis-ski.com/uk/disciplines/alpine-skiing/cupstandings.html

Martin Raic GAUSSOVA KRIVULJA

LOGARITEM TOCK

log10(tocke)

frekv

enca

0 1 2 3 4

010

2030

40

Vir podatkov (27. 3. 2013):http://www.fis-ski.com/uk/disciplines/alpine-skiing/cupstandings.html

Martin Raic GAUSSOVA KRIVULJA

LOGARITEM TOCK

●●●●●●●

●●

●●●●●●●●●●●

●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●

●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●

●●●●●●●●

●●●●

●●●●●●●●●●●

●●●

●●●

●●●●●●●●

●●●

●●●●

● ●●

● ●

−2 −1 0 1 2

0.5

1.0

1.5

2.0

2.5

3.0

standardna normalna porazdelitev

log1

0(to

cke)

Martin Raic GAUSSOVA KRIVULJA

DOHODKI 43886 DRUZIN V KIBERGRADU

dohodek

frekv

enca

0 50000 100000 150000 200000

050

010

0015

0020

0025

0030

0035

00

Vir podatkov: J. Rice: Mathematical Statistics and Data Analysis, Duxbury, 2007

Martin Raic GAUSSOVA KRIVULJA

DOHODKI 43886 DRUZIN V KIBERGRADU

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−4 −2 0 2 4

0e+

001e

+05

2e+

053e

+05

4e+

05

standardna normalna porazdelitev

doho

dek

Vir podatkov: J. Rice: Mathematical Statistics and Data Analysis, Duxbury, 2007

Martin Raic GAUSSOVA KRIVULJA

1000 POVPRECIJ PO 20000 DOHODKOV

dohodek

frekv

enca

40800 41000 41200 41400 41600 41800

050

100

150

200

Martin Raic GAUSSOVA KRIVULJA

1000 POVPRECIJ PO 20000 DOHODKOV

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−3 −2 −1 0 1 2 3

4080

041

000

4120

041

400

4160

041

800

standardna normalna porazdelitev

doho

dek

Martin Raic GAUSSOVA KRIVULJA