Gateway to Arabic

WAY TO ARABICBook Two

Dr. Imran Hamza Alawiye

ier learners of Arabic who have mastered the basics of reading and writing

GenderAll nouns in Arabic are either masculine or feminine, no matter whether they are humans,^ animals or

objects, Unlike in English, there is no word for 'it' in Arabic. All nouns are referred to as 'he' or 'she',

The following words, which are all to do with school, are divided into two lists, one of masculine words

and the other of feminine words, Read the two lists out loud. What do you notice about the feminine

words?

Did you notice how ail the feminine words end in taa marbuta? 3

Nearly all Arabic words that end with toa marbuta are feminine.

2

GendertOCt til rr*e end C* Id tiG wtm rr^r rpiXTO

This is . .

.

0 dja 4 ' JL&

This is (feminine form),

Jl& is pronounced as if it were written with an alif: isu

6 is pronounced as if it were written with an aiif: oiLa

Make sure you learn trecorrect spelling

!

0"' ££ bU

|

$

O' ^ S!j" J

In Arabic, when we want to say 'this is' followed by a noun, the word we use for 'this is' will change,depending on whether the noun is masculine or feminine.

I Jj6 is used before a masculine noun. e,g, i This is a book,*

» " < 0 . -

oJjfc is used before a feminine noun, e.g. 3 This is a ruler,

Exercise 2: Complete the sentences below by adding IXfc or 0 Jj& to match the gender of thefollowing noun.

This is a blackboard,** A l 9 This is a computer.

*1

** This is a pencilThis is a pen, 10 sharpener.

This is a ball. •/-t

J_l_ This is a ruler.

This is a pair of scissors. 12 This is a box.

$ o Ji

This is a chair,L

13 This is a desk,

***

This is a table. SJjlL __ 14 This is a bag.O This is an exercise

This is an eraser, ... 15 book.

This is a book.#

.16 This is a stapler,

1# 2

L>“

2b I

-«• 1

,1? *o

is J> of+

i* ^

4* 44

^ ^ b ^

IL*Ld

Exercise 3: Copy the words from page 3 into your exercise book, adding the correct Arabic ft^m'This is' before each word.

4

to

1®#^ V

3^L>js

a jjk :s s

0 v

^bijLa 1

1* Jt . s'

* ^IxS 1 Ju!i*

/ /

!

+ ^

!

i* +*

*L^aJL>-* t*

y"

aJu* jij**s

^ ^ ^ # ^

iiU* a Jl& 4j !jj a JuSi

l&s' S'# ^

^ s' s'

&

lJuU 11a

#. °s* . ' ’t" S'31*3^9 aJj*

1

3 S o Jjbs' s S

& ^

^ I dy" ^ ^

Jf o £

IJut

‘fi 5 -S, ^ ^ ^ ^

iiL*^ IJlA,apL* aJjfc

jjsu^ aJj*

& s Si

^ > >

^ A ^

0 Jj*>

ss ^

^ii ijjfc

^ 0 ^ ^

C~j lJUb

Adjectives

In Arabic, adjectives {describing words) come after the nouns they describe.When the noun is masculine, the adjective will also be masculine.Likewise, when the noun is feminine, the adjective will also be feminine.Adjectives are written after the nouns they describe.

i

^ ^ |

S^S|

. 1

^ ^ r

& S- s-s-

aXjjis dJU - ^ A

Feminine Mascui.n® :

small5

s'

i? !

_y «

large, bigrt*

j

!..?• j

y jj

short**

- , /3 4

!

tall, long&

,

: 1 i

}

\t i

V^ - t. .A- j-

j

't’T_W_

lightt'. + -

yV

heavy**

V*

-i"

J

"

j

now 3>-Li Aj>-** >

i

l* .-j

i* ’ •

oldH r >

Jv3

open^ D * *'

i

^ iw r "'

closed.y ^ 0 .J*

AA-Ui-4

V* ,. : y l

Exercise 5: Translate the phrases below into Arabic, Make sure the adjectives agree with ire ,vthey describe.

1.

A heavy book.

2,

An open door,

3,

A new sofa.

4.

A light bag.

5, An old radio,

6. A tali candle.

6

s

d' in A rabic is a . It is written as part of the word that it links,

a door and a window ilLij

& 1 ^ ^

JIjLJj 4 ’And' is not affected by gender

cfse reading the following sentences and make sure you can understand them,

mi‘SBBf"

i ,S 0 wLA| ,

iJUfc IJu*

JuJ i^L 1 Jjfc

0 *\jb flJ

V' s' ^-

!- j*

4-LuLj 0 0 Juj&J 4^-jjL?- 0 9 Jj*

owing the pattern of the examples above, write a description for each picture below iniDie on the line provided.

' k one th.s is an old lock,

mm

a nec,v iron and this is a light bag.

a is is a short pen.

Asking Questions y t

v jLa and

|, which are written at the beginning of a sentence, are two ways of asking que

as 'Is this,..?' in Arabic, e,g, Is this a pen? ?JUi Uukt or ? 1 Jjfe Jut

i 0 ^Note how ] becomes part of the following word, but J*

is written separately,

In order to answer this type of question, we need to learn the words for 'yes'' and "no" ir , Afet^ ^

f

Yes = anc* n° = ^ •

Note also the shape of the question mark in Arabic: V

?3 oi-A'

* o

6j )& — A 4 ! jjt cl

Is this a ruler?Yes, this is a ruler,

1$ this a pen?No, this is a key.

&-

a + 1

EkapC-W 9' Ifiy tXPi C?rqu£i!10^0*0 'Tttw^iDOkr* -! PrQfrC. u$a**Q rrvo irrwijJotaniO^J^Vog

Tei wwb a*>nu pern

*Ji>U^> 1H tti4 cSOTEra*^

Wo frw 4

What Is this? L* L*

? L* means 'What?' in Arabic. To ask 'What is this?' you follow it with I Jj& or o jL&

? 0 Jjfc La

.0 Jja

?rii u

. jl-4 Ijla

What Is this? (masculine)tl'ii i.

What is this? (feminine) ?oJLfc U

Exercise 10:

Following the pattern of the two exampleson the left, write an appropriate questionon each of the first lines provided, fol-lowed by the correct answers underneath.Remember to pay careful attention to themasculine and feminine forms.

& 3 1# ^0 ^aJL>«jA.bee

2

1

Exercise 10 (continued)

Lines and Shapes Jlx-itj

A rectangle

cA circle A square

it t

A heart0 ^ Ji

A crescent 5

A straight line

nruxru

it * * s* x

^jjCL^ Jip-A wavy line

Orf

a* is one of two words used in Arabic to mean 'or , It is used when offering a choice between' Twoootions,

' i] „ "ii"’ Make sure you tea*$ ?nThat js (feminine form): ^JULj That is (masculine form): cor ,er.^ Spei i !n ^:

is pronounced as if it were written with an aiif: jJJli

i \f

-. \ :m gt=* W' :

In Arabic, when we want to say 'that is' followed by a noun, the word we use for ’that is' win cdepending on whether the noun is masculine or feminine,

is used before a masculine noun. e,g, A*** iUi That is a crescent,

viJUu is used before a feminine noun, e.g. That is a star

Some more adjective?for you to learn

j

Feminine : Me

r / ^ jp z' u ^ ^ nr ir ^ ^

, 4^,1^ * (iJJjj xj ! Sjbf' r*

-rH- r>

This is a fast horse, and that is a slow tortoise,slow j i

Ti® s s & & s s s

„ */>cJ 5i

** * i^J +* *

This is a fat snake, and that is a thin snake,

straight

rooked

wide, broad

6 ^ 6 , &

s

, 0

4jL-«b a SJ-

j / ^ ^ ^ ^

This is a wide ruler, and that is a narrow ruler,

narrow.. 4 „•

j"

V1 ^ o >I

c >

14

The Definite Article: The

Do you remember your sun and moon letters and how they are affected when 'al J {the Arabic word f'or'the') comes before them? You may wish to check pages 61 and 62 of 'Gateway to Arabic: Book One'(Starter Book) to refresh your memory, In short, the rules are as follows;

joins onto the word it defines,

The \ in is a weak letter. Therefore it is always silent (i,e, not pronounced) unless it occurs at the

beginning of a sentence.

When U is followed by a word beginning with a moon tetter, then it is written with a sukun or

the !aam:

Sinyultu PfOtlfrurtj

FM pfonoLna fv Aicd=«c ora- ca IdIdu^:

rt*. n (nwsc.)^)

WOu frrriy" > fCW>

YqHjp^O (l>4j)

Do you understand what the people are saying in the pictures below?

4* . » ? ^ ^ ^

-Cj 4^

ExetOiSO 1 4: Following the pattern of the two examples provided, select one word from each columnin the table above, working from right to left, to make ten of your own pairs of sentences,and write them out on the lines below,

6 1

_7 ; 2

_8 3

_9 4

IQ .5

19

Singular Attached Pronouns

Certain letters can be added to the end of nouns to show to whom the noun belongs, These letter? areknown as attached pronouns, The singular attached pronouns are shown below. We will look at theothers forms (dual and plural) later in the series,

* $H t +*

my

your (masc.)

your (fern.)

his, its

her, its

or

*!

ji

L$-

This is my cat..

*̂* ^

This is your (m.) cat. , di.Qa.i

This is your (f.) cat,

This is my book,

/ ^ r*'

This is his cat.

This is her cat,

/ ^ y

, \ 6 Jl&

'& i i - +

'

daughter^ 0

AjJ name$ c

brother*

f

1

c' :husband

^ 0

sister

a JI

« *wife

friend (m) father^ ?

*

friend (f)+* i*

i

^11**

motheri *

f.

Exercise 15: Make sentences saying "This is my ... Jr using each of the people in the vocabulary boxabove. Pay attention to the masculine and feminine forms of "This is"

.

e.g. This is my husband, L ^

A

9

10

20

Colours jiyi

As with other adjectives, colours in Arabic have masculine and feminine forms. When a noun is masculine,me colour describing it will also be masculine, Likewise, when a noun is feminine, the coiour describing itwiii also be feminine.

Colours In their masculine form Colours In their feminine form

HiS

black blue black blue

- 0

.Jw, t

green white yellow green white yellow

. JJ I^^ ' T* \ Jut c-i i - 31jL>x-L—

i3jj i l-ijiJ* *-0 > >

s-UjJ S-ilylll a Xftt

L^-PxJlsafer

-'

^ £ "A ^ k y-

4 OLkill JJu* aJLjj! aJjfe

* Ju& ^ - 1 Lo^xJ J iJl-A

> ^ D ^ ^

£.0^^ A 5 Jj*

Fruit and Vegetables

0 /1 *

A pear A water-melon A banana

-ifi $> J

Jlp

A peach

psLAn orange An apple

$ *

5^U5

Grapes

An onion

Vs S $ S S'

r^ :

A carrot A strawberry A lemon

V>“ * ' A.

r3-

A mushroom Sweetcorn A cucumber A lettuce

^ 0 s

4ft1rAn olive A potato A tomato An aubergine

Some Items of clothing

EftSfC i&a \ 6: L '“m cotxjfs- ur lhtt rurtouw dbcwo. rrxiKJUiir^i cotoura on Iho andlerwtafte CDiOJS OTilh^Kjh fftstf hQ& fr-»n (JOTO i& y&J

I.XQ-ICI£e 1 7: IrcruJula tfio PgAowkig ienftH-iaf',5 into Ajnst:*r: an iho ir-*iK, prowikJd Thij 5wu l-t-rr^i :<

baem CKne f&r f’&j

I TlTfiiS.ap^p4©CCX

J mt c? a puipta

•1 rtyjj banana a long arid gican

-# > j .» j.

rf_ I . r -

. ij'l,-. JAri

J ms DOTOflii r> d Wj*

fl Tha * a (rey ca md lhar a o ycy ra£ha p

J. rhrf bus es; radnge and Iha I Iran a brown

H Hvi & a frftck r.-wi pnd lhar a- a ptnh p^Haoh

& [hc a a jyi>wn on+on and fhtf1 a a frown ;>olaJn

10L lha- a a mf"4oI lc*rv and Hhal * a pak piano

24

Prepositions

Generally speaking, nouns in the singular form coming immediatelyafter prepositions such as those on the right will end with a kasra.

i

i

»

i

f

*

i

1

I

i

Ii

J

i

a bridge

a squirrel

a £

£ jLa- L|| l^f -•wwvJ I Q

iTne cat is on the bridge. The iion and the squirrel are in the car

i

Some basic prepositions

in, at4

s 0 s

under, below

t* *

on, over, above (JjS

o ^

between 't-o- *

--- ^

in front of;

^ Os

behind ^JlLp

Exercise 1 8: Study the picture above carefully, then write sentences below in Arabic on the linesprovided to describe the position and colour of each ball.

e.g. The brown ball is on the brown chair

£ # o^o ^ a,, fsfsos

5 2

6 3

25

Ex&FCES@ 20: Study the three pictures carefully, then write a description in Arabic of what you see in each

picture. Remember to use the colours and prepositions you have learnt,

Family and Friends

E xQrCiiO 2 3 ' TrurLtfaro flxi roftiwing je^jnar. *fi [fie- ryus..piejvKiM

i Tpifl. 4 1'ttv hjwxfx? Fn nome 4 Ahmad

J Th» n rny wvlu he* *v>fid * WtAtlfn

1. Tha c rt^r fofifrf Ki fysfftf iv

C lha a my ^ond Mot na^iy « ^'asrrfn

§ 1h4 k MJianifTKKi l-to i my rno*-

Who isGo iar, we have learn! how to ask ‘What is,., 9 ' using the word

0 s

To ask 'Who is we use the word i ***

Who is mat 9 (masculine) ? uJLli Who is this? (masculine)y' 0 ^

Z> Q s _ . ^ °

is rnat? (feminine) ^ ^JULj Who is this? (feminine) YoJUfc ^

Dialogue 11

Vocabularyj

i

Lord

Allah

The Creator

Prophet

Religion

Islam

Enemy

Satan (Shaytan)

’tiufi''

"

I

i

? n i*

I V : i

s

If

*i

+ j S jw

\i

iff. ,

* ^.^"r L

+ k\ *=,,S !

ir

jJ 0"

Teacher: Who is your Lord? ? J i>"#

.^|| ': -t-~*X.7-i&W£uV1

i

Hasan: My Lord is Allah,^ Si y

+*

*

!w

Teacher: Who is the Creator?£

Ji ^ q s 2 o ^

s'

£ _- JI D

rf— ^i

Hasan: Allah is the Creator.J* ^ 2 ^

,ji& aJjs

V

1

Teacher: Who is your Prophet?Jtw y 0

A* *

:r , £ *i ) •

* 1 'i

* :

>

Hasan; Muhammad (may the blessing and .fLjO^-^ J^SS lS y Sj K

y

peace of Allah be upon him,)

Teacher: What is your religion? uV _ “

fr,

Hasan: My religion is Islam,^ ^ -H

W-

Teacher: Who is your enemy?•J £ Vf c s-

V ijj J*P

:- f *

* i '= i

i

Hasan: My enemy is Satan,^ c Jj ^ ^

. OUb-^LL.HP

30

j

i

4

f

L

Direction of prayer^ e

aL*̂

Towards (preposition)^ 0 ^

The Ka'bahf s- o o

^ 5 v J1 o J1 S j ^

1./JI oh*

Enlightened Madinah^ 2 0 ?

3^)^JLo-S 1 AJU i

..- -

Mosquet>

;

Al-Aqsa(Name of the third mostImportant mosque in Islam)

^ft’l

Jerusalem

0 J* 0

^ Jjjl

Palestine •-JalliiO'**

S|

'.

"H

:er

: Where Is you r q Ib Iah ?^ J s' 0 ^ 0 <

SikLJ Ji'/y ciD!ah is towards the Ka balm

"tocher: Where is the Ka'bah?

^0 0 ^ 0 y' V' V

^ .-J

P ^ ll " 0 i

£:'cr. ;ti Makkah al-Mukarramah, iSL. ^Where is the Prophet's mosque?

J 0 J

?J^!0 ^ S' 3 s£

cs-

In Madinat al-Munawwarah.

eacher Where is al-Aqsa mosque?

^ tfi ^ > o ^ a

. 6ji

jH* ** ^ 1 AJLj •Jt-o-l 1

tS*

V o , » ^ ^ Os

.enjsaiem.

t h 0 r W ne re is Jerusalem ?

e -2 a

** y

o -3 i >

.j.> in Palestine.

e ,

Ji 0

31

Family and FriendsVocabulary

l have J*+

hospital

^ 0 £i ** p *

school

pretty, beautiful

*»s

Jaial

Khalid jJU

from

D

Cr°

s ^ $ S> Q i>* J=

4j.it} If—*!I

^ ‘J * * * o , .,

.U^jJ ..- \

lT-J^ lt ‘u-u' sjt* «jrv C- >

**I « ^ i

. AXvoJ>*J 6 $ | +A 1

^ ^ > 3

i la^d/^iwjbV l

J j! ? & &T

>^mj^ ^^VrT^.jt"^% L_- -* , c

— -“ ™ * ~\Exercise 23; Translate the following passage into Arabic on the lines provided below, using +he

j

example above to help you, I

My name is Yasmin. I have a brother His name is Jaial. 'j

My father is tail and thin. His name is Khalid and he is a teacher in my school,I

My mother (she) is a nurse in the hospital. She is a short and beautiful woman. Her name is La via.j

j

I have a friend. Her name is Fatima,! i

i

i

i

j

?

3

i

i

-i

e.J

*

i

j

r

f

i

L

i

I

f

l

i

i

j

32

Vocabulary

i room

wooaen :'octj . ]

\ rriiriof

'ecranoulcif

:

hanging

'ow (height)

in!qn

blcrike-

aeaspreaa

$•

o

: jx\!i»m

- * ^

*̂ y

*s*£

sO ?[ L* •» >.

ta is *

is o >

lifl ^0 Jt

•& s 3 ^

2 - \\ U t

/ Bu *

33

Exercise 25: Look carefully at the picture below, Use the lines to write a description in Aiaooof what you see in the picture.

I!'

t

An'. IV

LW'i

gsgg!l 1HSwjBS ^gg^SNBB^K I

£ 3

11Wsmi

M

fmm-,r,

jj

^WlVvA./.L-JJ

-•-i’i"- -I- ..-

,!'V' --i! tvC hAVv-vV'--..

' > V-V.v V "7i.l-.-- -Li'.\Tr-iii.i;

A-iiJnvoV-v : i . '.MA-

:W,'r .

ji

ii .

.b’. Li - l l v-i 'b^M.y. < l'i ,. ' |i^JS

-ft4 1 flVVit'

M

l\

.-.L ,. iJV.L 1mBm

\WW-t -I

Exercise 26: Have a go at describing your own bedroom in Arabic! Don't forget to use scadjectives, including colours, that you have learnt.

;f/mJ p-L - ^h- r

34

Parts of the BodyWe ;0c rn+ at the beginning of this book that almost ail nouns ending in taa marbuta are feminine,However some feminine nouns do not end in taa marbuta, What is more, a few Arabic nouns can beeither masculine or feminine!

Feminine Nouns

nan

a r a

:eg

Knee

V1 ^ 0" it0

& s

*Xjit

*S o

& Jj

^ ^ o J!

%

eyeO ^

eari* S 2

* .«

Oil

lip

* *

tooth

*

tongue

r''

& s

s'

forehead& s' 0 s'*

Jl .0 < >-T> *

j

Note +hat many (though not all) of the parts ofi the bods/ that occur in pairs are feminine.

exercise 21 \meeeme The losiowing phrases into Arabic. Makemio The adjectives agree with the nouns, Youay choose whether to treat tongue and arm as

''•^scuiine or feminine nouns,

: A long face.

2. A p;Q head,

2 An aval eye,

A Soft hair.

h A crcokeo nose

7 Afar cheek,

8, A while tooth

9. A small mouth,

ID. A narrow chin.

Masculine Nouns

ifl o

bodym*/’

head

V

i£ o ^

chest face “J

Number: The DualThere are three categories of number tn Arabic. So far, all the nouns we have learned have been n thshsingular form, The plural form starts from three in Arabic. For now, we are going tc learn the dual fc-nn,which is used when talking about two of something.

Q s'

The basic dual form is made by adding the endings jt or to a singular noun.

You will learn later in the series when to use each of these two dua! endings.

For example, u-jLiS 'a book', can be made into 'two books' by adding 0^ or /jj

s' S Os s 1&S -fi ssJi.e. or - Feminine nouns follow the same rules;

o ^ >

4 \

Note how the final 5 in feminine words changes into an open taa J> or as in

/ / / Q s' s' s'

JuLi * " A before the dual endings are added.

Exercise 28: Turn the following singular nouns into dual nouns by adding the dual endings.

36

I

n

irtL

tl'lT^»'|

J

|toliT*ttYl

tmt

!fm

Dual Demonstrative Pronouns

These two are, those two are...

So far, we have come across the following demonstrative pronouns: this is (masc.), this Is (fern.),

that is (mascO ond that is (fern,): i ^JLSi c o JLfc c I Jjt which are used when referring to

singula! nouns, When referring to two objects or people, these words must take the following dual forms:

DualE- 4

.hi Dual Oi

|(Tftose two are) (Those two are)

Singular

(Thatis,m.&f.)

0 ^

Dual fji

(These two are)

Dual jljS

(These two are)

Singular

(This is, m.& f.)

ilfo 2UiO'. '

Ju* Jl Jl*

^ 0 o s S

3 Jjfc

fS ,

Exercise 29? Complete the table below, following the example of the first four lines,

|

Dual Ci\ Singular

j(These/Those two are) (This Is/That Is)

1* J> S s-

1 . l)1 Jjb * JLjl* 1 Jjt

IK **

l

1 ^ ^ ^ f r' ^

i ^ ^ s> ^ ^

y ^

Jf* Jf' ^ S y

i***

& s £ ^ J1 ^ o

. .lUI: . JvJ^

^ ^

t j.-“*

,

^ ^ !

^ ^ x1 ? |

.

Dual AdjectivesWe have already learnt that adjectives have to agree with the nouns they describe in terms or whether

they are masculine or feminine, e.g. 0Sf -

An adjective describing a noun in the dual form must also take the same dual ending as the noun

describes, e,g, two big houses:

two small cats:

^ .y,, y 0

0! oU-j

Note that for feminine colours ending in ±

\

in the singular, the hamza changes into a ° in the duo'

0 y y

e g. one white ruler:.

-

,

S , U ... «

two white rulers:y y y £

Exercise 30: Translate the English first into the singular Arabic form, and then into the two forms of thedual in the table below. The first one has been done for you,

38

: Ihe RuralAs w& T^^entioned briefly, the plural in Arabic starts from the number three. There are threefyp Asaoier The sound (or regular) masculine plural the sound (or regular) feminine plural,md -of ?feg^Gr} plural

,

1&© Sc&ssd Moscuftre Rural

ift&safcraJ plural is relatively easy to learn. As far as nouns are concerned, the sound masculinepiM£ cfsri only be ased for male human beings, on the whole. It can also be used to form many adjectives,

The SP4FH3 ^lasculine plural is formed by adding j a or ^ to the singular noun( j- ++

yj >0 = i'O'n ) [

pafsen! (rnasc.,, ad].);

& c i*(

r

* ^

jjU^

^ j

J q Ofur

^ Ji a fi c J

Muslim (men); Oj.

/ ^ JI a *

patient Muslim (men): . 0j-<

or:

Anoxp&noT : on cf when to use J 4 and when to use will be given later in the series,

Vocabulary; The new words below can all take the sound masculine plural endings. Please learn them,and liner- try the exercise at the beginning of the next page,

|Adjectives Nouns Nouns

& s' a Ji & £ s 4 a JSI hard- -0;'*in9

>

farmer, peasant;

believer

.-h

0 J iJt £ ^ & 0 j\ careless cook, chef

tS^Muslim

& & $ s' &

_-j

pilot jUs butcher jlr^

\

joe-e hj • '-,g c-ob sailor baker

famousiS- $ 0 s'

tji i3 is

JU,*

radio/TV presenterc?e grocer

** * 0 '

. obscure

# 0 jj

unknown policeman** s'

tailor

IJ "I. P

iS ^ 0 ^ & & S ^ JI"

’& r iea [J driver, chauffeur teacher d-*-*

39

Number: The Plural

Exercise 31 ; Translate the English first into the singular Arabic form, and then into the two forms of thesound masculine plural in the table below. The first one has been done for you

Plural Plural Singular

T* ^ Vt 0 >

A pious beiiever

A famous presfc:

A careless barber

A hard-working to a:-he

A deceitful g

A truthful policeman

An unknown sailoi

A busy butcher

A truthful Musllr

The Sound Feminine Plural

The sound feminine plural is also easy to learn. It is used for nouns which have no sound ma:e- jbiuraor broken plural, whether they are femaie human beings, animals, inanimate objects or abstract nounsHowever, a sound feminine plural noun is usually followed by an adjective in the feminine singular, unlessthe noun is a human being, in which case the adjective will take a feminine piural form.

The sound feminine plural is made by adding ^ or to the singular noun,e.g. A Muslim (woman): Muslim (women): or OUJL^

0 fi

patient (fern,, adj,): patient Muslim (women): oLJL^o l .1^* h1 '

•fi/ / lS y ^

A new fridge:1*

new fridges: or SJu-u*-r+ * » «

\ h, -i-.

An explanation of when to use ol and when to use Ol will be given later in the series.

40

Number: The Plural

The Broken Plural

' he broken or irregular plural is one of the more challenging areas of learning Arabic, The plurals of somewords that are similar in structure may follow a common pattern, and the student will learn to recognisethese wrh experience. For now. It Is best if you learn each plural alongside Its singular form, The plurals ofmost of the irregular nouns and adjectives you have learned so far in this book are given below, alongwith their singular,

cupboards

IPlural ! Singulari >

at ,*

i

** * i

stomachs

Plural|

Singular

^ a a * a ^

a > > : t ,* L *-

i

'S-

& ^ ^ US 5

OUj ; lUl

C i r t- 1 ^53 Jlo 5 Jb housesJtjl : * O

bears

exercise books

'

^1

1* ^ 3St {JO'-r“ i J\lr" shoes

1 ia_j _i_>- 1 i

'.;eds belts

^ ^ o ^

Pit !:'

'ihOO W5

horses

^j

& . i *j

|

ilL-i bag;

& S 0

h OL*£j>-

J* ^ ^at - _tLb-

^ 0 v' K _ cheeks

a a

Plural Singular

fathers

^ ~c->1

J-

sons,*Uj 1

^ 3

h--

thumbs^ 0

oUL$J& s Q

T**

*

brothers

^ 3

dlji-!.--

” «

c’

sisters

^ X X / ^ o ^^ ^

ears Otit

j3 J3

* - £

Oil

rabbits s-s»jf

T* ^-0 ^* t

lions

& jt jl ^ ^ £>XtV 1

families

a

^-1a a

?6 1-*

names^ 6 ^

1

fingers

Ji' t

A-JU0 1 :>o

y'

women ^Lvwj-ia^ o

Styl

mothers^ ^ S5 ^

1

S ji£

f

nosesisi aa

* * * *fijL) 1

doors^ ^ i

Lr^ 1 :+ *

parrots

^ J-j- S' ^ -f ^

+ H

orangesflO /JisJt ^ ao a

JU:^

Plural Singular Plural

1

Singular Piurai £- . r--. ; •* . T1* < t

J.l !.^ . dllj

1

1

elbows JVV

feet

s' 0 ^

flJii >Ji*

lips

>i

* '

I

v .-|^ + r.f

eJlsZ !1

f

mosques¥

iS o /

k-L^Aj

scissors

£ ^

4.*

r**

&* s'-

+*

U*** books^ J f

* *

frogs

Jt

s%

. ^ 0 I

^ j-^jp\W .. (}

desks

^ O' ^

^Jiso*

j

shouldersi

*® „ J w --

i

*

tJuT doctors cCJbi*

f!

j

'; t

cubes*. r* ' 0 >

** ^

backs& s * '& ^ ^ i

' * 3

. .^-i^\

stars

1* J S 1> o >

dogs^ 0 s

»

i

enemies^ w i Jjt!

\\

!£ :|:

-

phones!

1

.--

tongues!

^ ^ !

! OLJj :

roomsj

i

i

•i* ^ $

cJ ^1

1

- r >

^ ,.&• ij

i

pyramids^ 5 ^

i

i* ^ ^

colours

!

*SL ^ -5^

Dl^it

|

--

1 ^ 0 ^

oy necks !i

^ o .-"*

(f

!JUPI

\

v V G^

w-J

1

faces

i ;

i i* $ / o ^

4->-Jtriangles

i *0 ^ s

olilL®6**

eyesi

vc / j*

1

i

>fl * F

" Jf' i:' y- f™"

i

boys

J

Jjj mirrors l\jA.-'

mouths iMi_y

V

* , :b

a tIf""'

hands jut**

|

Jo*

i

squares

ia

elephants^ ^ c

1 1 j-

*>. i

1 A !

ij JS

.*-i

h

Broken Plurals Of Adjectives: These are usually used for describing male human beings Use soundfeminine singular adjectives to describe plura! objects, and sound feminine plural adjectives to deschbeplural female humans.

Examples

Tall boys** . -

43

Exercise 32: Study the rules governing demonstrative pronouns on the previous pages carefully Then

copy out each word from the box at the bottom of the page under the correct heading in the tablebelow. There are fourteen appropriate words for each column heading. Your mission is to find them 1

Jo * 1* * a fi f

oLpi Juj-S OU?& ^ ^ $ Jl t* 0 >

_ < -1

jlr^l

i

—* L,? i - L^t.1^ r? Q

-C J 5

Qjjj j — * oTyl^ p - T® ^ ^

jilL ciiJwV?

a Jl

>ljoL^ OjjL-b oLxjifl Q S iP^O,

Jkj CJ w* U>- , aJ .S U-U1

44

Numbers from 1 to 10fi* w.+l-i cntf ptifpcHve*, n^rt^s tfcG hwe mgsume CPd ifrmnne lOdfira tm CKMU. we w*bogiT- vhIH t|^ rxjiTbws i In i Q crvi lonm n.i*w gfwp*ririg IhoTi

Nun^tfl is I and 2

Ju-\* nod a_^!j| ojci in Ai fl-pttOTd-Fj 'lT (OrH])

- *

the ftum&en. JLjI and JLlAj^ an stAtom

ijmk! ^tMKCii^Mi lioo woutd -,*0 “no dirt lo -hftw "heal ilwm

CHtt-twoofa p-arin 'jptoi ncxri.

The^eMa j!^U5"i

^JuS rxrfwv ih§ .* | '"i

£u' i

5r

J E ' H F

i

6-* f

*

^F

~

7£4JL__*

> .

V

3 JUi A

41 f ' 1 * :

j~

L_\

>04 .. # x

\ *

Formnln* rtcama MdtQ-uWfiCy ndLrnfi

Plural Singular Pk^cti Stngukx

? ' - 'L

r i. -j -ifuw ecu* . ,L^ ^.-‘Vlj

V

: '_i_i_-^ »

Th«e Docua. ._. t

*kAj

£

. -r * 4 ' C 1* ^ t 1* E J ^ j. a ;1^ . O-LiJ Jl—r , 1

i

'

r&if( j, i 4jrjji*

^xJ *

46

Exercise 33; Complete the table below using the correct masculine and feminine word numbers

j

1

j

! !

Fem. i Masc. i Fem, Masc,

Exercise 34: Count the number of items in each picture and write a phrase in Arabic to describe whatyou see following the pattern ot the example provided, Make sure you match the correctnumber forms to the nouns.

46

S

1C18W9 heir number of rak'ahs l^JLo j j-Lpj (_/^_ji c1>1 *La11

:ne Down Prayer two rak'ahs^ 0 ^ 0 s' & -P ^

OU^j J^AJl S*^

*to ;\oon Praver; four rak'ahs

s' s 2 -'0 ^ 0 ^ ^

line Afternoon Prayer: four rak'ahs

The Sunset Prayer: three rak'ahs

oLoj j Jl0^0 J1

cIoL*_S*"j uj'AJ

/ .ening Prayer: four rak'ahs

^ ^ ^ fi ^0 ^ S o ^ -

kjj l S^Lyj

Vocabulary

overs

:a i

J

r \

l_jl >*>Ca

h"

,>JlP

10 / ^ ^ ? /« ** A «*

ThursdayL/ «*

J-"

Friday

^ -s J++

Nationalities and Countries0 -S-> J -U-- C .}*,*

rujt.=- ,- 0

C :\i$ .- .-

^

a-jLxJL. jj'LM

J • JL

> /\

'V

/ L- > J-'

* ^

.>0^' + ?..

Pakistan

Malaysia

Indonesia

jUL-^"C ; Kuwait

Bangladesh Iraq

Jordan

A

JJl ! Emirates

* t V|!W A 1 £

il' K r

j |^ aj

She is from Pakistan,s o y

0 Nigeria.

Qata:

She is Pakistani.i£& h' o

Senegal

Kenya

JlXLvwJl Oman

|

Egypt

w1j

Exercise 35: Translate the following sentences into

Arabic in your exercise books,India Verne T

1 , Where is he from?He is from Iraq. He is Iraqi,

2, Where is she from? 1

She is from Syria. She is Syrian.

Britain

England

Scotland

Palestine

Si

Lebanon 0

3. Is she British?

Yes, she is British. Irelandf i !

* J-oj! ! Sudan

4. Is he Nigerian?No, he is Somalian.

5. Are you (m.) from Bangladesh?

No, !'m from India, I am Indian.

6. Are you (f.) Palestinian?No, I'm from Jordan, f am Jordanian.

America

Canada

Australia

Ch/na

-°£ i

45\_Sj-4|

Aigerla

i jJlT Morocco

Tunisia

'r^J1 : Somalia ;*

-J

Where are you (f.) from?I am from Egypt, J am Egyptian, Japan

y u y

DUJI Turkey

Where are you (m.) from?I am from Pakistan. I am Pakistani.

France ' Iran . il . 1 iw .mm

48