GATEWAY DEVELOPMENTGATEWAY DEVELOPMENTAND PORT RIVALRYAND PORT RIVALRY

IN THE YANGZI RIVER DELTAIN THE YANGZI RIVER DELTA

CLAUDE COMTOISCLAUDE COMTOIS

CHEVALIER VISITING PROFESSOR CHEVALIER VISITING PROFESSOR UNIVERSITY OF BRITISH COLUMBIAUNIVERSITY OF BRITISH COLUMBIA

KEY ISSUESKEY ISSUES

HOW ARE MARINE GATEWAYS BEING SHAPED?HOW ARE MARINE GATEWAYS BEING SHAPED? HOW ARE YANGZI CONTAINER SHIPPING SERVICES HOW ARE YANGZI CONTAINER SHIPPING SERVICES

RESTRUCTURED?RESTRUCTURED?

HOW ARE CHINA’S POLICIES AFFECTING SPATIAL HOW ARE CHINA’S POLICIES AFFECTING SPATIAL PATTERNS OF MARINE ACTIVITIES?PATTERNS OF MARINE ACTIVITIES?

HOW IS SHORT SEA SHIPPING BECOMING A FACTOR HOW IS SHORT SEA SHIPPING BECOMING A FACTOR OF CHANGE AND DEVELOPMENT? OF CHANGE AND DEVELOPMENT?

Island

IslandIsland Sea PortSea Port

C O N T I N E N TC O N T I N E N TC O N T I N E N TC O N T I N E N T

bridgebridge

Interior centerInterior center Load centerLoad center Regional gateway networkRegional gateway networkFreight corridorFreight corridor

Shortsea/feeder servicesShortsea/feeder servicesDeepsea liner servicesDeepsea liner services

O C E A NO C E A N

MARINE GATEWAY SYSTEMMARINE GATEWAY SYSTEM

TOP MARINE GATEWAYS, 2005TOP MARINE GATEWAYS, 2005

Containers HandlingsContainers Handlings(TEUs)(TEUs)

SINGAPORE STRAITSINGAPORE STRAIT27 518 78627 518 786

RHINE-SCHELDTRHINE-SCHELDT12 552 21512 552 215

KOREAN PENINSULAKOREAN PENINSULA11 958 28211 958 282

SAN PEDRO AREASAN PEDRO AREA11 923 20011 923 200

HELGOLAND BAYHELGOLAND BAY9 327 8539 327 853

TOKYO BAYTOKYO BAY5 895 1585 895 158

35 000 00035 000 000

25 000 00025 000 000

15 000 00015 000 000

5 000 0005 000 000

Singapore :Singapore : 18 100 00018 100 000Port Klang :Port Klang : 4 840 0004 840 000

Tanjung Pelapas :Tanjung Pelapas : 3 487 3203 487 320Pasir Gudang :Pasir Gudang : 750 466750 466

Jurong :Jurong : 341 000341 000

Los Angeles :Los Angeles : 7 178 9407 178 940Long Beach :Long Beach : 4 658 1244 658 124

San Diego :San Diego : 86 13686 136

Rotterdam :Antwerp :

7 106 779

5 445 436

Hamburg :Hamburg :

Bremen :Bremen :

6 138 0006 138 000

3 189 8533 189 853

TAIWAN STRAITTAIWAN STRAIT10 086 02710 086 027

Kaohsiung :Kaohsiung : 8 840 0008 840 000

Taichung :Taichung : 1 246 0271 246 027

Busan :Busan : 10 407 80910 407 809

Guangyang :Guangyang : 1 184 8421 184 842

Ulsan :Ulsan : 318 279318 279

Masan :Masan : 47 35247 352

Tokyo :Tokyo : 3 313 6473 313 647

Yokohama :Yokohama : 2 504 6282 504 628

Chiba :Chiba : 46 44046 440

Kawazaki :Kawazaki : 30 44330 443

28 104 00028 104 000

Shanghai :Shanghai : 11 280 00011 280 000

Ningbo :Ningbo : 2 772 0002 772 000

PEARL RIVER DELTAPEARL RIVER DELTA35 324 50035 324 500

Hong Kong :Hong Kong : 20 449 00020 449 000

Shenzhen :Shenzhen : 10 614 90010 614 900

Guangzhou :Guangzhou : 2 761 7002 761 700

Zhongshan :Zhongshan :

Jiangmen :Jiangmen : 744 200744 200

754 700754 700

YANGZIYANGZIRIVER DELTARIVER DELTA

CONTAINER TRAFFIC BETWEEN SHANGHAI AND YANGZI RIVER PORTS, 1990-1998CONTAINER TRAFFIC BETWEEN SHANGHAI AND YANGZI RIVER PORTS, 1990-1998

Drawing by M. Girard, UdeMDrawing by M. Girard, UdeM

Yangzhou

Shanghai

Ningbo

HuilongzhenNantong

Zhangjiagang

Jiangyin

Zhenjiang

Hal’an

Wuhu

Yellow Sea

Hangzhou

Z H E J I A N G

J I A N G S U

A N H U I

SHANGHAI

East China Sea

Taihu

Lake

Luse

Liujia

Taizhou

Gaogang

Jingcheng

Nanjing

Changzhou

Wuxi

Changshu

Huzhou Jiaxing

TaicangKunshan

Suzhou

WujiangShuangqlao

Baiyangwan

Shaoxing

city

provincial limits

railway

Highway

Yangzi

Yixing

Haimen

Maanshan

J I A N G S U

10000

20000

40000

TEUs

0

90 95 98Years

no data< 1000 TEUs

import

export

30000

Yangzi

Wuhan

Changsha

ChongqingNanchang

Jiujiang

Shanghai

0 20 40 60

km

SELECTED LAND AND MARINE GATEWAYS IN ZHEJIANG, 2005SELECTED LAND AND MARINE GATEWAYS IN ZHEJIANG, 2005

Drawing by M. Girard, UdeMDrawing by M. Girard, UdeM

0 50

Km

Lishui

H angzhou bay

Z H E J I A N G

East

C hina

Fuc

hun

river

Shanghai

Zhoushan

JiaxingH uzhou

H angzhou

ShaoxingN ingbo

Q uzhouJinhua

W enzhou

Xiao Yangshan I.

D a Yangshan I.

Xin anjiung R es.

Sea

Tai

H u

(Taizhou)

Linhai

Zhejiang province

C H IN A Shanghai

Y ang z i

H ighw ay

Province lim itR ailw ay

A) Market quotient of Shanghai port for Zheijang container imports, 1999A) Market quotient of Shanghai port for Zheijang container imports, 1999

B) Market quotient of Shanghai port for Zheijang container exports, 1999B) Market quotient of Shanghai port for Zheijang container exports, 1999

Drawing by M. Girard, UdeMDrawing by M. Girard, UdeM

1.75

1.50

1.25

1.00

0.75

0.50

0 .25

3.00

2.50

2.00

1.50

1.00

0.50 0.0

1

Z H E J I A N G

Xin anjiung R es.

Shanghai

JiaxingH uzhou

Q uzhou

Lishui

ZhoushanH angzhou

Shaoxing

Jinhua Linhai

(Ta izhou)

W enzhou

H angzhou

bay

East C hina

Sea

Tai

H u

N ingbo city

East C hina Xin anjiung

R es.Sea

Lishui

Zhoushan

Shaoxing

Q uzhou

Jinhua

W enzhou

Z H E J I A N G

H uzhouJiaxing

TaiH u

H angzhou

H angzhou bay

Shanghai

Linhai

(Ta izhou)

N ingbo city

0 50

Km

0.50-0.740.75-0.99

1.25-1.49

0.25-0.49

1.50-1.74> 1.75

1.00-1.24

Market quotient

< 0.25Port location< 0.01

0.50-0.991.00-1.49

2.00-2.49

0.01-0.49

2.50-2.99> 3.00

1.50-1.99

Market quotient

H ighw ay

Province lim itR ailw ay

A B

A) Market quotient of Ningbo port for Zheijang container imports, 1999A) Market quotient of Ningbo port for Zheijang container imports, 1999

B) Market quotient of Ningbo port for Zheijang container exports, 1999B) Market quotient of Ningbo port for Zheijang container exports, 1999

Drawing by M. Girard, UdeMDrawing by M. Girard, UdeM

0 50

KmB

0.50-0.740.75-0.99

1.25-1.49

0.25-0.49

1.50-1.74> 1.75

1.00-1.24

Market quotient

< 0.25Port locationÎ

AA

Highway

Province limitRailway

HangzhouHangzhou

baybay

Z H E J I A N G

EastEast China China

SeaSea

Lishui

ZhoushanZhoushanHangzhou

Shaoxing

Jinhua

Wenzhou

Shanghai

JiaxingHuzhou

Quzhou

TaiTai

HuHu

Ningbo city

Linhai

(Taizhou)

Xin anjiung Res.

Quzhou

HangzhouHangzhou

baybay

JiaxingHuzhou

Lishui

ZhoushanZhoushan

HangzhouHangzhou

Shaoxing

Jinhua Linhai

Wenzhou

Z H E J I A N G

China China

(Taizhou)

EastEast

SeaSea

TaiTai

HuHu

Ningbo city

ShanghaiShanghai

STAGES IN CHINA’S PORT REFORM STAGES IN CHINA’S PORT REFORM PROCESS SINCE 1978PROCESS SINCE 1978

DOMESTIC RESPONSIBILITYDOMESTIC RESPONSIBILITY

CENTRAL GOVERNMENT FIVE-YEAR PLANSCENTRAL GOVERNMENT FIVE-YEAR PLANS LOCAL GOVERNMENT INVOLVEMENT LOCAL GOVERNMENT INVOLVEMENT INVESTMENTS BY DOMESTIC COMPANIESINVESTMENTS BY DOMESTIC COMPANIES

OVERSEAS PARTICIPATIONOVERSEAS PARTICIPATION

FOREIGN OWNERSHIP AND MANAGEMENTFOREIGN OWNERSHIP AND MANAGEMENT SEPARATION OF GOVERNMENT FROM ENTERPRISESEPARATION OF GOVERNMENT FROM ENTERPRISE CORPORATE RESTRUCTURINGCORPORATE RESTRUCTURING

FOREIGN OWNERSHIP INFOREIGN OWNERSHIP INSELECTED YANGZI RIVER DELTA PORT SYSTEM, 2005SELECTED YANGZI RIVER DELTA PORT SYSTEM, 2005

YangziRiver

Shaoxing

Jinshanwei

Haiyan

Jiangyin

Xiaoshan

Jiaxing

YangshanYangshan

Hangzhou

Ningbo

Shanghai

Zhangjiagang

Suzhou

Zhenjiang

Nantong

Luyang bridgeLuyang bridge

HangzhouHangzhoubridgebridge

Zhapu

Taihu

Lake

EastEast

SHANGHAISHANGHAI

NINGBONINGBO

SUZHOUSUZHOUZHENJIANGZHENJIANG

JIANGYINJIANGYIN

ZHANGJIAGANGZHANGJIAGANG

Yellow SeaYellow Sea

ChinaChina

SeaSea

0 20 40 60

km

HPH

CMHI

HPH/COSCO

APM

COSCO

PSA

COSCO

COSCOMTL

NWS

COSCO

DinghaiDinghai

Source : Drewry Shipping Consultants, 2004Source : Drewry Shipping Consultants, 2004 Drawing by M. Girard, UdeMDrawing by M. Girard, UdeM

COMPETITIVE FACTORS INCOMPETITIVE FACTORS INTHE DEVELOPMENT OF GATEWAYSTHE DEVELOPMENT OF GATEWAYS

GOVERNMENT POLICY AND PLANNING GOVERNMENT POLICY AND PLANNING

CORPORATE PLAYERS AND STRATEGIESCORPORATE PLAYERS AND STRATEGIES

EXTENSIVE NETWORKINGEXTENSIVE NETWORKING

UNIMPEDED ACCESSIBILITYUNIMPEDED ACCESSIBILITY

SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT PRACTICESSUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT PRACTICES

EMERGING BUSINESS ENVIRONMENTEMERGING BUSINESS ENVIRONMENT

EMERGING CONSENSUS ON EMERGING CONSENSUS ON ENVIRONMENTAL ISSUES AND IMPACTSENVIRONMENTAL ISSUES AND IMPACTS

DEVELOPMENT OF «GREEN PORTS»DEVELOPMENT OF «GREEN PORTS»

COMPETITION BETWEEN LOGISTICS CHAINSCOMPETITION BETWEEN LOGISTICS CHAINS

GATEWAY DEVELOPMENT CHALLENGESGATEWAY DEVELOPMENT CHALLENGES

GROWTH IN SHORT SEA SHIPPINGGROWTH IN SHORT SEA SHIPPING

GOVERNMENT PROMOTION OF SHORT SEA GOVERNMENT PROMOTION OF SHORT SEA MOTORWAYSMOTORWAYS

OCEAN GOING SHIPPING LINES INROADS INTO OCEAN GOING SHIPPING LINES INROADS INTO SHORT SEA SHIPPING DISTRIBUTIONSHORT SEA SHIPPING DISTRIBUTION

TERMINAL OPERATORS INVESTING IN SHORT SEA TERMINAL OPERATORS INVESTING IN SHORT SEA SHIPPING LINESSHIPPING LINES

DEVELOPMENT OF «WATERWAY BRANCHES»DEVELOPMENT OF «WATERWAY BRANCHES»

ALLIANCES BETWEEN SHORT SEA SHIPPING LINESALLIANCES BETWEEN SHORT SEA SHIPPING LINES

FROM WHOLESALER OF PORT-TO-PORT SERVICES FROM WHOLESALER OF PORT-TO-PORT SERVICES TO RETAILER OF DOOR-TO-DOOR SERVICESTO RETAILER OF DOOR-TO-DOOR SERVICES

COST TRANSIT COMPETITIVENESS OF MULTIMODAL COST TRANSIT COMPETITIVENESS OF MULTIMODAL TRANSPORT IN THE YANGZI RIVER, 2006TRANSPORT IN THE YANGZI RIVER, 2006

ORIGINORIGIN MODEMODE DISTANCE TO DISTANCE TO SHANGHAI SHANGHAI

(KM)(KM)

TRANSIT TIME TRANSIT TIME (DAYS)(DAYS)

COST (US $)COST (US $)

WUHANWUHAN RAILRAIL 10631063 55 365365

TRUCKTRUCK 11001100 22 12801280

BARGEBARGE 10431043 44 183183

CHONGQINGCHONGQING RAILRAIL 24252425 88 525525

TRUCKTRUCK 27562756 33 25602560

BARGEBARGE 23352335 88 390390

CONCLUSIONCONCLUSION

INCREASING COMPETITIVE ENVIRONMENT INCREASING COMPETITIVE ENVIRONMENT

INTERLOCKING PORT DEVELOPMENT OF INTERLOCKING PORT DEVELOPMENT OF SHANGHAI AND NINGBOSHANGHAI AND NINGBO

YANGZI GATEWAY STATUS AND SHORT SEA YANGZI GATEWAY STATUS AND SHORT SEA SHIPPING STRATEGYSHIPPING STRATEGY