GATE Data Base Management System Book
Transcript of GATE Data Base Management System Book
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DATA BASE
MANAGEMENT SYSTEM
For
Computer Science
Information Technology
By
www.thegateacademy.com
http://www.thegateacademy.com/http://www.thegateacademy.com/http://www.thegateacademy.com/ -
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Syllabus DBMS
THE GATE ACADEMY PVT.LTD. H.O.: #74, Keshava Krupa (third Floor), 30 th Cross, 10 th Main, Jayanagar 4 th Block, Bangalore-11080 65700750 i f @ h d C i h d W b h d
Syllabus for
Data Base Management System
ER-model, Relational model (relational algebra, tuple calculus), Database design (integrityconstraints, normal forms), Query languages (SQL), File structures (sequential files, indexing, Band B+ trees), Transactions and concurrency control.
Analysis of GATE Papers(Data Base Management System)
Year Percentage of marks Overall Percentage
2013 7.00
6.94
2012 11.00
2011 7.00
2010 6.00
2009 3.33
2008 7.33
2007 8.00
2006 6.00
2005 7.33
2004 8.00
2003 5.33
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Contents DBMS
THE GATE ACADEMY PVT.LTD. H.O.: #74, Keshava Krupa (third Floor), 30 th Cross, 10 th Main, Jayanagar 4 th Block, Bangalore-11080 65700750 i f @ h d C i h d W b h d
C O N T E N T S
Chapter Page No.
1. ER Diagrams 1 - 21 Levels of Abstraction 1 - 3 Entities 3 - 4 Relationship 4 Attribute 4 - 12 Specialization 12
Utility of E-R Model 12 - 13 Assignment 1 14 - 16 Assignment 2 16 - 18 Answer Keys 19 Explanations 19 - 21
2. Functional Dependencies & Normalization 22 - 51 Database Application Life cycle 22 - 24 Types of Anomalies 24 - 25
The Concept of Functional Dependency 25 - 28 Minimal Covers 28 - 29 Testing Lossless Joins 29 - 32 Functional Dependency & The Process of Normalization 32 - 42 Assignment 1 43 - 45 Assignment 2 45 - 47 Answer Keys 48 Explanations 48 - 51
#3. Relational Algebra & Relational Calculus 52 - 69
Relational Algebra 52 - 53 The Projection Operator 53 - 54 Relational Algebra Operaton from Set Theory 54 - 55 Natural Joins 55 - 56 The Equijoin Operator 56 - 57 Outer Joins 57 - 58 Tuple Relational Calculus 58 - 60 The Domain Relation Calculus 60 - 61 Assignment 1 62 - 64 Assignment 2 65 - 66
Answer Keys 67 Explanations 67 - 69
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Contents DBMS
THE GATE ACADEMY PVT.LTD. H.O.: #74, Keshava Krupa (third Floor), 30 th Cross, 10 th Main, Jayanagar 4 th Block, Bangalore-11080 65700750 i f @ h d C i h d W b h d
4. SQL 70 - 99
What is SQL 70 DDL Statements 70 - 71 DML Statements 71 - 77 COLUMN Alias 77 - 79 View 79 - 82 Solved Examples 83 - 89 Assignment 1 89 - 95 Assignment 2 95 - 96 Answer Keys 97 Explanations 97 - 99
5. Transactions and Concurrency Control 100 - 123 Transactions 100 - 102 Serializability 102 - 104 Concurrency Control Protocol 104 - 106 Time Stamps 106 - 107 Thomas s Write Rule 107 - 108 Multiple Granularity 108 - 111 Solved Examples 112 Assignment 1 113 - 117
Assignment 2 118 - 120 Answer Keys 121 Explanations 121 - 123
6. File Structures 124 - 148 Single Level Index 124 - 125 Types of Single Level Indexes 125 - 127 Search Trees & B Trees 127 - 131 B+ Trees 131 - 140
Assignment 1 141 - 144 Assignment 2 144 - 145 Answer Keys 146 Explanations 146 - 148
Module Test 149 - 161 Test Questions 149 - 156 Answer Keys 157 Explanations 157 - 161
Reference Books 162
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Chapter 1 DBMS
THE GATE ACADEMY PVT.LTD. H.O.: #74, Keshava Krupa (third Floor), 30 th Cross, 10 th Main, Jayanagar 4 th Block, Bangalore-11080 65700750 i f @ h d h d W b h d
CHAPTER 1
ER Diagrams
DBMS Contains Information about a Particular Enterprise
Collection of interrelated data Set of programs to access the data An environment that is both convenient and efficient to use
Levels of Abstraction
Physical Level
Describes how a record (e.g., customer) is stored.
Logical Level
Describes data stored in database, and the relationships among the data.
View Level
Application programs hide details of data types. Views can also hide information (such as anemployees salary) for security purposes.
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Chapter 1 DBMS
THE GATE ACADEMY PVT.LTD. H.O.: #74, Keshava Krupa (third Floor), 30 th Cross, 10 th Main, Jayanagar 4 th Block, Bangalore-11080 65700750 i f @ h d h d W b h d
Points to Emphasize
How to use Entity-Relationship (ER) modeling in database design.
The basic concepts associated with the Entity-Relationship (ER) model. A diagrammatic technique for displaying an ER model using the Unified Modeling
Language (UML). How to identify and resolve problems with ER models called connection traps. How to build an ER model from a requirements specification.
What To Model?
Static Information
Data -- Entities
Associations -- Relationships among entities
Dynamic Information
Processes -- Operations/transactions
Integrity constraints -- Business rules/regulations and data meanings
What is data model?
A collection of tools for describing:-
data
data relationships
data semantics
data constraints
Data Model
A data model is a collection of concept that can be used to describe the structure of database.
Schema
The description of a database is called the database schema.
System Model Tools
Data flow diagram (DFD)
Hierarchical input process and output (HIPO)
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Chapter 1 DBMS
THE GATE ACADEMY PVT.LTD. H.O.: #74, Keshava Krupa (third Floor), 30 th Cross, 10 th Main, Jayanagar 4 th Block, Bangalore-11080 65700750 i f @ h d h d W b h d
State transition diagrams (STD)
Entity Relationship (ER) diagrams
Entity-Relationship Model ER Model)
A data model in which information stored in the database is viewed as sets of entities and sets ofrelationships among entities and it is diagram-based representation of domain knowledge, dataproperties etc...., but it is more intuitive and less mechanical. Entity Relationship is a popularhigh-level conceptual data model.
ER diagram symbols Fig. 1.1)
Components of E R model
a. Entity
b. Relationship
c. Attributes
Entities
The basic object that the ER model represents is an entity, which is a thing in the real worldwith an independent existence and is distinguishable
Examples: Student entities with unique roll numbers
Account entities with unique account numbers
E
R
R
A
A
A
A
R E
A
Entity Set
Weak Entity Set
Relationship Set
IdentifyingRelationship Set forWeak Entity Set
Primary Key
Attribute
Multivated Attribute
Derived Attribute
Total participation ofEntity Set in
RelationshiDiscriminating Attributeof Weak Entity Set
Fig. 1.1
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Chapter 1 DBMS
THE GATE ACADEMY PVT.LTD. H.O.: #74, Keshava Krupa (third Floor), 30 th Cross, 10 th Main, Jayanagar 4 th Block, Bangalore-11080 65700750 i f @ h d h d W b h d
Example:- Identify two entities that might be important for a retail business.
Solution:- Two entities for a business might include employee and customer.
Entity Set
A set of entities of the same type.
Example: All the student entities in a college
Entity sets need not be disjoint.
Example: A person entity could be in both the customer and employee sets
Types of Entities
Entities with physical existence
Example : Student, customer, book etc
Entities with Conceptual existence
Example: Sale, University course etc
Relationship
An association among two or more entities.
Example: The relationship between a Faculty and Student i.e. faculty take course for student
Relationship Set
A set of relationships of the same type
Attribute
The particular properties of entity that describe it
Example: A student entity might have attributes such as: Roll number, name, age, address etc.
As all entities in an entity set have the same attributes, entity sets also have attributes - theattributes of the contained entities. The value of the attribute can be different for each entity in
the set.
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Chapter 1 DBMS
THE GATE ACADEMY PVT.LTD. H.O.: #74, Keshava Krupa (third Floor), 30 th Cross, 10 th Main, Jayanagar 4 th Block, Bangalore-11080 65700750 i f @ h d h d W b h d
In ER Model attributes can be classified into the following types
Simple and Composite Attribute Single Valued and Multi Valued attribute Stored and Derived Attributes
Simple and Composite Attribute
Simple attribute that consist of a single atomic value. A composite attribute is an attribute thatcan be further subdivided. For example the attribute ADDRESS can be subdivided into street,city, state, and zip code. A simple attribute cannot be subdivided. For example the attributes age,sex etc are simple attributes.
Simple Attribute: Attribute that consist of a single atomic value.
Example: Salary, age etc
Composite Attribute : Attribute value not atomic.
Example : Address : House_no: City: State
Name : First Name: Middle Name: Last Name
Single Valued and Multi Valued attributeA single valued attribute can have only a single value. For example a person can have only one'date of birth', 'age' etc. That is a single valued attributes can have only single value. But it can besimple or composite attribute. That is 'date of birth' is a composite attribute , 'age' is a simpleattribute. But both are single valued attributes. Multivalued attributes can have multiple values.For instance a person may have multiple phone numbers, multiple degrees etc. Multivaluedattributes are shown by a double line connecting to the entity in the ER diagram.
Single Valued Attribute: Attribute that hold a single value
Example1: Age
Exampe2 : City
Example3: Customer id
Multi Valued Attribute: Attribute that hold multiple values.
Example1: A customer can have multiple phone numbers, email id's etc
Example2: A person may have several college degrees
Stored and Derived Attributes
The value for the derived attribute is derived from the stored attribute.
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Chapter 1 DBMS
THE GATE ACADEMY PVT.LTD. H.O.: #74, Keshava Krupa (third Floor), 30 th Cross, 10 th Main, Jayanagar 4 th Block, Bangalore-11080 65700750 i f @ h d h d W b h d
For example 'Date of birth' of a person is a stored attribute. The value for the attribute 'AGE' canbe derived by subtracting the 'Date of Birth'(DOB) from the current date. Stored attributesupplies a value to the related attribute.
Stored Attribute: An attribute that supplies a value to the related attribute.
Example: Date of Birth
Derived Attribute: An attribute thats value is derived from a stored attri bute.
Example : Age and its value is derived from the stored attribute Date of Birth.
Domain of Attribute
A set of possible values for an attribute (the type of the attribute).
Examples: The domain of student name might be strings of some fixed length.
The domain of roll number might be 10 digit positive integers or alphanumeric.
Relationship Degrees
Em lo ee
Supplier
Unary Binary
Supervise
Em lo ee De artmentWork
ro ect Part
Ternary
n-ary
Supply
Fig. 1.2
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