GASOHOL PRODUCTION

INTRODUCTION• WHAT IS GASOHOL?

Gasohol is a mixture of one part ethanol (commonly known as grain alcohol” or beverage alcohol) and nine parts unleaded gasoline

The ethanol is obtained by the fermentation and subsequent distillation of sugar cane, maize, potatoes or corn.

Gasohol has a high octane rating and produces lower levels of pollutants than ordinary gasoline.

Gasohol is useful in decreasing the population’s dependence on foreign oil, and reduces the carbon monoxide emissions by up to 30 percent.

The ethanol typically used in the Gasohol production is derived from fermenting agricultural crops.

Fuel containing ethanol normally has an “E” number which explains the mixture.

E10 consists of 10 percent ethanol and 90 percent gasoline whereas E85 is a blend of 85 percent ethanol and 15 percent gasoline.

E5 and E7 are also common ethanol blends.

HISTORY OF GASOHOL

Sep 26, 1978 - American agri-fuels planned for gasohol production.

Jan 7, 1980 - WASHINGTON The Carter administration announce a new program designed production of gasohol.

Jan 12, 1980 - WASHINGTON -The Carter administration start a programme for Gasohol production.

1981 using millions of tons of grains for Gasohol production in America.

Common Blends of Gasohol

E5 to E25 are known as low ethanol blends, and have 5 to 25 percent ethanol blended with 95 to 75 percent gasoline.

E30 to E85 are considered to be high ethanol blends and have 30 to 85 percent ethanol mixed with 70 to 15 percent gasoline.

The most popular Gasohol blend is E10, which consists of 10 percent ethanol and 90 percent gasoline due to the fact that no modifications are needed to a vehicle’s engine to use E10.

Ethanol-Gasoline Blend Use

• Countries with ethanol-gasoline blend programs:– India (E-5)– USA (E-10 and for FFV E-85)– Canada (E-10 and for FFV E-85)– Sweden (E-5 and for FFV E-85)– Australia (E-10)– Thailand (E-10 – China (E-10) – Colombia (E-10)– Peru (E-10) – Paraguay (E-7) and, of course – Brazil (E-20 / E-25 and for FFV any blend).

Production of Gasohol

Corn Wet Milling

Clean Corn

Steeps

Mill and Screen System

Germ System

Wash

Centrifugal Separator

Prime Starch (68%)

Production of Gasohol from corn

Enzymatic Starch Conversion

Starch Slurry

Liquefaction Maltodextrin

Saccharification

-amylase

Glucoamylase/Pullulanase

Ethanol

Gasohol

Gasoline

Biomass(cellulose, Hemicellulose, lignin)

Milled Biomass

Ethanol

Prehydrolysate Liquid(xylose, 2-furaldehyde)

Pretreated solid(cellulose, lignin)

Mechanical chipping/grinding

Pretreatment(Dilute acid, 180oC)

FermentationEnzymatic saccharification(fungal cellulases)

Hydrolyzed Solid(lignin)

Hydrolysate Liquid(glucose)

Ethanol

fermentation

Reasons for Adoption of Ethanol-Gasoline Blends

Effective and environmentally-sound way to complement gasoline supplies

Miscibility with gasoline is good;Durability of gasoline is not affected by

ethanol;Vehicle performance is maintained;Vehicle drivability is kept or improved;Good materials compatibilityVehicle durability is maintained.

AdvantageEmissions from using Gasohol are less than

that of vehicles using gasoline.Using Gasohol assists in the reduction of oil

imported from other countries.Crop prices are raised with the production of

Gasohol. Ethanol is an alcohol derived from crops such as cane, grains and sorghum. This increases the demand and ultimately the price of these crops.

• Gasohol is typically cheaper than petroleum as it is cheaper to manufacture.

• Better performance -adding ethanol to petrol increases the octane level, and higher octane levels equal higher performance. Higher octane fuels also burn more slowly, reducing engine "knocking", and leading to smoother running.

• Cheaper - Gasohol 95 is about 6% cheaper than regular 91 octane petrol. Since ethanol is about 40% cheaper to produce than petrol using more ethanol will reduce the cost of the fuel significantly.

Cleaner - Gasohol helps keep the cars engine running cleaner by reducing the build up of residue in the fuel system. Additionally the environment will benefit from reduced carbon dioxide emissions. Ethanol blended petrol has up to 50% less benzene and butadiene emissions, both of which cause cancer. Sulphur dioxide emissions are also lower since ethanol acts as an oxygenate and helps the petrol to combust more completely

Disadvantages

Alcohol-based fuels typically require more fuel to produce the same power output of more traditional gasoline.

They also have a low boiling point, which can create problems with vapor lock in vehicles on a hot day.This problem can be more serious at high altitudes.

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