Gases in Atmospheres Volatiles in Molecular Form (ice or gas): –Carbon dioxide CO 2 (molecular...
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Transcript of Gases in Atmospheres Volatiles in Molecular Form (ice or gas): –Carbon dioxide CO 2 (molecular...
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Gases in Atmospheres
• Volatiles in Molecular Form (ice or gas):– Carbon dioxide CO2 (molecular weight = 44)– Oxygen O2 (molecular weight = 32)– Nitrogen N2 (molecular weight = 28)– Water H2O (molecular weight = 18)
• Other gases:– Argon Ar (molecular weight = 40)– Neon Ne (molecular weight = 20)
• Jovian gases:– Ammonia NH3 (17), Methane CH4 (16), Helium He (4),
and Hydrogen H2 (2)
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Light and Atmospheres
• Greenhouse gases absorb infrared light
• Scattering of visible wavelengths depends on wavelength
• Molecular dissociation by ultraviolet light
• Ionization by X-rays
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Atmospheric Layers
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Greenhouse Effect
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Blue Sky: Scattered Light
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UV and X-ray Light
• Ozone (O3) in stratosphere of Earth absorbs ultraviolet light.– Chemical balance between O3 and O2
– Chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) destroy ozone
• X-rays ionize the upper layers of the atmosphere (ionosphere)– Charged particles reflect low frequency radio
waves (e.g., AM radio)
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Temperature Profiles
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Magnetosphere
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Convection
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Convection on Earth
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Wind Patterns on Earth
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Water Cycle on Earth
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Creation of Terrestrial Atmosphere
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Loss of Atmosphere
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Thermal Escape of Gas
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Retaining an Atmosphere
• Gas will have a lifetime of several billion years if the escape velocity is 10 times the rms velocity
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Become Aware of Greenhouse Effect!