GAS FLARE EMISSIONS

8/20/2019 GAS FLARE EMISSIONS

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GAS FLARE EMISSIONS AND THEIR

EFFECTS ON THE ACIDITY OF RAINWATER IN THE EBOCHA AREA

BY

Department of AgronomyU t f I# $


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U t f I# $

E%ECUTI&E SUMMARY

T'e n($en(e of r)"tng of (orr)gate$ ron "'eet" n t'e to*n" an$ !++age" aro)n$ t'e Ngeran Agp O+ Cmpany E#o('a ga" f+are" +e$ to n!e"tgaton" nto t'e effe(t" of ga" f+are" on

t'e a($ty of pre(ptaton n t'e"e area", T'e +terat)re "ear('e$ re!ea+e$ t'at (ertan ar

po++)tant"- n(+)$ng a !arety of $)"t part(+e" an$ a($ $rop+et" (an nf+)en(e t'e $e!e+opment of (+o)$" an$ pre(ptaton *t'n an area, T'e"e po++)tant"- many of *'(' are 'ygro"(op( ,e,

ea"+y ta.e )p *ater- "er!e a" n)(+e for (+o)$ $rop+et"- t'ere#y a((e+eratng (on$en"aton, A($

pre(ptaton re")+t" *'en a($ $rop+et" n t'e ar are #ro)g't $o*n #y ran an$ " $efne$ a" pre(ptaton 'a!ng a pH #e+o* /,0- ,e, t'e pH of p)re *ater n e1)+#r)m *t'

atmo"p'er( (ar#on $o2$e 3CO45,

Ranfa++ " norma++y "+g't+y a($ #e(a)"e t $""o+!e" atmo"p'er( (ar#on6$o2$e- *'(' pro$)(e" *ea. (ar#on( a($ 3H4CO75, Ho*e!er- n regon" po++)te$ *t' o2$e" of ")+p')r an$

o2$e" of ntrogen- ranfa++ pro$)(e" re+at!e+y "trong ")+p')r( a($ 3H 4SO85 an$ ntr( a($

3HNO75,

T'e +terat)re a+"o re!ea+e$ t'e fa(t t'at t'e f+are$ a""o(ate$ ga" *t' o!er 9:; met'ane- "

(apa#+e of 'a!ng f+are temperat)re" #et*een +-90:


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GAS FLARE EMISSIONS AND THEIR EFFECTS ON THE ACIDITY OF RAIN

WATER IN THE EBOCHA AREA

BY

Professor C. T. I. Odu

Department of Agronomy- Un!er"ty ofI#a$an, I#a$an

INTRODUCTION

T'e n($en(e of r)"tng of (orr)gate$ ron "'eet" *a" t'e $r!ng for(e #e'n$ t'e

$etermnaton of t'e effe(t" of ga" f+are" on pre(ptaton n t'e to*n" an$ !++age" aro)n$ t'eE#o('a area, T'" " #e(a)"e (ertan ar po++)tant"- n(+)$ng a !arety of $)"t part(+e" an$ a($

$rop+et" (an nf+)en(e t'e $e!e+opment of (+o)$" an$ pre(ptaton *t'n an area, T'e"e

po++)tant"- many of *'(' are 'ygro"(op( ,e, ea"+y ta.e )p *ater- "er!e a" n)(+e for (+o)$$rop+et"- t'ere#y a((e+eratng (on$en"aton 3Moran et a l, =>9?5, @re(ptaton " a+"o

en'an(e$ #y t'e r"ng of *arm ar *'(' 'e+p" to +ft an$ (oo+ t'e ar to t'e pont of

"at)raton, T'" " *'at 'appen" part()+ar+y *t' !ert(a+ f+are",

A($ pre(ptaton re")+t" *'en a($ $rop+et" n t'e ar " #ro)g't $o*n #y ran, A($

pre(ptaton (o)+$ #e $efne$ a" pre(ptaton 'a!ng a pH #e+o* /,0- ,e, t'e pH of p)re

*ater n e1)+#r)m *t' atmo"p'er( (ar#on $o2$e 3CO45, T'e term " no* )"e$ for pre(ptaton *t' 'g' (on(entraton" not on+y of 'y$ron)m on"- #)t a+"o of ")+p'ate- ntrate an$

ammon)m, A($ pre(ptaton a+"o (ontan" norma++y- !aro)" 'ea!y meta+" a" *e++ a" ot'er

e+ement" an$ organ( m(ropo++)tant" 3Lar" et al, =>9:5,

Ecolo!c"l I#$"c% of Ac!d r"!&

A" ran fa++" from t'e (+o)$" to t'e gro)n$ t *a"'e" po++)tant" from t'e ar an$ n t'e


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*'en t'ey are e2po"e$ to a($( mo"t)re 3Moran et al, =>9?5, D)rng t'e ")mmer of =>97- t'e

Natona+ Re"ear(' Co)n(+ of t'e Natona+ A(a$emy of S(en(e" of t'e USA "")e$ a report

*'(' attr#)te$ >: to >/; of a($ ran" n t'e Nort'*e"t of USA to n$)"tra+ eff+)ent" an$ motor !e'(+e e2'a)"t,

Wn$" a+oft (an tran"port o2$e" of ")+p')r an$ ntrogen t'o)"an$" of .+ometre" from ta++"ta(.", It *a" t'erefore $e($e$ to n!e"tgate t'e effe(t" of t'e ga" f+are" n t'e E#o('a area on

t'e ran *ater fa++ng of (orr)gate$ ron roof" of t'e ")rro)n$ng to*n" an$ !++age",

MATERIALS AND METHODS

To #e a#+e to $etermne *'et'er ga" f+are" (ontr#)te ntr( a($ n pre(ptaton- ran *ater

"amp+e" *ere (o++e(te$ n p+a"t( #a"n" +o(ate$ at +ea"t one metre a#o!e gro)n$ +e!e+ n ten+o(aton" n t'e Og#aEg#ema area, Ta#+e = "'o*" t'e ran*ater (o++e(ton (entre" an$ t'er

")per!"or"- *'+e Fg)re = " a map "'o*ng t'e +o(aton of t'e"e area", T'e (o++e(ton of

ran*ater *a" on an e!ent #a"" ,e, (o++e(ton of ran*ater *a" not on a ro)tne #a"" #)t*'ene!er t *a" (on!enent to (o++e(t ran *ater, T'ree ran *ater "amp+e" *'ere (o++e(te$,

T'e"e *ere 3=5 n No!em#er at t'e en$ of t'e rany "ea"on *'en ranfa++ #e(ome" !ery

nfre1)ent- 345 n Mar(' *'(' " t'e ear+y rany "ea"on- an$ 375 n Apr+ *'en t'e ran" 'a$attane$ "ome $egree of fre1)en(y or reg)+arty,

Ta#+e = Ran*ater (o++e(ton (entre" an$ t'er ")per!"or"

To*n&++age Water Co++e(ton S)per!"or"


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T'e pH of t'e ran*ater *a" mea")re$ *t' a Cornng g+a"" e+e(tro$e pH meter mo$e+ 0 *'+e t'e Con$)(t!ty an$

Tota+ D""o+!e$ So+$" 3TDS5 *ere mea")re$ *t' a Lo!#on$ SppmTDS meter type CM64=, Ntate 6 Ntrogen *a"

mea")re$ #y t'e Br)(ne met'o$ *'ere#y ntrate n t'e ran*ater "amp+e" *ere ma$e to rea(t *t' Br)(ne at

e+e!ate$ temperat)re" to pro$)(e a ye++o* (o+o)r *'o"e a#"or#an(e " mea")re$ at 8=: nm,

RESULTS AND DTSCUSSTON

Before pre"entng an$ $"()""ng t'e re")+t" o#tane$ n t'" "t)$y one nee$" to (on"$er t'e nat)re an$ 1)a+ty of t'e

a""o(ate$ ga" t'at " f+are$- t'e po""#+e temperat)re of t'e f+are" an$ t'e ('em"try of t'e em""on" an$ po""#+e

em""on pro$)(t",

Ga" f+arng

Wt' t'e #a(.gro)n$ g!en n t'e Intro$)(ton- one nee$" to +oo. at *'at 'appen" *'en a""o(ate$ ga" " f+are$ at t'e

!aro)" F+o*"taton", T'e (ompo"ton of a""o(ate$ ga" *a" not $etermne$ #)t t " not +.e+y to #e "gnf(ant+y$fferent n (ompo"ton from t'e fee$ ga" to #e ")pp+e$ to t'e +1)efa(ton p+ant of t'e LNG proe(t repro$)(e$ n Ta#+e

4- a" far a" t'e prn(pa+ fra(ton met'ane " (on(erne$, T'e ga" " prmar+y met'ane *'(' *t' t'e re+at!e+y !ery

"ma++ amo)nt" of et'ane an$ propane ma.e )p a#o)t >/; of t'e ga" t'at " f+are$, T'e Fee$ ga" (ompo"ton 3; mo+,5

for t'e LNG " e2pe(te$ to fa++ *t'n t'e +mt" g!en n Ta#+e 4,

E!$ent+y *'+e t'e (ar#on $o2$e (ontent *'(' ma.e" )p =64; *++ #e emtte$ )n('ange$- (omp+ete (om#)"ton of t'e

met'ane- et'ane an$ propane *++ a+"o ye+$ (ar#on6$o2$e t'ere#y (on"$era#+y n(rea"ng t'e (ar#on6$o2$e +oa$ nt'e ga" f+are area, Ntrogen on t'e ot'er 'an$ *'(' (on"tt)te" a#o)t :,=; *++ n a$$ton to t'e !ery 'g' N4 (ontent of

t'e atmo"p'ere 39:;5 *++ re")+t n t'e pro$)(ton of o2$e" of ntrogen 3NO%5 #e(a)"e of t'e 'g' (om#)"ton

temperat)re" *'(' (a)"e ntrogen 3N45 an$ o2ygen 3O45 n t'e ar to

(om#ne a" 'appen" n nterna+ (om#)"ton engne", Ntr( o2$e 3NO5 " fr"t generate$ an$ t'en *'en t " !ente$ an$

(oo+e$- a porton of t'e ntr( o2$e " (on!erte$ to ntrogen $o2$e, W'en ntrogen $o2$e (om#ne" *t' *ater

!apo)r- ntr( a($ 3HN:75- *'(' " a (orro"!e ")#"tan(e " forme$,

&o+at+e ")+p')r " +o* n t'e f+are$ ga" 3=/:,: mgSm75 an$ *o)+$ not #e e2pe(te$ to (ontr#)te m)(' to t'e a($ty of ran*ater, In t'e ar- ")+p')r $o2$e pro$)(e$ a" a re")+t of ga" f+arng (on!ert" to ")+p')r tro2$e 3SO 75 an$ ")+p'ate

part(+e" 3SO85 *'(' " a 'g'+y (orro"!e ")#"tan(e,


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Ta#+e 4 Compo"ton of t'e fee$ ga" to t'e +1)efa(ton p+ant

Component R(' Ga" Ma2m)m CON Lean Ga"

Ntrogen :,=74 :,=44 :,:9?

Car#on Do2$e =,/8? 4,=8: =,//4

Met'ane 90,4=4 90,//4 >=,0/?

Et'ane /,44? 8,>== 7,>/0

@ropane 7,7>> 7,::8 =,4=9

I"o6#)tane :,?9> :,?78 :,7/0

Norma+ B)tane =,:77 =,>8? :,7/9

I"o6pentane :,48= :,478 :,4=7

Norma+ @entane :,=90 :,=04 :,=7=

C? fra(ton :,=87 :,=8> :,=04

C0 fra(ton :,:>/ :,=:= :,=4:

C9 fra(ton :,:7/ :,:4? :,:/7

C> fra(ton :,:=8 :,::0 :,:=>

C+O fra(ton :,::9 :,::4 :,::9

In a$$ton6- tra(e (omponent" are e2pe(te$ a" fo++o*"

Mer()ry :,:= m(ro gSm7

Hy$rogen S)+p'$e /,: mgSm7

Mer(aptan" 4,/ mgSm7

&o+at+e S)+p')r 0,: mgSm7


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Fuel Co#'us%!o&

Many e+ement" *'(' may #e meta+" or non meta+" )n$ergo (om#)"ton *t' o2ygen *'(' ")pport" o2$aton, If t'eo2$aton " "o rap$ t'at 'eat an$ +g't are e!$ent- t'e pro(e"" " (a++e$ (om#)"ton, Hg' temperat)re (om#)"ton

(a)"e" 3=5 atmo"p'er( ntrogen 3N45 an$ O2ygen 3O45 to rea(t ('em(a++y to pro$)(e thermal NO% 3NO p+)" NO45 an$ 345

t'e ('em(a+ rea(ton of t'e ntrogen t'at " (ontane$ n t'e f)e+ t"e+f *t' o2ygen n t'e ar- pro$)(ng f)e+ NO% a"fo++o*" 3Moran et al =>9?5,

N 4 O 4 4NO

F)e+ 6 N O4 NO

An n$)"tra+ approa(' to NO% (ontro+ " staged combustion, *'(' " a te('no+ogy t'at (an +o*er NO% em""on" #y 7: 6

/:;, In t'" approa('- f)e+ " #)rnt n t*o "tage" at $fferent f)e+6to6ar m2t)re", In t'e fr"t "tage- "o +tt+e o2ygen e2"t"t'at ntrogen fa+" to rea(t *t' o2ygen 3o2$"e5 an$ " re+ea"e$ a" mo+e()+ar ntrogen 3N 45 a+ong *t' (ar#on mono2$e

3CO5 an$ (ar#on part(+e", In t'e "e(on$ "tage- ")ff(ent o2ygen " ")pp+e$ to #)rn t'e (ar#on part(+e" an$ (on!ert t'e(ar#on mono2$e 3CO5 to (ar#on $o2$e 3CO45, T'" 'o*e!er " a ne* te('no+ogy t'at " "t++ n t'e "ma++6"(a+e te"tng p'a"e of $e!e+opment 3Moran et al =>9?5, T'e po++)tant" from f)e+ #)rnng are ntrogen o2$e- ntrogen $o2$e- (ar#on

mono2$e an$ (ar#on $o2$e 3Speng+er Se2ton- =>975,

Mo+e()+ar ntrogen #egn" to o2$"e at a#o)t 44::


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t')" t'e re")+t of ntrate" n t'e ran *ater "amp+e" o#tane$ #y t'e $""o+)ton of o2$e" of ntrogen 3NO %5 re+ea"e$ from

t'e ga" f+are" n t'e !(nty #y t'e fa++ng ran*ater, T'ere " (+ear e!$en(e t'at e1)+#raton *t' atmo"p'er( (ar#on

$o2$e " not t'e (a)"e of t'e "+g't a($ty a" t*o "amp+e" 6 t'at #y O.*) on 48==>7 an$ O.an"n on /8>8 6 *ere"trong+y a($ an$ #e+o* t'e pH !a+)e of /,0 t'at (o)+$ #e attane$ *t' e1)+#raton *t' atmo"p'er( (ar#on $o2$e,

T'ere *a" no $efnte tren$ n t'e a($ty an$ ntrate (ontent" of t'e ran*ater "amp+e"- *'(' !are$ from a +o* of :,=4 toa 'g' of :,80 mg+, T'e !araton n ntrate (ontent an$ 'en(e t'e a($ty $)rng ea(' "amp+e pero$- no $o)#t m)"t 'a!e

#een affe(te$ #y *n$ "pee$ an$ $re(ton- t'e genera+ nat)re of *'(' 'a$ #een g!en ear+er, Ho*e!er t'e ntrate

(on(entraton n t'e *ater" *ere apparent+y 'g'e"t +ate No!, =>>7 *'en t'e ranfa++ fre1)en(y an$ nten"ty 'a$

$ra"t(a++y re$)(e$ #eng a#o)t t'e en$ of t'e $ry "ea"on, Sm+ar+y t'e ntrate (ontent" of t'e "e(on$ "et of ran*ater "amp+e" of 97>8 repre"entng t'e ear+y rany "ea"on *a" m)(' 'g'er t'an t'e =/8>8 "amp+e" *'en t'e ranfa++

fre1)en(y an$ nten"ty 'a$ n(rea"e$, T'e re")+t" pre"ente$ n Ta#+e 7 are amp+e e!$en(e t'at NO % pro$)(e$ #y t'e

ga" f+are" re")+t n t'e pro$)(ton of $+)te ntr( a($ *'(' " (orro"!e- an$ no $o)#t great+y a((e+erate" t'e r)"tng of (orr)gate$ ron "'eet roof", T'e re+at!e+y 'g' at $""o+!e$ "o+$" ot'er t'an t'e ntrate" at Mg#e$e (o)+$ po""#+y #e

t'e re")+t of "oot'y part(pate" $""o+!e$ #y t'e ran, T'" *a" o#"er!a#+e at M#e$e $)rng t'e fr"t t*o ran*ater (o++e(ton pero$,

It (an t'erefore #e "een t'at t'e a($ty an$ 'en(e t'e ntrate (ontent" of t'e ran*ater " a f)n(ton of t'e fre1)en(y an$

nten"ty of t'e ranfa++ a" *e++ a" t'e $re(ton of t'e pre!a+ng *n$ pror to t'e ranfa++, Ntrate (on(entraton n t'e

pre(ptaton #eng 'g'er f t'e nter!a+ #et*een one ranfa++ an$ t'e ot'er " +onger, T'" " a fa(tor t'at *o)+$ 'a!e #een ta.en nto (on"$eraton- ,e, t'e (on(entraton of ntrate" *t' tme fo++o*ng t'e "tart of t'e ran" f a pro+onge$

an$ (on""tent montorng 'a$ ta.en p+a(e, E!$ent+y t'e !ery fr"t "et of pre(ptaton *o)+$ no $o)#t 'a!e #ro)g't

$o*n a++ t'e NO% ")"pen$e$ n t'e ar an$ t'e +onger t'e ran fa++" t'e more $+)te$ " t'e ntrate (on(entraton an$ 'en(entr( a($, It " t'e (ontenton 'ere t'at t'e "ma++er t'e !o+)me of *ater t'at #rng" $o*n t'e a($ $rop+et" an$ ")"pen$e$

part(+e"- t'e more a($ " t'e pre(ptaton, In effe(t "trong+y a($ an$ (orro"!e mo"t)re " more to #e e2pe(te$ *'en

m"t (on$en"e" t'e"e a($ $rop+et" an$ #rng t'em $o*n a" $e* on (orr)gate$ ron roof" 6 a "t)aton t'at (an ea"+yo(()r )n$er o)r !ery ')m$ trop(a+ (on$ton", T'o)g' not $etermne$ t'e a($ty of ")(' $e*" " +.e+y to #e m)('

more a($( an$ "e!era+ tme" more (orro"!e t'an t'e a($ty #ro)g't $o*n #y ran",

REFERENCES

A@HA6AWWA6W@CA 3=>0?5, Stan$ar$ Met'o$" of for t'e E2amnaton of Water an$ Wa"te Water,


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Ta#+e 7 Re")+t" of ana+y"e" (arre$ o)t on ran *ater "amp+e"

Ran *ater (o++e(te$ 48= =>7 Ran *ater (o++e(te$ 97>8 Ran *ater (o++e(te$ = /8>8

pH Con$, TDS NO76N pH Con$, TDS NO76N pH Con$, TDS NO76N

3KaS(m5 3mg=5 3mg=5 33,S(m5 3mg=5 3mg=5 33,S(m5 3mg=5 3mg=5

Omo.) ?,> 7:,: 4=,: :,7> ?,8 >,: ?,: :,87 /,> =>,: =7,: :,=8

Jergen ?,7 4:,: =7,: :,77 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6

E$e ?,> 8=,: 4>,: :,8: ?,? 8:,: 49,: :,40 ?,? 79,: 40,: :,=0

O.*) 8,/ /:,: 4>,: :,8/ ?,? 4/,: =9,: :,8? 6 6 6 6

O.an") ?,: 4>,: 4:,: :,74 0,= /?,: 7>,: :,7> /,/ 44,: =?,: :,4:

O#r.om ?,4 47,: =?,: :,78 ?,0 ?0,: 80,: :,8: ?,7 4:,: =8,: :,=4

E#o('a /,9 8/,: 74,: :,8: 6 6 6 6 /,> =>,: =8,: :,4/

Mg#e$e ?,9 70:,: 4?:,: :,80 ?,9 =0:,: =4:,: :,4> 6 6 6 6

I$) ?,9 8>,: 78,: :,7/ ?,8 7=,: 44,: :,=/ ?,9 7:,: 4=,: :,=/

O.po" ?,0 ?=,: 87,: :,7= ?,9 7:,: 4=,: :,=7 ?,7 =4,: 9,: :,=0

GAS FLARE EMISSIONS

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