Absorption Chiller (Mod A) YHAU-CW Double Effect Steam-Fired
Gas-Fired Absorption Development at ORNL - ACEEE · Gas-Fired Absorption Heat Pump Water Heater...
Transcript of Gas-Fired Absorption Development at ORNL - ACEEE · Gas-Fired Absorption Heat Pump Water Heater...
Gas-Fired
Absorption
Heat Pump
Water Heater
Development at
ORNL
Kyle Gluesenkamp Omar Abdelaziz Ed Vineyard
Building Equipment Research Oak Ridge National Laboratory
Sept. 4, 2013 ACEEE Hot Water Forum Atlanta, GA
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Overview
• Background
– Water heater primary energy consumption
– Market for gas heat pump water heaters
• Prototype development
• Working fluids
– Glycols
– Ionic liquids
• Simulation tools for absorption machines (ABSIM)
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Project at ORNL
Project goals:
• Increase energy factor (EF) of gas storage water heating from ~0.65 to >1.0, with zero GWP and zero ODP
• Target retrofit market
• Identify and meet appropriate cost targets
Impact:
• Reduce 1.29 Quads/yr used in water heaters by >0.45 Quads with full adoption
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Project at ORNL
Partners and Collaborators:
CRADA partner is GE. Other collaborators are:• Yankee Scientific, Inc. – breadboard prototype• Ionic Research Technologies, LLC – ionic liquids• Purdue University – update of ABSIM• University of Florida – membrane systems• Sentech/SRA International, Inc. – market assessment
Technology Transfer:• Target is a commercialized residential unit with EF>1.0 at
<$300 price premium over standard gas technology
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Primary Energy Ratio of Water Heaters
• HPWHs can leapfrog condensing gas WHs
• Cost and novelty are current barriers – R&D needed
𝑃𝐸𝑅 = 𝐸𝐹Gas HPWH
Hot
water
Losses
𝑷𝑬𝑹 ≈ 𝟏. 𝟎 +
Ambient
heat
Fuel
𝑃𝐸𝑅 = 𝐸𝐹Gas WH Hot water
Losses
𝑷𝑬𝑹 ≈ 𝟎. 𝟔𝟓Fuel
Non-condensing gas burner WH
Non-condensing gas HPWH
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Primary Energy Ratio of Water Heaters
• PER potential of gas HPWH greater than electric HPWH
• Cost and novelty are current barriers – R&D needed
𝑃𝐸𝑅 = 𝜂𝑔𝑟𝑖𝑑𝐸𝐹
Fuel Hot water
Losses
𝑃𝐸𝑅 ≈ 0.33 ∗ 2.5
𝑷𝑬𝑹 ≈ 𝟎. 𝟖𝟑
𝑃𝐸𝑅 = 𝜂𝑔𝑟𝑖𝑑𝐸𝐹Fuel
Electricity Hot water
Losses 𝑃𝐸𝑅 ≈ 0.33 ∗ 0.9
𝑷𝑬𝑹 ≈ 𝟎. 𝟑𝟎
𝑃𝐸𝑅 = 𝐸𝐹
Power plantElectric
HPWH
Power plant
Elec WH
Gas HPWH𝑷𝑬𝑹 ≈ 𝟏. 𝟎 +
Ambient
heat
Ambient
heat
Fuel
Electricity
Losses
Losses
Hot
water
Losses
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HVAC Burden: Gas vs. Electric HPWH
Thermally
driven
heat pump
Nat. gas
0.9 unit
Evaporator:
heat from
conditioned
space
Electricity
COPth ≈ 1.5
EF ≈ 1.2 (example only)
COPelec ≈ 3
EF ≈ 2.5
Hot
water
0.8 unit
0.2 unit
Evaporator:
heat from
conditioned
space
0.4 unit
0.6 unit
0.9 unit Hot
water
Mechanic-
ally driven
heat pump
• Space cooling effect is ~3-5x lower for gas HPWHs compared to electric HPWHs (also less CFM required)
• Enhanced suitability for conditioned spaces in cold climates
𝑄𝑒𝑣𝑎𝑝𝑄𝐻𝑊
= 1 −1
𝐸𝐹
Losses to
conditioned space
0.1 unit 0.1 unit Losses to
conditioned space
(ignores flue losses for gas)
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Market for Gas-fired HPWHs
Water heater install location
Retrofit payback period favorable with ~$300 price premium
(compared with standard efficiency gas storage)
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Prototype DevelopmentTe
mpe
ratu
re
Abs
orpt
ion
heat
pum
p
Heat from
combustion
Hot waterHeat from
ambient
Heat to water from fuel
and ambient
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Working Fluids – Crystallization
Crystallization of salt solution at high temperature lift
Characterization of water/LiBr with 1,3 Propylene glycol anti-crystallization additive in progress at ORNL
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Working Fluids – Ionic Liquids
Ionic liquid: an organic salt,
liquid at room temperature.
Common cations
Common anions
• Represent unique opportunity to advance
absorption technology
– Safe, environmentally benign
– Less corrosive than typical fluids
– No crystallization risk
• 1010 possible combinations of cations and
anions
– 103 described in literature
– 102 commercially available
– Need to explore options through modeling
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Working Fluids – Ionic Liquids
Ionic liquid development is in progress. Physics-based modeling is coupled to process model and guided synthesis.
Guided synthesis
Computational
property
predictions
Precise lab
characterization
Process modeling / life cycle
analysis
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ABSIM
• Application designed specifically for modeling absorption heat pump cycle performance
• Publically available, free tool
• Updating for modern computing environment
• Enhanced with advanced plotting functions and GUI
• Currently in beta phase
• Old version available upon request
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References
• Abdelaziz, O., Vineyard, E., Zaltash, A. (2010). US Patent application 12/829,940, filed July 2, 2010. “Absorption heat pump system and method of using the same.” UT-Battelle ID 201002389.
• Abdelaziz, O., Maginn, E., Morrison, D. (2013). “Ionic fluid design for absorption heat pump applications.” Seminar 58 of 2013 Winter ASHRAE Conference, Dallas, TX, USA.
• Sikes, K., Blackburn, J., Abdelaziz, O. (2012). “Market assessment for high-performance gas absorption water heaters.” November 2012.
• Wang, K., Abdelaziz, O., Kisari, P., Vineyard, E. (2011). “State-of-the-art review on crystallization control technologies for water/LiBr absorption heat pumps.” International Journal of Refrigeration, vol. 34, pp. 1325-1337.
• Wang, Kai, Omar Abdelaziz, and Edward A. Vineyard. "The impact of water flow configuration on crystallisation in LiBr/H 2 O absorption water heater." International Journal of Energy Technology and Policy 7.4 (2011): 393-404.
• Brownell, D., Stevenson, A., Guyer, E. (2011). “Absorption heat pump water heater prototype, design report B.” Submitted by Yankee Scientific, Inc., under subcontract number 4000101964, May 24, 2011.
• Kisari, P., Wang, K., Abdelaziz, O., Vineyard, E. (2010). “Crystallization temperature of aqueous LiBr solutions at low evaporation temperature.” Road to Climate Friendly Chillers, Cairo, Egypt.
• Wang, K., Kisari, P., Abdelaziz, O., Vineyard, E. (2010). “Testing of crystallization temperature of a new working fluid for absorption heat pump systems.” Road to Climate Friendly Chillers, Cairo, Egypt.
Patent Applications:
Publications:
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Acknowledgments
DOE Building Technologies Program, Emerging Technologies