gardacvaleba da dakrZalva Tamar mefisa -...

Temur kenkebaSvili

ggaarrddaaccvvaalleebbaa ddaa ddaakkrrZZaallvvaa

TTaammaarr mmeeffiissaa

!

gamomcemloba `universali~ Tbilisi 2010

gardacvaleba da dakrZalva Tamar mefisa

2

uak (UDK) 94(478.22) `1160-1213~

k — 404

redaqtori: istoriis doqtori, Tbilisis

saxelmwifo universitetis profesori

andro gogolaZe

warmodgenil naSromSi gamokvleulia wyaroebi Ta-

mar mefis gardacvalebisa da dakrZalvis Sesaxeb.

moyvanilia sxvadasxva istorikosTa varaudebi aR-

niSnul sakiTxTan dakavSirebiT. gamoTqmulia axali

mosazrebebi.

winamdebare broSura gakuTvnilia specialiste-

bisTvisa da saqarTvelos istoriiT dainteresebuli

sazogadoebisaTvis.

wignis gamosacemad daxmarebisTvis uRrmes madlobas

vuxdiT qalbaton naTia leHJavas.

© T. kenkebaSvili, 2010

gamomcemloba `universali~, 2010

Tbilisi, 0179, i. WavWavaZis gamz. 19, �: 22 36 09, 8(99) 17 22 30

E–mail: [email protected] ISBN 978-9941-12-947-6

Temur kenkebaSvili

3

Sesavali

qarTul istoriografiaSi erT-erTi problema-

turi adgili ukavia Tamar mefis gardacvalebis,

dakrZalvisa da misi saflavis adgilmdebareobis

sakiTxs. miuxedavad imisa, rom Tamaris mefobis Se-

saxeb cnobebs ramodenime qarTuli saistorio wya-

ro gvawvdis es sakiTxi mainc gaurkvevlad rCeba. am

sakiTxTan mimarTebaSi TiToeuli qarTuli Tu uc-

xouri saistorio wyaro gansxvavebul mosazrebas

gadmogvcems, ris gamoc muSaoba Zneldeba. magram

qarTveli istorikosebis, ivane javaxiSvilis, kor-

neli kekeliZis, simon yauxCiSvilis, Tedo Jorda-

nias, niko berZeniSvilis da sxvaTa naSromebis wya-

lo-biT SesaZlebeli xdeba imdroindeli istoriu-

li situaciis aRdgena da Sefaseba.

naSromSi gamokvleulia qarTuli da ucxouri

wyaroebi, romlebic exeba Tamar mefis sicocxlis

bolo periods da misi gardacvaleba-dakrZalvis

sakiTxs.

dabolos, Tavs movaled vTvliT didi madloba

movaxsenoT am wignis redaqtors, istoriis doq-

tors, Tbilisis saxelmwifo universitetis pro-

fesors andro gogolaZes naSromze muSaobisas ga-

weuli daxmarebisaTvis.


4

Tamar mefis gardacvaleba da

dakrZalva

xiarulad ambisagan metyueli piri aw mwu-

xarebisa mimarT miiqcevis. rameTu megul-

vebis aw [me] warmoTqma yovlisa soflisa

saglovelisa ambisa~.1 ase iwyebs mematiane

Tamar mefis gardacvalebis ambis Txrobas.

`naWarmagevs gardmodga mefe Tamar, da mis wina-

Se iyunes yovelni didebulni da warCinebulni, da

iurvna da ganagna saqmeni samefosa TÂisisani, da

ufrosRa eklesiaTa da monasterTani. da mun dgo-

masa Sina gamoaCnda seni rame momaoÃrebeli Cueni,

romeli dRiTi-dRe damZimdeboda mis zeda da did-

xan farvida, raTa aravin Seawuxos, garna urgebel

iqmna raÁ Wiri, ara mimTualveli kurnebisa, maSinRa

ganacxada, rameTu dedobrivman uZlurebaman gan-

grZobilTa Sina mÃedrobaTa ara Tavs idva Seum-

Txuevelad miSueba agebulebisa.~

`da aqa sabralobel miCns didad erTgulni igi

kacni, Tu viTar ugulebels yues egodeni tkivneu-

lobaÁ misi: rameTu warmoiyuanes kuboTa

tfi-

lis[s], da Semdgomad mcireTa dReTa enebaT Cueu-

lebisaebr, raTa dasos ganvidnen~.2 (kubo `ese ars

1 basili ezosmoZRvari, cxovreba mefeT-mefisa Tamarisi.

qarTlis cxovreba, teqsti dadgenili yvela ZiriTadi xelna-

weris mixedviT s. yauxCiSvilis mier. t. II. Tb. 1959. gv. 144; ba-

sili ezosmoZRvari, cxoreba mefeT-mefisa Tamarisi. iv. ja-

vaxiSvilis red. Tb. 1944. gv. 32. 2 basili ezosmZRvari qarTlis cxovreba, s. yauxCiSvilis

red. gv. 144.

`m

Temur kenkebaSvili

5

qalTa da kacTa Casajdomeli, aqlemTa asakidebe-

li, gina xeliT satarebeli~ — sulxan-saba orbeli-

ani; vaxuSti batoniSvili ki ase gangvimartavs: `ku-

bo — `taxtrevani~3).

daso iyo Tbilisis midamoebSi, mTian adgilas,

xSiri tye (maRnari), sadac mefe Tavisi kariT zaf-

xulsa da Semodgomas atarebda.4 `daso ars maRna-

risa da hÃSirisa romelTaca fiCxTa saxeli ars~5

`iswafdes da mun wariyvanes kuboTave da didad

gaZnelda seni igi uwyalo. da kualad warmoiyua-

nes agaraTa cixesa~.6

sad iyo agaraTa cixe? istoriulad dadasture-

bulia, rom igi dRevandeli kojris cixea.7

`da uqm iqmna mis zeda yovelive bunebaTa gamome-

Ziebloba mkurnalTa Ãelovnebisa...~

`... da merme ukanasknel Ãma aRmouteva, da yovelTa

mSvidoba misca, esreT metyuelman: <qriste Rmer-

To [Cemo] mxoloo, dausrulebelo meufeo caTa da

queyanisao, Sen Segvedreb samefosa amas, romeli

Sen mier merwmuna, da ersa amas patiosniTa sisxli-

Ta SeniTa mosyidulisa, da SvilTa amaT CemTa, ro-

melni Sen momcen, da merme sulsa Cemsa>. maSin gan-

3 vaxuSti batoniSvili, aRwera samefosa saqarTvelosa. qar-

Tlis cxovreba. dadgenili yvela ZiriTadi xelnaweris mi-

xedviT s. yauxCiSvilis mier. t. IV. Tb. 1973. gv. 933. 4 n. berZeniSvili, Zveli Tbilisis toponimikidan. Jurn. `mi-

momxilveli~. 1951. #2. gv. 54. 5 vaxuSti batoniSvili. qarTlis cxovreba. s. yauxCiSvilis

red. t. IV. Tb. 1973. gv. 191. 6 qarTlis cxovreba, mariam dedofliseuli nusxa. e. TayaiS-

vilis red. Tb. 1906. gv. 530; basili ezosmoZRvari. qarTlis

cxovreba, s. yauxCiSvilis red. t. II. gv. 144. 7 n. berZeniSvili, dasax naSromi; T. kenkebaSvili, kojris is-

toria. Tb. 2009. gv. 6.


6

vides yovelni mwared mtiralni. da Tamar daiZina

Zili igi marTalTa, da aResrula mze qarTlisa, da

saflavman sadidebelad TÂisad dagvaWirva cxov-

reba msoflio yovelTa qristianeTa~.8

marTalia, qarTlis cxovrebaSi naTqvamia, Tamar

mefe agaraTa cixes gardaicvalao, magram misi gar-

dacvalebis adgili mainc sadavo sakiTxia, radgan

iqve sweria: `miicvala mefe Tamar Ãmelsa dgomasa

Sina~.9

ras unda niSnavdes `Ãmelsa~? es sityva Seswavli-

li aqvs akad. k. kekeliZes. igi am sityvas gadamweris

Secdomad Tvlis da ambobs: `Ãmelsas~ magivrad `ta-

ba—Ãmelsa~ unda eweroso. n. berZeniSvilis azriT:

agaraTa cixes `im dros, Cans taba—Ãmelac ewodebo-

da~—o.10

T. Jordania fiqrobs, rom `Ãmelsa dgomasa

Sina~ unda niSnavdes marxvas, `rodesac akrZalulia

Tevzi, Rvino da zeTi da Cvenis azriT es unda iyos

mariamobis marxva~-o.11

(iv. javaxiSvils ki, am sit-

yvaze yuradReba ar aqvs gamaxvilebuli). me mgonia,

rom sityva `Ãmelsa~ gadamweris Secdoma an marxva

ki ara, aramed sityvis `taba—Ãmelsa~-s Semoklebu-

li forma unda iyos. aq, veTanxmebiT n. berZeniSvi-

lis azrs. rogorc Cans, im dros am adgils `taba—

8 mariamiseuli qarTlis cxovreba. gv. 530-531; z. WiWinaZe.

qarTlis cxovreba. dasabamiTgan meaTcxramete saukunemde.

wII. tI. tf. 1898. gv. 488; basili ezosmoZRvari. qarTlis cxov-

reba, s. yauxCiSvilis red. t. II. gv. 144-146. 9 istoriani da azmani SaravandedTani, k. kekeliZis red. Tb.

1941. gv. 40; istoriani daazmani SaravandedTani. qarTlis

cxovreba, s. yauxCiSvilis red. t. II. gv. 112. 10

n. berZeniSvili, dasax. naSromi. gv. 55. 11

T. Jordania, qronikebi da sxva masala saqarTvelos isto-

riisa. tf. 1892. Tb. 2004. gv. 301.

Temur kenkebaSvili

7

Ãmela~ ewodeboda. (`zemo tabaxmelas anu kojors~

gardaicvala Tamario).12

amas amtkicebs isic, rom

ioane batoniSvils Tavis qarTlis istoriaSi (rome-

lic kalmasobaSia Setanili) uweria, rom Tamar mefe

`zemo taba—Ãmelas~ gardaicvalao.13

romel wels gardaicvala Tamari? mariam de-

dofliseul qarTlis cxovrebaSi da basili ezos-

moZRvaris `cxovreba mefeT-mefisa Tamarisi~-Si

TariRi ar aris. mxolod sweria: `TTuÀsa ianvarsa

i′À~,14

(rac udris 18 ianvars) gardaicvalao. isto-

rikosebi ZiriTadad asaxeleben Tamaris gardacva-

lebis sam TariRs, esenia: 1207, 1210 da 1212 wlebi.

1207 weli gamoricxulia. iv. javaxiSvili 1207 wels

gamoricxavs zaqaria amirspasalaris gardacvale-

bis wliT. zaqaria amirspasalari gardaicvala 1212

wels, xolo Tamar mefe amis Semdeg unda gardac-

vliliyoo.15

Cven 1207 wlis uaryofas avxsni daviT

soslanis gardacvalebiT. daviT soslani gardaic-

vala 1207 wels16

da ra Tqma unda, misi gardacvale-

bis Semdeg, Tamaris gardacvalebamde, ramodenime

xans unda gaevlo. Cven, Tamaris gardacvalebis

12

n. berZeniSvili, saqarTvelos istoriis sakiTxebi. t. VIII.

Tb. 1979. gv. 308. 13

istoriani da azmani,…k. kekeliZis red. gv. 41. 14

basili ezosmoZRvari. qarTlis cxovreba, s. yauxCiSvilis

red. t. II. gv. 146. 15

iv. javaxiSvili, qarTveli eris istoria. t. II. Tb. 1931. gv.

290; zaqaria amirspasalaris gardacvalebis aRniSnuli Tari-

Ri uweria vardansac. ix. Всеобщая История Вардана Великаго,

Перевелъ Н. Эминъ. Москва. 1861г. стр. 172. 16

qarTlis cxovreba, ana dedofliseuli nusxa. s. yauxCiSvi-

lis red. Tb. 1942. gv. 242; iv. javaxiSvili, dasax. naSromi.

gv. 279-280.


8

wlebidan 1212 welic unda gamovricxoT, radganac

1212 wlis ivniss, ivlissa da agvistoSi mimdinare-

obda mTiulTa ajanyebis CaxSoba da am periodSi

Tamar mefe cocxalia.17

rac Seexeba 1210 wels... am periodis numizmati-

kuri masalebis gamokvlevis Sedegad saintereso

daskvnebi aqvs gamotanili T. dunduas.18

igi numiz-

matikur masalebze dayrdnobiT fiqrobs, rom Ta-

mar mefe 1210 wels unda gardacvliliyo,19

magram

ar gamoricxavs imasac, rom SesaZlebelia `am dro-

isTvis dedam gadasca giorgis samefo xelisufle-

bis didi nawili~20

am welTan dakavSirebiT aRsa-

niSnavia, rom ara marto numizmatikuri masala,

aramed ramodenime qarTuli da ucxouri wyaro

TiTqos adastureben Tamaris gardacvalebis Ta-

riRad 1210 wels. magaliTad: qarTuli wyaroebi-

dan: baraTaSviliseuli qarTlis cxovreba, ro-

melSic Tamaris gardacvalebis TariRad sweria:

`qoronikonsa ul~ rac udris 1210 wels

(780+430=1210).21

ucxouri wyaroebidan: romis pa-

pis iokenti III —is mier 1211 wels miwerili episto-

le laSa-giorgisadmi: `saqarTvelos brwyinvale

17


g. dundua, T. dundua, qarTuli numizmatika. t. I. Tb. 2006.

gv. 201-210. 19

iqve. gv. 208. igives amtkiceben T. natroSvili da g. jafari-

Ze. ix. maTi: cda erTi TariRis dadgenisa. `macne~, enisa da li-

teratures seria, 1974, #1. gv. 151-165. 20

T. dundua, T. qamuSaZe, antikuri da feodaluri xanis sa-

qarTvelos numizmatika. Tb. 2007. gv. 25. 21

iv. javaxiSvili, dasax. naSromi. gv. 290.

Temur kenkebaSvili

9

mefes mowodeba wminda miwis dasacavad~.22

agreTve

arsebobs haxbatis monastris 1210 wlis somxuri

warwera, romelic zaqaria amirspasalaris saxeli-

Taa amoWrili: `welTa RmrTivcxebulisa mefeT me-

fisa giorgisa, didisa mefisa Tamaris ZisaTa~, sa-

dac amirspasalari ambobs Seswira: `mefisa (da ara

mefeTa-i.j.) dRegrZelobisaTvis~.23

magram, Tamari aSkaraa rom 1210 wlis Semdeg coc-

xalia. Tundac amas mowmobs zemoT dasaxelebuli

mTiulTa ajanyebis likvidacia (1211-12ww.), zaqa-

ria amirspasalaris gardacvaleba (1212 w.). 1212

wlis zafxulis Semdeg Tamari `zamTars dvins24

iy-

vis da zafxuls kolas da celis tbasa, zogjer

gardavidis afxazeTs: geguTs da cxums~.25

am cita-

tidan Cans, rom 1212 wlis Semdeg Tamari ramdenime

wels kidev cocxali iyo. k. kekeliZe miiCnevs, rom

`sityvebi, `iyvis, zogjer gardavidis~, maCvenebe-

lia moqmedebis mravalgzisobisa, amitom SegviZ-

lia vifiqoT, rom 1212 wlis zafxulis Semdeg Tama-

ris sikvdilamde gauvlia ara erTs zamTarsa da

zafxuls~.26

iv. javaxiSvilis azriT Tamar mefe

1213—1214 ww. unda gardacvliliyo, magram am

wlebs qarTlis cxovreba (da arc sxva raime cnoba)

ar adasturebs. aRsaniSnavia isic, rom iv. javaxiS-

22

a. gogolaZe, mefe xucesis transformirebuli varianti de

buas epistoleSi. m. lorTqifaniZe 85. Tb. 2007. gv. 375. 23

iv. javaxiSvili, dasax. naSromi. gv. 290. 24

yauxCiSviliseul gamocemaSi: `durs iyvis~. ix. basili

ezosmoZRvari. qarTlis cxovreba, s. yauxCiSvilis red. t. II.

gv. 111. 25

istoriani da azmani,…k. kekeliZis red. gv. 42; mariamiseuli

qarTlis cxovreba. gv. 527. 26

istoriani da azmani,…k. kekeliZis red. gv. 42.


10

vilis azrs bevri mecnieri eTanxmeba. (r. metreve-

li fiqrobs, rom Tamari gardaicvala 1213 wlis

ianvarSi.27

) akad. k. kekeliZis azriT Tamaris gar-

dacvalebas ar SeiZleba adgili hqonoda arauad-

res 1215 wlisa. istoriani da azmanSi sweria: àRav-

sna episkoposni da saydarni SewirviTa Tavisu-

falyvna eklesiani xarajisa da begarisagan gaazna-

urdes queyanisa moqmedni da gadidebuldes azna-

urni da gaÃelmwifdes didebulni mefobasa Sina

amissa aTerTmetTa moqcevaTa JamTa Tamar samgzis

sanatrelo romelman simSvidiTa daviTianiTa sib-

rZniTa solomonianiTa simxniTa da sauravTa Re-

sis da xvales ar migdebiTa aleqsandrianiTa...~28

ras unda niSnavdes àTerTmetTa moqcevaTa Jam-

Ta~? k. kekeliZis azriT igi unda mianiSnebdes Ta-

maris mefobis srul wels,29

magram SeuZlebelia

Tamars TerTmeti weliwadi emefa. rogorc Cans

àTerTmetTa~ gadamweris Secdomaa da mis adgil-

ze unda eweros: òcdaaTerTmetTa moqcevaTa Jam-

Ta30

e.i. 1215 weli (1184+31=1215). agreTve ierusa-

limis `svinaqsarSi~ romelic XIII saukunis I naxe-

varSi yofila gadawerili, Semonaxulia kategori-

uli cnoba Tamaris gardacvalebis Tvisa da ric-

xvis Sesaxeb, masSi dasaxelebulia 27 ianvari: 27

ianvris qveS miwerilia: àmasave dResa gancvala

aqad ese aqaQ ese mefobaQ cxorebad da sufevad sau-

kunod netarebiT moÃsenebulman Tamar dedofal-

man, romlisa ÃsenebaQ da kurTxevaQ saukunomca

27

r. metreveli, mefe Tamari. Tb. 1991. gv. 206. 28


iqve, gv. 43. 30

iqve.

Temur kenkebaSvili

11

ars~.31

iqve ramodenime adgilas sweria: `amaT wmi-

daTa meoxebiTa moiÃsene, ufalo, suli Tamar de-

doflisa~.32

erTi SexedviT TiTqos `kojor-tabaxmelas sa-

xafxulo sadgurSi avadmyofi qalis ayvana da no-

ember-dekemberSi aq gaCereba arc iyo savaraudo:

noember-dekemberSi iq ufro civa, vidre kabenis

qvabulSi, sadac akad n. berZeniSvilis azriT `da-

so~ arsebobda~33

`magram aq namdvilad winaaRmde-

goba araa: Tamaris avadmyofoba daiwyeboda naWar-

magevs zafxulSi, mis gadayvan-gadmoyvanas adgili

eqneboda zafxulsa da Semodgomis periodSi, xolo

gardacvalebas, taba xmelas, 27 ianvars~.34

amitom,

am wyaroTagan gamomdinare savaraudod Tamari un-

da gardacvliliyo 1215 wlis 27 ianvars.

`aqa raRa jer ars Tquma, garna bavTis[a] RaRadi.

bneli unaTlo, da glova unugeSinis-[m]cemo. rame-

Tu, vin iyo nugeSinis mcemeli, odes mwuxareba zo-

gadi iyo yovelTaTÂis... Ãmasa Tana vaebisasa ques-

knelnica SeiZrnes. yovelni flasiTa [Seimosrnes].

esreT gvanda, daRaTu Cuen Tana iglovdesca da yo-

veli sofeli.~

`maSin ukue aRmoiyuanes da mcireTa Sina dReTa

mcxeTad dadves, da merme ukanasknel TÂiT munve

gelaTs daamkvidres TÂssa Sina samarxosa, didebad

31

i. lolaSvili, Tamar mefis akldama gelaTSi. Tb. 1989. gv. 8-9. 32


i. SaiSmelaSvili, Cauqrobeli didebis qalaqi. Tb. 1987. gv. 32. 34

istoriani da azmani,…k. kekeliZis red. gv. 42.


12

mun Sina damkuidrebulTa pap[a]Ta da mamaTa misTa,

saxelovanTa didTa mefeTa Tana~35

gelaTis didebuli taZari aago daviT aRmaSene-

belma bagrationTa gvaris saZvaled. daviT IV iyo

pirveli bagrationi, romelic dakrZales gelaTSi.

mis STamomavlebs (daviT-narinis CaTvliT: 1293w.)

am taZarSi asaflavebdnen. amitom, rodesac Tama-

ris istorikosebi amboben: Tamari `gelaTs daam-

kvidres TÂssa Sina samarxosa~, sruliad sando uw-

yebaa.

35

z. WiWinaZe, dasax. naSromi. gv. 488—489; mariamiseuli qar-

Tlis cxovreba. gv: 532—533; basili ezosmoZRvari. qarTlis

cxovreba, s. yauxCiSvilis red. t. II. gv. 146.

Temur kenkebaSvili

13

de buas epistole da varaudebi

Tamar mefis neStis

ierusalimSi gadasvenebis

Sesaxeb

amar mefis saflavis adgilis sakiTxTan mi-

marTebaSi aucilebelia ganvixiloT fran-

gi jvarosani raindis de buas epistole, gagzavni-

li siria-palestinis sazRvridan safrangeTSi, be-

zansoneli arqiepiskoposis amede de tramlesadmi.

misi Sinaarsi aseTia:

`Rirssa, qristes mier mamasa da meufes a(made-

os), RvTis gangebiT bezans(onis) arqiepiskoposs —

morCili msaxuri g... de bua, amen.

... aw ismineT sxva ram sakvirveli da sayuradRe-

bo. ambad miviRe, da saqmis siWeSmarite sando moci-

qulTagan (macneTagan36

) gavigeT, rom iveriiTagan

vinme qristianeni, giorganebad wodebulni, uric-

xvi mxedrobiT da qveiTi jariT RvTis aRmafrTo-

vanebel daxmarebiT ZalaTa friad aRWurviliT,

urwmuno warmarTTa winaaRmdeg swrafad aRdgnen

da, aiRes ra ukve 300 cixe da 9 didi qalaqi, magarni

daipyres xolo sustni nacartutad aqcies. aRniS-

nul qalaqTagan erTi, evfratze mdebare, yvela

warmarTTa qalaqTagan ufro warCinebuli yofila

da didi, im qalaqis patroni babilovnis sulTnis

Svili iyo; da zemonaTqvam qristeangagan tyved

36

v. CaCaniZe, petre iberieli da qarTuli monastris arqeo-

logiuri gaTxrebi ierusalimSi. Tb. 1974. gv. 27.

T


14

qmnils, Tavi moekveTa, Tumca uzomo oqros ganZis

micema aRuTqva~.

`kerZod raRa mogaxsenoT? zemo aRniSnulni

wminda ierusalimis miwis saxsnelad movlen da

mTel sawarmarTos daimorCileben. mefe maTi war-

Cinebuli, Teqvsmeti wlisaa, aleqsandres badali

ZaliT da sikeTiT, Tumca ara sarwmunoebiT. Wabuki

ese dedamisis dedoflis uZlieresis Tamaris

neSts Tan atarebs, romelmac, sanam cocxlobda,

ierusalimad wasvlis aRTqma dasdva, da Svilsa

Tvissa sTxova, Tu miicvaleboda, rom Zvlebi misi

uflis saflavTan waesvenebiaT. man ki dedis Txov-

naTa yuradmRebelma da dedis aRTqmis Sesrulebis

msurvelma, daapira misi (gvamis) wminda qalaqSi wa-

moReba warmarTTa nebiT Tu uneblied...~37

pirvel rigSi Cven SevexebiT werilis daTariRe-

bis sakiTxs, xolo Semdeg ganvixilavT mas Tamaris

saflavis adgilTan mimarTebaSi.

ra istoriuli movlenebia asaxuli de buas

epistoleSi da rodis daiwera igi?

z. avaliSvili fiqrobs, rom werili dawerilia

1207-08 wlebSi da masSi aisaxa qarTvelTa mier mo-

povebuli didi gamarjveba. es didi gamarjveba un-

da yofiliyo basianis omi, rac Seexeba evfratze

mdebare qalaqs, romelic qarTvelebma aiRes, igi

aris kari (karin, e.i. erzrumi).38

T. natroSvilisa da g. jafariZis azriT, de buas

werilSi aisaxa qarTvelTa 1210 wlis laSqroba

37

z. avaliSvili, jvarosanTa droidan. Tb. 1989. gv. 97-98; v.

CaCaniZe, dasax. naSromi. gv. 27-28. 38

z. avaliSvili, dasax. naSromi. gv. 98-101.

Temur kenkebaSvili

15

xlaTze da epistole dawerilia 1211 wels. maTi az-

riT werilSi moxseniebuli evfratze mdebare uc-

nobi qalaqi aris xlaTi. xlaTidan Camodis mdinare

murad-su, romelsac somxebi WeSmarit evfrats

eZaxian. murad-su somxeTis Suagulidan iRebs sa-

Taves da uerTdeba arzrumidan momaval evfrats,

maTi azriT, swored es meore evfrati unda hqon-

des nagulisxmevi de buas.39

es is laSqrobaa xlaT-

ze, rodesac qarTvelTa jars sardlobda ivane

mxargrZeli, xlaTis sulTani ki meliq al-auhadi

qalaqSi Seketiliyo da cxvirs ver hyofda gareT.

rogorc wyarodan viciT, es ambavi moulodnelad

marcxianad SemoutrialdaT qarTvelebs. ivane

mxargrZelis windauxedaobam qalaqis aRebis TiT-

qmis damTavrebuli saqme CaSala. qarTveli mxedar-

TmTavari moulodnelad tyved Cauvarda alyaSe-

mortymuli qalaqis mecixovneebs. amis gamo qar-

Tvelebma qalaqze gadamwyveti ieriSi veRar gabe-

des sardlis sicocxlis safrTxeSi Cagdebis SiSiT

da dauzavdnen Sah-armens.40

d. niniZe fiqrobs, rom de buas werilSi SeiZleba

asaxuliyo didi laSqroba iranSi 1210 wels, rode-

sac zaqaria amirspasalaris meTaurobiT qarTve-

lebma marandi, Tavrizi, zenjani, yazvini da sxva

qalaqebi da epistole Sedgenilia 1211 wels.41

39

T. natroSvili, g. jafariZe, cda erTi TariRis dadgenisa.

`macne~, enisa da literatures seria #2, 1974. gv. 168-189. 40

iqve. #2. gv. 377. 41

d. niniZe, saqarTvelo-evropis diplomatiuri kontaqtebi

XIII s. I naxevarSi, qarTuli diplomatiis istoriis narkvevebi.

naw. I. Tb. 1998. gv. 398-412.


16

gansxvavebuli mosazrebebi aqvs gamoTqmuli a.

gogolaZes.42

igi fiqrobs, rom werilSi legenda-

ruli ioane mefe-xucesi (presviteri) axla laSa-

giorgis saxiTaa warmodgenili: `...swored ioane me-

fe-xucesis legenda safuZvlad daedo de buas we-

rilis istorias. XIII saukunidan kvlav gacocxlda

jvarosanTa warmodgebSi TiTqmis miviwyebuli mi-

Tiuri mefis saxe da laSa-giorgis Tanxmobam, mona-

wileoba mieRo axal jvarosnul laSqrobebSi, am

Tqmulebas axali sicocxle STabera~.43

marTlac, es Zalian waagavs XII s.-Si Seqmnil miTs

ioane presviteris Sesaxeb, miTs romliTac Sem-

dgomi ori saukunis ganmavlobaSi suldgmulob-

dnen jvarosnebi.

`aSkarad etyoba am cnobas (de buas epistole-

T.k.) zRapruli elferis kvali. msgavsad ioanes

laSqrobisa, romelmac im dros ukve ararsebuli

ekbatana aiRo da tigross moadga, aseve laSa-gior-

gim evfratze mdebare romeliRac didi qalaqi ai-

Ro. orive es laSqroba Seicavs zogad istoriul-

geografiul xazebs~.44

sayuradReboa mkvlevaris

mier gamoTqmuli mosazrebebi laSa-giorgisa da

ioane presviteris identurobis Sesaxeb.

....legendebi ioane presviterze gansakuTrebiT

vrceldeboda V jvarosnuli laSqrobis (1217-1221

ww.) periodSi.

42

a. gogolaZe, dasax. naSromi. gv. 376. am TariRs fiqrobs a.

TvaraZec (1210-11ww.). ix. misi. saqarTvelo da kavkasia evro-

pul wyaroebSi. Tb. 2004. gv. 139-140.

43 a. gogolaZe, dasax. naSromi. gv. 381.

44 iqve, gv. 380.

Temur kenkebaSvili

17

XIII s.-Si, jvarosanTa warumatebeli laSqrobebis

gamo, kvlav cocxldeba legenda ioane presviteris

Sesaxeb. magaliTad ai ramodenime maTganic:

papi honorius III ase swerda safrangeTis arqie-

piskoposebs: `okeanis iqiTa mxridan kardinalma pe-

lagiusma macnoba, rom mefe daviTi, ioane xucesad

wodebuli, kaci RmrTismoSiSi, SeiWra SeiaraRebu-

li ZalebiT sparseTSi da spars sultanze gamar-

jvebis Semdeg aiRo da daipyro misi qveyana 24 dRe-

Si. is iq daeufla mraval cixe-qalaqsa da banaks.

iqidan man ise swrafad waiwia win, rom (axla) misi

laSqari imyofeba sul 10 dRis savali gzis moSo-

rebiTTviT didebuli da saxelganTqmuli qalaqi

baRdadidan, sadac binadrobs umaRles mRvdel-

TmsaxurTagan sarkinozad saxeldebuli xalifa.

aseTi muqariT xalapiis sultanma, Zmebis — damas-

kosa da babilonis sultanTa saxliskacma, brZana,

rom Semoabrunos zemoxsenebuli mefis winaaRmdeg

Tavisi jari, romelic damietaze alyaSemortymul

qristianul armias ebrZoda.

...pelagiusma avinonSi acnoba: marTlmorwmune

da kargad SeiaraRebuli qarTvelebis qveyana

gvTxovs da gvevedreba, rom masac darTon neba sar-

kinozebTan sabrZolvelad~.45

V jvarosnuli laSqrobisas, 1217 wels, jvaros-

nebma mTavari dartymebi miitanes egvip-teze, ker-

Zod damietaze. swored damietaSi Sexvdnen erTma-

neTs saqarTvelos mefis da papis legatis kardi-

45

Рихард Хенниг, Неведомые земли. Пер. с немецкого А. В.

Лисовской. III. Москва. 1962. стр. 29. agreTve ix. i. lolaSvili,

dasax. naSromi. gv. 45.


18

nal pelagiusis elCebi.46

rogorc Cans, pelagiusis

mier, honorius me-III-sadmi nacnobebi ambavi qar-

TvelTa Sesaxeb, swored am Sexvedris gamoZaxili

unda yofiliyo.

kidev erTi cnoba jvarosanTa matianidan:

`mTels qristianul samyaroSi dadioda xmebi,

rom indoeTis mefe daviTi, ioane xucesad saxelde-

buli, uaxlovdeba didi jariT (dasavleTis qvey-

nebs). aman daipyro sparseTi, media, sxva mraval

sarkinozTa miwebi da baRdadis xalifa baldaks,

sarkinozTa umaRles qurums, SeuTvala, rom mas

surs SeebrZolos xalifasa da yvela warmarTs, Tu

igi ar miiRebs qristianul sarwmunoebas. xolo da-

mietis misadgomebTan myof laSqars da ierusali-

mis mxares aRuTqva dasaxmareblad misvla~.47

Jak de-vitris 1221 wlis werilSi romis pap hono-

rius III-sadmi aRniSnulia, rom indoeTis mefis —

daviTis jarebi 15 dRis savalze idgnen antioqii-

dan da moiCqarodnen wminda saflavis gasaTavi-

sufleblad da wminda samefos aRsadgenad.48

aseTive moaruli legendaa de buas werilSi moT-

xrobili ambavic, romelic Sexamebulia mexuTe

jvarosnuli laSqrobis periodis istoriul situ-

aciasTan.

mexuTe jvarosnuli laSqroba, romelsac vati-

kani xangrZlivi propagandis Sedegad amzadebda da

romelSic monawileobas iRebdnen ungreTis mefe

andraS II didi laSqriT, samxreT germaniis Tavade-

46

a. gogolaZe, dasax. naSromi. gv. 382. 47

Р. Хенниг, dasax. naSromi. gv. 26-29. 48

a. gogolaZe, ioane presviteris legendis istoriuli da

bibliuri safuZvlebis Sesaxeb. Tb. 2005. gv. 17.

Temur kenkebaSvili

19

bi TavianTi vaslebiT, avstriis hercogi leopold

VI da holandielebi grafi vilhelmis meTauro-

biT, didi marcxiT damTavrda.49

es mxedrioni evro-

pidan daiZra 1217 wels. axal molaSqreebs siriaSi

civad Sexvdnen: siriaSi myof frankebs ar undo-

daT egviptelebTan brZola, radgan maTTan kargi

savaWro urTierToba hqondaT gabmuli da, buneb-

rivia, xelaxali omi maT saqmianobas xels SeuSli-

da. 1218 wlis aprilSi Zlivs Segrovdnen jvarosne-

bi akraSi. andraS II ungreli, romelic TiTqmis er-

Ti weli icdida usaqmod akraSi, darwmunda, rom

maTi laSqroba uSedego iqneboda da Tavisi jariT

evropaSi gaemgzavra, xolo danarCenma jvarosneb-

ma xangrZlivi paeqrobis Semdeg gadawyvites mTava-

ri ieriSi mietanaT egvipteze, rogorc musulmanu-

ri samyaros mTavar citadelze. maSinve maT Semo-

artyes alya qalaq damietas da xangrZlivi brZo-

lis Semdeg, 1219 wlis noembris dasawyisSi, qalaqi

ieriSiT aiRes da aaoxres. maSin jvarosnebma did-

Zali alafic igdes xelT. magram maTi warmateba ma-

le dasrulda. 1221 wlis ivnisSi, rodesac isini ga-

davidnen Setevaze mansuris mimaTulebiT, md. ni-

losi adidda da qristes mxedarTa banaki wyaldi-

dobam gaanadgura. am stiqiis winaaRmdeg sabrZol-

velad muslimebi adreve iyvnen mzad da, rogorc ki

wyaldidoba daiwyo, maT jvarosnebs ukandasaxevi

gza gadauWres. ltolvili qristianebi uwesrigod

garbodnen damietisaken. imave wlis seqtemberSi ki

egviptelTa iZulebiT, maT es dapyrobili qalaqic

miatoves da ase moralurad da fizikurad ganad-

49

М. Забров, Крестовые походы. Москва. 1956 г. стр. 212-213.


20

gurebulma meomrebma evropisaken mimaval xomal-

debs miaSures. amiT sabolood damTavrda jvaro-

sanTa mexuTe laSqroba.50

romis papis mociqulebma da tamplierebma, ro-

melnic egvipteSi imyofebodnen da evropisaken ga-

mamxnevebel werilebs agzavnidnen, kargad grZnob-

dnen jvaronuli omebis ususurobas; TviT laS-

qrobis monawilenic rwmundebodnen, rom uimedod

miiswrafodnen wminda adgilebisaken; amitom mo-

laSqreTa moraluri simtkicisa da rwmenis asamaR-

leblad kaTolike misionerebi avrcelebdnen le-

gendebs ioane xucesad wodebul daviT mefeze da,

Tu ki maT raime istoriuli safuZveli miecemodaT

axali gamamxnevebeli ambebis SesaTxzvelad, arc

amgvar saqmeze iRebdnen xels.51

Cveni azriT, de buas epistole gamoZaxilia

swored mexuTe jvarosnuli laSqrobis dros

gavrcelebuli legendebisa da dawerilia im

wlebSi, rodesac qalaq damietaSi myofi jvaros-

nebi wminda adgilebisaken salaSqro SetevisaT-

vis emzadebodnen. amas xeli Seuwyo laSa-gior-

gis Tanxmobamac monawileoba mieRo jvarosnul

laSqrobebSi. epistoles aSkarad etyoba zRap-

ruli elferis kvali da igi atarebs propagan-

distul xasiaTs. masSi ganaxlebuli, amjerad

realuri adamianis saxiTaa warmodgenili le-

gendaruli ioane mefe-xucesi. Cven vfiqrobT,

rom de buas werili dawerili unda iyos 1219-

1220 wlebSi.

50

i. lolaSvili, dasax. naSromi. gv. 46-47. 51

iqve, gv. 47.

Temur kenkebaSvili

21

***

axla, rac Seexeba epistoleSi aRniSnul Tamar

mefis ierusalimSi gadasvenebis sakiTxs.

pirvel rigSi unda aRvniSnoT, rom ar arsebobs

qarTuli cnoba, romelSic dasaxelebuli iqneba

faqti Tamar mefis ierusalimSi gadasvenebis Sesa-

xeb. iv. lolaSvili samarTlianad SeniSnavs, rom

`Tamaris ukanaskneli sityvebi cnobilia kargad.

Tu momakvdavi mefe ierusalimSi dakrZalvis sur-

vils ganacxadebda, amas Tamaris erT-erTi istori-

kosi ueWvelad ityoda~.52

marTlac, saeWvoa Tamar

mefis mier datovebuli anderZis Sesaxeb scodno-

da siria-palestinis sazRvarze myof frang rainds

da ar scodnoda qarTveli mefis karze myof rome-

lime istorikoss.

S. nucubiZe cdilobda, rom qarTul istoriul

wyaroebSi epova Tamaris ierusalimSi wasvlis mis-

wrafebis Sesaxeb. man TiTqos `ipova~ kidec qar-

Tlis cxovrebis citata, romelSic moTxrobilia

Tamaris karze arsebuli samRvdelTmsaxuro wese-

bis Sesaxeb: `saeklesio locvad wesi locvisa da-

ukleblad aResrulebodis, viTarca tibikoni mo-

aswavebda da ganweseba palestinisaÁsa monastrisa

mogviTxrobs, yoveli sruliad. darbazis kars myo-

fi wirvad vervin daakldeboda: mwuxri, dileul,

samxri, viTarca Tqmul ars~.

cxadia, aq arc Tamaris sicocxlis ukanasknel

periodzea laparaki, arc ierusalimis jvris mo-

nasterSi `locvisa da monaniebisaTvis~ swrafvaze

52

i. lolaSvili, dasax. naSromi. gv. 34.


22

da arc de buas werilis msgavs legendarul ander-

Zze. Tamaris pirveli istorikosi aRniSnavs, Tu sa-

mefo karze saeklesio wirva-locvis wesi rogor

da ris mixedviT sruldeboda. `ase rom, de buas we-

rilis `anderZi~ haerzea gamokidebuli da masSi is-

toriuli sinamdvilis natamalic ki ar moipove-

ba~.53

ramdenad realuria SesaZlebloba, rom laSa-gi-

orgis Tamaris neSti gadaesvenebina ierusalimSi?

rogorc zemoT aRvniSneT, laSa-giorgim ramodeni-

me SeteviTi operacia ganaxorciela xlaTis, ar-

zrumis karnu-qalaqisa da sxvaTa mimarTulebiT,

magram man ver SeZlo brZola jvarosnebTan erTad

wminda qalaqis ganTavisuflebisTvis. laSa-gior-

gis didi survili hqonda imisa, rom gaelaSqra ie-

rusalimze, magram man es ver SeZlo, radgan sruli-

ad moulodnelad saqarTvelos sazRvrebs mon-

RolTa laSqari moadga. amas adasturebs 1223 wels

rusudan mefis mier miwerili werili romis pap ho-

norius III-admi. masSi vkiTxulobT:

`Cemi Zma, qarTvelTa mefe miicvala da misi same-

fo me mergo. aw viTxov Tqvens kurTxevas CvenTvis

da yvela Cven qveSevrdom qristianeTaTvis! damie-

taSi myofis Tqvenis elCisagan miviReT Tqveni di-

debuli rCeva da brZaneba, rome Cemi Zma, wasuliyo

qristianebis Sesawevnelad. isic am zraxvasa da

wasvlis mzadebaSi iyo, rodesac borotni TaTarni

Semovidnen Cvens qveyanaSi... didi ubedureba miaye-

nes Cvens ersa da dagvixoces eqvsi aTasi kaci. Cven

maT ar vufrTxildebodiT, radgan qristianebi

53


Temur kenkebaSvili

23

gvegona, magram rodesac vscaniT, rom kargi qris-

tianebi ar iyvnen, maSin SevkribeT yoveli Cveni Za-

la da win aRvudeqiT; ocdaxuTi aTasi kaci gavuw-

yviteT, bevric davatyveveT da danarCeni maTi

mxedroba Cvenis qveynidan gavdevneT. ai, amis gamo

aq davrCiT da Tqvenis elCis brZanebisamebr ver wa-

movediT~.54

amasve wers romis paps ivane aTabagi:

`gauwyebT, rom Cemi batoni mefe miicvala da mis

adgils Tqvenis locva-kurTxevis madliTa da Za-

liT sxva avirCieT mefed. Tqvenma wminda mar-

TlbrZanebam, romelic damietaSi myofis elCis mi-

er warmogvivlineT, moawia mefemde da Cemamde. xo-

lo, roca Cven didis ZaliT movamzadeT jari, cxe-

nosnebi, sursaTi da vapirebdiT wasvlas qristia-

nebis Sesawevnelad da wminda adgilebis dasaxsne-

lad, am dros TaTarni, jvriT winamZRvrbulni, Se-

moviden Cvens qveyanaSi, qristianobis moCvenebiT

mogvatyues da eqvsiaTasamde kaci gagviwyvites.

xolo Semdgom ra vscaniT, rom WeSmariti qristia-

nebi ar iyvnen,... 25 aTasi cxenosani gavuwyviteT,

zognic davatyveveT da danarCenic Cvenis sazRvre-

bidan gavdevneT. es gaxlavT mizezi imisa, rom ver

SevasruleT Tqveni brZaneba, Tqvenis elCis mier

gamocxadebuli~.55

es epistoleebi aSkarad metyveleben, rom laSa-

giorgis ganuzraxavs daxmareboda jvarosnebs

`wminda adgilebis dasaxsnelad~ musulmanTagan. am

54

m. TamaraSvili, istoria kaTolikobisa qarTvelTa Soris.

namdvilis sabuTebis SemotaniTa da ganmartebiT XIII sauku-

nidgan vidre XX saukunemde. Tb. 1902. gv. 7. 55

iqve. gv. 9.


24

mizniT mas daurazmavs mxedrobac, laSqrobisaTvis

saWiro sursaTic moumaragebia, palestinaSi myof

jvarosanTa Soris ki darxeula xma, rom `georgia-

nebad wodebuli iberieli qristianebi~ aRdgnen da

Wabuki mefis meTaurobiT midian ierusalimisken

salaSqrodo, magram mongolebis moulodnel Se-

mosevas laSa-giorgisaTvis ganzraxvaze xeli au-

Rebinebia, xolo jvarosnebs didi imedebi gascru-

ebiaT, raki saWio gamxdara rusudan mefes da ivane

aTabags ecnobebinaT romis papisaTvis misi brZane-

bis Seusruleblobis mizezi. i. lolaSvili fiq-

robs, rom `aseT viTarebaSi Tqma imisa, TiTqos qar-

TvelTa laSqarma laSa-giorgis winamZRolobiT

Tamaris neSti uxifaTod miasvena da dakrZala igi

qarTvelTa monasterSi (Tu macxovris saflavis

taZarSi), ara marto TviTneburi da litoni gancxa-

debaa, aramed igi moaswavebs zemoxsenebul episto-

leTa gauTvaliswineblobas~.56

Tu sarwmunoa frangi raindis cnoba, TiTqos

Teqvsmeti wlis laSa-giorgim saflavidan amoiRo

dedamisis Zvlebi ierusalimSi, qristes saflavTan

dasakrZalavad, rogor moxda, rom Tamaris isto-

rikosebs an JamTaaRmwerels da gviani xanis avto-

rebs, romelTac dagvitoves cnobebi Tamaris gar-

dacvalebisa da dakrZalvis DSesaxeb, erTi sityvac

ki ar wamoscdaT am mniSvnelovani ambebis Sesaxeb?

Tu es gadasceneba namdvilad moxda, upirvelesad

am faqts aRniSnavdnen Tamaris pirveli da meore

istorikosebi, romelnic TavianT Txzulebebs

werdnen Tamaris savaraudo gadasvenebis Semdeg

56


Temur kenkebaSvili

25

axlo xanaSi, xolo Tu laSa-giorgi qarTvelTa

laSqriT ierusalimSi Cavida dedis anderZis Sesas-

ruleblad, amas ki ueWvelad ityoda jer laSas-

droindeli mematiane, Semdeg ki JamTaaRmwereli,

romelTac aRweres laSa-giorgis cxovreba da

moRvaweoba, magram rogorc cnobilia, es istori-

kosebi Tamaris neStis gadasvenebisa da laSa-gior-

gis ierusalimSi Casvlis Sesaxeb arafers ar ambo-

ben, imitom, rom Tamari dakrZales gelaTSi da

iqidan aravis ar gadausvenebia ierusalimSi.

....aqve aucileblad unda ganvixiloT l. tuxaS-

vilis mier moyvanili cnoba, romelic gamougzav-

nia ikoniis sultans (?) saqarTvelos mefisaTvis:

`pasuxi mefe daviTs, afxazis patrons~57

. masSi naT-

qvamia: `mowyalebani, romliTac ubiwoebis safar-

velis, TvalssawierTa dedofalT dedoflis mimo-

weris Taobaze ganmarteba mogveca, eWvi ar aris,

moTxovna im ubiwos sispetakisa imaze metia, riTac

mefuri uzenaesobiTa da xelmwifuri didebule-

biT monebs SeiZleboda Cveneboda; da patiosani

warmoSobiT, vrceli gonebiT, mtkice rjuliTa da

pirisgaTavebiT is patroni, ubiwoebis safarveli,

ucnobi ar aris, radgan is gvari Cinebuli Tvisebi-

Ta da Rirseuli warmatebebiT cnobilia. RmerTma

(ididos saxeli misi!) Cven, monebs, im ubiwoebis sa-

farvelis xelmwifur saqmianobaTa sazRaurad mas-

ze locvis dros Semweoba uxvad mogvaniWos da zak-

vaTa ubedurobaTagan dagvifaros, raTa rac dRe

gava, (Cven,) monobaSi myofT; werili meti vikiTxoT

57

mefe daviTSi igulisxmeba laSa-giorgi. l. tuxaSvili fiq-

robs, rom saxeli gangeb aris Secvlili, radgan baraTi kon-

fidencialuria.


26

da Cvenda sasikeTod, yovel wuTs pativiTa da mo-

wiwebiT davicvaT, radganac samsaxuri misi udide-

si Senovnebisa da didebuli akvanisa rumis klima-

tis xalxebisgan (alahimc acocxlebs didxans maT

sulTnebs!) gardauvalia da aucilebeli.

miTiTeba, romelic gorjesTanis mefeebTan

(Cvens) TxovnaTa gamo iyo nabrZanebi, mefuri wya-

lobisa da xelmwifuri darigebis momxiblaobisa-

gan daSorebuli ar yofila. pasuxad Cvengan qeba,

xotba, Sesxma da locva-kurTxeva im saidumloebis

dacviT miiReT. SemdegSi mimoweraTa Sara, gzavni-

lebaTa savali da TxovnaTa gza gakafuli hqoniaT

da (urTierTobis) ganaxlebisa da ganxorcielebis

saqme droebis Sesabamisad da am Zvel gvarTan nia-

dagi kavSiris xarisxi gamoCenili (aSkara) yofila

mama-papisagan da winaparTagan da anderZiT gan-

sxvavebuli dedoflisa (alahimc Semosavs mas mite-

vebiT!). umaRlesi sakrebulos es gvari winaparTa

kvalze, im gvaris rCevebis sazRaurad aqvs (miuz-

Ravs ufali ara mdabalT), awic mimowerisa da kav-

Siris gza gaxsnilaT iguleT, vinZloT axal-axali

saqmeni gvauwyoT da saWiroebisamebr werilis mi-

mowera ar dagviZviroT, raTa mis Sesrulebas ma-

Sinve SevudgeT, maRalma ufalmamc inebos!~58

am sakmaod burusiani baraTidan aSkarad ikveTe-

ba erTi ram, mefeTa-mefe Tamars dautovebia ra-

Rac anderZi. rumis qveyana (ikonia) mzad aris

daexmaros am anderZis Semsrulebels. barTSi TiT-

qos ori qalia moxsenebuli. erTi cxadad gansvene-

58

l. tuxaSvili, narkvevebi qarTuli diplomatiis istorii-

dan. w. I. Tb. 1994. gv. 227-228; m. Todua, qarTul-sparsuli eti-

udebi. t.III. Tb. 1979. gv. 5-6.

Temur kenkebaSvili

27

bulad aris moxsenebuli. meore konteqstiT zus-

tad ar Cans, vin aris. TiTqos es cocxali uflis-

wulia, radgan mis samsaxurisTvis rumis qveyana

(e.i. ikonia) mzad aris. l. tuxaSvilis azriT, SesaZ-

lebelia saubari yofiliyo Tamaris neStis gadas-

venebaze (e.i. misi neStis selCukianTa miwaze gata-

rebaze). Cven viziarebT m. Toduas azrs, romelic

fiqrobda, rom werilSi saqme exeba mefe Tamaris

qaliSvilis gaTxovebas selCukianTa romeliRac

ufliswulze. an Cveni azriT SesaZloa aq raime fa-

rul politikur garigebaze iyos saubari. yovel

SemTxvevaSi es werili Tamaris gadasvenebis faq-

tTan mimarTebaSi ar gamogvadgeba....


28

Tamar mefis ekvderi gelaTSi

aukuneTa ganmavlobaSi Taobidan Taobaze

gardamaval cnobas, Tamaris saflavis

gelaTSi arsebobis Sesaxeb, adastureben

ZvelqarTuli werilobiTi wyaroebi da gelaTis

samonastro tadicia.

gelaTi ramdenime nagebobis ansamblia da, raki

Tamaris samarxi saistorio wyaroebSi saxeldebiT

ar aris aRniSnuli, amitom misi povna didad Wirs.

farsadan gorgijaniZe da vaxuSti bagrationi am-

boben, rom Tamari daflulia yovlad wminda

RvTismSoblis eklesiaSio. es taZari aris mTavari

arqiteqturuli nageboba, romelic gelaTis cen-

trSia aRmarTuli da qarTuli xuroTmoZRvrebis

ubrwyinvales nimuSs warmoadgens. vaxuStis TqmiT,

am taZarSi Tamaris garda dakrZaluli yofilan

daviT aRmaSenebeli (unda aRiniSnos, rom dRes ge-

laTSi SemorCenili gvaqvs mxolod daviT aRmaSe-

neblis saflavis qva, romelSic adamianis

arsebobis raime kvali, arqeologiuri gaTxris Se-

degad ar aRmoCnda59

), giorgi III, laSa-giorgi, ru-

sudani, ulu-daviTi da narin-daviTi, magram dRes-

dReisobiT iq arc erTi bagrationi mefis saflavi

ar Cans. es aixsneba sxvadasxva mizeziT. gelaTi or-

gzis aaoxres da dawves gareSe mtrebma.60

rogorc werilobiTi wyaroebidan irkveva XVI sa-

ukunis 20-ian wlebSi imerTa mefe bagrats, dasav-

59

k. grigolia, Tamar mefis saflavis saidumloeba. `ciskari~,

1966w. #9. gv. 98. 60


s

Temur kenkebaSvili

29

leT saqarTvelos kaTalikos evdemon CxetiZesa da

genaTel episkoposs melqizedek sayvareliZes di-

di saaRmSeneblo samuSaoebi CautarbiaT.61

masalebis uqonlobis gamo ar irkveva, ra bedi

ewiaT bagrationTa samarxebs gelaTis dawvis an

aRdgenis dros. is ki cxadia, rom imerTa mefeebma

da sasuliero moRvaweebma es didi istoriuli na-

geboba TavianT saZvaled aqcies.

1519 wlis gelaTur gujarSi aRniSnulia, rom

xsenebul bagrats wm. giorgis eklesia, dangreuli

da gapartaxebuli, auSenebia, mouxatvinebia da sa-

Wiro inventariTac Seumkvia. igi wers: `aw mravli-

Ta gulismodgi-nebiTa ÃelsvyaviT saydrisa da mo-

nastrisa wmidisa giorgis meored aRSenebaT. da

odesme sadedoflo yofiliyo da aw Cuen samarxad

da saZualed SevqmeniT~.

XVIII saukuneSi didi taZris dasavleTiT miSene-

buli ekvderi Tavis ojaxisTvis moawyo aleqsan-

dre mesamem. iq dakrZaluli arian TviT aleqsan-

dre da misi meuRle, kaxTa mefe Teimuraz pirvelis

qaliSvili darejani.

XVIII saukuneSi imerTa mefem giorgim (1703-

1720ww.) aRadgina RvTismSoblis eklesiis macxov-

ris ekvderi, romelic im xanad ukve gauqmebuli

iyo;

1730 wels aleqsandre mefem imave eklesiis sam-

xreTiT mdebare ekvderi ganaaxla da Sig Tavisi me-

uRle damarxa.

61

b. lominaZe, gelaTi. Tb. 1955. gv. 21-26; i. lolaSvili. dasax.

naSromi. gv. 50.


30

XVIII-XIX saukuneebSi gelaTis mTavari taZris Si-

da nawilic moifina sasuliero da saero pirTa

saflavebiT.62

1757-58 ww. gelaTi lekebs gadauwviaT. romelic

XIX saukunis dasawyisSi kvlav aRdgenilia.63

cnoba, gelaTSi Tamaris samarxis (zusti) adgil-

mdebareobis Sesaxeb Cndeba XIX saukunis 40-ian

wlebSi. uTiTeben mTavari taZris samxreT-aRmo-

savleTis minaSens, romelic `Tamar mefis ekvde-

ris~ saxeliTaa cnobili.64

imereTis mitropolits

daviT wereTels rusi mogzauris andria muravio-

visTvis, gelaTSi yofnis dros, uTqvams, rom `so-

lomon pirvelis mamis aleqsandre giorgis Zis

dromde yovelwliurad Tamaris xsenebis dRes am

ekvderSi Tamaris saflavis qvas axdidnen da panaS-

vids ixdidneno~.65

es wesi Sewyvetila 1730 wlidan,

rodesac, rogorc zemoT aRvniSneT, aleqsandre

imerTa mefem (1721-1752ww.) am ekvderSi daasaflava

Tavisi meuRle mariam beJanis asuli dadiani. Cve-

namde moRweulia erTi gelaTuri sigeli, romel-

Sic moTxrobilia, Tu aleqsandre mefem rogor mi-

iTvisa sxvisi ekvderi, ganaaxla da akurTxa sxva sa-

xelwodebiT.66

sigelSi vkiTxulobT:

`..... esreT ganmaZliera ufalman Cemman, xolo me

ara davadger sjulsa sameufosa da mravalTaebr

bralTa CemT Tvis sacTurianma sofelma warmiRo

Cemisa Tvalnica naTel meuRle Cemi dadianis beJa-

62

i. lolaSvili, dasax. naSromi. gv. 50. 63

iqve. gv. 50. 64

iqve. gv. 51. 65

b. lominaZe, dasax. naSromi. gv. 45. 66


Temur kenkebaSvili

31

nis asuli dedofalT dedofali mariam. mas Jamsa

Seedva vaebaÁ samefosa Cemsa. vinaiTgan daudgro-

melman warmdinareman sofelman esreT ganago, war-

viRe cxedari sasurvelisa Cemisa mefeTa sasafla-

osa gelaTs. xolo saZvaleni mefeTani aRvsiliyu-

nes mravliTa SewirulobiTa Sigan egutrisi da

erT glexiTa da soflebiTa gawyobiTa ara rai ak-

ldaT. amisTvis calked vinebeT miReba micvalebu-

lisa Cemisa, rameTu meneba sayvarelisa Cemisa egu-

teris patiosneba raoden Zal medva. iyvnes mun ge-

laTisa kerZo marjueniT ekuteri daviwyebuli,

JamTa viTarebisagan ara vin uwyoda Tu visi saZ-

vale yofiliyo anu saxelsa zeda wmidisa Seneba

saydrisa. Ãel vyavT gaSenebad da Semkobad misa,

wili vigdeT saxelsa zedan R’issa da w’Ta misTa

zeda Tu risa ars da aRmovÂda saxeli simÃnisa mo-

saxelesa andria pirvelgamorCeulisa da friad

mTnda ese da movimowmeT afxazeTisa k’zi grigoli

da sxvani mitropolitni da episkoposni da aRvage-

bine sakurTxeveli saxelsa zeda andria mociquli-

saTa damyarebiTa ÃelTa maTTa da mun miviReT de-

dofali kurTxeuli meuRle Cemi saukunod mosax-

seneblad~.67

am dokumentis mixedviT gamodis, TiTqos 1730

wlisaTvis Tamar mefis ekvderi ZvelTaganve yofi-

la daviwyebuli. magram es namdvilad ase iyo? araa

gamoricxoli, rom SesaZlebelia aleqsandre mefem

`kidevac gaZarcva Tamaris saflavi, radganac aseT

saqmeebSi igi daxelovnebuli iyo. man sajarod ga-

67

s. kakabaZe, dasavleT saqarTvelos saeklesio sabuTebi. t. I.

Tb. 1921. gv. 120.


32

Zarcva gelaTis RvTismSoblis xaxulis xati sru-

lebiT araa gaskviri, rom igi, Tu rames ipovida Ta-

maris ekvderSi, advilad miiTvisebda mas~.68

`sadac

mefem ikadra ZvelqarTuli unikaluri Zeglis

xelyofa, araa gasakviri, rom masve mieTvisebina

sxvisi ekvderi, masSi daesaflavebina Tavisi meuR-

le mariam dadiani, xolo Seeqmna yalbi dokumenti,

TiTqos es ekvderi `ZvelTaganve daviwyebuli~

iyo~.69

rogorc Cans, aleqsandre mefis sigeli Sei-

cavs tyuil cnobas imasTan dakavSirebiT, rom 1730

wlamde es ekvderi daviwyebuli yofila. radganac

am ekvderSi 1730 wlamde yovelwliurad axdidnen

Tamaris saflavis qvas da panaSvids ixdidnen. es

tradicia Sewyda mxolod imis gamo, rom aleqsan-

dre mefem miiTvisa bagrationTa gvaris saZvale!

68

i. lolaSvili, dasax. naSromi. gv. 52. 69 iqve, gv. 52-53.

Temur kenkebaSvili

33

***

garda zemoTmoyvanili cnobebisa aRsaniSnavia

is faqti, rom 1919 wels eqvTime TayaiSvilma awar-

moa arqeologiuri gaTxrebi gelaTis taZris `Ta-

mar mefis ekvderSi~.

ekvderi, rogorc Cans, XIII saukunis nagebobaa,

miSenebulia samxreT-aRmosavleTsi mxridan mTa-

var taZarze da misi freskebi orgzis aris moxatu-

li. e. TayaiSvili wers: `aSkarad etyoba ori wyeba

freskebisa: erTi ufro Zveli, meore ufro axali,

zed Zvelzed daxatuli~... im freskac, romelsac

Tamaris freskad miiCneven aqvs warwera `mefeTa-

mefe~ (saxeli Camorecxilia). es piri daxatulia

anafasSi mTeli taniT, gvirgviniTA da samefo Cac-

mulobiT, mTavari taZrisa da ekvderis momijnave

kedelze im saflavis maRla, sadac Tamars gulis-

xmoben dakrZalulad. rogorc Cans, minaSenis saxu-

ravsa da mTavari taZris kedels Soris wvimis wya-

li Caparula da es freska wyals imdenad dauziane-

bia, rom axla sadavod aris qceuli — vin aris iq ga-

mosaxuli: mefe-qali Tu mefe-kaci? i. lolaSvilis

azriT, am portretis fragmentebi warmoaCenen me-

fe-qalis figuras, romelic Zliera hgavs Tamaris

cnobil freskebs. `mefe daxatulia mTeli taniT,

romelsac hfaravs koWebamde CamogrZelebuli ka-

ba, da mis dabla moCans patara, qalis fexebi. xele-

bi marcxniv hqonia gaSverili savedreblad. Sara-

vandedSi Caxatuli gvirgvini ki, romelic am me-

feT-mefes adgas Tavs, aSkarad emsgavseba mefe qa-

lis gvirgvins.~ Cven veTanxmbiT i. lolaSvilis


34

azrs, romelic fiqrobs, rom es aris Tamar mefis

portreti.70

garda Tamar mefisa am ekvderSi kidev daxatuli

arian daviT-narini (beris tanisamosiT), daviT-na-

rini (saero tanisamosiT) da misi Svili vaxtang me-

fe. es mxatvroba ki imas adasturebs, rom gelaTis

RvTismSoblis taZris samxreT-aRmosavleTs mina-

Seni aris Tamais, misi Svilebisa da SviliSvilebis

saZvale. es ki imaze metyvelebs, rom imerTa mefee-

bisTvis kargad unda yofiliyo cnobili, raki 1730

wlamde xsenebuli ekvderi aravis daukavebia. ase

rom aleqsandre imerTa mefis gancxadeba, TiTqos

es ekvderi 1730 wlamde `ZvelTaganve daviwyebuli~

iyo simarTles ar unda Seesabamebodes. am ekvder-

Si, rogorc ukve aRvniSneT, sanam aleqsandre mefe

mas miiTvisebda yovelwliurad Tamaris saflav-

Tan ixdidnen panaSvids. Tu es saZvale am dromde

`daviwyebuli~ iqneboda maSin mas Tavisuflad dai-

kavebdnen sxva mefeebi, magram maT es ar ikadres,

radganac kargad moexsenebodaT, rom es bagrati-

onTa gvaris saZvale iyo.71

...am arqeologiuri gaTxrebis Sedegad gaixsna

ara Tamaris saflavi, aramed sxva samarxi, romel-

sac e. TayaiSvilma uwoda `saojaxo saflavi~, masSi

dakrZaluli yofla oTxi micvalebuli. varcli-

sebr kuboSi aRmoCnda dabali qalis ConCxi, ro-

melsac Tavze gadafarebuli hqonia ubralo qsovi-

li; iqve kubos qveS da gverdebze areulad — axal-

70

i. lolaSvili, dasax. naSromi. gv. 61-62. 71

iqve, gv. 63.

Temur kenkebaSvili

35

gazrda mamakacis Zvlebi, ori Tavis qala axalgaz-

rdebisa. erTic — bavSvisa.

aRmoCenili qalis neSti, rogorc Cans, aris

aleqsandre mefis meuRle darejani. erTi Tavis qa-

la, i. lolaSvilis azriT, unda ekuTvnodes daviT-

narinis Svils vaxtangs. xolo danarCeni ori micva-

lebulis vinaoba ucnobia.72

am arqeologiuri gaTxris Sedegad im saflavSi

romelic e. TayaiSvilma gaTxara, Tamar mefis neS-

ti ar aRmoCnda. gasaTvaliswinebelia is faqtic,

rom `Tamar mefis ekvderSi~ ori saflavis qvaa: er-

Ti devs iatakis gaswvriv Crdilo-dasavleTis ked-

lebTan (mis qveS dafluli arian vaxtang daviTis

Ze da mariam dadiani, kidev ori ucnobi micvalebu-

li), xolo meore — samxreT-dasavleTis kedlebTan

da iatakidan odnav amaRlebulia. e. TayaiSvilma

gaxsna pirveli samarxi, meoresTvis xeli ar ux-

lia.73

i. lolaSvilis azriT, Tamar mefe swored am

samarxSi unda iyos dakrZaluli. Cven ar gamovric-

xavT am faqts, rom SesaZlebelia gaerTianebuli

saqarTvelos mefeebis: daviT aRmaSeneblis, demet-

re pirvelis, giorgi III-is, Tamaris, daviT sosla-

nis, laSa-giorgisa da rusudanis gvamebi marTlac

gelaTSi iyvnen dakrZalulni, rasac adasturebs

Tundac gelaTis samonastro tradicia. magram

Cven ar gamovricxavT arc im faqts, rom SesaZlebe-

lia Tamar mefis neSti, misi wmindanad Seracxvis

Semdeg, Cveulebisamebr gadaesvenebinaT gelaTSi-

ve, sakurTxevelTan axlos.

72

i. lolaSvili, dasax. naSromi. gv. 65-66. 73 iqve, gv. 68.


36

boloTqma

Cven, wyaroebis gamokvleviTa da SedarebiTi ana-

lizis safuZvelze vfiqrobT, rom Tamar mefe gar-

daicvala 1215 wlis 27 ianvars, agaraTa cixeSi,

dakrZales gelaTis didebul monasterSi. miuxeda-

vad amisa Tamar mefis gardacvaleba da misi safla-

vis adgil-samyofelis dadgena mravalmxriv saWi-

roebs gamokvlevas mecnierTa mier da moxaruli

viqnebiT Tu aqedan romelime Tvalsazrisi mainc

gamodgeba samecniero msjelobis sagnad.

Temur kenkebaSvili

37

Темур Кенкебашвили

Кончина и захоронение Царици Тамар

В грузинской историографии одной из проблемой является кончина Царици Тамари, и местонахождении ее могили, Несмотря на то, что многие грузинские источники дают сведения о Царице Тамаре, этот вопрос остаеться откритым. Это ослажняеться и тем, что дата и место кончини разные исторические источники и ученные называют разные даты. Например 1207, 1210, 1212, 1213

годы. На основании наших источников и сравнительного анализа мы думаем что Царица Тамара скончилась 27 январия 1215 года. Это мнение впервые озвучено

грузинским ученным Корнели Кекелидзе. Что касаеться местом кончины, грузинские источники называют Агара, которая сегодния называеться Коджорская крепость. В одном из произведении историка Царици Тамари- "История и восхвaление венценосцев”, написано, что Царица Тамара скончилась “хмелса дгомаса шина”. Значение слово “хмели” ученные дают разное объяснение. Мы думаем, что слово “хмели” укароченная форма географического места “Таба-хмела”. Какраз Агара (Коджорская) крепость находиться в Табахмела-Коджори. А местом захоронения исторические источники называют Великолепный Гелатский Монастир. Но существует эпистоле французского рыцаря крестоносца Де Буа. В


38

котором мы читаем, что Царевич Лаша-Георгий переносит прах матери в Иерусалим на захоронение. Мы в первую очередь косаемся даты эпистоле. На это эпистоле ученные тоже имеют разное мнение. Мы эпистоле датируем 1219-1220 г, Т,к, эпистоле приближено пятого крестового похода, кроме этого мы соглашаемся с историком Андро Гоголадзе, что в данном эпистоле названный Лаша-Георгий представлен легендарный Иоан Пресветере. Факт переноса праха Царици Тамари в Иерусалим мы абсолютно исключаем. Мы считаем, что прах Царици Тамари сегодния находиться на територии грузии. Кончинча Царици Тамари и местонахождение ее захоронении требует всестороннего исследования со старон ученных. Мы будем рады если, одно из наших версии станет обектом дискуссии.

Temur kenkebaSvili

39

Temur Kenkebashvili

The death and burial of The King Tamar

In Georgian historiography the death, burial and grave location of the great Georgian Queen Tamar (The King Tamar-as she is called in Georgian history) is considered still problematic. In spite of the fact that several historical sources provide us with the information about her reign, this question is still unspecified. Besides, it is complicated, because different scientists name different dates of her passing away and location of her grave. For example: 1207, 1210, 1212, 1213 years. We, according on investigations and analyzing of different sources think that Queen Tamar passed away on the 27-th of January in 1215. This consideration was firstly announced by Georgian scientist Korneli Kekelidze, and when speaking about the location of her grave, Georgian narrative sources name The Agarata castle, which nowadays is called Kojori castle, but in one of the works of Tamar’s historian named “ Histories and Praises of Crowned Monarchs” is written following words that king Tamar passed away “Khmelsa dgomasa shina”…which means -“Being on a dry place”….The meaning of the word “khmeli (dry)” is discussed in different ways by different scientists. We think that the word “khmeli”-(dry) is shorten form of the geographical place name “Taba-Khmela”. The Agarata (Kojori) castle is located exactly near “Kojori-Taba khmela” region…..And as a burial place historical sourses name The Gelati Monastery.

Besides there exists the Epistle of French knight crusader De Bua, where we can read that Lasha-Giorgi, (the


40

king), takes his mother’s plural remains to Jerusalem to bury. We first of all point the epistle date. The scientists still have the different opinions about this. We date the Epistle of 1219-1220 years, and this Epistle is close to historical situation of the fifth crusade war. Besides this, we agree with historian Andro Gogoladze that in character of Lasha-Giorgi who is named in this Epistle, is shown legendary Joanne Presbyter. And if we spoke about taking the plural remains of Queen Tamar to Jerusalem, we exclude that fact, and we think that the remains of Queen Tamar is still somewhere in Georgia. Nevertheless the question of death of the Great King Tamar and define the location of her grave is still under consideration and needs the scientific investigation and we’d be glad if any point of views given above is helpful to scientists.

Temur kenkebaSvili

41

gamoyenebuli wyaroebi da

literatura

wyaroebi

1. Всеобщая История Вардана Великаго, Перевелъ Н.

Эминъ. Москва. 1861 г.

2. T. Jordania, qronikebi da sxva masala saqar-

Tvelos istoriisa. tf. 1892 w.

3. z. WiWinaZe, qarTlis cxovreba. dasabamiTgan

meaTcxramete saukunemde. w. II. t. I. Tf. 1898

w.

4. qarTlis cxovreba, mariam dedoflise-uli

nusxa. e. TayaiSvilis red. Tb. 1906w.

5. s. kakabaZe, dasavleT saqarTvelos saekle-

sio sabuTebi. t. I. Tb. 1921 w.

6. istoriani da azmani SaravandedTani, k. keke-

liZis red. Tb. 1941 w.

7. qarTlis cxovreba, ana dedofliseuli nus-

xa. s. yauxCiSvilis red. Tb. 1942 w.

8. basili ezosmoZRvari, cxoreba mefeT-mefisa

Tamarisi. iv. javaxiSvilis red. Tb. 1944 w.

9. basili ezosmoZRvari, cxovreba mefeT-mefi-

sa Tamarisi. qarTlis cxovreba. teqsti dad-

genili yvela ZiriTadi xelnaweris mixedviT

s. yauxCiSvilis mier. t. II. Tb. 1959 w.

10. vaxuSti batoniSvili, aRwera samefosa sa-

qarTvelosa. qarTlis cxovreba. dadgenili


42

yvela ZiriTadi xelnaweris mixedviT s. yaux-

CiSvilis mier. t. IV. Tb. 1973 w.

literatura

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43

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