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(Original: English)

GAPGood Agricultural Practice

SEMINAR / WORKSHOP

held in Mashhad from

Saturday, 27th of July - Thursday, 1st of August 2002

Mashhad Agricultural Training CenterMinistry of Jihad Agriculture

Proceedings of the Workshop

V O L U M E 2

prepared for theMinistry of Jihad-e-AgricultureThe Islamic Republic of Iran

by

Klaus Ziller(FAO CONSULTANT

TCP/IRA/0067

Backstopping OfficerEzzedine.Boutrif

(FAO-ENS)

(Date of Draft Print: 18.08.2002)

Workshop on GAP (Good Agricultural Practice) in the Use of Pesticides

27th of July - 1st of August 2002Mashad Agricultural Training Centre

Presidents of the Workshop:

Dr Abdur Rashid - FAO Representative in I.R.IranDr G.A. Abdollahi - Director of Plant Pests & Diseases Research Institute (PPDRI)

Vice Presidents :

Dr A.R. Mohajer - Deputy Director, PPDRI

Organisers of the Workshop:

Eng. M. Yaghobinejad - National consultant (TCP/IRA/0067)Dr L. Yadegarian - National Project Coordinator (TCP/IRA/0067), PPDRIDr K. Ziller - FAO International consultant (TCP/IRA/0067)

Preparation of the Proceedings :

Dr K. Ziller - FAO International consultant (TCP/IRA/0067)Eng. M. Yaghobinejad - National Consultant (TCP/IRA/0067)

Scientific Programme Committee/Lecturers :

Dr K. Ziller - FAO International Consultant (TCP/IRA/0067)Eng. M. Yaghobnejad - National Consultant (TCP/IRA/0067)Dr L. Yadegarian - National Project Coordinator (TCP/IRA/0067)Eng. Mousapour - Extension DeputyDr F. Shojaee - Consultant (TCP/IRA/0067)Dr S.M. Hosseini - Head of Laboratory at PPDRI, MashadEng. F. Sardabi- - FAO at I.R. Iran (TCP/IRA/0067)Eng. F. Darvish Kazem - Analyst - PPDRI, TehranDr M. Mirabolfathy - Deputy Head of Plant Pathology Dep. at PPDRI, TehranDr M. Balali Mood - Director of Medical Toxicology Centre - Imam Reza Hospital, MashadEng. M. Komaie - ASSC, TehranEng. M. Mirzalou - PPO, TehranEng. N. Hajirazagh - PPDRI, Tehran

Public Relations Committee:

Eng. F. Akhavan - PPDRI, MashadEng. A.Valian - PPDRI, TehranEng. M. Jaffari - PPDRI, TehranEng. F. Halajnia - PPO, Mashad

TCP/IRA/0067 … Management of Pesticide, Animal drug and Chemical Residues in Foodstuffs

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(Definition of GAP according to Codex Alimentarius Commission)

Good Agricultural Practice

Good agricultural practice in the use of pesticides (GAP) includes thenationally authorized safe uses of pesticides under actual conditionsnecessary for effective pest control. It encompasses a range of levels ofpesticide applications up to the highest authorized use, applied in amanner, which leaves a residue, which is the smallest amount practicable.

Authorized safe uses are determined at the national level and includenationally registered or recommended uses, which take into accountpublic and occupational health and environmental safety considerations.Actual conditions include any stage in the production, storage, transport,and distribution of food commodities and animal feed. (CAC, 1995)

This Volume 2 of the Proceedings of the Seminar/Workshop on Good AgriculturalPractice contains the English abstracts or summaries of lectures, presentations andgraphics as well as some additional information material.

The seminar/workshop was organized by PPDRI within the framework of FAOProject TCP/IRA/0067, and its National Consultant, Eng. M. Yaghobinejad.


Index \ Created 10.08.02 21:08 (ZI/…) Page 3 of 3

INDEX

(English Summaries or Abstracts of Presentations, Discussions and other papers)

00 DAILY PROGRAMMES

01 Opening Address02 Opening Lecture03 Major Pests in Iran04 Major Plant Diseases in Iran05 Pest Control Methods and IPM06 Pesticides and Formulations07 Chemical Safety - IPCS08 Toxicity and ADI etc. - WHO Glossary09 IPCS - The WHO Classification of Pesticides by Hazard10 Pesticide & Cancer11 Pesticides & Endocrine Disruptors12 Pesticide Problems13 Human Health Aspects of Using Pesticides14 Codex Alimentarius15 The legal framework - Pesticide regulations in Iran16 EU Regulations for pesticides17 Pesticide Market & Distribution in Iran18 FAO/WHO Pesticide Specifications19 Pesticide Application Techniques20 Obsolete Pesticides21 Pesticides and Good Agricultural Practice22 Proposed Definitions of GAP23 Example for summarizing GAP information24 Summary of GAP for pesticide uses25 Pest Management and GAP26 Planning Pesticide Use27 FAO Electronic Conference on GAP28 GAP Models used in other countries29 Methods & Techniques in Extension - PTD30 Research Extension Questionnaire

APPENDICES:

A) Brainstorming on "Pesticide Related Problems in Iran"B) Discussion Group on "Black markets for Pesticides"C) Discussion Group on "The needs to implement GAP"


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PPDRI/27.7.02

GAP Training Workshop(the final programme will be in Persian)

(Title of Workshop in Farsi)

„Good Agricultural Practice for decreasing pesticide residues“

TENTATIVE PROGRAMME FOR DAY 1

Saturday, 27th of July 2002


08.30 – 09.45 Registration

09.45 – 09.55 Recitation of the Holy Quran

09.55 – 10.00 Announcement of Programme and Introductory Remarks

10.00 – 10.15 Welcome address (Eng. Mousapour, Extension Deputy, PJAO)

10.15 – 10.30 Address by FAO Representative in IRI (Dr. Abdur Rashid)

10.30 – 10.40 Address by PPDRI director (Dr. Abdollahi)

10.40 – 11.00 Address by PPRDI deputy (Dr. Mohajer)

(coffee break)

11.30 – 12.30 Opening lecture "GAP - Good Agricultural Practice" (K.Ziller)

(lunch break)

(afternoon) Pests & Diseases in Iran

Major Pests in Iran(Dr. Hosseini / PPDRI)

Major Diseases in Iran(Dr. Abolfathi / PPDRI)

Pest control Methods and IPM(Dr. Abdollahi / PPDRI)



PPDRI/27.7.02





Sunday, 28th of July 2002


08.30 – 10.00 Group Discussion

"Pesticide Related Problems in Iran"(brain storming session with analysis of problems)

10.00 - 10.30 Coffee break

10.30 -

About pesticides (Klaus Ziller)§ What are pesticides?§ How do they act? (contact, systemic, …)§ Types of pesticides (INS,FUN,HER,…)§ Formulation types (EC,SC,WP,DU, …)§ Composition of a formulation§ Quality parameters of a formulation

Development of a pesticide product – from discovery to deliveryPatent issues, out patent or generic products

Chemical Safety issuesToxicity, acute and chronic, LD 50, etc.

Discussion group: „Generic products and their quality“„FAO Pesticide Specifications“„Black markets for pesticides“



PPDRI/27.7.02





Monday, 29th of July 2002


Occupational Health and Safety Issues

08.30 – 10.00 Health Aspects of using Pesticides(Prof. M. Balali-Mood)

10.00 – 10.30 Coffee Break

10.30 – 12.30 Codex Alimentarius(Dr. F. Shojaee)

12.30 – 14.00 Lunch Break

14.00 – 15.30 Food Monitoring in EURapid Alert System(Film: Import through HH)Discussion: cont' on black market products


16.00 - 17.30 Continuation of DiscussionElaboration of Recommendations



PPDRI/29.7.02





Tuesday, 30th of July 2002


Main Topic: Pesticide Distribution and Handling

08.30 – 10.00 The legal framework - Pesticide Regulations in Iran(Eng. Mirzalou / PPO)

The EU Registration System for Pesticides(K. Ziller)


10.30 – 12.30 Pesticide Market and distribution in Iran(Eng. Komaie / ASSC)

FAO specifications for pesticide products(K. Ziller)


14.00 – 15.30 Pesticide Application Techniques(Eng. Mirzalou / PPO)


16.00 - 17.30 Discussion group:

a) Film: „Obsolete pesticides“b) How can we avoid build-up of obsolete pesticides?c) Do we need to introduce new pesticide products?d) Or do we just need to improve the quality of our products?



PPDRI/30.7.02





Wednesday, 31st of July 2002


Main Topic: Pesticides and Good Agricultural Practice

08.30 – 10.00 Pesticide Residues and their problems(K. Ziller / FAO)

(behaviour of pesticides, climatic influencs, setting of MRLs andPHI, bioavailability, bioaccumulation, consequences for health andtrade)

What means Good Agricultural Practice?


10.30 – 12.30 Working Groups:

1) Bottlenecks in implementation of pesticide related GAP in Iran2) Who should take care of the GAP Framework in Iran?3) Comments on the FAO Framework for GAP.


14.00 – 15.30 Pest Management for the melon fruit fly - an example for GAP ?(Dr. Hosseini / PPDRI Khorason)



a) Extension: what do we need to transfer GAP?b) Present examples of BAP in some areas.c) Film or slides on residue testing.



PPDRI/31.7.02





Thursday, 1st of August 2002


Main Topic: Good Agricultural Practice and extension

08.30 – 10.00 Summary Results of Discussion Groups(Eng. M. Yaghobinejad)

Group I: What do we need to implement pesticide related GAP inIran?Group II: Who should take care of a GAP Framework for Iran

The FAO Electronic Conference on GAP … a short view into the ongoing conference through the Internet.(K.Ziller)

GAP Models used in other countries(K.Ziller)


10.30 – 12.00 Methods and Techniques in Extension - Participatory TechnologyDevelopment (PTD)(Eng. M. Yaghobinejad)

12.00 Closing Remarks and handing of Certificates

13.00 Lunch

14.00 – 15.30 Continuation of presentations & discussions on voluntary basis


P A R T II

Summaries & Technical Papers

TCP/IRA/0067

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PPDRI/27.7.02





Saturday, 27th of July 2002


08.30 – 09.45 Registration

09.45 – 09.55 Recitation of the Holy Quran

09.55 – 10.00 Announcement of Programme and Introductory Remarks

10.00 – 10.15 Welcome address (Eng. Mousapour, Extension Deputy, PJAO)

10.15 – 10.30 Address by FAO Representative in IRI (Dr. Abdur Rashid)

10.30 – 10.40 Address by PPDRI director (Dr. Abdollahi)

10.40 – 11.00 Address by PPRDI deputy (Dr. Mohajer)

(coffee break)

11.30 – 12.30 Opening lecture "GAP - Good Agricultural Practice" (K.Ziller)

(lunch break)

(afternoon) Pests & Diseases in Iran

Major Pests in Iran(Dr. Hosseini / PPDRI)

Major Diseases in Iran(Dr. Abolfathi / PPDRI)

Pest control Methods and IPM(Dr. Abdollahi / PPDRI)


Opening Lecture.doc\ Created 26/07/02 11:26 (ZI/…) Page 1 of 3

Opening Lecture (Klaus Ziller/FAO)

When synthetic chemical pesticides came into widespread use after World War II,they were hailed as miracles of modern technology. They promised an era of abundantagricultural yields, the key to feeding a sharply increasing global population, a potentweapon that would permit humans as last to conquer nature in field and forest, kitchenand garden.

It didn’t take long to recognize that these miracle chemicals had costs and risks, aswell as benefits. Acute poisonings of farm workers and children were the mostobvious risks, but mounting scientific evidence gradually revealed a tree of direct andindirect hazards. Persistent pesticides accumulated in wildlife food chains, decimatingpopulations of eagles, pelicans and other predators. Toxicological experimentsshowed that pesticides could cause cancer and birth defects, and damage or interferewith the nervous, endocrine, reproductive and immune systems in mammals.

Decades of research have only begun to unravel the many ways these chemicals affecthuman health, yet, while the effects remain too little understood, we all are exposed toseveral pesticides in our food each day, and millions of people throughout the worlddrink water tainted with pesticides. Genetic resistance to pesticides in pest populationsand outbreaks of new pest problems -when broad-spectrum insecticides removenatural balances- have led to escalating dependence on pesticide use, with sometimesno real decline in pest-induced crop losses. As pesticide use has expanded, so has thepublic cost of our reliance on chemical pest control. Beyond the largelyunquantifiable costs of health risks, over a billion dollars is spent alone in the US eachyear for the regulatory, surveillance, monitoring and enforcement programs necessaryin our endeavor to use pesticides safely.

What makes the difference between today and a few decades ago?

(structure) BLACK BOX

Cl CH

CCl3

Cl

(DDT)

(structure) KNOWLEDGE prior to use

NCl CH2

N

NN

NO2

H

(Source: BAYER AG, Germany)

Black Box or transparent active ingredient

Effect

Ø Absorption by, and transportwithin the organism

Ø Type of effect and mode of actionØ Degradation and metabolizationØ Particular metabolites (plants,

animals)Ø Residues in food and the

environment Toxicological effects on

Effect



Initially we concentrated on the discovery and the effect of new compounds on thetarget organism. In-between we had a kind of a black box. May be we did not eventhink or want to think of adverse effects for us, or our environment on the long run.

Nowadays we have to carry out research in a number of fields before we canintroduce a new product. This is because of quite sophisticated pesticide registrationsystems implemented throughout most developed countries. Also developingcountries have become increasingly aware of the problems and had started initiativesto improve their systems, often with the help of, and cooperation with developedcountries, or through international organizations like FAO.

Already long before a product is put onto the market, we have quite a fair knowledgeof:

Ø Absorption by, and transport within the organismØ Type of effect and mode of actionØ Degradation and metabolizationØ Particular metabolites (plants, animals)Ø Residues in food and the environmentØ Toxicological effects on beneficials

Also this knowledge has it's cost: a single new product is developed out of more than40.000 candidates per year over a period of 10 years, consuming amounts of app. 300million Dollars, that a Company has to invest before they could eventually recovertheir investment.

Registration requirements have become so strict, that many companies were not ableto survive, despite having patent protection for a number of years. On the other hand,we find an increasing number of companies, particularly in Far Eastern Countries thatgain considerable market shares by producing generic products or even copyingproducts that are still under patent protection. But this situation has likewise proven tohave its cost: numerous substandard products have invaded the market posingadditional hazards to the users as well as well to the consumers and the environment.A pesticide formulation of an active ingredient of producer A is not necessary thesame as a pesticide formulation of the same active ingredient, concentration and formof producer B.

(slide: A ?=? B)

Question of equivalency …PESTICIDE FORMULATIONS

• Parathion• 3 % dust• Producer A• QC passed

• Parathion• 3 % dust• Producer B• QC failed

? = ?



Since almost 40 years, actually since 25th July 1963, FAO is involved in mattersrelated to the official control of pesticides and gives also guidance to developingcountries in that respect. Since 1975, the FAO Panel of Experts on PesticideSpecifications, Registration Requirements and Application Standards has given a lotof guidance, particularly also on pesticide specifications to be used in internationaltenders.

But this is not the topic for which we have all come here today. Today we actuallywant to speak about another initiate that FAO has recently embarked on. It is aninitiative that goes back to the AGENDA 21, chapter 14, which elaborates aboutSustainable Agriculture and Rural Development (SARD).

What is SARD?

(slide)

Sustainable agriculture requires amongst others also the implementation of a GoodAgricultural Practice - or short GAP. The term GAP has gone through a number ofdifferent definitions as it was interpreted by many different groups in different partsof the world.

With it's new initiative, FAO tries to develop a common framework to be used as aguide by all FAO member countries.

The following slides will give a more detailed view of the ongoing initiative.

(followed by PowerPoint Presentation *.ppt on FAO-GAP)

References:

1) Pest Management at the Crossroads, ISBN 0-89043-900-1, (1996)2) BAYER, Personal Correspondence, July 20023) FAO, GAP initiative 20024) Ziller, Personal archive

What means … SUSTAINABLE AGRICULTURE?

Environmentally Technically Non-degrading Appropriate

Economically Socially Viable Acceptable

Sustainable Agriculture

1

FAO initiative on GAP

Good Agricultural Practices

Presentation given during a

GAP seminar/workshopheld in Iran in July 2002

(Klaus Ziller, TCP/IRA/0067)

IntroductionThe FAO Good Agricultural Practices initiative offersa mechanism to implement concrete actions towards

achieving Sustainable Agriculture and RuralDevelopment (SARD) called for within Chapter 14 ofAgenda 21. Preparatory meetings for the UN World

Summit on Sustainable Development (2002) haveplaced great emphasis on the importance of sustainable

agriculture contributing to food security and naturalresource management. Action by all stakeholders canbe facilitated by a framework and methodology for

Good Agricultural Practices.

Objective

The purpose of this initiative is for FAO toencourage and assist farmers, food processors,

food retailers, consumers, and governments to playtheir full parts and assume their responsibilities inthe search for sustainable agricultural production

systems that are socially viable, economicallyprofitable and productive, while protecting humanhealth and well being, animal health and welfare,

and the environment.

… a basis for concerted action

Although methodologies such as Integrated PestManagement and Conservation Agriculture haveevolved to address specific production issues, andfood quality standards are established through theCodex Alimentarius , the agricultural sector lacks aunifying framework to guide national debate andaction on policies and methods to achieve sustainableagriculture.A statement of clear principles of Good AgriculturalA statement of clear principles of Good Agricultural

Practices could provide the basis for concertedPractices could provide the basis for concertedinternational and national action for developinginternational and national action for developing

sustainable agricultural production systems.sustainable agricultural production systems.

… the need for action

The need for action is evident from the widespreadconcern over the biological, ecological, economic andsocial aspects of sustainability of existing agriculturalproduction systems. Enormous gains in productivity andefficiency have been achieved through technology,innovation, and mechanisation but at some cost to theenvironment. At the same time, the struggle for foodsecurity with inadequate inputs and technology indeveloping countries is exhausting the natural resourcebase without satisfying the need.

In addition, concern is growing in all parts of the worldover the safety of agricultural and livestock products.

… the need for action

There is the need for a rapid transition tosustainable production systems and managementof the natural resources upon which humankindrelies. Such systems will closely integratebiological and technological inputs, will morecompletely capture the costs of production,sustain productivity and ecological stability, andrestore consumer confidence in their productsand methods of production.

2

BENEFITS will accrue to ...

• small, medium and large-scale farmers,who will achieve added value for theirproduce and better access to markets;

• consumers, who will be assured of betterquality and safer food, produced insustainable ways;

• business and industry, who will gainprofit from better products; and

• all people, who will enjoy a betterenvironment.

What do we need to do ?

• To attain these goals, there is an urgent needto raise awareness among all stakeholdersand governments, in particular farmers andconsumers, on what constitutes sustainableagriculture.

• Governments and private institutions needto enact and implement supportive policies.

What about the farmers ?

Farmers will respond to incentives of improvedmarket access and added value by adoptingthose production methods that satisfy thedemands of processors and consumers. For this,individual farmers require unambiguousguidance of what is required and how it can beimplemented. Farmers must be efficient andcompetitive but at the same time they mustreceive adequate prices for their products.

So what now ... ?

To meet this need, it is proposed to develop aframework of guiding principles for GoodAgricultural Practices within which agriculturecan best proceed to meet the needs of society.They will serve as the basis for the developmentof guidelines for production systems withinspecific agro-ecosystems.

The aim of this FAO initiative:

• Develop a framework of guiding principles withinwhich guidelines for good agricultural practices forproduction systems can be developed, collaborativelyby the public and private sectors.

• Focus existing knowledge, options, and solutions intoeffective risk management guidelines available for useas policy instruments.

• Form the basis for an awareness campaign and basisfor action within SARD to draw all segments ofsociety into the debate, into the action, and into thetransition to a sustainable agriculture.

At present ...

• FAO has initiated a process of discussion andconsultation to identify the potential roles andbenefits for governments and stakeholders,seek an understanding and agreement on theprinciples of Good Agricultural Practices,and prepare a strategy for moving forward todevelop guidelines for production systems.

3

Interested in following the discussion …?

• Presently an Electronic Conference on GoodAgricultural Practices is ongoing and can befollowed through the Internet at

• http://www.fao.org/wssd/sard/eforum_en.html• between June 24 and August 17, 2002• choose theme, download reference documents,

read introductory materials, ask or respond toquestions, etc.

What next … ?

• The next stage is to embark on thedevelopment of specific guidelines,involving the participation of farmers andother experts, bringing together scientificand technical expertise to identify effectiverisk management strategies (such asH.A.C.C.P.).

FAO’s role … ?

It is recognized that local, national andinternational quality assurance schemes or codesof practice will be voluntary and market driven,and arise from the food industry and/or farmersorganizations. It is FAO's role to support thesedevelopments with comprehensive, unbiased,professional expertise and to advise governmentson their scientific validity and policy implications.

More on GAP … ?

• … The concept

• … The underlying theme

• … The guiding principles

Framework forGood Agricultural Practices

The conceptof Good Agricultural Practices is the applicationof available knowledge to the utilisation of thenatural resource base in a sustainable way for theproduction of safe, healthy food and non-foodagricultural products, in a humane manner, whileachieving economic viability and social stability.


The theme

The underlying theme is one of knowing,understanding, planning, measuring, recording,and managing to achieve identified social,environmental and production goals.

4


This requires ...

… a sound and comprehensive managementstrategy and the capability for responsive tacticaladjustments as circumstances change. Successdepends upon developing the skill and knowledgebases, on continuous recording and analysis ofperformance, and the use of expert advice asrequired.


Guiding principles ...

The framework portrays the guiding principles ofgood agriculture within 11 elements of resourceconcerns, disciplines and practices. Using theframework, detailed management guidelines canbe prepared for individual production systemswithin specific agro-ecosystems.


The 11 elements ...

Soil Water Crop & fodder productionCrop protection Animal productionAnimal health Animal welfareHarvest and on-farm processing and storageEnergy and waste managementHuman welfare, health, and safetyWildlife and landscape

First Workshop onGood Agricultural Practices

from 27.7. to 1.8.2002

inMashhad / Khorason

Mashhad Agricultural Training Center- Ministry of Jihad Agriculture -

What do we need to do ?

• To attain these goals, there is an urgent needto raise awareness among all stakeholdersand governments, in particular farmers andconsumers, on what constitutes sustainableagriculture.

• Governments and private institutions needto enact and implement supportive policies.


What are we going to do?

• One of the objectives within project TCP/IRA/0067 is topromote the application of Good Agricultural Practices in theuse of pesticides

• Train at least thirty extensions officers in GAP includingintegrated pest management, and the correct use and handlingof pesticides

• These specially trained extension officers will later transfer theacquired knowledge to other extension offers as well as farmers

5


• The need for pest control• Pesticides and alternatives• What are pesticides• Application techniques• Pesticide distribution &

handling• Pesticide legislative frame

Main topics

• Chemical safety• Occupational health• Food safety• Pesticides and GAP• GAP models• Methods & techniques in

extension

TCP/IRA/0067

Management and Control ofPesticides, Animal Drug andChemical Residues in Foodstuffs


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Major Agricultural Pests in IRAN

(Dr. S.M. Hosseini)

Summary

Iran is a vast country. Due to its various climatic and environmental conditions it is

one of the important agricultural countries in the world. Some products of Iran are

well known in the world from quantity and quality point of view and are considered

important export and economic items of the country. In this respect it is necessary the

progress and improvement of agriculture be given the first priority and needed steps

be taken. Therefore from one hand to increase the cultivation area with improved and

economic varieties employing scientific and advanced methods to increase the crop

yield and on the other hand to protect the field crops and fruit trees from pest and

disease attack.

One of the limiting factors in agriculture are pests which mainly are arthropods and

specially insects that attack field crops and fruit trees in various growing stages and

cause severe damages and losses. So pest control for the progress of agriculture is

necessary. Pest control based on avoiding chemical defects and utilizing non-chemical

methods has always been kept in mind by the researchers and effective steps using

biological agents such as parasites and predators have been taken since the victory of

Islamic Revolution, but still there is a long distance to reach the applicable phase of

these methods. Owing the present status of chemical residues in crops chemical

control has endangered the health of society and caused some problems in exporting

agricultural products. Paying attention to above mentioned problems and utilizing less

hazardous chemicals and reducing chemical application improvement and substituting

chemical control methods with non-chemical methods it is necessary to take

fundamental steps for determining chemical residues in sprayed harvested crops.


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Major Plant Diseases in Iran

M. Mirabolfathy, Plant Pathology Department,Plant Pests and Diseases Research Institute

Agricultural crops porvide 25% of national income of Iran and the most importantcrops are cereal such as wheat, barley, corn and rice cultured in 7 millions hectars.Cotton, sugar beet, soybean, rapeseed, potato, bean, chick-pea, lentil are the secondones. Fruit crops including apple, pear, stone fruits, citrus, pistachio, grape, olive havebeen planted in 3.5 million hectars of orchards.

The major diseases of wheat and barley are rusts, smuts, bunts, powdery mildew,Fusarium head blight, take-all, root and crown rot, Septoriosis. The economic lossesof the cereal diseases varied based on the environmental conditions, occurrence of thenew physiological races and the susceptibility of the cultivars.

Stripe rust, common bunt, karnel bunt, and dwarf bunt causes 20-30% losses in someyears. Wheat Stripe rust is the most important rust in Iran originated from myceliumthat overwinters in leaf tissues and especially from orediospores that survive locallyor are wind born from distant hosts. Wheat at lower elevation sometimes is infectedby urediospore from grasses at higher altitudes. Infected may occurred throughoutautumn and winter because mycelium remains viable to 5°C. The pathogen is bestsustained where night temperatures are cool.

Karnel bunt outbroke during 1997-1999 in Southern provinces of Iran due toimporting of wheat seeds from Pakistan, dwarf bunt is limited to Western provinces ofIran. Bunts can be controlled by seed treatment with fungicides, to control karnel buntand dwarf bunt rotation must be applied.

Blast, sheat blight and Bakanae are the major diseases in rice fields. The economicloss of blast varied 10-20% based on physical environmental factors. Plantingresistant cultivars, manipulating time of planting, fertilizer, water management, usingfungicides, to sow early to escape inoculum originaly from neighboring farm.Chemicals should always be viewed as one compound of an integrated controlapproach adapted to local need. Blast froecasting may open the possibility of morerational use of fungicides in areas where chemical control is currently practiced. Also,blast simulation model might prove useful in predicting the potential for the disease inregions where rice production practices are changing.

Bakanae disease can be controlled using clean seed, seed treatment with fungicides,avoiding to use of highly susceptible cultivars, salt water can be used to separate highweight infected seeds from seed lot.

One of the most important fungal diseases of potato in Iran is late blight which havebeen prevalent in some areas due to favorit environmental factors for the causalagents, the disease can be controlled by avoiding development of early seasoninoculum by the use of blight-free seed and destruction of potential inoculum sourcessuch as volunteer plants, using fungicides as recommended by a forecasting service oras early as late blight is present in the area and using resistant cultivars wherepossible.



Bacterial potato diseases including brown rot, soft rot, black leg and common scabhave caused more losses in different areas in recent years. The main reason ofintroduction and spreading of their agents was importing infected seeds from othercountries. Using infected-free seeds and rotation are recommmended to control thebacterial diseases.

In orchards the main fungal agents cause economic losses, death and decline of thefruit trees are soil born fungal pathogen such as Phytophthora, Armillaria, andRosellinia species, Phytophthora root and crown rot can be controlled using theregular irrigation, resistant stocks and sanitation.Control measures of Rosellinia orDematophora consist largely of attempts to prevent spread of the fungus in the soiland to eliminate the sources of inoculum. Methyl bromide or chloropicrin can almosteliminate the pathogen in the soil, but not the mycelium in root. In orchard usingbenomyl, thiophenate methyl prevented development of fungus on root during earlystages of infection. These fungicides should be applied as drench after exposing thecrown of trees in areas 1 m in radius and 3 cm deep.

The most important bacterial diseases of apple and pear trees is fire blight and instonefruit orchareds is bacterial canker which can be controlled with chemicalmethod, chemical control of bacterial canker is based primerily on protective coppersprays in autumn and in spring before flowering. These spray protect trees from initialinfection but can not prevent the canker phase once infection has occurred.

In citrus orchards the most important fungal disease is root and crown rot which causeby Phytophthora species. The disease can be controlled by resisrant rootstocks, soildrainage and using fungicides. Green mold is anohter fungal pathgen causing the mostloss during post harvest and in storages.

Virues, bacteria, phytoplama, candidate bacteria, mycoplasma like organism are themajor agents are threated the citrus cultivation of Iran.

Citrus tristeza occurred and spreaded in several area of Mazandaran province in recentyears. Aphis gossipy was identified as a vector of disease in Mazandaran province.Citrus tristeza virus is the most economically important virus pathogen of citrus andof the major disease problems affecting citrus production world wide. Millions oftrees on sour orange rootstocks have been killed or rended unproductive by a CTV-inducing decline. All countries that use sour orange rootstock are being threated net.In addition, some isolates of the virus in Mazandaran cause a serious stem pittingdisease of susceptible scion culturing aven when these are propagated on the tolerantrootstocks. The virus disseminated by movement of infected plant material and byaphid vectors. Epidemic of tristeza decline began in the Northern province followingthe introduction of CTV- infecting plant inmported from Japan 25 years ago.Ingeneral mandarin are especially tolerant to CTV infection, sweet orange, sour orange,rough lemon and Rangpor lime are usually symptomless but may react to severisolates. Stunting, stem pitting and reduced fruit size are common symptoms.elimination of infected root stocks and avoiding graft of infected trees arerecommended to control the disease.

Bacterial cancker have outbroken in Kerman province since 1997 and causes highloss, consumption of copper fungicides in managed to control the disease, someevidences showed that the pathogen imported from neighbour countries by contrabandof infected scions.



Greening is a highly destructive disease is new known to be caused by a fastidiousphloem-limited bacteria.Trees infected while young fail to reach production. Whenmature trees are infected, they soon become non productive. Fortunately the diseasehave not been reported yet from Iran, and Iran is a barrier to avoid transmission of thedisease throughout Middle East and Mediteranian countries, but in recent years thepresence of its vector, Diaphorina citri, in Sistan and Baluchestan provinces wasreported. Regulation of propagating material is needed to prevent the introduction ofgreening to new area, especially where the vector exist or could beome established.Control strategies include control of vector population, reduction of inoculum sources,and where possible, planting in environmental zones unfavorable for natural spread.The risk of infection is reduced by removing infected trees and propagating new treesfrom greening-free sources. Vector population can be reduced by insecticideapplication but this method of control is seldom practical. Bud wood sources can befree of greening by thermotrapy.

Stub born is an important disease in several hot and arid citrus-growing areas,including Kerman and Fars provinces. It has not been a problem in cool areas with awarm, humid climate. Stub born is rarely lethal in citrus, but trees affected whileyoung are often severly stunted. Fruit usually few and small. Stub born can be graft-transmitted from infected plant. Its causal agent so far has not been mechanicallytransmitted nor has seed transmitted. The natural spread of stub born occurs by meanof several species of leaf hopper like circulifer tenellus.

A witches`s broom disease that seriously damages small fruited acid lime trees wasrecently reported from Sistan and Baluchestan provinces caused by a mycoplasmaorganism. It is assumed the causal agent was imported to Iran from India, Pakistan orOman by scion or graft of infected lime.

The general policy for disease management in Iran

1. Monitoring and forecasting for some important airborb diseases such as applescab, late blight, fire blight, blast to determine the best time for foliar applicationof fungicides result in the consumptionof fungicides will be reduced.

2. Sanitation to prevent survival of pathogens.

3. Releasing resistant varieties and cultivars to important diseases.

4. Rotation in different period to prevent survival soilborn pathogens or vectors ofpathogens.

5. Control the insect vectors of plant viruses using insecticides.

6. Application of some biological agents to control fungal and bacterial diseasea.

7. Organizing training courses for employee and farmers.

8. Avoiding to culture the different varieties or species of plants in the same farm ororchard to reduce the risk of maintaining the sources and inoculum potantial ofpathogens.

9. Internal and external Quarantine provisions must be assisted and performed toavoid spreading the diseases throughout Iran and the region.

10. Integrated disease management as the main policy.


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Pest control methods and IPM in IRAN

(Dr. Gh. Abdollahi) D.G. of PPDRI

Summary

The importance of agriculture section in our economy by providing 24% ofG.N.P and building a capacity of 27% employment is obvious.

More than 18.5 million hectares of lands under cultivation with a total 12 millionhectares of forest and 90 million hectares rangelands makes it clear that there is agood potential for agricultural development.

At the horizon of the 3 developmental program, the average yield of most of thecrops should increase as twice as we have obtained so far.

This quantitative target should be joint with qualitative achievements such asreduction of pesticides and fertilizers through sustainable agriculture.

On the other side, the damage of pests including all living organisms attacking tothe crops estimated to be more than 40%.

It seems that the only reasonable way to overcome the above problem and protectthe crops from damages of the pest is to integrate all the measures and techniques inan IPM system.

IPM is an strategy in which all the available techniques are used to influence of thepest population and it is also a decision making program for the managers byproviding the necessary information to select the best combination of differentmeasures. IPM is a pest management system that in the socioeconomic context offarming systems, the associated environment and the population dynamics of the pestspecies, utilize all suitable techniques and maintains the pest population levels belowthose economic injury.

In the paper, theories, different definition and importance of IPM is discussed.

Nowadays the biggest challenge for plant protectionists in how to integrate differentcontrol measures while 3 main factors: costs, sustainability and adaptively to theenvironment can be obtained. IPM technologies, IPM design and development,different cultural methods, chemical control and also disadvantages of pesticideapplication have been discussed in details.

E I L and ET determination and biological control are also reviewed.

Finally, para-biological control including sterile insect release, pheromones and IGRsas the modern techniques in plant protection has been introduced.

TCP/IRA/0067

2DailyProg_D2_SUN (Last printed 15.08.02 23:20) Page 1 of 1

PPDRI/27.7.02





Sunday, 28th of July 2002


08.30 – 10.00 Group Discussion

"Pesticide Related Problems in Iran"(brain storming session with analysis of problems)

10.00 - 10.30 Coffee break

10.30 -

About pesticides(Klaus Ziller)

§ What are pesticides?§ How do they act? (contact, systemic, …)§ Types of pesticides (INS,FUN,HER,…)§ Formulation types (EC,SC,WP,DU, …)§ Composition of a formulation§ Quality parameters of a formulation

Development of a pesticide product – from discovery to deliveryPatent issues, out patent or generic products

Chemical Safety issuesToxicity, acute and chronic, LD 50, etc.

Discussion group: „Generic products and their quality“„FAO Pesticide Specifications“„Black markets for pesticides“

(Excerpt from U.K. Safe Use Manual)

PSM formulations C1.doc Page 1 of 5

Pesticide Formulations

The pesticides you buy are in many different forms. They may be liquids, powdersand granules, or even paints, tablets or baits. There are many reasons for this rangeof formulations.

The chemical that does the work of killing the pest (the active ingredient orsubstance) is seldom sold as a raw material straight form a manufacturing plant. Itis combined with other chemicals which are designed to make it easy and safe tostore and handle, and more effective when used.Formulation types include Suspension Concentrates (SC) or Flowables,Emulsifiable Concentrates(EC), Wettable Powders (WP) and Water- DispersibleGranules (WG). Modern formulation types such as WGs are usually easier to workwith than powders, with less risk of personal or environmental contamination thanthe old wettable powders.

A pesticide formulation takes a lot of time and effort to develop. It is dictated asmuch by the chemical nature of the active ingredient (e.g. what it can be dissolvedin, what its "shelf-life" may be) as by the eventual use of the product when it issold. These factors are often governed by the product works. Information on all thecomponents in the formulation is assessed by the Regulatory Authorities (thePesticides Safety Directorate and/or the Health and Safety Executive) beforeapproval can given.]

How pesticides Work

Herbicides

Herbicides or weedkillers are usually used in one of two ways:

Ø Applied to growing plats (either to weeds growing on their own or, inagriculture, more usually to a mixture of crop plants and weeds). These arenormally termed foliar applied herbicides.

Ø Applied to the soil in which the crop may not be already present –soil appliedherbicides.

All herbicides are either:

Ø Non-selective (total) weedkillersThey kill all plants present. In the case of foliar herbicides. They affect theplants on which they land but not usually those which have not yet emerged.



Ø Selective The weed plants are controlled but the crop plants among which they aregrowing are left unharmed. Selectivity is achieved in a number of ways.Sometimes it relies on physical differences between the weeds and the crop,which might result, for example, in differential droplet retention of a spray.Most often selectivity is achieved through differences in the biochemicalreactions inside the plants.

Foliar applied herbicides are further separated into those which act by:

Ø Contact activity These act where the land on the plant but are not moved about to affect otherparts. They are usually very rapid in action but obviously need good even coverof the spray to ensure complete control of the weeds. For this reason contactherbicides are best on small annual weeds but will not control any that emergeafter treatment.

Ø Translocated activity These herbicides are absorbed into the plant, normally through the leaves, andthen moved to their site of action, Usually this is the growing point where thechemical upsets the normal process of cell division and eventually kills theweed. Translocated herbicides are slower acting than contact weedkillers, butthey will kill larger weeds, including perennials, because of the ability of thechemical to move inside the plant sometimes into roots or rhizomes.

Soil applied herbicides normally act by being taken into the plant through the rootsystem and moved to their point of actin. Often these herbicides work by upsettingthe process of photosynthesis and their action leads to a slowing down of thegrowth of the pant with the green parts becoming pale of chlorotic, and eventuallyturning brown and shriveling up.

This group of weedkillers must move through the soil surface where they land tothe rooting zone of the weeds. For this to happen effectively, they need to beapplied evenly to level soil, and there needs to be moisture present to move thechemical downwards. For this reason, soil applied herbicides act slowly and theystand the risk of being washed away, or leached. Because of this risk, they areoften not very soluble in water so that they remain in the soil surface and hence arealso described as residual herbicides. They are used where control over a period oftime is wanted, but sometimes this places restrictions on what can grown in thatsoil later.

In practice many herbicides contain a mixture of active ingredients, which allows acombination of two or more of these modes of action



Insecticides

Insect pests can be controlled in a number ways:Ø By applying a chemical to the crop seed – a seed treatment;Ø By spraying or applying granules to the growing crop so that the pests

encounter the chemical when the move in;Ø By spraying at the correct time to make direct contact with the pest;Ø By spraying the eggs- these insecticides are called ovicides;Ø By treating the surfaces on which the pests move about (e.g. in a grain store) –

these are called fabric treatments.

In general, insecticides are not particularly specific in their activity, which meansthat not only the target pest, but also non-target, often beneficial species are at risk.There are exceptions and recent developments have concentrated on improvedspecificity so that beneficial predator species are unharmed.

Insecticide modes of action are:

Ø ContactDirect contact between the spray or spray deposit and the insect results incuticular entry and kills it.

Ø Stomach acting The product is applied to crops or other pants before infestation and is taken inby the pest when it feeds on treated foliage. It is important that theseinsecticides act rapidly otherwise too much damage is done before the pest iskilled.

Ø SystemicThe product is absorbed by the crop or other plant being protected and movedby translocation. These insecticides are used to control pests that employpiercing and sucking mouth parts to feed on the sap (e.g. aphids and leafminers), rather than actually eating the plant material. These products act bydisrupting an essential body function-usually the central nervous system. Manysystemic insecticides also kill by contact action and then give several days orweeks systemic protection because, once they are absorbed, they cannot bewashed off by rain.

Ø Fumigant or vapor acting This group is used as space sprays against flying insects in enclosed places suchas greenhouses or animal houses.



Fungicides

These are among the most sophisticated pesticides. Many of them are used tocontrol fungi growing parasitically on higher plants and causing diseases. Very feware truly curative (i.e. able to control an existing infection), so most treatment withfungicides is preventive or prophylactic. Fungicides often show a high degree ofspecificity to particular groups of fungi but any one group may include manydifferent disease-causing species.

Fungicides are described as:

Ø ProtectantThese must be applied evenly and thoroughly to the foliage before disease attackso that incoming airborne spores cannot germinate when they land. Protectantfungicides applied to the foliage give no control of seed-borne fungal diseases;these must be controlled by application to the seed as a seed dressing.

Ø SystemicAs with systemic insecticides, these are absorbed and moved about in the plant andprotect it by killing the germinating fungal spores when they start to penetrate theleaf tissue. The degree of movement varies and is sometimes limited to an abilityto move across a leaf (translaminar action). Many systemic fungicides do showsome curative activity and so can be applied soon after the start of fungal infection.The mode of action of fungicides varies but most prevent or inhibit an essential lifeprocess in the fungus. One of the largest groups, the triazoles, act by disrupting animportant function in the formation of cell membranes. This is single site activitybecause a single chemical reaction is disrupted. It only requires a single change, asa result of natural mutation on the part of the fungus, to counter this resistanceoccurs. Single site activity is characteristic of most of the systemic fungicides,whereas the protectant group, exhibit multi-site activity to which full-scaleresistance is unlikely to occur.

Growth Regulators

These are products that alter the growth habit of the crop plant, for example byreducing its height. They are not pesticides although the changes to the cropsometimes affect invasion by pests. Growth regulators are mostly used to assistsome aspect of the yield or quality of the crop for example by inducing fruitthinning, ensuring uniformity in ripening and fruit size, by enhancing the standingpower of a crop such as cereals or by reducing the number of times grass needs tobe cut.



Biological Pesticides

These are living organisms (or derivatives from them) which have been formulatedfor use as pesticides. The bacterium Bacillus thuringiensis (for caterpillar control)and the fungal parasite Verticillium lecanii) for the control of aphids and whitefly)are examples that are available in the UK. These products, which are usuallycharacterized by a high degree of target specificity, require Ministry of AgricultureFisheries and Food or Health and Safety Executive approval and undergo similarscrutiny to chemical pesticides. The British Crop Protection Council (BCPC) haspublished a comprehensive guide to the products entitled The BioPesticidesManual.

Adjuvants

Adjuvants are substances, which are added to pesticides to enhance theireffectiveness (e.g. stickers and wetters).

They are not themselves classed as pesticides, however, COPR states:

"No person shall use a pesticide in conjunction with an adjuvant except inaccordance with the conditions of the approval given originally in relation to thatpesticide, or as varied subsequently by lists of authorized adjuvants published byMinisters"

Such lists are published annually in The Pesticides Monitor (incorporating ThePesticides Register).

Copies of the current list which for each adjuvant, details the pesticides it can beused with and the individual crops/situations where it can be used, as well as theadditional conditions to be followed, are available free of charge from thePesticides Safety Directorate (PSD) information Section See Section 12; Furtherinformation for details.

The list can also be downloaded from the PSD Web sitewww.maff.gov.uk/aboutmaf/agency/psd/

Reference:

"Using Pesticides", BCPC, 1999The British Crop Protection Council49 Downing Street, Farnham, Surrey GU9 7PHe-mail: [email protected]


Glossary WHO V1.doc \ Created 04/08/02 06:56 (ZI/…) Page 1 of 3

(Excerpt from Guidelines for predicting dietary intake of pesticide residues / WHO 1997)

Annex 1 Glossary

Acceptable Daily Intake (ADI)

The ADI of a chemical is the estimate of the amount of a substance in food or drinking-water, expressedon a body-weight basis, that can be ingested daily over a lifetime without appreciable health risk to theconsumer on the basis of all the known facts at the time of the evaluation. It is expressed in milligrams ofthe chemical per kilogram of body weight.

Codex Committee on Pesticide Residues (CCPR)

The CCPR is a subsidiary body established by the Codex Alimentarius Commission. The CCPR isresponsible for establishing maximum residue limits for pesticides in food and feed, preparing lists ofpesticides by priority for evaluation by the JMPR, and considering methods of sampling and analysis forthe determination of pesticide residues in food and feed that contain pesticide residues. Membership ofthe CCPR is open to all Member States and Associate Members of FAO and WHO. Representatives ofinternational organizations that have formal relations with either FAO or WHO may attend meetings asobservers. The CCPR is hosted by the Government of the Netherlands and has met annually since 1966.

Codex Maximum Residue Limit (MRL)

A Codex MRL for pesticide residues is the maximum concentration of a pesticide residue (expressed asmg/kg), recommended by the Codex Alimentarius Commission to be legally permitted in or on foodcommodities and animal feed. MRLs are based on good agricultural practice data and food derived fromcommodities that comply with the respective MRLs are intended to be toxicologically acceptable.Consideration of the various dietary residue intake estimates and determinations, both at the nationaland international level in comparison with the Acceptable Daily Intake, should indicate that foodscomplying with Codex MRLs are safe for human consumption.

Exposure Assessment

The qualitative and/or quantitative evaluation of the likely intake of biological, chemical or physicalagents via food as well as exposure from other sources if relevant.

Food consumption

For assessing long-term hazards, food consumption is an estimate of the daily average per capitaquantity of a food or group of foods consumed by a specified population. Food consumption is expressedin grammes of food per person per day.

Good Agricultural Practice Good Agricultural Practice (GAP)

in the use of pesticide includes the nationally authorized safe uses of pesticides under actual conditionsnecessary for effective and reliable pest control. It encompasses a range of levels of pesticideapplications up to the highest authorised use, applied in a manner which leaves a residue which is thesmallest amount practicable. Hazard A biological, chemical, or physical agent in, or condition of, foodwith the potential to cause harm.

Hazard Characterisation

The qualitative and/or quantitative evaluation of the nature of the adverse health effects associated withbiological, chemical and physical agents which may be present in food. For chemical agents, a dose-response assessment should be performed. For biological and physical agents, a dose-responseassessment should be performed if the data is obtainable.

Hazard Identification

The identification of biological, chemical and physical agents capable of causing adverse health effectsand which may be present in a particular food or groups of foods.

Joint FAO/WHO Meeting on Pesticide Residues (JMPR)

JMPR is the abbreviated title for the Joint Meeting of the FAO Panel of Experts on Pesticide Residues inFood and the Environment and the WHO Core Assessment Group. Their meetings are normally convenedannually. The FAO Panel of Experts is responsible for reviewing residue and analytical aspects of the



pesticides considered, including data on their metabolism, fate in the environment, and use patterns andfor estimating the maximum residue levels and supervised trials median residue levels that might occuras a result of the use of the pesticide according to good agricultural practice. The WHO Core AssessmentGroup is responsible for reviewing toxicological and related data on the pesticides and, when possible,for estimating acceptable daily intakes (ADIs) and long-term dietary intakes of residues. As necessary,acute reference doses (acute RfDs) for pesticides are estimated along with appropriate estimates ofshort-term dietary intake.

Limit of Determination (LOD)

The LOD is the lowest concentration of a pesticide residue or contaminant that can be identified andquantitatively measured in a specified food, agricultural commodity, or animal feed with an acceptabledegree of certainty by a regulatory method of analysis.

No-observed-adverse-effect level (NOAEL)

The NOAEL is the highest dose of a substance that does not cause any detectable toxic effects inexperimental animals and is usually expressed in milligrams per kilogram of body weight per day.

Pesticide

Pesticide means any substance or mixture of substances intended for preventing, destroying, attracting,repelling, or controlling any pest including unwanted species of plants or animals during the production,storage, transport, distribution and processing of food, agricultural commodities, or animal feeds orwhich may be administered to animals for the control of ectoparasites. The term includes substancesintended for use as a plant-growth regulator, defoliant, desiccant, fruit thinning agent, or sproutinginhibitor and substances applied to crops either before or after transport. The term normally excludesfertilizers, plant and animal nutrients, food additives, and animal drugs.

Pesticide residue

A pesticide residue is any specified substance in food, agricultural commodities, or animal feed resultingfrom the use of a pesticide. The term includes any derivatives of a pesticide, such as conversionproducts, metabolites, reaction products, and impurities that are considered to be of toxicologicalsignificance.

Regional Diet

In the context of this publication, a regional diet is a hypothetical diet prepared by GEMS/Food torepresent a regional group of countries in which the quantitative intake of food commodities is similarbased on data derived from FAO Food Balance Sheets. Regional diets can also represent cultural groupsand thus populations that share the same regional diet need not be in the same geographical region.

Risk Analysis

A process consisting of three components: risk assessment, risk management and risk communication.

Risk Assessment

A scientifically based process consisting of the following steps: (I) hazard identification, (ii) hazardcharacterisation, (iii) exposure assessment, and (iv) risk characterisation.

Risk Characterisation

The qualitative and/or quantitative estimation, including attendant uncertainties, of the probability ofoccurrence and severity of known or potential adverse health effects in a given population based onhazard identification, hazard characterization and exposure assessment.

Risk Communication

The interactive exchange of information and opinions concerning risks among risk assessors, riskmanagers, consumers and other interested parties.

Risk Management

The process of weighing policy alternatives in the light of the results of risk assessment and, if required,selecting and implementing appropriate control options, including regulatory measures.

Supervised Trials



Scientific studies in which pesticides are applied to crops or animals according to specified conditionsintended to reflect commercial practice after which harvested crops or tissues of slaughtered animals areanalysed for pesticide resides. Usually specified conditions are those which approximate existing orproposed GAP.

Supervised Trials Median Residue (STMR)

The supervised trials median residue (STMR) is the expected residue level in the food commodity(expressed in milligrams of residue per kilogram of commodity) when a pesticide has been usedaccording to maximum GAP conditions. The STMR is estimated as the median of the residue values (onefrom each trial) from supervised trials conducted according to maximum GAP conditions and includesresidue components defined by the JMPR for estimation of dietary intake. For some commodities, suchas banana, STMR levels may be determined directly from levels measured in the edible portion whendata are available.

Theoretical maximum daily intake (TMDI)

The TMDI is a prediction of the maximum daily intake of a pesticide residue, assuming that residues arepresent at the MRLs and that average daily consumption of foods per person is represented by regionaldiets. The TMDI is calculated for the various regional diets and is expressed in milligrams of residue perperson.

(for full glossary see original publication)


The WHO Classification.doc \ Created 03/08/02 18:32 (ZI/…) Page 1 of 1

The WHO Classification ofpesticide formulations

by hazards

Note: The full document is available from the INTERNET through the homepage of WHO at <http://www.who.org>

Pesticides & Cancer(news update)

=============================================================P A N U P SPesticide Action Network Updates Service=============================================================Latino Farmworkers Face Greater Risk of Cancer

July 19, 2002

A recent study by the Cancer Registry of California analyzed cancer incidence amongCalifornia Latino farmworkers who had been members of the United Farmworkers ofAmerica (UFW) union. Out of more than 140,000 farmworkers, the study found that1,001 had been diagnosed with cancer between 1973 and 1997. Compared with thegeneral Latino population, farmworkers were more likely to develop certain types ofleukemia by 59%, stomach cancer by 69%, cervical cancer by 63% and uterine cancerby 68%.

Farmworkers are regularly exposed to pesticides--while mixing or applyingpesticides; during planting, weeding, thinning, irrigating, pruning, and harvestingcrops; living in or near treated fields; or eating pesticide contaminated food. As aresult, farmworkers face greater risk of exposure to hazardous pesticides than anyother sector of society.

Pesticide exposure results in both short-term acute poisonings, including rash,headache, blurred vision, chest pain, excessive sweating, nausea and vomiting, as wellas long-term or chronic illness, such as cancer, birth defects and other reproductiveand developmental problems.

According to the study's co-author Paul Mills, farmworkers were diagnosed at a laterstage than most of the state's Latinos, which reveals the lack of health care andeducation available to most farmworkers--a finding confirmed by a recent study ofCalifornia farmworker health conducted by the California Institute for Rural Studies.Many cancers, such as uterine cancer, are more treatable with early detection.

Although the study doesn't directly link pesticide use to the higher rates of cancer, theUFW believes there is a direct relationship between the chemicals and cancer. Thestudy also refers to a previous analysis of leukemia incidence that showed a strongcorrelation with use of the pesticides atrazine, 2,4-D and captan, all of which are usedin California agriculture. Mills says a follow up study will examine what pesticideswere used and how long farmworkers were exposed to them.

In an attempt to refute the findings of the UFW study, a representative of theCalifornia Farm Bureau Federation cited recent reductions in reported poisoningsamong California farmworkers. However, those reports address only acute poisoningsand, in addition, many of these poisonings are unreported. There is no centralizedreporting system for most chronic pesticide-related illnesses with the exception of

cancer. The Cancer Registry of California data may actually underestimate the trueincidence among farmworkers since some may have worked in California but movedaway, been diagnosed and treated in Mexico or never sought medical attention.

Some earlier studies support the Cancer Registry's findings. A 1993 study found thatwhen compared to the general population, both farmers and farmworkers haveincreases in multiple myeloma and cancers of the stomach, prostate and testis. Inaddition, farmworkers showed unique increases in cancers of the mouth, pharynx,lungs and liver, a finding which also supports the overall findings of the CancerRegistry study. In 1984, the small town of McFarland, California, gained nationalattention when a cancer cluster was discovered among children of farmworkerparents. Eight children were diagnosed with various types of cancer. Their parentsworked in the fields and had direct contact with pesticides. A more recent study usedCalifornia's pesticide use reporting system to group high-use carcinogenic pesticidesand looked at intensity of use in U.S. census blocks in the state. Top-rankingpesticides were propargite, methyl bromide, and trifluralin, with more than 1 millionpounds used in California in 2000. While most blocks averaged less than one poundper square mile during 1991-1994, 493 block groups registered more than 569 poundsper square mile for pesticides classified as probable human carcinogens. In 1990,approximately 170,000 children under 15 years of age were living in these blocks.

Protection from pesticide exposure ranks high among the workplace safety issuesaddressed by the UFW. Historically, the union has played a key role in fighting forelimination of some of the most hazardous pesticides. For example, the UFW playedan important role in the fight to ban the use of DDT on U.S. farms, pushing forprohibitions of the chemical in labor contracts before it was banned by thegovernment in 1972.

For a copy of the Cancer Registry study, visit

http://www.ufw.org/paper.htm.

Sources:

Agricultural Pesticide Use in California: Pesticide Prioritization, Use Densities, andPopulation Distributions for a Childhood Cancer Study, 2001, Environmental HealthPerspectives. 109: 1071-1078; Cancer Among Migrant and Seasonal Farmworkers: anEpidemiologic Review and Research Agenda. 1993, American Journal of IndustrialMedicine, 24:753-766; Cancer Incidence in the United Farmworkers of America(UFW) 1987-1997, 2001, American Journal of Industrial Medicine, 40: 596-603;Suffering in Silence: A Report on the Health of California's Agricultural Workers,California Institute for Rural Studies, November 2000.

Contacts:PANNA; United Farmworkers, National Headquarters, P.O. Box 62, Keene,California 93531; email [email protected]; Web site http://www.ufw.org.


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PESTICIDES & ENDOCRINE DISRUPTORS

===========================================P A N U P SPesticide Action Network Updates Service===========================================New Evidence That Endocrine Disruptors Block Sperm Function

August 2, 2002

The link between male fertility and hormone disrupting chemicals is now more fullyunderstood. A new study shows that adult sperm, when exposed to hormone disruptingchemicals (often called endocrine disruptors), mature too quickly and fail to reach andfertilize the egg. Dozens of pesticides are known or suspected endocrine disruptors. The listincludes widely used carbamates such as aldicarb and carbaryl, common organophosphates(e.g., malathion and chlopyrifos), and persistent chlorinated pesticides such as endosulfan,lindane and DDT. Individuals face potential exposure to endocrine disrupting pesticidesthrough food residues, home pesticide use, and soil, water and air contaminated byagricultural pesticide use.

The study, released in early July 2002 at Europe's annual human reproduction conference byscientists from King's College in London, provides the first direct evidence that endocrinedisruptors affect sperm function. For many years, the debate over male fertility has focusedon the effects of prenatal exposure to such compounds on development of testicles in infantsand evidence of declining sperm counts worldwide.

In the past ten years, dozens of studies have linked endocrine disrupting chemicals to anumber of reproductive and other health effects. The chemicals closely mimic naturallyoccurring hormones and can disrupt the functioning of hormone systems in humans and otheranimals at very low levels of exposure. Dr. Theo Colburn's research more than a decade agolinking reproductive failure in alligators with chemical exposure led researchers to furtherexplore the reproductive and other effects of this class of chemicals.

Exposure to endocrine disrupting pesticides adds to an individual's ongoing exposure todozens of other chemicals that also mimic hormones, from by-products of industrialproduction and incineration (dioxins and furans) to chemicals in widespread use informulating products for everyday use. Phthalates, for example, are endocrine disruptingchemicals used as softening agents in many plastic products (including medical devices) andin beauty products such as deodorants, lotions and nail polish.

The 12 chemicals (nine pesticides) to be banned worldwide under the international StockholmConvention on Persistent Organic Pollutants are all known or suspected endocrine disruptors.While most of these chemicals have been banned in industrialized countries for many years,low-level residues continue to be found in the U.S. food supply (See Nowhere to Hide:Persistent Toxic Chemicals in the U.S. Food Supply, PANNA & Commonweal, 2001 on thePANNA website: http://www.panna.org/resources/documents/nowhereToHideAvail.dv.html.)

In the sperm function study, researchers found that mouse sperm bathed in low levels ofendocrine disrupting chemicals matured early, releasing the enzymes they need to penetratethe egg's jelly coat before making contact with the egg. Scientists note that human sperm isknown to be even more sensitive than mouse sperm to female hormones such as estrogen. Thelead researcher, Dr. Lynn Fraser, also notes that given the wide variety of endocrinedisruptors present in the environment, it is quite possible that sperm face exposure to multipleendocrine disrupting chemicals, with possible synergistic effects.


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This evidence of the direct effects of endocrine disruptors on sperm function adds a newdimension to the ongoing debate over the links between male fertility and chemicalexposures.

Declining sperm counts became a focus of discussion in 1992, when a landmark study wasreleased by Carlsen et al reporting a 40% decline in sperm count worldwide over the secondhalf of the 20th century. The study initiated a decade's heated exchange within the scientificcommunity over sperm count data, and spurred many follow up studies producing a range ofconflicting results. There now appears to be agreement that there have been significant spermcount declines, with unexplained regional variations. There is no agreed explanation for thedeclines, and endocrine disruption is considered one of the possible contributing sources.

The other area of intensive research linking chemicals and male fertility focuses on theincreasing rates of "cryptorchidism," or undescended testicles, which can result in infertility.Here the discussion is less controversial, as evidence from both animal studies and studies ofchildren with cryptorchidism point toward a link with endocrine disrupting chemicals, and theprocess through which chemicals can block the hormonal signal controlling testicular descentis clearly understood.

The recent evidence on blocked sperm function adds new urgency to regulatory efforts tounderstand and address endocrine disruptors. The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency'sEndocrine Disruptor Screening Program, established in 1996 under the Food QualityProtection Act to test pesticides and other chemicals for endocrine disrupting effects andprioritize them for regulatory action, has been unacceptably slow to identify and recommendaction on priority chemicals.

Evidence of the health effects of endocrine disrupting chemicals continues to mount. In termsof male fertility, it now seems that these ubiquitous chemicals are a significant threat atvarious stages, from testicular development to sperm production to the functionality ofhealthy sperm. This class of chemicals appears to be threatening male fertility on severalfronts.

Sources:Carlsen, E., A Giwercman, N Keiding, N Skakkebaek. 1992. "Evidence for DecreasingQuality of Semen During Past 50 Years." British Medical Journal 305:609-613.

"Effects of estradiol 17B and environmental estrogens on mammalian sperm function," FraserL.R. et al, Presented at the annual conference of the European Society of HumanReproduction and Embryology, Vienna. July 2002 (http://conf.eshre.com/PDF/O-119.pdf).

Environmental Protection Agency Endocrine Disruptor Screening Program: Report toCongress, August 2000 (http://www.epa.gov/scipoly/oscpendo/reporttocongress0800.pdf).

Our Stolen Future website: http://www.ourstolenfuture.org.


Pesticide problems.doc \ Created 05/08/02 15:10 (ZI/…) Page 1 of 1

Pesticide problems

Pesticides are toxic chemicals used to kill or controlpests (including insects, weeds, and diseases) inagriculture, urban areas and for public health purposes.Their widespread introduction into the environment,often without adequate safeguards, create problems:

Ø Human poisonings and health hazards

Ø Environmental hazards

Ø Loss of biodiversity

Ø Wildlife deaths

Ø Animal and lifestock deaths

Ø Interference with natural pest control

Ø Resistance amongst pests

Ø Unwanted imports

Ø Obsolete and unusuable stocks

Ø Residues in food

Ø Water pollution

Ø High input costs

TCP/IRA/0067

3DailyProg_D3_MON.doc (Last printed 13/08/02 16:29) Page 1 of 1

PPDRI/27.7.02





Monday, 29th of July 2002


Occupational Health and Safety Issues

08.30 – 10.00 Health Aspects of using Pesticides(Prof. M. Balali-Mood)


10.30 – 12.30 Codex Alimentarius(Dr. F. Shojaee)


14.00 – 15.30 Food Monitoring in EURapid Alert System(Film: Import through HH)Discussion: cont' on black market products


16.00 - 17.30 Continuation of DiscussionElaboration of Recommendations


Health Aspects of Pesticide Usage.doc \ Created 03/08/02 17:21 (ZI/…) Page 1 of 4

FAO Workshop on Pesticides in Mashhad, July 2002

Health Aspects of Using Pesticides in the I.R. of Iran.

Mahdi Balali-Mood, M.D., Ph.D.President, Iranian Society of ToxicologyProfessor of Medicine and Clinical ToxicologyDirector, Medical Toxicology CentreImam Reza Hospital, Mashhad 91735-348, I.R. Iran.

Introduction:

Pesticide Poisonings are very common in the Islamic Republic of Iran. Most of thepesticides are imported. Unfortunately, there are poor regulations and lack of controlon the importation, transportation, storage and safe use of pesticides in this country.Most of the pesticides are readily available to the public and thus poisonings eitheras accidental or suicidal attempts by these chemicals are a common cause ofadmission to the hospitals.

The most common type of pesticide poisoning is organophosphates (OP)particularly malathion and diazinon. We admit more than 500 patients with OPpoisoning annually in Imam Reza Hospital of Mashhad, which is more than the totalcases of OP poisoning in the North America and Europe. The cases are mostlysuicidal and thus are very severe. Despite the specific treatment with antidotes andintensive therapy about 10 % of them expired. Similar figures are reported fromTehran, Esfahan, Shiraz and Tabriz.

We have done a lot of research on the treatment of OP poisoning and thus arepioneer in management of OP poisoning. The Medical Toxicology Centre ofMashhad is collaborating with World Health Organization (WHO) and theInternational Programme on Chemical Safety since 1986 on different projectsincluding pesticides.

Carbamates are less toxic than OP since their bond to cholinesterase (ChE) enzymeis reversible. Carbamate poisoning is less common than OP poisoning. Pyrethroidcompounds are less toxic than OP and carbamates. They are usually used as houseinsecticides. Since the insects especially cockroach has become resistant to the oldpyrethroid compounds such as prygen, an OP is added which induces severeaccidental or suicidal OP poisoning. The formulators call them prygen OP or superprygen. In some cases the bottles named prygen only, but the clinical features of thepatients who had taken the prygen revealed OP poisoning. Estimation of ChE andtreatment with atropine confirmed the OP poisoning. It is very helpful if the



formulators of the pesticides provide information on the ingredients of the pesticidesincluding the solvents and purity of each ingredient.

Herbicides particularly parquet and 2, 4, Dichlorophenoxy acetic acid also producedsome poisonings. Parquet poisoning is more common in Tehran and Esfahan than inMashhad. It seems that this herbicide is more frequently used in those areas.

Rhodenticides particularly zinc phosphide and warfarine compounds (Kelerat) arealso induced suicidal and rarely accidental poisonings at about 50 cases per year.Fumigants particularly Aluminum Phosphide (AlP) is unfortunately freely availableand produced severe poisoning with >50% death. Because there is no antidote forthe phosphides and phosphine (the toxic gas generated from phosphide), themortality is very high.

Occupational pesticides exposure is also very common, but acute poisoning rarelyoccurs and thus hospital admission of acute occupational pesticide poisoning is lessthan the acute suicidal or accidental pesticides poisoning. However, low levelpesticides exposure is common and may induce chronic poisonings thatunfortunately mostly undiagnosed. The patients may thus be treated for thecomplications of chronic poisoning which in most cases is not successful.

Pesticides residue in fruits and vegetables is another health problem. The peoplehave become aware of the pesticides residue in fruits and vegetables due to the badtastes and occasionally acute poisoning. Although acute poisoning by pesticidesresidue is rare, but long-term health effects are very important. There have beenunfortunately no proper investigations on the pesticides residue in the country so far.Therefore using pesticides cause a lot of health problems in this country as in someother developing countries.

Pesticides Regulation:

A committee on the pesticides regulation was formed in about 35 years ago in theMinistry of Agriculture of Iran. Ministry of Health has had only one representativein the committee. After the Islamic Revolution in Iran, different organizations suchas Jahad Sazandagy and Boniad Mostazafan have also been involved in agricultureand thus less control on pesticides have taken placed.

A national committee on chemical safety was formed in the Ministry of Health in1996 without representatives from the organizations that were involved in chemicalsparticularly pesticides. The committee has failed to regulate and control thechemicals and pesticides. The only achievement on pesticide control was topersuade the Ministry of Agriculture to consult the Ministry of Health for approvalor removal of a pesticide.

There is no toxicology unit within the Ministry of Health of I.R. Iran. There is nooffice or at least a committee on regulatory toxicology. Environmental andOccupational Health Department has made some incomplete standards onEnvironmental and Occupational Toxicology. Although Ministry of Health is



responsible for the chemical safety and safe use of pesticides, there has been noproper regulation and effective control on sound management of chemicals,particularly pesticides.

A very wide range of pesticides particularly organophosphates (OP) are available inIran. Highly toxic OP such as azinphos methyl has been used as home insecticidesand thus has induced human intoxication.

Pesticide Poisonings

There are no accurate statistics on poisonings including pesticide poisonings.However, based on the epidemiological studies that have been done over the pastdecade in Mashhad, Tehran and Isfahan, it is estimated that the total number ofpoisoning cases referred to hospitals each year is about 180,000. Around 20% of thecases are hospitalized and the remainders are treated as outpatients.

Pesticide poisonings have been the most common chemicals for admission to thePoisons Treatment Centers in the three major cities which induced the highestmortality among all groups of poisonings including pharmaceuticals and naturaltoxins. The total number of pesticide poisonings over the past Persian year (21st

March 2001 to 21st March 2002) is estimated as 9,000, of which around 6,000 werehospitalized. The outpatients with pesticide poisonings were either accidental (1450cases) or occupational (1500 cases). The vast majority of self-poisonings bypesticides (>90%) were hospitalized. The accidental and occupational pesticidepoisonings were observed mostly in male children (67%) aged 1-5 years and maleadults (87%), aged 18- 56 years, respectively; whereas the self-poisonings occurredmostly in female adults (75%) aged 14-45 years.

The route of exposure in accidental and self-poisonings was oral, whereas inoccupational exposure was mainly by inhalation. However, 56 cases of accidentalpesticide poisonings by inhalation and 12 cases of self-poisonings by injection and85 cases of occupational pesticide poisonings by dermal absorption were reported.

Location of exposure of accidental and suicidal pesticide poisoning was mainly athome, whereas the occupational exposure occurred mainly in the farms and gardens.

The most common pesticide poisonings were organophosphates and carbamates(76%), followed by pyrethroides (13%), rhodenticides mostly Thallium sulphate(5%), herbicides mainly paraquate (4%), fumigants mostly Aluminum Phosphide(1%). A very wide range of OP including malathion, diazinon, azinphos methyl,methasystox and even parathion are available which induced a lot of morbidity andmortality. Around 600 patients (10% of the hospitalized cases) with pesticidepoisonings expired in this year.



Recommendations:

1. A toxicology unit with a sub-unit on pesticides should be established withinthe Ministry of Health.

2. A regulatory toxicology committee with a subcommittee on pesticides mustbe formed either within the toxicology unit or even without it. Thecommittee and the subcommittee must have at least one representative fromeach department and benefit from the highly experienced member of theIranian Society of Toxicology.

3. A national committee on chemical safety and a subcommittee on pesticidecontrol with at least one representative from each department including theNGO (e.g. Iranian Societies of Chemistry and Toxicology) must be formed.

4. An independent national poisons control service with regional centers mustalso be established and act as coordinator or as an active member of theabove committees and subcommittee.

5. Pesticides control must be reinforced by the Ministries of Agriculture andHealth.

6. Estimation of pesticides residue in fruits and vegetables by the standardmethods to improve health and economy particularly on export and import.

7. More investigations on alternative pest control such as biological method toavoid using chemical pesticides.


Codex Alimentarius Presentation.doc Created 31/07/02 23:58 Page 1 of 1

CODEX ALIMENTARIUS

The purpose of this presentation is to attempt to provide you with a broad overview of the proceduresand processes used by the various committees which operate under the umbrella of the CodexAlimentarius, including the expert scientific committees convened under the auspices of the WorldHealth Organization (WHO) and the Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO), the two UnitedNations bodies which provide the basic support for the operation of this international commission.

Codex Alimentarius is derived from the Latin, meaning “food code” and is intended to provide a set offood standards for the world. According to figures compiled in 1995, 146 countries are Codexmembers.

Codex had established till 1999: 204 commodity food standards; 43 hygienic and technological practicecodes; evaluated 197 pesticides, setting more than 2500 MRLs for these compounds; evaluated morethan 1300 food additives and 25 food contaminants; and evaluated 70 veterinary drugs and setting 289Limits for Veterinary Drugs.

The Codex Alimentarius Commission has produced 28 bound volumes containing sets of standards,guidelines and principles. These are available in various languages, including English, French andSpanish.The standards contain “ reguirements for food aimed at ensuring the consumer a sound, wholesomefood product free from adulteration, properly labelled and presented”. While there are a number ofCodex Committees operating under the general groupings of General Subject Committees, World WideCommodity Committees and Regional or Joint Committees.

In 1962, the World Health Organization and the Food & Agriculture Organization combined toimplement the Joint FAO/WHO Food Standards Program, setting up the Codex AlimentariusCommission. The Commission is made up of member states of WHO and FAO that wish to participatein the Codex program.An Executive Committee, which meets between Commission Meetings, is the executive organ of theCommission and may make decisions for the Commission, subject to Commission approval at its nextmeeting. These meetings are held every second year. The Executive Committee is geographicallybalanced, with only one member per country. Terms of service and re-election are limited, so thechairman and three vice-chairmen may only hold these offices for a maximum of four years.

The purpose for which the Codex Alimentarius Commission was established is "to guide and promotethe elaboration and establishment of definitions and requirements for foods, to assist in theirharmonization and, in doing so, facilitate international trade.".The Codex system has had a significant impact on the quality and safety of the world’s food supply byupgrading standards for food manufacturing, processing, safety and quality. This has contributed to an800% growth in world trade in food.

The Codex Alimentarius has relevance to the international food trade. With respect to the ever-increasing global market, in particular, the advantages of having universally uniform food standards forthe protection of consumers are self-evident. It is not surprising, therefore, that the Agreement on theApplication of Sanitary and Phytosanitary Measures (SPS) and the Agreement on Technical Barriers toTrade (TBT) both encourage the international harmonization of food standards. The SPS Agreementcites Codex standards, guidelines and recommendations as the preferred international measures forfacilitating international trade in food.Last and not least an over view of Risk analysis was briefly explored as a bases of establishing of a lotof food safety related standards.

Fariborz Shojaee Tel: 0098 21 6047461DVM, P.h.D Fax: 0098 21 6047460Merjaan Khatam FQC Lab [email protected] Nikravesh Fard [email protected] Tehran Iran

1

CODEX ALIMENTARIUSCOMMISSION (CAC)

Objectives and Functions of theInternational Food Standards

Setting BodyModule 4

CODEX ALIMENTARIUSCOMMISSION

The Joint FAO/WHO Food Standards

ProgrammeSince 1962

OBJECTIVES

Consumer Protection

Fair practices in the food trade

Co-ordination of all food standards work

The Commission

165 Member governments

Meets every two years

Adopts the Codex standards

Reviews the Programme of Work

Reviews the budget

Management organs of theCommission

The Executive Committee

The Regional Co-ordinating Committees

The Secretariat of the Commission

The Executive Committee

ð11 members

• Chair & three Vice Chairs of the Commission

• Seven elected members

ðPrepares the Programme of Work

ðMay take decisions on behalf of the

Commission, subject to its approval

2

Regional Co-ordinating Committees

ð6 Regional Committees

ðCoordinate activities relevant to a region

• Regional Codex standards

• Harmonisation

Latin America and the CaribbeanNorth America & South West Pacific

AfricaAsia

Europe Near East

The Secretariat of the Commission

ðAdministrative support to the Commission

ðCo-ordination of the work of the other organs

ðLink with Codex Contact Points

Technical organs of theCommission

9 General Subject Committees+

12 Commodity Committees

+

3 Ad Hoc Inter-Governmental Task Forces

General Subject Committees :

ðGeneral Principles (France)

ðImport/Export Inspection and Certification Systems (Australia)

ðFood Labelling (Canada)

ðMethods of Analysis & Sampling (Hungary)

ðFood Hygiene (USA)

ðResidues of Veterinary Drugs in Food (USA)

ðPesticide Residues (Netherlands)

ðFood Additives and Contaminants (Netherlands)

ðNutrition and Foods for Special Dietary Uses (Germany)

Commodity Committees (Active)

ðFats and Oils (U. K.)

ðFish and Fishery Products (Norway)

ðMilk and Milk Products (New Zealand)

ðFresh Fruits and Vegetables (Mexico)

ðCocoa Products & Chocolate (Switzerland)

ðNatural Mineral Waters (Switzerland)

Commodity Committees (Adjourned sine die)

ðSugars (U. K.)ðProcessed Fruits and Vegetables (USA)ðVegetable Proteins (Canada)ðCereals, Pulses and Legumes (USA)ðSoups and Broths (Switzerland)ðMeat Hygiene (New Zealand)

3

Ad-hoc Intergovernmental Codex Task Forces(established by the 23rd session of the CAC)

þFoods derived from Biotechnology (Japan,duration 4 years)

þAnimal Feeding (Denmark, duration 4 years)

þFruit Juices (Brazil, duration 4 years)

Commodity Committees (abolished)

ðProcessed Meat and Poultry Products(Denmark)ðEdible Ices (Sweden)ðECE/Codex Group on Fruit JuicesðECE/Codex Group on Quick Frozen Foods

Functions

of the Codex

Alimentarius Commission

Elaboration procedure

Always initiated by the Commission• Uniform procedureð8 Stepsð2 rounds of written commentsð1 round of comments can be omitted

• Accelerated procedureð5 Stepsð1 round of written comments

Decision to elaborate standard (Commission)

Draft standard proposed (Relevant Codex Committee)

Request for Comments (Secretariat)Amendments / Session (Relevant Codex Committee)

Adoption as a draft standard (Commission)

Request for Comments (Secretariat)Amendments / Session (Relevant Codex Committee)Adoption as a Codex standard (Commission)

1

2

34

56

7

8

UNIFORM PROCEDURE Decision

Draft standard proposed

Request for Comments –1

Amendments / Session – 1

Adoption as a draft standard



Adoption as a Codex standard

UN

IFO

RM

PR

OC

ED

UR

E

4

Decision

Draft standard proposed



Adoption as a Codex standard

ACCELERATED PROCEDURE

Decision to elaborate standard (Commission)

Draft standard proposed (Relevant Codex Committee)

Request for Comments (Secretariat)

Amendments / Session (Relevant Codex Committee)

Adoption as a Codex standard (Commission)

1

2

3

4

5

ACCELERATED PROCEDURE

Acceptance of Codex Standards

General standards and CommoditystandardsðFull AcceptanceðAcceptance with specified deviationðFree Distribution

Maximum Residue LimitsðFull AcceptanceðFree Distribution

Full AcceptanceðImported and domestically produced foods must

comply with Codex requirementsðFor commodity standards, there is an obligation to

prevent circulation of non-complying products

Acceptance with Specified DeviationðCodex standard accepted with specified deviations

Free distributionðProducts complying with Codex requirements can

circulate freely

Acceptance of Codex Standards

How the Codex CommitteesWork

Expert input

Relationship between Codex General

Committees and Codex Commodity

Committees

Expert input to Codex Committees

Joint FAO/WHO Expert Committee on FoodAdditives (JECFA)

Joint FAO/WHO Meeting on PesticideResidues (JMPR)

Joint FAO/WHO Expert Consultations

5

Codex Committee onFood Additives and

Contaminants

JECFA

ADICodex

MaximumLevel

Food AdditivesExpert input to Codex Committees

Codex Committee onResidues of

Veterinary Drugs inFoods

JECFA ADI MRL


Residues of Veterinary Drugs

&

Codex Committee onPesticide Residues

JMPR

CodexMRLMRL


Pesticide Residues Expert Committees establish chemical safetystandards based on:

Toxicological studies in the most sensitive species

Adequate safety factors

Risk assessment and use patterns

Specifications of identity and purity of food grade chemicals.

Achievements andcurrent trends

For the Codex

Alimentarius Commission

Achievements

Since its foundation : 239 Food Standards 41 Codes of Practice 196 Pesticides evaluated 2,535 Limits for Pesticide Residues 25 Guideline Limits for Contaminants 1005 Food Additives evaluated 54 Veterinary Drugs evaluated

6

7/18/00 14codex

AchievementsSince its foundation through 1999:� 204 Food Standards� 43 Codes of Practice� 197 Pesticides evaluated� >2500 Limits for Pesticide Residues� 25 Guideline Limits for Contaminants� >1300 Food Additives evaluated� 70 Veterinary Drugs evaluated� 289 Limits for Veterinary Drugs

Implications ofWTO Agreements

The SPS Agreement

The TBT Agreement

Their Implications for Codex and its

Members

SPS AGREEMENT

Sanitary/Phytosanitary Measures

SPS AGREEMENT

Any measure applied to protect animal or plant life or

health from risk related to the establishment or spread of• Pests or diseases• Disease-carrying organisms• Disease-causing organisms

SPS AGREEMENT

Any measure applied to Protect Human and

Animal Life or Health from Risks from• food additives• contaminants• toxins• disease causing organisms in foods,

beverages or feedstuffs

SPS AGREEMENT

Any Measures Applied to Protect Human

Life or Health from diseases carried by• animals• plants• animal/plant products

7

SPS AGREEMENT

Any Measure Applied to Prevent or

Limit Damage from• the entry of Pests• the establishment of Pests• the spread of Pests

Technical Barriers to TradeAgreement (TBT)

TBT Agreement

• Purpose of AgreementðEncourage the development and use of

international standards and conformityassessment systemsðPrevent the use of technical requirements as

unjustifiable trade barriersðPrevent deceptive trade practices

The Agreement on the Application ofSanitary and Phytosanitary Measures (SPS))

Discourage the use of sanitary and phytosanitarymeasures as barriers to international trade

Recognises Codex as a reference on food safety

Codex may be used to settle disputes

Calls for harmonisation based on Codex

Codex food safety provisions recognizedby SPS :

Maximum Residue Limits for Pesticides andVeterinary Drugs

Maximum Level of Use of Food Additives

Maximum Levels of Contaminants

Food Hygiene Requirements of Codex standards

Implications of SPS on Codex

Codex focuses on risk-based systems• Inclusion of HACCP in the General Principles of

Food Hygiene• Development of food import/export inspection

and certification guidelines• Work on Risk Analysis - Codex statements of

principle relating to the role of food safety riskassessment

Codex reaffirms the role of science in its work

Codex revises its acceptance procedures

8

Agreement on Technical Barriers toTrade (TBT)

Prevents the use of technical requirements asbarriers to trade

Covers all technical requirements for productsother than sanitary and phytosanitaryrequirements

Places emphasis on international standards such as Codex standards for food products

Codex provisions recognized by TBT :

Food Labelling

Quality Provisions

Nutritional Requirements

Methods of Analysis and Sampling

National regulations

which are

consistent with Codex

meet the requirements

of SPS and TBT

SPS and TBT Implications forCodex / WTO Members :

Should base their requirements on Codex

Should become more involved in Codex work

Should harmonise requirements using Codex

National Codex Committees (NCC) helpmeeting the challenges of SPS and TBT

NCC are information centres on Codex NCC are tools to monitor & contribute to the

elaboration of Codex standards NCC are mechanisms for consultation among

governments, the food industry and theconsumer on all matters related to food qualityand safety

FAO’s technical assistance :

to assure that domestic and imported/exportedfoods meet basic quality and safetyrequirements

advice on food control systems, organisation and management

strengthening food control services

advice on specific food quality and safety issues

Can cover :

9

Risk Analysis and Codex

• Risk analysis has been used in one form or

another for centuries

• Todays food supply is subject to a myriad of

hazards from different sources

• Introduction of food control measures

• Use of risk analysis in developing food control

measures

Risk AnalysisThe FAO/WHO conference on foods standards,

chemicals in food and food trade (Rome, 1991)

Recommended that all relevant codex committees

and their advisory bodies:

“Continue to base their evaluations on suitable

scientific principles and ensure necessary

consistency in their risk assessment determinations”

Risk Analysis

• Risk Analysis - A process consisting of 3

components:

ð Risk Assessmentð Risk Managementð Risk Communication

Risk AnalysisHAZARD:

• A biological, chemical or physical agent in, or

condition of, food with the potential to cause an

adverse health effect

RISK:

• A function of the probability of an adverse health

effect and the severity of that effect,

consequential to a hazard(s) in food

Risk Assessment

DEFINITION: The scientific evaluation of

known or potential adverse effects resulting from

human exposure to foodborne hazards

4 STEPS:

– Hazard Identification– Hazard Characterization– Exposure Assessment– Risk Characterization

• Hazard Identification:

The identification of biological,

chemical and physical agents capable of

causing adverse health effects and

which may be present in a particular

food or group of foods

Risk Assessment

10

• Hazard Characterization:

The qualitative and/or quantitative

evaluation of the nature of the adverse

health effects associated with biological,

chemical, and physical agents which

may be present in food

Risk Assessment Risk Assessment

• Exposure Assessment: The qualitative

and/or quantitative evaluation of the

likely intake of biological, chemical, and

physical agents via food as well as

exposures from other sources if relevant

Risk Assessment

• Risk Characterization: The qualitative and/or

quantitative estimation, including attendant

uncertainties, of the probability of occurrence

and severity of known or potential adverse

health effects in a give population based on

hazard identification, hazard characterization

and exposure assessment

Risk Management

• DEFINITION:

The process of weighing policy

alternatives in the light of the results of

risk assessment and, if required,

selecting and implementing appropriate

control options, including regulatory

measures

Elements of Risk Management

• Risk Evaluation

• Risk Management Option Assessment

• Implementation of Management

Decision

• Monitoring and Review

Risk Evaluation

• Identification of a food safety problem

• Establishment of a risk profile

• Ranking of the hazard for risk assessment

and risk management priority

• Establishment of risk assessment policy for

conduct of risk assessment

• Commissioning of risk assessment

• Consideration of risk assessment result

11

Risk Management OptionAssessment

• Identification of available management

options

• Selection of preferred management option,

including consideration of an appropriate

safety standard

• Final management decision

Implementation ofManagement Decision

Monitoring and Review

• Assessment of effectiveness of measures

taken

• Review risk management and/or

assessment as necessary

Risk Communication

Joint FAO/WHO Expert Consultation - Rome 1998

• Identified elements and guiding principles of risk

communicationðknow the audienceðinvolve the scientific expertsðestablish expertise in communicationðbe a credible source of informationðshare responsibilityðdifferentiate between science and value judgementðassure transparency and put the risk in perspective

General Principles of FoodSafety Risk Assessment

• Principle 1 - Risk Management should follow a

structured approach:

• “Health and safety aspects of Codex decisions

and recommendations should be based on a risk

assessment, as appropriate to the circumstances”

General Principles of Food SafetyRisk Assessment

• Principle 2 - Protection of human health should

be the primary consideration in Risk

Management decisions:

“Food safety risk assessment should be soundly

based on science, should incorporate the four

steps of the risk assessment process, and should

be documented in a transparent manner”

12


• Principle 3:

“There should be a functional separation

of risk assessment and risk management,

while recognizing that some interactions

are essential for a pragmatic approach”


• Principle 4:

“Risk assessments should use available

quantitative information to the greatest

extent possible and risk characterizations

should be presented in a readily

understandable and useful form”

Risk Analysis

CAC & Codex Committees on:ð Food Additives and Contaminantsð Pesticide Residuesð Residues of Veterinary Drugs in Foodsð Food Hygieneð General Principles

Risk Analysis

• CAC & Codex Committees on (cont.):ðFood LabellingðMethods of Analysis and SamplingðMeat HygieneðFood Import/Export Inspection & Certification

SystemsðNutrition and Foods for Special Dietary Uses

Risk Analysis = Hazard Analysis

• Risk Analysis - more general term and

deals with all possible kinds of risks

including Hazards

• Hazards Analysis - deals with:ð physical hazardsðchemical hazardsð biological hazards

Risk Analysis• Scientific input into the Codex decision

making process:ð independent expert bodies:

• Joint FAO/WHO Expert Committee onFood Additives and Contaminants(JECFA)– additives– chemical contaminants– veterinary drug residues

13

Risk Analysis

• Discussion of the Risk Analysis Process within

Codex can be divided into the following areas:ð food additivesð chemical contaminantsð pesticide residuesð veterinary drugs residuesð biological agents

• Risk Managementð Codex Commission/Committeesð Rare occasions JECFA/JMPR

• Risk Communicationð Codex Committeesð Member Statesð Non Governmental Organizations (NGOs)

RiskManagement/Communication

Codex Initiatives in RiskAnalysis

• 20th Session of the CAC => consideration

of a document entitled “Risk Assessment

Procedures used by the CAC and its

Subsidiary and Advisory Bodies”.

Codex Initiatives in RiskAnalysis

• Joint FAO/WHO Expert Consultation on

Application of Risk Analysis to Food

Standards Issues (Geneva, March 1995) -

the recommendations were endorsed by

the 21st Session of the CAC

Codex Initiatives in Risk Analysis

• 22nd Session of CAC adopted definitions of

risk analysis and the statements of principles

relating to the role of food safety risk

assessment

• Joint FAO/WHO Expert Consultation on Risk

Management and Food Safety (Rome, January

1997) - recommendations considered by the

22nd session of the CAC

Codex Initiatives in Risk Analysis• 23rd Session of the CAC recommended that

programmes that contribute to risk analysis

should have high priority and that Codex

committees continue to develop and apply risk

analysis principles and methodologies

• It also made recommendations to Member

governments, FAO and WHO regarding risk

analysis activities

14

Other activities• Two Joint FAO/WHO Expert Consultations on

Exposure Assessment of Chemicals (York, May

1995; Geneva, February 1997)

• Risk Communication => Rome, 1998

• Joint FAO/WHO Meeting on Pesticide Residues

(JMPR) - pesticide residues

• Scientific international organizations• International Commission on Microbiological Specifications for

Food (ICMSF)

TCP/IRA/0067

4DailyProg_D4_TUE (Last printed 16.08.02 08:18) Page 1 of 1

PPDRI/29.7.02





Tuesday, 30th of July 2002


Main Topic: Pesticide Distribution and Handling

08.30 – 10.00 The legal framework - Pesticide Regulations in Iran(Eng. Mirzalou / PPO)

The EU Registration System for Pesticides(K. Ziller)


10.30 – 12.30 Pesticide Market and distribution in Iran(Eng. Komaie / ASSC)

FAO specifications for pesticide products(K. Ziller)


14.00 – 15.30 Pesticide Application Techniques(Eng. Mirzalou / PPO)



a) Film: „Obsolete pesticides“b) How can we avoid build-up of obsolete pesticides?c) Do we need to introduce new pesticide products?d) Or do we just need to improve the quality of our products?


Legal framework in Iran \ Created 08.08.02 09:54 (ZI/…) Page 1 of 1

The legal framework - Pesticide regulations in IRAN

(Eng. Mirzalou)

Summary

(English summary not available at time of editing)


EU Regulations for pesticides.doc \ Created 08/08/02 08:04 (ZI/…) Page 1 of 2

EU Regulations for Pesticides(Klaus Ziller)

(Power Point Presentation)

Summary:

The Plant Protection Products Directive (91/414/EEC)

The Plant Protection Products Directive (91/414/EEC) was adopted by the Council ofMinisters on 15 July 1991 and published on 19 August 1991. The main elements of theDirective are as follows:

Ø it is intended to harmonise the overall arrangements for authorisation of plant protectionproducts within the European Union. This is achieved by harmonising the process forconsidering the safety of active substances at a European Community level and, althoughindividual product authorisation will remain the responsibility of individual MemberStates, establishing harmonised criteria for considering the safety of those products;

Ø the Directive provides for the establishment of a positive list (Annex I to the Directive) ofactive substances which have been shown to be without unacceptable risk to people or theenvironment;

Ø Annex I of the Directive will be built up over a period of time as existing activesubstances are reviewed (under a collaborative EC Review Programme) and new onesauthorised;

Ø Member States will only be able to authorise the marketing and use of plant protectionproducts whose active substances are listed in Annex I, except where transitionalarrangements apply.

Each European country has designated one specific authority responsible for productauthorisations under this Directive.

Before an active substance can be considered for inclusion in Annex I of Directive91/414/EEC, companies must submit a complete data package on both the active substanceand at least one plant protection product containing that active substance. The data required:

• identify an active substance or the plant protection;• describe their physical and chemical properties;• their effects on target pests, and;• allow for a risk assessment to be made of any possible effects on workers, consumers, the

environment and non-target plants and animals.

Comprehensive lists of the data required to satisfy inclusion in Annex I or the authorisation ofa plant protection product are set out in Annexes II and III of the Directive. Annex II datarelate to the active substance and Annex III data to the plant protection product. These dataare submitted to one or more member states for evaluation. A report of the evaluation issubmitted to the Commission and discussed by all member states in the framework of theStanding Committee on the Food Chain and Animal Health (SCFA) previously the StandingCommittee on Plant Health (SCPH). Where necessary, the Scientific Committee on Plants(SCP) is consulted before the SCFA can vote on whether an active substance should beincluded in Annex I of 91/414/EEC.


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Criteria for evaluating plant protection products

The "Uniform Principles" (Annex VI of Directive 91/414/EEC) establishing common criteriafor evaluating products at a national level were published on 27 September 1997 (OJ L265,p.87). This agreement will ensure that authorisations issued in all Member States operate tothe same high standards.

Authorisation of plant protection products with active substances in Annex I ofDirective 91/414/EEC

For products containing only active substances included in Annex I and authorised by anotherMember State, the Directive also allows for a system of mutual recognition, whereby, subjectto certain conditions, the UK can also authorise the product. Conditions will be attached to theuse of pesticide products, and these may be varied to take account of differences such asclimate and agricultural practice. In order to use this system, it must be demonstrated that theproduct was authorised in accordance with uniform principles, that there is comparability interms of climate, soil, cultural methods, etc., and that Member State that has alreadyauthorised the product has implemented the Annex I decision.

Where there is no scope for mutual recognition because the product is markedly different, i.e.in use or formulation, then further data on safety and/ or efficacy will be required before anauthorisation can be granted.

Authorisation of plant protection products with active substances not yet included inAnnex I of Directive 91/414/EEC

Under transitional arrangements Member States may provisionally authorise productscontaining new active substances not on the market as of 25 July 1993 according to thedetailed clauses of the Directive.

They may also maintain existing national authorisations until 25 July 2003, or completion ofthe review of the active substance, whichever is earlier; and they may

authorise new products containing active substances on the Community market on 25 July1993 or on the market in Austria, Finland, Iceland, Norway, Sweden or Liechtenstein, on orbefore 1 July 1994 under existing national rules

(Source: EU and other member states websites)

Access to information on EU regulations related to pesticides:

It is the policy of the European Union to provide as much information as possible ornecessary through their web sites in the INTERNET. You can find there legislation inforce, draft documents, guidelines, technical papers and many more.

A possible entry site is:

http://europa.eu.int/comm/index_en.htm


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Pesticides Handling and Distribution in Iran

(Eng. Komaie)Agricultural Support Services Company (ASSC)

Summary

ASSC has started its work from 1995 after integration of two national companies:Fertilizer Distributing Company & Seeds and Plant Producing Company.

ASSCs’ duties are:

-Producing, providing, and distributing & sales of: different improved seeds andplants, pesticides, chemical fertilizers, plant hormones and micronutrients.

-Importing of pesticides has been prohibited for private units science 1981, anddevoted (delegated) to Fertilizer Distributing Company, that is now ASSC.

While producing, supporting and transporting of 3000 tones of different type ofchemical fertilizers in the country is one of the responsibilities of ASSC, privatesectors are involved in producing microelement nutrients & compound fertilizers.

Pesticides Preparation

After receiving the order of PPO for the list of required pesticides, ASSC start toprepare them.

The last ordering list was about 195 items of different type of pesticides with theamount of 23000 tons that included:

Local production: 80 types of pesticides, 13000 tons, on the base of internal tender(16 formulator companies, 5 producer companies which produce 11 pesticides).

International tenders: purchasing 11000 tons, that 5000 tons are on the base of mainmaterial and 6000 tons are ready pesticides.

Pesticides Distribution

The prepared pesticides after receiving the PPO quality certificate are distributed toASSC branches and stores in the provinces according to the program and amountsthat PPO announces.

These pesticides are delivered according to the prescription of PPO to otherdistributing units such as Rural Cooperative Companies, Private sectors andauthorized private shops.


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Pesticides Repelling

Wastes of pesticides production, expired pesticides, obsolete and unusable stocksshould be destroyed safely.

In the past we buried wastage two times after taking required authorization, fromrelevant organization, in suitable well-constructed place.

Recently for more safety purposes ASSC has contracted with one of the authorizedcompanies for burning the obsolete and unusable stocks under the regulations of theEnvironmental Organization a suitable well-constructed place.

Recently, for more safety purposes ASSC is contracting with an authorized companyfor burning the obsolete and unusable stocks under the regulations of EnvironmentalOrganization.

(Translation by: M. Yaghobinejad)


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FAO/WHO Pesticide Specifications(Klaus Ziller)

Summary:

1.4 Purpose and use of specifications 1.4.1 Requirements

In order to characterize a pesticide, it is necessary to be able to determine its composition and chemicaland physical properties.

It is clearly not practicable to test all possible chemical and physical properties. Nevertheless,parameters related to identity and quality should be identified and criteria selected to form the basis ofa specification. A specification should be as brief as possible, it must be unambiguous and should besupported by appropriate test methods to determine whether the material conforms to the criteriaestablished. The specification itself will not define biological efficacy nor give information on hazardsbut this type information (e.g. flash point, explosive properties) may accompany a specification, eventhough it does not form a part of the specification.

1.4.2 Purpose

In general, specifications may be used:

(i) as part of a contract of sale, so that a buyer may purchase a pesticide with someguarantee of the quality expected; and

(ii) for the competent authority to check that the quality of the formulation on the marketis the same as that registered.

FAO specifications are not intended to replace national or international registration criteria. Thespecifications are intended to enhance confidence in the purchase and use of pesticides that complywith them, and thus to contribute to improved pest control, increased agricultural productivity and toimproved user, consumer and environmental safety.

1.4.3 Basis of contract

A specification may be used as part of a contract of sale and such a contract will generally contain astatement covering the validity of the specification and an agreed time for analysis to determineconformity with the specification. If not, it is suggested that all the clauses of the specification shallapply at the time that the pesticide is received by the initial consignee or buyer. It is usual in thisconnection to permit the buyer up to three weeks after delivery, for the analysis of the pesticide, todetermine whether or not it complies with the specification.

Pesticides should be expected to continue to be fit for use after storage for at least two years in theunopened, original containers, provided that (i) they have not been unduly exposed to extremes oftemperature, humidity and/or light; (ii) that labels (for example, prepared according to FAO labellingguidelines1) do not indicate a shorter shelf-life; and (iii) that any special instructions from themanufacturer have been followed.

The stability test at 54°C, intended to be applied to formulations at the time of first sale, may not bemet in full if the formulation has been stored for some time.

Buyers and others concerned in the official control of pesticides should draw upon practical knowledgeof the intended use in applying specification requirements. Failure to meet the requirements of aspecification in full does not imply that the formulation is unsuitable for use in all circumstances. Forexample, the "Stability at 0°C" clause for an emulsifiable concentrate is of importance in cold climates,but may have no relevance where the formulation is manufactured, delivered and used in a hot climate,and is thus never subjected to storage under cold conditions.

1 Food and Agriculture Organization (1995). Guidelines on Good Labelling Practice(Revised). Rome.


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1.4.4 Official control of pesticides

Where appropriate, FAO specifications may be linked to registration requirements so that they can alsobe used in the official control of pesticides, to ensure as far as possible that the quality of the pesticidesupplied is the same as that registered. The specification guidelines provided in this Manual may alsobe used to a framework of criteria and/or parameters for the assessment of formulations for which FAOspecifications do not exist.

Only the competent authorities can decide whether or not a particular pesticide shall be used in theircountry; this is not a function of the FAO nor the Group on Specifications.

1.4.5 Role of specifications in the world market

Harmonization of relevant national and/or international standards through the use of FAOspecifications should facilitate world trade in pesticides.

FAO specifications are designed to reflect generally acceptable product standards2. The specificationsprovide an international point of reference against which products can be judged, either for regulatorypurposes or in commercial dealings and thus help to prevent the trading of inferior products. Theydefine the essential chemical and physical properties that may be linked to the efficacy of a product.

1.5 Access to FAO specifications

Copies of FAO specifications may be obtained from the Sales & Marketing Group, FAO, Viale delleTerme di Caracalla, 00100 Rome, Italy

fax: ++39-06-5705-3360

e-mail: [email protected]

web site: http://www.fao.org/catalog/interact//order-e.htm

Specifications may also be accessed at:

web site: http://www.fao.org/ag/agp/agpp/pesticid/

2 Useful advice on the maintenance of high product standards is given in the GIFAP

Monograph, Guidelines on the Quality Control of Pesticides during Formulation andPacking, Brussels, 1985.

WHO in the past prepared similar specifications for pesticides used in public health. They are accessiblethrough INTERNET from web site: http://www.who.int/ctd/whopes

In order to facilitate harmonization of specifications development, in 2001, WHO and FAO signed aMemorandum of Understanding to implement the recommendations and to enable the expert committeesof FAO and WHO to work together. When working together, the two expert committees will be known asthe FAO/WHO Joint Meeting on Pesticides Specifications (JMPS) and the first full meeting of the JMPSwas held in Rome in June, 2002.

The first edition of a new manual on the Development and Use of FAO and WHO specifications isexpected to be published before the end of 2002 and will be available again through INTERNET.


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Pesticide application techniques

(Eng. Mirzalou)

Summary

(English summary not available at time of editing)


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Obsolete Pesticides(Klaus Ziller)

(FAO Film and discussions onObsolete Pesticides)

Summary:

WHEN ARE PESTICIDES OBSOLETE?

Obsolete pesticides are defined as stocked pesticides that can no longer be used for theiroriginal purpose or any other purpose and therefore require disposal. Common causes of thissituation include the following:

Ø the product has been withdrawn for health or environmental reasons (e.g. throughbanning; withdrawal of registration; policy decision by the Ministry of Agriculture);

Ø the product has deteriorated as a result of improper or prolonged storage and can nolonger be used according to its label specifications and use instructions, nor can it easilybe reformulated to become usable again;

Ø the product is not suitable for its original use and cannot be used for another purpose, norcan it easily be modified to become usable.

A product has deteriorated when:

Ø it has undergone chemical and/or physical changes that result in phytotoxic effects on thetarget crop, or an unacceptable hazard to human health or the environment;

Ø the product has undergone an unacceptable loss of biological efficacy because ofdegradation of its active ingredient and/or other chemical or physical changes;

Ø its physical properties have changed to such an extent that it can no longer be appliedwith standard or stipulated application equipment.

In some publications, obsolete pesticides are also correctly referred to as pesticide waste.Another term used is unwanted pesticides, a broader definition than obsolete pesticides.Besides obsolete pesticides (the ones that definitely cannot be used any longer and requiredisposal), it also covers pesticides that, in principle, could still be used, but are not being usedand are regarded as unwanted by their owner because there is a surplus stock in excess ofrequirements; the pest problem has passed; there are logistical constraints concerningdistribution; the formulation is not suitable for the application equipment, etc.

Although there is no immediate use for these products, they may still be in good conditionand may be potentially usable without compromising environmental or occupational safety.Such products should not be regarded as obsolete so long as it has not been established thatthere are no solutions to the impediments hindering their use (such as more effectivedistribution, repackaging, procurement of different application equipment or reformulation ofthe product to make it usable with available application equipment, or alternative use).Therefore, unwanted pesticides are not necessarily obsolete. However, stocks that in principleare still usable, but are not being used, run a high risk of becoming obsolete as a result ofprolonged storage.

(Source: FAO publications on Obsolete Pesticides)


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The film shows problems with obsolete pesticides and their disposal in some Africancountries. The problem itself, however, is wide-spread and exists also in Iran, whereunwanted and/or banned pesticide stocks are estimated to reach more than 1000 tons.

It is not always easy to establish whether old stocks have deteriorated to a level at which theyhave become unusable. If not stated otherwise on the label, products normally have a shelf-life of two years from the date of release, during which the manufacturer guarantees thequality of the product, provided that it is stored according to instructions precisely stated onthe label. Such instructions may for instance refer to temperature, humidity and light/exposureto direct sunlight. Storage periods beyond two years, or beyond the shelf-life indicated on thelabel, do not automatically imply that such products have degraded beyond usability.Pesticides can often be stored for much longer than their indicated shelf-life. On severaloccasions, analytical results showed that five- to seven-year-old stocks of organophosphates,with an indicated shelf-life of two years, were still usable.

However, the opposite may also occur. Storage under extremely high temperatures mayaccelerate deterioration to such an extent that the product becomes unusable before expiry ofits shelf-life. For example, a temperature rise of 10°C may increase the decomposition rate bya factor of two or three (GIFAP, 1985). Temperatures inside shipping containers or in poorlyventilated stores may easily reach 40°C or higher when exposed to direct sunlight in tropicalenvironments.

Iran in summer often has such temperatures over a period of time, both near the sea as well asinside the country.

It is important that pesticide storage and management of stocks is given proper attention withthe aim of avoiding any unnecessary stocks. This applies to both, storage in Governmentdistribution Centers (ASSC) as well as on farm level.

Extensionists should make farmers aware of these facts and urge them to always use freshproducts that are properly stored.

Disposal of obsolete pesticides

Disposal of obsolete pesticides is a very special job and needs special expertise. It shouldtherefore be well planned, and if necessary, experts should be consulted.

Access to FAO information on the topic:

More specific information on obsolete pesticides and their disposal can be obtained fromFAO through their web site:

http://www.fao.org/ag/agp/agpp/pesticid/disposal/default.htm

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PPDRI/30.7.02





Wednesday, 31st of July 2002


Main Topic: Pesticides and Good Agricultural Practice

08.30 – 10.00 Pesticide Residues and their problems(K. Ziller / FAO)

(behaviour of pesticides, climatic influencs, setting of MRLs andPHI, bioavailability, bioaccumulation, consequences for health andtrade)

What means Good Agricultural Practice?


10.30 – 12.30 Working Groups:

1) Bottlenecks in implementation of pesticide related GAP in Iran2) Who should take care of the GAP Framework in Iran?3) Comments on the FAO Framework for GAP.


14.00 – 15.30 Pest Management for the melon fruit fly - an example for GAP ?(Dr. Hosseini / PPDRI Khorason)



a) Extension: what do we need to transfer GAP?b) Present examples of BAP in some areas.c) Film or slides on residue testing.


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Pesticides and GAP(Klaus Ziller)

(MRLs and PHIs,bioavailability and bioaccumulation)

Summary:

The use of pesticides in food production inevitably leaves residues, and strictstandards need to be maintained to guarantee consumer safety.

The amount of residues on or in products depends on a number of different factors:

Ø the amount of pesticides usedØ their chemical and physico-chemical behaviourØ the number of, and time since last applicationØ the climatical conditions during that period

Pesticides can be degraded by sunlight or metabolized in the organism, they can betransformed and also accumulated in the food chain. It is therefore important to knowthe behaviour of a pesticide after application. Therefore, prior to registration of aproduct, supervised field trials are necessary to establish on one hand the efficacy, buton the other hand to know their residue behaviour under the climatical conditions ofthe area where they are applied, and to derive a pre-harvest interval appropriate to themaximum residue level set for a particular use.

If pesticides need to be applied, it is important that the farmer chooses the rightpesticide at the right time, following instructions on the label and properly calibratinghis spraying equipment. Or in other words: farmers have to follow GAP (GoodAgricultural Practice) defined for their country or their production systems in order toavoid unnescessary high residues of pesticides. The definition of GAP is discussedagain in further detail, likewise special terms such as persistence, bioavailability andbioaccumulation are explained.

The overuse, abuse or misuse of pesticides can have serious consequences for foodconsumption and food trade. From acute poisonings to long term health risks, as wellas severe problems in marketing agricultural products within the country and ininternational trade. Examples are given, where whole shipments of agricultural exportgoods had been refused by foreign countries, in many cases resulting in loss ordestruction of the shipment.

Many countries in the world carry out close monitoring of local and imported feedand food. Prompt actions are taken to protect the health of consumers. Some countriesalso introduced a kind of "Rapid Alert System" through which repeated or severecases of food contamination are communicated to other countries, and exportingcountries be put on a watch list, or even be banned from imports.

For the definition of the national GAP conditions, it is important to elaborate thevarious climatical zones in the country and to carry out supervised field trials on theresidue behaviour of the pesticides used. The planning and implementation of fieldtrials as well as the reporting of results should be done in a harmonized way according


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to internationally accepted standards. FAO's Manual on the Submission andEvaluation of Pesticide Residues Data can give good guidance and assurance that thedata generated can be used also for CODEX PURPOSES. Examples for summarizingGAP information are given in the workshop.

The discussion groups foreseen should elaborate more on the following topics:

1) Bottlenecks in implementation of pesticide related GAP in Iran2) Who should take care of the GAP Framework in Iran?3) Comments on the FAO Framework for GAP

GAP models defined and used in other countries will be presented and discussed thefollowing day. They range from comprehensive Codes to very specific models andcannot be simply transferred to Iran. It is important, that the responsible authoritieswork out and define their own GAP.

Also a short view into the ongoing FAO Electronic Conference on GAP will bearranged through internet access. It will give an impression of how, how the GAPissue is dealt with in other countries.

Awareness and information as key to GAP:

The stakeholders must be aware of the fact, that the implementation of GAP (GoodAgricultural Practice) does not only mean that the farmer has to follow the instructionson the label of the pesticide product he uses, but also that the responsible authorities inGovernment have to make available high quality pesticides through efficient registrationand quality control schemes, and a good distribution system.

Furthermore the Government has to create more awareness amongst the farmers andoffer specific training through the agricultural extension system or other channels.Finally they also have to build capacity for monitoring food contaminants and create acomprehensive legal framework covering all pesticide related issues.

For more information contact FAO or search their web sites at:

http://www.fao.org/ag/agp/agpp/pesticid/default.htm

Proposed definition of GAP(outcome of a seminar on GAP in 1988)

GAP -Good Agricultural Practice- in the use of pesticides is thenationally recommended, authorized or registered safe use of pesticidesunder actual conditions at any stage of production, storage, transport,distribution and processing of food commodities and animal feednecessary for effective and reliable pest control. It encompasses a rangeof levels of pesticide application up to the highest, nationallyrecommended, authorized or registered use. In this context, „safe use“takes into account public and occupational health and environmentalconsiderations and the minimum quantities for effective pest control,applied in a manner so as to leave a residue, which is the smallest amountpracticable.


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(Excerpt from FAO manual 1997)

Table 3.1.4.2. Example for summarising GAP information

Registered uses of folpet on vegetables and cereals.

Crop Country Form Application 1 PHI, days

ai Method Rate kg ai/ha Spray conc., kg ai/hl Number

Barley France 1.5 21

Beans Greece WP foliar 0.6-1.5 0.1-0.25 3-4 7

Beans Portugal WP foliar 0.13 1-2 7

Beans, green Spain WP foliar 1.6 0.16 21

Brassica vegetables Italy WP foliar 0.35-0.40 10

Lettuce France WP foliar 0.64 21-412

Lettuce Israel3 WP foliar 2.0 weekly 11

Form: formulation; ai: active ingredient content1 g: glasshouse use.2 summer PHI 21 days, winter PHI 41 days.3 proposed registration.Suggested abbreviations for footnotes to the GAP table are:a: aerial application pr: proposed registrationfg: field and glasshouse use st: seed treatmentg: glasshouse use only t: table grapes onlygs: growth stage restriction w: wine grapes onlyPo: post-harvest use

Source: FAO manual on the submission and evaluation of pesticide residues datafor the estimation of maximum residue levels in food and feed


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Pest Management and GAP

S.M. Hosseini (Scientific member of Agricultural Research Center of Khorason)

Summary:

1) Non-chemical methods to increase spraying intervals against melon fruit fly

Melon fruit fly is an important pest in melon growing areas, which are cultivated80000 ha annually. 100% of the crop is lost unless chemical control is done. Lack ofgrowers information on behavior of the pest and their anxiousness of the pest injurycause them to spray the crop for 10 times in a growing season which induce outbreakof sucking insects such as aphids/mites in late season. Because no attention is paid toPHI, high residues of the chemicals cause severe toxicity of the consumers all overthe country. To decrease the number of sprayings for melons some studies have beencarried out leading to the following recommendations: pruning the foliage and fruitsof melon & grazing the remaining of the crop at late season or plouphing immediatelyafter the last harvest replacing the common plow with chisel plow to expose theoverwintering pupae on the soil.

2) Non-chemical methods to control pests in glasshouses under cucumber andtomato cultivation to reduce chemical residues in crop.

A vast area of the country is located in an arid zone and water is the main limitingfactor. Cultivation under glass houses is a way to conserve water and to increase thecrop yield /ha.In Iran, especially in central and southern provinces due to the presence of highnumber of days with sunlight and suitability of environmental conditions, such cropsunder plastic tunnels has increased. Unfortunately due to inadequacy of informationon pest and diseases of such crops in the countryside, chemical application in suchconfined environments is high, which ultimately induce pest resistance and over-application of chemicals. Waiting periods are not considered, therefore residues arehigh in greenhouse crop, which other than adverse environmental effects leads toacute or chronic poisoning in consumers. To find a suitable approach to control pests& diseases of such crops in greenhouses, a study considering reduction of chemicalapplication, other than cultural practices, soil solarization for nematodes, fungi andsoil insects, yellow sticky traps to control whitefly and thrips, green lacewing andorius bug against aphids /mites were employed. Integration of these methods sufficesthe pest control and there is no need to apply any chemical.


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PLANNING PESTICIDE USE-Points to check and think about before using pesticides-

Ø What product do I select

Ø How can I keep good safety

Ø How can I safeguard environment and wildlife

Ø From where can I get necessary information aboutpesticides

Ø How and where to store pesticides prior and duringuse

Ø How to move pesticides safely

Ø Which is the best method of application for thepurpose - taking into account weather conditions &application equipment

Ø How do I dispose of any left-overs, empty packs,contaminated equipment or clothing

Ø How do I keep records

Ø What do I do in case of emergency

TCP/IRA/0067

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PPDRI/31.7.02





Thursday, 1st of August 2002


Main Topic: Good Agricultural Practice and extension

08.30 – 10.00 Summary Results of Discussion Groups(Eng. M. Yaghobinejad)

Group I: What do we need to implement pesticide related GAP in Iran?Group II: Who should take care of a GAP Framework for Iran

The FAO Electronic Conference on GAP … a short view into theongoing conference through the Internet.(K.Ziller)

GAP Models used in other countries(K.Ziller)


10.30 – 12.00 Methods and Techniques in Extension - Participatory TechnologyDevelopment (PTD)(Eng. M. Yaghobinejad)

12.00 Closing Remarks and handing of Certificates

13.00 Lunch

14.00 – 15.30 Continuation of presentations & discussions on voluntary basis



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FAO Electronic Conference on Good Agricultural Practices

The following is one of the very many comments made through e-mail byparticipants of the Electronic Conference through Internet worldwide.

Thema: [SARD Good Practices] 69. Interventions - Rajbhandari, RileyDatum:09/08/02 20:45:13 Iran SommerzeitFrom: [email protected] (SARD-EForum)To: [email protected] ('[email protected]')

Interventions (2) on Good Practices for SARD, August 9 20021. Capacity Building for Good Practices, Rajbhandari

Dear E-colleagues,

My name is Binayak Rajbhandari.

I am engaged in Himalayan College of Agricultural Sciences & Technology(HICAST), Purbanchal University, Kathmandu, Nepal and WOREC, Kathmandu,Nepal. I have also been engaged in the Sustainable Livelihoods Programme of theSociety for International Development (SID), Rome, Italy.

I have been engaged in implementing, promoting, evaluating and teaching SustainableBio-Intensive Farming System Programme for sustainable livelihoods of the smallfarmers and marginalised people in Nepal.

Interested in following the discussion …?

• Presently an Electronic Conference on GoodAgricultural Practices is ongoing and can befollowed through the Internet at

• http://www.fao.org/wssd/sard/eforum_en.html• between June 24 and August 17, 2002• choose theme, download reference documents,

read introductory materials, ask or respond toquestions, etc.



Sustainable BIF system is a participatory approach of SARD based on agroecologicalprinciples. In this discussion (discussion #3), I would like to share my approach andexperiences in regard to capacity building and adoption of good practices for SARD.

Capacity building of farming communities and organizationsCapacity building is a continuous process and it needs to be extended to theindividuals and institutions engaged in fostering cooperation/collaboration, promotingadoption of new and viable or proven options of livelihoods within the framework ofSARD. Obviously, we need capacity building of the stakeholders and institutions atthe local, national, regional and international levels. At present, capacity building oflocal communities, CBOs and civil society groups/organizations is most needed in thedeveloping countries. It should be focused to bring about conceptual clarity amongand collective empowerment of the stakeholders or key actors engaged/to be engagedin implementing SARD plans. We have been implementing this approach throughappropriate training/workshop/meeting, counseling, collective and comprehensiveempowerment (spiritual, moral, social, ideological, economic, political), and theestablishment and management of Model Demonstration Farm (MDF) at the farmer'sand community level.

The Who does what and how ?The farmers, development workers/teachers and students work jointly in the MDF foraction-research, extension, evaluation and documentation of new practices. It is theimplementing organisations first responsibility to facilitate formation of farmersindependent groups/organisations, and coordinate training/meeting and establishmentof MDFs. Farmers sole responsibility is to test and share observations with fellowsabout the new technology or GPs in his farm and provide in-depth observations, whilethe teachers/students's role is to observe, help to analyse and document the process.In order to effectively channelise technical information and to increase access offarming communities to production inputs and marketing, organisation of the farmersincluding women farmers is imperative.

The last word We have observed that promotion, development and adoption of GPs for SARDshould be initiated and implemented by the development agencies (GOs, NGOs andPvtOs) and academic institutions (agriculture and development related institutionslike HICAST) in close association and participation of the animated or empoweredlocal farmers/rural women's groups/federations. This whole mechanism should bebuilt on the concept of animation, comprehensive empowerment, capacity buildingand social mobilization within the framework of social justice, equity and respect tohuman social-diversity. The international organisations, UN organisation, Developedcountries of the North and the relevant Governments should pay due consideration incapacity building of and assistance to the key actors of SARD movement.

Web site: /www.sidint.org/; and /www.worecnepal.org/Email: [email protected] <mailto:[email protected]> [email protected] <mailto:[email protected]>

(Note: some typing errors were corrected)

=======================================================



2. Examples of Successful Projects that can be Scaled Up, Riley

Dear All

With regard to successful projects that can be scaled up please see thefollowing websites:

http://www.dfid.stir.ac.uk/Afgrp/projects/r7917/r7917.htm<http://www.dfid.stir.ac.uk/Afgrp/projects/r7917/r7917.htm>

http://www.iacr.bbsrc.ac.uk/aen/statistics/uniquaims/aen_uniquaims.html<http://www.iacr.bbsrc.ac.uk/aen/statistics/uniquaims/aen_uniquaims.html>

http://www.iacr.bbsrc.ac.uk/aen/interest/index.htm<http://www.iacr.bbsrc.ac.uk/aen/interest/index.htm>

Best wishes

Janet RileyBiomathematics UnitAgriculture and Environment DivisionRothamsted ResearchHarpenden, AL5 2JQ, UK

*********************************************************************Questions or Problems, please contact us at [email protected]*********************************************************************Welcome to the Electronic Forum on Sustainable Agriculture and RuralDevelopment (SARD) in preparation for the World Summit on SustainableDevelopment (WSSD). < http://www.fao.org/wssd/SARD/eforum_en.htm<http://www.fao.org/wssd/SARD/eforum_en.htm> > Contributions, questions orproblems: please email [email protected]


GAP models from other countries.doc \ Created 13/08/02 17:45 (ZI/…) Page 1 of 1

GAP models suggested or used in other countries

Many countries throughout the World have already taken up in one way or another theissues of Good Agricultural Practices, however, most of them have not yet clearlydefined their policy or even issued guidelines.

Searching through the information available, it is noted also, that some countries haveput a lot of work in defining GAP for many different areas, whilst others have justissued very basic guidelines.

Ø One of the very detailed discussion papers found was the UK draft on the Code ofPractice for the Safe Use of Pesticides on Farms and Holdings. The document isso large that it would not be appropriate to be put into this volume of theproceedings, but it will be made available on CD for those who are interested orlike to use part of it for their work. The filename would be <psdcode.pdf>.

Ø One initiative that involves the private sector is the EUREP GAP.EUREP (Euro Retailer Produce Working Group), represents leading Europeanfood retailers and use GAP (Good Agricultural Practice) as a framework forverification. It is designed specifically for businesses in the fresh produce supplychain. It offers a means of incorporating Integrated Crop Management (ICM) andIntegrated Pest Management (IPM) practices within the framework of commercialagricultural production.

The EUREP GAP Protocol describes essential elements and develops best practicefor global production of fresh produce and horticultural products. It demonstratesto customers a company’s commitment and ability to produce safe and clean food,under an exhaustive system (HACCP) verified by an internationally recognizedindependent third party.

Ø Some general GAP regquirements can be found for instance through the followingInternet address: http://www.pim4u.com/gap.html .

Ø Ireland for instance has defined a Code of Practice for Food Safety in the FreshProduce Supply Chain, which covers a wider area and includes also HACCPmeasures.

Ø More information on Good Agricultural Practice could also be found on theInternet. A good search engine is http://www.google.com . For better performanceenter the full name "Good Agricultural Practice" (as gap or GAP as also anothermeaning).


Methods and Techniques in Extension.doc \ Created 03/08/02 22:12 (ZI/…) Page 1 of 2

Methods and Techniques in Extension - Participatory Technology Development(PTD)

(Eng. M. Yaghobinejad)

Summary

Regarding the importance of the role of appropriate extension methods and principlesin participatory approaches transfering pesticide related issues, the following subjectsare mentioned or recommended:

1. Differences in learning between the youth (formal education) and grown-ups (e.g.farmers)

2. Training Process in Extension: knowledge, attitude, and skill. Also the reasons forfarmer's rejections are discussed.

3. Different levels of farmers participationship: information, consultation, jointdecision making and self management.

4. The tale of interaction between farmers, researchers and extensionists (changes ofextension methods from 1950s to 1990s).

5. Adoption curve, innovation pattern

6. Different steps of adoptions: awareness, attention, assessment (evaluation), trial,adoption.

7. New rapid method of rural studies called 'Rapid Rural Appraisal' (RRA), shortexplanation how to do it and its differencs with usual rural studies.

8. Participatory Rural Appraisal (PRA), its differences to RRA

9. General principles and implementation principles of PRA

10. Role and result of looking at one subject from different angles

11. 8 steps of problem solving by PRA method

12. PRA tools: maps, semi-structural interview, pie diagram, pairwise ranking,matrice ranking, problem tree, transaction, …

13. Examples of PRA implementation in Iran through World Bank irrigation project

14. Participatory Technology Development (PTD) for transferring GAP anddecreasing pesticide residues

15. Mentioning Farmers Field School (FFS) as a participatory method and showingrelated films

16. Existing Educational films and other audio-visual materials in the field ofpesticides residues within the country. Showing one of the existing training kits

17. Discussing about future training plan for 4 regions and programming for nextmeetings to implement other workshops

18. Declaring the summary results of the provincial joint research-extensionquestionaire about pesticides


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Hoping that participation of all people involved with pesticides training, research andextension problems, will provide farmers the required conditions to transfer neededinformation by a perfect and continous coordination in as many regions as possiblewithin the least possible time in order to:

- Giving the people (specially our youth) a more secure and safe food.

- Develop economical conditions for the country by exporting better qualityproducts.

- Show the world a better picture of the level of technology in our country.

Questionnaire by Eng. M. Yaghobinejad sent to provinces prior to GAP workshop

TCP Questioner C1.doc Page 1 of 2

Research-Extension Questionnaire(translation)

1-Client Character:NAME: JOB TITLE:YEARS OF EXPERIENCE: ……….. PLACE OF WORK (ADDRESS):……………………..……………………………………………………………………………………………………………TEL NO:……………. EMAIL:……………..LEVEL OF EDUCATION & field of study:

Diploma: ……… BS:…. MS : ….. PHD:…

Training courses related to pest control & pesticide residueRow Training course title Duration Date Description1 Sprayer calibration2 IPM3 Biological Control4567

English Language Ability: Very good good medium weak very weak1-writing:

2-reading:

3-speaking:

4-comprehension:

2-The Most Important Agricultural Pest & Diseases in your Provincerow Important pests Type of

plantType ofUsedPesticides

Yearlyamount ofusedpesticide

Type ofpestcontrol

Sprayingtimes

123456

3-Information of plants mentioned above:Plant type Plantation

dateHarvestingdate

Spraying times Spraying dates

Questionnaire by Eng. M. Yaghobinejad sent to provinces prior to GAP workshop

TCP Questioner C1.doc Page 2 of 2

4-Is unscrupulous spraying being done in your province by somefarmers? Yes No

If yes, please fulfil the below table about unscrupulous spraying:Type of plant Type of pesticide Regions or Places The reason they

do (why?)What is thesolution

5-Pesticide distribution & type of applying situation in the province: • A-Is all of the pesticides that farmers need available on time? Yes completely in most of the cases yes in most of the cases no (Describe if necessary); ………………………………

• B-How are expiry dates of pesticides used? Most are not expired. most are expired. ……………..

C-How is the pesticides quality? Quite good. Most of them low quality In some cases have low influence on pests.

( More description about pesticide quality): ………………………..

• D- Has there been reported or seen infection cases of people by pesticides inyour province? No. Yes

If yes. How much important was it?…………………….

• E – If the Infection has been happened what has been the reason of it?

Because of not using PPE. Because of eating the food with pesticide residue. Other reasons (describe)………………………………………….

• F- have you ever heard misusing of pesticides or using extra amount of them inyour province?

Yes. No.

• G- If yes, which of the following was the reason?

Using wrong ratio of pesticide in the solution or mixture. Using inappropriate pesticide for the pest Spraying in wrong date. Using Expired pesticide. Pest resistance to pesticide.

Others.

P A R T III

Summaries of discussions

Picture: One of the participants taking the lead Picture: Split into discussion groups

Picture: Brainstorming on "Pesticide Related Problems"


PSM Related Poblems - brainstorming.doc \ Created 06/08/02 17:33 (ZI/…) Page 1 of 4

GROUP DISCUSSION

"Pesticide Related Problems in Iran"

(translation from Persian of structured cards from pinwall)

In the early stage of the workshop the group was asked to perform a brainstormingexercise, write their ideas to the topic on a coloured card and pin it to the wall. Afterpinning all cards, they were structured by the group, and the following main headingswere identified:

1. Lack of concrete rules & regulations about pesticide residues2. Lack of adequate information3. Environmental difficulties4. Unsuitable quality of pesticides5. Spraying techniques and spraying equipment6. Preharvet period for pesticides7. Pesticide Registration problems8. Others9. Suggestions

The following reflects the individual cards written by participants:

(Please note that the translation was made according to the few words written on each card and may in some cases be difficult to understand at first glance)

1. Lack of concete rules & regulations about pesticide residues

A. Lack of concrete supervision for registration and residues

B. Lack of respnsible organization for safety of users and consumers

C. Lack of suitable laboratories for detection of harmful substances in foodproducts especially in provinces

D. The statistic of patients because of using pesticides residue in agriculturalproducts is not distinct

E. How do the side effects study in different regions?

F. Reffering to the clinical center to make aware and know about side effects inpeople

G. The quality of food is overlooked just to feed the hungry



2. Lack of adequate information

A. Lack of information about suitable spraying timeB. Deficiancy of fermers information about how pesticides affectC. Deficiency of farmers information about suitable equipment and techniques for

sprayingD. Lack of information about pesticides level in agricultural productsE. Unfortunately some farmers apply pesticides before observing pests for protecting

cropsF. Covered extension - advertisement on suitable pesticidesG. Lack of knowledge about pests & diseases symptomsH. Farmers have not enough knowledge about how pesticides affect and hazards

arising from applying themI. Lack of consumers knowledgeJ. Cultural difficultesK. Irregular consumption of pesticides by farmersL. High dose sparaying by farmers without considering the instruction which experts

recommend themM. Farmers have low knowledge about pesticide applying methods

3. Environmental difficulties

A. Increasing pest resistance to pesticidesB. Phytotoxicity of pesticidesC. Harmful effects of pesticide residue in agricultural products are not identified by

the peopleD. CarconogenicE. Unusual stability of some pesticidesF. Ruins environment or Environmental destructionG. Deficiency of labs for analyzing or identifying pesticidesH. Unsuitable volume and quantity in packagingI. Harmful effects of some pesticides on plantsJ. Some of pesticides are applied more than 300 years on a pestK. Demolishing of beneficial insectsL. Pest outbreakM. Do the pesticides have any harmful effects on plants organs tissues and in

biological and phyiological plant growth



4. Unsuitable quality of pesticides

A. unsuitable quality of pesticidesB. deficiency of pesticides varietiesC. widespread of broadspectrum pesticidesD. low effectiveness od pesticides or having no effectE. lack of expiry date on the labelF. lack of some or homogeneous formulation for internal products [locally

formulated products]

5. Spraying techniques and spraying equipment

A. Lack of suitable equipment for sprayingB. Lack of using developing nozzelsC. Lack of suitable sprayers for our country and illogical emphasis on specific

methodsD. Lack of suitable sprayersE. Unsuitable sprayer calibration by farmersF. There is no specified measurements for mixing pesticides with water

6. Preharvet period for pesticides

A. How to trust the preharvest periodB. Expiry dateC. Preharvest interval for pesticidesD. Lack of consideration of expiry dateE. Limitation of pesticide varietyF. What to do to increase the pesticide shelf lifeG. Long preharvest period of pesticides especially in the case of cucurbit productsH. Long preharvest period

7. Pesticide Registration problems

A. Pesticide Registration ProcessB. Do the applied experiments on pesticides performed in pesticide producing

countries?C. Unsuitable regional research / experiments for imported pesticidesD.



8. Others

A. Unsuitable packagingB. Old method to prescribe the pesticides at the officeC. Variety in producing of a special pesticide and unreliability of farmers about those

pesticidesD. Methods of controlling pesticide residues in agricultural products in EuropeE. Are the producer countries also the user of their products or the Third World

Countries are the usersF. Lack of investment in alternative methods instead of using pesticides (such as

biological and mechanical methods)G. Production and distribution difficulties

9. Suggestions

A. By using TV programmes, many of pesticides difficulties could be solvedB. Chemical control has less expensesC. Spraying of chemicals is the easiest way of controllingD. Lack of using graduated experts for spraying and calibration of pesticidesE. Efficiency of chemical control

(Please note that the translation was made according to the few words written on each card and may, in some cases, be difficult to understand at first glance)

Comment:

The variety of statements shows the complexity of pesticide related problems, fromproper and comprehensive legal frameworks to the availability of the right products athigh quality and at the right time, from following the instructions on the label to usingthe right application technique with calibrated equipment, from taking safetyprecautions during application - to sticking to the preharvest interval.

The first step into the right direction is creating the necessary awareness amongts allstakeholders concerned.


Discussion Blackmarket.doc \ Created 09/08/02 09:57 (ZI/…) Page 1 of 3

(MON, 29th July 2002)

Discussion topic:

"Is there a blackmarket for pesticides in Iran ?"

Ø General answer: YES

Question: what is the definition of a blackmarket:- a type of trade or market which inside it demands and supply of

products or services are out of any type of system- production, distribution and use of products or services out of

official network of the country- trade which is based on illegal benefits of few people.

Question: Why is there a blackmarket?- disorganized demand and supply- lacking product variety- quick and easy availability- subsidised pesticides- people taking advantage of the situation- poor supervision- unproper distribution- lack of persistent and comprehensive supervision- lack of honesty and desire for profits- lack of existence of products with good quality- lack of distribution of pesticides at the proper time in legal market- lack of proper plans and strategies- lack of healthy and competitive market- lack of knowledge and awareness amongst farmers- experience and knowledge of farmer (who knows better)



Question: What could be found in blackmarket:- all kind of products with different quality- smuggled pesticides- key pesticides- unregistered pesticides- pesticides with broad spectrum activities- pesticides with famous names at the same time unreliables

Examples of products found:- Ridomil GR- Ekamet- Ambush- Decis- Danitol- Carbofuran- Roundup- Gramoxon

Question Pricing of products:- most speak of higher prices

Question: How we can trust them:- you cannot trust them- you can trust them, however, trust is not permanent- unreliable from environmental point of view and expert - but

from the side of farmers there is a trust- fake products

Results of using such products:- reduction of exports- generation of the job- untrust / lack of trust into the official system of pesticide

distribution- increase of resistence- distruction of the financial system of the country (economy)- lack of efficacy for the recommended pesticides and special pests- destruction of environment- killing the beneficial insects- increase of quantity of agricultural products- decrease of quantity of agricultural products



Question: How do you know whether products are approved?

(example of 5 products on display)

1) Dinocap, approved 1979 after passing registration registration requirements …but product came into market in 2000

2) Azinphis-methyl, registered 1968, number and address of producer in Iran, incl.Tel

3) Fenoxaprop-p-ethyl, since there is an expiry date on it, it is acceptable …. But nodate of approval …. Date back 1997 temporary registration for 3 years

4) Ioxynil (herbicide) temporary registration5) Etalfloralin, registered in 1975, production date 2001

Question: How do you know whether these products are still approved now?

… there are list of approved pesticides in Iran (1999). Does everybody have this list?No. It is in the library. And also a paper in on eof the magazines by MOA (also1999). Q: how do you know that these products are still registered now.

Statement: they check only whether the A.I. is listed in the book.

Q: Are chemicals from the blackmarket in the list? Some answer no, some yes.

Q: What is done, if non approved product in blackmarket.

Intervention PPO: this discussion should be tomorrow … products can beconfiscated … new list is going to be published soon …

GAP –Workshop Mashhad

ÓÑí ÕÝÍÉ 1

Discussion Group 1

What are the needs for GAP to be settled in Iran?

(following is a translation of the outcome of the Group Discussion under above topic;the contents are unedited and included just for documentation. Further discussions on the topic will be necessary

for clarification)

Government responsibilities:

1- Policymaking: a-planning. b-regulation of a unit system.(G)2- Recognition of effective factors of producing the agricultural products.3- Regional research.4- Selection of progressive farmers on the basis of product quality & quantity.5- Establishing national & provincial committee for GAP.6- Create a unit for implementing GAP in the country7- Determine IPM for important pests in each region8- Consider the role of women for creating awareness in family and the society9- Increase the development of standards for making pesticides and sprayers10- Determine responsible organizations for MRLs11- Send experts to other countries having experience with GAP12- Prepare regulations and agendas for achieving MRLs13- þ Take advantage of NGOs for achieving GAP goals14- Make policies and rules for violators15- Develop or modify pesticides and fertilizer supply & distribution16- Make available suitable spraying equipment and spare parts17- Allocate necessary funds or loans for purchasing spraying equipment

Governmental & private responsibilities:

1- General training:

a) farmersb) specialistsc) consumers

2- Regional research & information

3- Subsidies for the products should be based upon quality

4- Establishment of well equipped laboratories for measuring pesticide residues

5- Establishment of private extension networks

Private sector: developing private clinics

Farmers Sector: determine the plant patterns

Governmental private farmers consumers sector:

- consider the economic aspects for farmers

Consumers Sector: - determine the consumption patterns

(Speaker of Group: Ahmad Ahmadi, Hamadan)

GAP –Workshop Mashhad

Repeat GAP Requirements.doc Page 1 of 1

Repeated Discussion of Group 1

(following the outcome of the first discussion of Group 1 under above topic,the moderator reformulated the original question to clarify and make sure that GAP requirements were properly

understood)

What information is needed for the farmer to use and apply pesticides?

1- Exact diagnosis of pests2- Proper selection of pesticides (availability of all information about all pesticides)3- Proper selection of sprayer and methods of spraying4- Proper diagnosis of spraying time5- Familiarity with monitoring net activities and early warning6- Exact consideration of MRL and PHI7- Sprayer calibration8- Considering the economic threshold level9- Using IPM for pest control10- To be informed about risks of pesticide use11- Complete assessment and evaluation of implemented practices12- Recording the information or data related to the pest, pesticides and implemented practices13- Consideration of recommended dosage of pesticides14- Consideration of safety in spraying15- Providing and making available the extension bulletins continuously16- Training of principles in controlling pests & diseases

Where is this information available?

1- Universities, Research Centers, PPO, Internet Sites

How could this information be disseminated?

1- Special training courses & workshops2- Prepare special information kits on the topic

(Facilitator for the Group: Mahmood Yaghobinejad, Tehran)

GAP-Workshop Mashhad

Summary discussions G2.doc (8.8.2002) Page 1 of 1

Summary of discussion group II

(GroupTopic: Policy making for the GAP Framework in Iran)

(following is a translation of the outcome of the Group Discussion under above topic;the contents are unedited and included just for documentation. Further discussions on the topic may be

necessary for clarification)

1. Compilation (legislation) of a research / extension comprehensive plan formaking the GAP applicable

2. Establishment of policy making supreme council

3. The above mentioned council should be established by the following members:

a) Minister of Jihad-e-Agriculture as Head of Councilb) Head of Plant and Pests Diseases Research Institute as Secretaryc) Deputy of Extension and Holding (member)d) Deputy of Research and Education Organization (member)e) Deputy of Agronomy (member)f) Deputy of Horticulture (member)g) Deputy of Lifestock (member)h) Head of Veterinary Organization (member)I) Head of Plant Protection Organization (member)k) Head of Environment Organization (member)l) Representative from Health Ministry (member)m) Two persons from Scientific Board of Veterinary & Plant Pathology University selected by Jihad-e-Agriculture Ministern) Representative from Ministry of Trade (member)o) Representative of Farmers Association (member)p) Representative of Ministry of Industry (member)q) Representative of Standards and Industrial Research of Iran (member)r) Head of Country Agriculture Committee of Parliaments) Two representatives from farmers selected by Veterinary & Agricultural Engineering Organization (member)

4. Establishment of GAP Executive Council in Provinces

Members:

a) Head of Jihad-e-Agriculture Organization (Head of Council)b) Head of Research of Plant Pest & Diseases (Secretary of Council)c) and the other members mentioned above in Supreme Council

5. In the cities the Manager of Jihad-e-Agriculture is responsible for performanceof province executive council regulations

6. Any of tentative regulations of the above plan should be performed if it wassuccessful and it should be developed and performed.

7. Optimization of fertilizer and biological substances consumption

(Head of group: Dr. Damad Zadeh, Head of Research Station, Isfahan) 31.7.2002

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