8/6/2019 Gap Betweet Rich and Poor

1/15

1

McGraw-Hill 2004 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.

O v e r v i e w

Colonialism and Development

8/6/2019 Gap Betweet Rich and Poor

2/15

McGraw-Hill 2004 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.

2 Imperialism

Imperialism refers to a policy of extending rule of a nation or empire

over foreign nations and of taking and holding foreign colonies.

Colonialism refers to the political, social, economic, and cultural

domination of a territory and its people by a foreign power for an

extended period of time.

Imperialism is as old as the state.

Modern colonialism began with the Age of Discovery during which

European nations founded colonies throughout the New World.

8/6/2019 Gap Betweet Rich and Poor

3/15

McGraw-Hill 2004 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.

3 British Colonialism

The search for resources and new markets to increase profits fueled

British colonialism.

The first phase ofBritish colonialism was concentrated in the New

World, west Africa, and India and came to a close with the American

Revolution.

During the second period of colonialism, Britain eventually controlled

most of India, Australia, New Zealand, Canada, and large portions of

eastern and southern Africa.

British colonial efforts were justified by what Kipling called white

mans burden, which asserted that native peoples were not capable of

governing themselves and needed the white British colonialist to

provide and maintain order.

8/6/2019 Gap Betweet Rich and Poor

4/15

McGraw-Hill 2004 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.

4 French Colonialism

French colonialism was driven more by the state, the church , and the

military, rather than by business interests.

The first phase ofFrench colonial efforts was focused in Canada, the

Louisiana Territory, the Caribbean, and west Africa.

During the second phase ofFrench colonialism (1870 to World War

II), the empire grew to include most of north Africa and Indochina.

The ideological legitimization forFrench colonialism was mission

civilisatrice (similar to white mans burden): to spread French

culture, language, and religion throughout the colonies.

The French used two forms of colonial rule.

Indirect rule refers to the French practice of governing through native

political structures and leaders.

Direct rule refers to the French practice of imposing new governments

upon native populations.

8/6/2019 Gap Betweet Rich and Poor

5/15

McGraw-Hill 2004 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.

5 Colonialism and Identity

Ethnic and political distinctions around the world were severely

disrupted by colonialism.

For example, many of the modern political boundaries in west Africa

are based on linguistic, political, and economic contrasts that are the

result of European colonial policies in the region.

8/6/2019 Gap Betweet Rich and Poor

6/15

8/6/2019 Gap Betweet Rich and Poor

7/15

McGraw-Hill 2004 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.

7 Development

An intervention philosophy is an ideological justification for

interference in the lives of natives, based upon the assumption that one

is in possession of a superior way of doing or thinking.

British Empire white man's burden.

French Empire mission civilisatrice.

Economic development plans industrialization, modernization,

westernization, and individualism are desirable evolutionary advances that

will bring long-term benefits to natives.

8/6/2019 Gap Betweet Rich and Poor

8/15

McGraw-Hill 2004 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.

8 Problems

Problems Associated with Narrowly Focused Intervention and

Development.

Situations construed as problems resulting from an indigenous lifestyle

may in fact be a result of the world systems impact on that lifestyle.

The systemic effects of development projects may actually be harmful

(e.g., tax and rent increases in response to raised income).

Narrowly focused experts are not as likely to be aware of the broad-

spectrum implications of development schemes.

8/6/2019 Gap Betweet Rich and Poor

9/15

McGraw-Hill 2004 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.

9 The Brazilian Sisal Scheme

In the 1950s, Brazils government attempted to introducesisalas a

cash crop into the subsistence economy of theserto.

Development increased dependence on the world economy, ruined the

local subsistence economy, and worsened local health and income

distribution.

Sisal and Child labor

http://www.globalmarch.org/cl-around-the-world/copy-sweat-

toil95/brazil-sisal.php3

8/6/2019 Gap Betweet Rich and Poor

10/15

McGraw-Hill 2004 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.

10 The Greening of Java

Worldwide, the green revolution has increased food supplies and

reduced food prices.

However, the emphasis on front capital and advanced technological

and chemical farming allowed the bureaucratic and economic elites of

Java to strengthen their positions at the expense of poorer farmers.

Ann Stolers analysis of the green revolutions impact on Java

suggested that it differentially affected such things as gender

stratification, depending on class.

8/6/2019 Gap Betweet Rich and Poor

11/15

McGraw-Hill 2004 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.

11 Equity

A commonly stated goal of development projects is increased equity,

which means a reduction in poverty and a more even distribution of

wealth.

This goal is frequently thwarted by local elites acting to preserve or

enhance their positions.

8/6/2019 Gap Betweet Rich and Poor

12/15

McGraw-Hill 2004 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.

12 The Third World Talks Back

Applied anthropologists have been criticized for ethnocentrism in their

own approaches to development (see the reference to Guillermo

Batalla).

Too much focus on multiple and micro-causes while ignoring major social

inequalities.

Early projects were too psychologically oriented.

Too much focus on technological diffusion as the primary source of

change.

Other critics have pointed out associations between anthropologists

and certain government agencies.

8/6/2019 Gap Betweet Rich and Poor

13/15

McGraw-Hill 2004 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.

13 Strategies for Innovation

Kottak describes his comparative analysis of sixty-eight development

projects, wherein he determined that culturally compatible economic

development projects were twice as successful financially as the

incompatible ones.

Overinnovation refers to development projects that require major

changes on behalf of the target community

Projects that are guilty of overinnovation are generally not successful.

To avoid overinnovation, development projects need to be sensitive to the

traditional culture and concerns of daily life in the target community.

8/6/2019 Gap Betweet Rich and Poor

14/15

McGraw-Hill 2004 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.

14 Underdifferentiation

Underdifferentiation is the tendency to overlook cultural diversity and

view less-developed countries as alike.

Many development projects incorrectly assume that the nuclear family

is the basic unit of production and land ownership.

Many development projects also incorrectly assume that cooperatives

based on models from the former Eastern bloc will be readily

incorporated by rural communities.

8/6/2019 Gap Betweet Rich and Poor

15/15