Ganglion cells project to the brain via the optic nerve information is projected to contralateral...
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![Page 1: Ganglion cells project to the brain via the optic nerve information is projected to contralateral cortex! Visual Pathways.](https://reader037.fdocuments.in/reader037/viewer/2022110207/56649d7e5503460f94a60d46/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
• Ganglion cells project to the brain via the optic nerve
• information is projected to contralateral cortex!
Visual Pathways
![Page 2: Ganglion cells project to the brain via the optic nerve information is projected to contralateral cortex! Visual Pathways.](https://reader037.fdocuments.in/reader037/viewer/2022110207/56649d7e5503460f94a60d46/html5/thumbnails/2.jpg)
• the retina is mapped onto primary visual cortex
• called a retinotopic or spatiotopic map
Visual Pathways
Stimulus Cortical Activity
![Page 3: Ganglion cells project to the brain via the optic nerve information is projected to contralateral cortex! Visual Pathways.](https://reader037.fdocuments.in/reader037/viewer/2022110207/56649d7e5503460f94a60d46/html5/thumbnails/3.jpg)
• signals are separated according to the type of information
Visual Pathways
Dorsal “Where” Pathway:
Motion and Location
Ventral “What” Pathway: Color and Form
Primary Visual Cortex
(V1)
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Seeing
![Page 5: Ganglion cells project to the brain via the optic nerve information is projected to contralateral cortex! Visual Pathways.](https://reader037.fdocuments.in/reader037/viewer/2022110207/56649d7e5503460f94a60d46/html5/thumbnails/5.jpg)
Seeing
• Seeing is the process of converting electromagnetic radiation into a conscious mental event
![Page 6: Ganglion cells project to the brain via the optic nerve information is projected to contralateral cortex! Visual Pathways.](https://reader037.fdocuments.in/reader037/viewer/2022110207/56649d7e5503460f94a60d46/html5/thumbnails/6.jpg)
Seeing
• visual system faces many challenges– too much information– too little information– conflicting information– ambiguous information
![Page 7: Ganglion cells project to the brain via the optic nerve information is projected to contralateral cortex! Visual Pathways.](https://reader037.fdocuments.in/reader037/viewer/2022110207/56649d7e5503460f94a60d46/html5/thumbnails/7.jpg)
Seeing
• too much information
![Page 8: Ganglion cells project to the brain via the optic nerve information is projected to contralateral cortex! Visual Pathways.](https://reader037.fdocuments.in/reader037/viewer/2022110207/56649d7e5503460f94a60d46/html5/thumbnails/8.jpg)
Seeing
• too little information
![Page 9: Ganglion cells project to the brain via the optic nerve information is projected to contralateral cortex! Visual Pathways.](https://reader037.fdocuments.in/reader037/viewer/2022110207/56649d7e5503460f94a60d46/html5/thumbnails/9.jpg)
Seeing
• Conflicting Information
![Page 10: Ganglion cells project to the brain via the optic nerve information is projected to contralateral cortex! Visual Pathways.](https://reader037.fdocuments.in/reader037/viewer/2022110207/56649d7e5503460f94a60d46/html5/thumbnails/10.jpg)
Seeing
• Ambiguous information
![Page 11: Ganglion cells project to the brain via the optic nerve information is projected to contralateral cortex! Visual Pathways.](https://reader037.fdocuments.in/reader037/viewer/2022110207/56649d7e5503460f94a60d46/html5/thumbnails/11.jpg)
Seeing
• We will consider two aspects of vision to explore how the brain overcomes these challenges:
– Seeing depth– Seeing in color
![Page 12: Ganglion cells project to the brain via the optic nerve information is projected to contralateral cortex! Visual Pathways.](https://reader037.fdocuments.in/reader037/viewer/2022110207/56649d7e5503460f94a60d46/html5/thumbnails/12.jpg)
Seeing Depth
• What’s the big problem with seeing depth ?
![Page 13: Ganglion cells project to the brain via the optic nerve information is projected to contralateral cortex! Visual Pathways.](https://reader037.fdocuments.in/reader037/viewer/2022110207/56649d7e5503460f94a60d46/html5/thumbnails/13.jpg)
Seeing Depth
• The world is 3D, the retina is 2D !
![Page 14: Ganglion cells project to the brain via the optic nerve information is projected to contralateral cortex! Visual Pathways.](https://reader037.fdocuments.in/reader037/viewer/2022110207/56649d7e5503460f94a60d46/html5/thumbnails/14.jpg)
Depth Cues
• Four categories:1.Pictorial
2.Physiological
3.Motion
4.Stereoscopic
![Page 15: Ganglion cells project to the brain via the optic nerve information is projected to contralateral cortex! Visual Pathways.](https://reader037.fdocuments.in/reader037/viewer/2022110207/56649d7e5503460f94a60d46/html5/thumbnails/15.jpg)
Depth Cues
Pictorial Depth Cues: aspects of 2D images that imply depth
![Page 16: Ganglion cells project to the brain via the optic nerve information is projected to contralateral cortex! Visual Pathways.](https://reader037.fdocuments.in/reader037/viewer/2022110207/56649d7e5503460f94a60d46/html5/thumbnails/16.jpg)
Depth Cues
Pictorial Depth Cues: aspects of 2D images that imply depth Physiological Depth Cues: Proprioception in ocular muscles indicates
accommodation and convergence
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Depth Cues
Pictorial Depth Cues: aspects of 2D images that imply depth Physiological Depth Cues: Proprioception in ocular muscles indicates
accommodation and convergence Motion Depth Cues: foreground and background move in opposite directions
![Page 18: Ganglion cells project to the brain via the optic nerve information is projected to contralateral cortex! Visual Pathways.](https://reader037.fdocuments.in/reader037/viewer/2022110207/56649d7e5503460f94a60d46/html5/thumbnails/18.jpg)
Depth Cues
Pictorial Depth Cues: aspects of 2D images that imply depth Physiological Depth Cues: Proprioception in ocular muscles indicates
accommodation and convergence Motion Depth Cues: foreground and background move in opposite directions Stereoscopic Depth Cues: disparity between two retinal images indicates
distance
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Pictorial Depth Cues
– Occlusion
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Pictorial Depth Cues
– Occlusion
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Pictorial Depth Cues
– Shadows and Shading
![Page 22: Ganglion cells project to the brain via the optic nerve information is projected to contralateral cortex! Visual Pathways.](https://reader037.fdocuments.in/reader037/viewer/2022110207/56649d7e5503460f94a60d46/html5/thumbnails/22.jpg)
Pictorial Depth Cues
– Shadows and Shading
![Page 23: Ganglion cells project to the brain via the optic nerve information is projected to contralateral cortex! Visual Pathways.](https://reader037.fdocuments.in/reader037/viewer/2022110207/56649d7e5503460f94a60d46/html5/thumbnails/23.jpg)
Pictorial Depth Cues
– Shadows and Shading: visual system assumes light from above
![Page 24: Ganglion cells project to the brain via the optic nerve information is projected to contralateral cortex! Visual Pathways.](https://reader037.fdocuments.in/reader037/viewer/2022110207/56649d7e5503460f94a60d46/html5/thumbnails/24.jpg)
Pictorial Depth Cues
– Shadows and Shading: visual system assumes light from above
![Page 25: Ganglion cells project to the brain via the optic nerve information is projected to contralateral cortex! Visual Pathways.](https://reader037.fdocuments.in/reader037/viewer/2022110207/56649d7e5503460f94a60d46/html5/thumbnails/25.jpg)
Pictorial Depth Cues
– Shadows and Shading
![Page 26: Ganglion cells project to the brain via the optic nerve information is projected to contralateral cortex! Visual Pathways.](https://reader037.fdocuments.in/reader037/viewer/2022110207/56649d7e5503460f94a60d46/html5/thumbnails/26.jpg)
Pictorial Depth Cues
– Shadows and Shading
![Page 27: Ganglion cells project to the brain via the optic nerve information is projected to contralateral cortex! Visual Pathways.](https://reader037.fdocuments.in/reader037/viewer/2022110207/56649d7e5503460f94a60d46/html5/thumbnails/27.jpg)
Pictorial Depth Cues
– Retinal image size– far objects smaller than near objects
![Page 28: Ganglion cells project to the brain via the optic nerve information is projected to contralateral cortex! Visual Pathways.](https://reader037.fdocuments.in/reader037/viewer/2022110207/56649d7e5503460f94a60d46/html5/thumbnails/28.jpg)
• Retinal image size– problem: big far things same as close
small things– “solved” by size constancy: Perceived size
is adjusted according to perceived distance (based on other cues)
– forms the basis for several visual illusions
Pictorial Depth Cues
![Page 29: Ganglion cells project to the brain via the optic nerve information is projected to contralateral cortex! Visual Pathways.](https://reader037.fdocuments.in/reader037/viewer/2022110207/56649d7e5503460f94a60d46/html5/thumbnails/29.jpg)
• Retinal image size
Pictorial Depth Cues
![Page 30: Ganglion cells project to the brain via the optic nerve information is projected to contralateral cortex! Visual Pathways.](https://reader037.fdocuments.in/reader037/viewer/2022110207/56649d7e5503460f94a60d46/html5/thumbnails/30.jpg)
• Retinal image size
Pictorial Depth Cues
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• Linear perspective
Pictorial Depth Cues