GANGA ACTION PLAN IN INDIA – AN OVERVIEW

PRESENTATION BY BRIJESH SIKKA, DIRECTORMINISTRY OF ENVIRONMENT & FORESTS, GOVT. OF INDIA

SABESP INTERNATIONAL SEMINAR AT SAO PAULO, BRAZIL7TH TO 8TH NOVEMBER, 2006

STRUCTURE OF PRESENTATIONSTRUCTURE OF PRESENTATIONSTRUCTURE OF PRESENTATION

Background of the project

Sources of pollution, present status of water quality of rivers in India and River Action Plan Model

National River Conservation Plan

Ganga Action Plan

Appropriate technologies for sewage treatment

Lessons learnt & strategies/initiatives adopted

Area 3.28 million sq. km. (2% of world’s total )Population(2001) 1027 million(16% of world’s total)

(2005) 1060 millionCoordinates 80 4’ and 3706’ North latitudes

6807’ and 97025 East longitudesClimate Tropical (Tropic of Cancer divides India

two halves)Land Frontier 15,200 km.Coastline 7,500 km.No.of States/UTs 28 States and 7 Union Territories,

including the National Capital Region ofDelhi.

INDIA AT A GLANCE

BACKGROUNDBACKGROUND

Rivers in India are life lines of the people closely linked with our culture and tradition closely bound with the health and well being of large population

Restoring the health of rivers, which have become polluted, is very important

(Cleaning of major rivers is a monitorable target in 10th Five Year Plan)

Ganga at Hardwar during Kumbh

Total riverine length under different levels of pollution in India

Severely polluted

15%

Relatively clean66%

Moderatly polluted

19%

Severely pollutedModeratly pollutedRelatively clean

S.S.NoNo

Level of PollutionLevel of Pollution Pollution Pollution CriteriaCriteria

Riverine Riverine length, Km.length, Km.

Riverine length, Riverine length, percentagepercentage

01.01. Severely pollutedSeverely polluted BOD > 6 mg/lBOD > 6 mg/l 60866086 1515

02.02. Moderately Moderately pollutedpolluted

BOD 3BOD 3--6 mg/l6 mg/l 86918691 1919

03.03. Relatively cleanRelatively clean BOD < 3 mg/lBOD < 3 mg/l 3026630266 6666

WATER QUALITY STATUS

Analysis of 11 years data with respect to BOD values as indicator of organic pollution

River Basin >6 mg/l 3-6 mg/l <3 mg/l Total Indus 70 132 3917 4119Ganga 1760 3612 7318 12690Bramaputra 0 0 5013 5013Narmada 120 360 902 1382Mahanadi 210 370 1393 1973Godavari 960 856 2676 4492Krishna 840 956 1988 3784Cauvery 70 320 928 1318Other river basins 2056 2085 6131 10272

Total 6086 8691 30266 45043

Bio-Chemical Oxygen Demand (BOD)

River Basin-wise riverine length(in kms.)under different levels of pollution

MAIN SOURCES OF POLLUTIONMAIN SOURCES OF POLLUTION

DISPOSALOF DEADBODIES & ANIMAL

CARCASSES

OPEN DEFECATION

&CATTLE

WALLOWING

RUNOFF FROM SOLID &

MEDICAL WASTES &

AGRICULTRALFIELDS

NONNONPOINTPOINT

SOURCESSOURCES

20%

MUNICIPAL SEWAGEMUNICIPAL SEWAGE

INDUSTRIAL INDUSTRIAL POLLUTIONPOLLUTION

80%

POINT SOURCESPOINT SOURCES

Solid waste disposal

Animal bathingDisposal of dead body

NONNON--POINT SOURCES OF POLLUTIONPOINT SOURCES OF POLLUTION

Burning Ghat

Pollution from squatter settlements

POLLUTANT LOADS FROM VARIOUS SOURCES IN GANGA BASIN

Non-point (livestock)

0.5%

Non-point (agricultural

runoff)3.2%

Non-point (household in

rural areas)2.1%

Point (municipal

sewage from urban areas)

78.2%

Point (industry)16.0%

Pollution contribution from in-river activities such as cattle wallowing, washing of clothes, throwing of half-burnt/unburnt bodies and flowers into the river is very minor but difficult to estimate. However, these need to be controlled in order to maintain the aesthetics & hygienic condition of the river.

CLASSIFICATION OF WATER QUALITY OF INDIAN RIVERS

CLASSIFICATION OF WATER QUALITY CLASSIFICATION OF WATER QUALITY OF INDIAN RIVERSOF INDIAN RIVERS

A.DRINKING WATER SOURCE WITHOUT CONVENTIONAL TREATMENT BUT AFTER DISINFECTION

B.OUTDOOR BATHING

C.DRINKING WATER SOURCE WITH CONVENTIONAL TREATMENT FOLLOWED BY DISINFECTION

D.PROPOGATION OF WILD LIFE

E. IRRIGATION, INDUSTRIAL COOLING AND WATER DISPOSAL

A.A. DRINKING WATER SOURCE WITHOUT CONVENTIONAL DRINKING WATER SOURCE WITHOUT CONVENTIONAL TREATMENT BUT AFTER DISINFECTIONTREATMENT BUT AFTER DISINFECTION

B.B. OUTDOOR BATHINGOUTDOOR BATHING

C.C. DRINKING WATER SOURCE WITH CONVENTIONAL DRINKING WATER SOURCE WITH CONVENTIONAL TREATMENT FOLLOWED BY DISINFECTIONTREATMENT FOLLOWED BY DISINFECTION

D.D. PROPOGATION OF WILD LIFEPROPOGATION OF WILD LIFE

E.E. IRRIGATION, INDUSTRIAL COOLING AND WATER DISPOSALIRRIGATION, INDUSTRIAL COOLING AND WATER DISPOSAL

BATHING QUALITY (B CLASS) BATHING QUALITY (B CLASS) STANDARD FOR INDIAN RIVERSSTANDARD FOR INDIAN RIVERS

BODBOD -- BIOBIO--CHEMICAL OXYGEN DEMANDCHEMICAL OXYGEN DEMANDDODO -- DISSOLVED OXYGENDISSOLVED OXYGENMPNMPN -- MOST PROBABLE NUMBERMOST PROBABLE NUMBER

BODBOD 3 mg/l (MAXIMUM)3 mg/l (MAXIMUM)

DO DO 5 mg/l (MINIMUM)5 mg/l (MINIMUM)

COLIFORM (FAECAL)COLIFORM (FAECAL) 500 (DESIRABLE)500 (DESIRABLE)

2500 (MAX. PERMISSIBLE)2500 (MAX. PERMISSIBLE)

PERMISSIBLE LIMITPERMISSIBLE LIMITPARAMETERSPARAMETERS

MPN 100 ml

Pollution abatement works in major rivers in the country commenced with the launching of Ganga Action Plan (GAP) Phase-I in 1985

GAP-I was extended as GAP-II from 1993 onwards to cover Gomti, Yamunaand Damodar, three main tributaries of Ganga

Pollution abatement works in major rivers in the country commePollution abatement works in major rivers in the country commenced with nced with the launching of the launching of GangaGanga Action Plan (GAP) PhaseAction Plan (GAP) Phase--I in 1985I in 1985

GAPGAP--I was extended as GAPI was extended as GAP--II from 1993 onwards to cover II from 1993 onwards to cover GomtiGomti, , YamunaYamunaand and DamodarDamodar, three main tributaries of , three main tributaries of GangaGanga

The The programmeprogramme was further broad based in 1995 to include other major rivers was further broad based in 1995 to include other major rivers and reand re--named as National River Conservation Plan (NRCP)named as National River Conservation Plan (NRCP)

NATIONAL RIVER CONSERVATION PLAN (NRCP)

NATIONAL RIVER CONSERVATION PLAN NATIONAL RIVER CONSERVATION PLAN (NRCP)(NRCP)

Maha Kumbh at Allahabad

NATIONAL RIVER CONSERVATION PLANNATIONAL RIVER CONSERVATION PLAN

A National River Conservation Authority (NRCA) chaired by the Hon’ble Prime Minister of India is in place to provide the policy framework and oversee implementation of NRCP

Chief Ministers of the concerned States, Union Ministers and various experts are its members

The National River Conservation Directorate (NRCD) The National River Conservation Directorate (NRCD) coordinates implementation of pollution abatement schemes under the NRCP

NRCP presently covers 160 towns along 34 stretches of polluted NRCP presently covers 160 towns along 34 stretches of polluted rivers in 20 Statesrivers in 20 States

Present approved cost of NRCP is Rs. 4735 crore ( around US $ Present approved cost of NRCP is Rs. 4735 crore ( around US $ 1 1 billion) billion)

FUNDING PATTERN

Projects approved before March, 2001 are 100% funded by the Central Government with land cost to be borne by the concerned State Government

Projects approved after March, 2001 are being funded on 70:30 cost sharing basis between Centre and the State

Out of the State share of 30%, local bodies to contribute 10% of the cost

Operation and maintenance (O&M) of assets created is the full responsibility of the State Government/local body

FUNDING PATTERNFUNDING PATTERN

Projects approved before March, 2001 are 100% funded by the Projects approved before March, 2001 are 100% funded by the Central Government with land cost to be borne by the concerned Central Government with land cost to be borne by the concerned State Government State Government

Projects approved after March, 2001 are being funded on 70:30 coProjects approved after March, 2001 are being funded on 70:30 cost st sharing basis between Centre and the Statesharing basis between Centre and the State

Out of the State share of 30%, local bodies to contribute 10% oOut of the State share of 30%, local bodies to contribute 10% of the f the costcost

Operation and maintenance (O&M) of assets created is the full Operation and maintenance (O&M) of assets created is the full responsibility of the State Government/local bodyresponsibility of the State Government/local body

NATIONAL RIVER CONSERVATION PLAN NATIONAL RIVER CONSERVATION PLAN NATIONAL RIVER CONSERVATION PLAN

NRCANRCA(HON’BLE PRIME MINISTER)(HON’BLE PRIME MINISTER)

IN STATESIN STATESMINISTRY OFMINISTRY OF

ENV. & FORESTSENV. & FORESTSMONITORINGCOMMITTEE

(MEMBER, PLANNINGCOMMISSION)CHIEF CHIEF

SECRETARYSECRETARY

STEERING COMMITTEESTEERING COMMITTEE(SECY. ENV & FORESTS)(SECY. ENV & FORESTS)

STATESTATENODAL DEPT.NODAL DEPT.

PROJECT PROJECT MONITORING CELLMONITORING CELLUNDER DIVISIONALUNDER DIVISIONAL

COMMISSIONERCOMMISSIONER

STANDING STANDING COMMITTEE (MEF)COMMITTEE (MEF)

PROJECTADVISORY

COMMITTEE

NRCDNRCDSECRETARIATSECRETARIAT

MONITORING MECHANISMMONITORING MECHANISMMONITORING MECHANISM

T O W NT O W N

R I V E R

RIVER ACTION PLAN MODELRIVER ACTION PLAN MODEL

CREMATORIACREMATORIA

RFDRFDLCSLCS

FORIRRIGATION

FORIRRIGATION

TREATED EFFLUENTTREATED EFFLUENT

SEWERSEWER

RFDRFD

NA

LLA

S

INDUSTRY

ETPETP

STPSTPPUMPINGSTATIONPUMPINGSTATION

NATIONAL RIVER CONSERVATION PLAN NATIONAL RIVER CONSERVATION PLAN NATIONAL RIVER CONSERVATION PLAN

Major type of works covered under NRCP and their capital cost inpercentage terms vis-à-vis the total project cost:

Interception & diversion of sewage – 52%Sewage treatment plants – 37%Low cost sanitation – 7%Crematoria – 0.6%Ghat/river front development – 1.2%Public awareness & participation – 0.3%

The component of ‘Institutional strengthening and capacity building of local bodies’ is now also being taken up for ensuring greater sustainability of the sanctioned projects

Major type of works covered under NRCP and their capital cost inMajor type of works covered under NRCP and their capital cost inpercentage terms vispercentage terms vis--àà--vis the total project cost:vis the total project cost:

Interception & diversion of sewage Interception & diversion of sewage –– 52%52%Sewage treatment plants Sewage treatment plants –– 37%37%Low cost sanitation Low cost sanitation –– 7%7%Crematoria Crematoria –– 0.6%0.6%GhatGhat/river front development /river front development –– 1.2%1.2%Public awareness & participation Public awareness & participation –– 0.3%0.3%

The component of ‘Institutional strengthening and capacity The component of ‘Institutional strengthening and capacity building of local bodies’ is now also being taken up for ensurinbuilding of local bodies’ is now also being taken up for ensuring g greater sustainability of the sanctioned projects greater sustainability of the sanctioned projects

78 mld UASB STP at Agra

RIVER GANGARIVER GANGARIVER GANGA

GANGA BASIN MAPGANGA BASIN MAPGANGA BASIN MAP

GANGA BASINGANGA BASINGANGA BASIN

River Ganga originates from Himalayas and traverses approximately 2500 kms. before discharging into Bay of Bengal.Catchment area of Ganga Basin is about 840,000 km2 (25% of India’s landmass)

River Ganga originates from Himalayas and traverses approximatelRiver Ganga originates from Himalayas and traverses approximately y 2500 2500 kmskms. before discharging into Bay of Bengal.. before discharging into Bay of Bengal.CatchmentCatchment area of Ganga Basin is about 840,000 kmarea of Ganga Basin is about 840,000 km22 (25% of India’s (25% of India’s landmass)landmass)

Nearly 400 million people (40% of the country population) live in the Basin

Ganga is regarded as a sacred river and extensively used for bathing, apart from serving as source of water supply and irrigation

GANGA ACTION PLAN (GAP) PHASE-IGANGA ACTION PLAN (GAP) PHASEGANGA ACTION PLAN (GAP) PHASE--II

The Ganga Action Plan Phase-I (GAP-I) was launched in 1985

GAP-I covered 25 Class-I towns (having population above 100,000) in 3 states

The Ganga Action Plan PhaseThe Ganga Action Plan Phase--I (GAPI (GAP--I) was launched in 1985I) was launched in 1985

GAPGAP--I covered 25 ClassI covered 25 Class--I towns (having population above 100,000) I towns (having population above 100,000) in 3 statesin 3 states

GAPGAP--I has been completed at a I has been completed at a cost of Rs. 452 crore (US $ 100 cost of Rs. 452 crore (US $ 100 million)million)

Sewage treatment plants having Sewage treatment plants having capacity of 865 capacity of 865 mldmld have been have been createdcreated

GANGA ACTION PLAN PHASE-IIGANGA ACTION PLAN PHASEGANGA ACTION PLAN PHASE--IIII

Under GAP-I, 865 mld i.e. only 65% of the original pollution load of 1340 mld could be tackled. This percentage as per the present pollution load of 2900 mld has been reduced to around 30%

Due to financial constraints, the balance pollution load is being tackled in phases under the 2nd phase of GAP

Under GAPUnder GAP--I, 865 I, 865 mldmld i.e. only 65% of the original pollution load of i.e. only 65% of the original pollution load of 1340 1340 mldmld could be tackled. This percentage as per the present could be tackled. This percentage as per the present pollution load of 2900 pollution load of 2900 mldmld has been reduced to around 30%has been reduced to around 30%

Due to financial constraints, the balance pollution load is beinDue to financial constraints, the balance pollution load is being g tackled in phases under the 2tackled in phases under the 2ndnd phase of GAPphase of GAP

Pollution abatement works in 59 towns Pollution abatement works in 59 towns in 5 States costing in 5 States costing RsRs. 653 . 653 CroreCrore (around (around US $ 150 million) are presently under US $ 150 million) are presently under implementation under GAP Phaseimplementation under GAP Phase--IIII

Additional sewage treatment capacity of Additional sewage treatment capacity of 780 780 mldmld is envisaged under GAP Phaseis envisaged under GAP Phase--IIII

STP at Kolkata

2,2

10,6

8,6

5,1

15,5

4.5 5,4

3,12.3 2,2

0

2

4

6

8

10

12

14

16

KANNAUJ KANPUR ALLAHABAD VARANASI PATNA

1986 2005

STANDARD( 3 mg/l or less)

Bio-chemical Oxygen Demand(Summer Average)

BO

D(m

g/l)

1987

TOWNS

IMPROVEMENT IN WATER QUALITY OF GANGAIMPROVEMENT IN WATER QUALITY OF GANGADespite rapid increase inDespite rapid increase in population, urbanization & industrial growth, the water population, urbanization & industrial growth, the water quality of quality of GangaGanga has shown discernible improvement over the prehas shown discernible improvement over the pre--GAP periodGAP period

6,66,5 6,75,9

8,1 8.08.38,4

4,7

7.6

0

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

KANNAUJ KANPUR ALLAHABAD VARANASI PATNA

1986 2005

TOWNS

Dissolved Oxygen (Summer Average)

DO

(mg/

l)

1987

STANDARD( 5 mg/l or more)

IMPROVEMENT IN WATER QUALITY OF GANGAIMPROVEMENT IN WATER QUALITY OF GANGA

Mid-term Evaluation of GAP-I carried out by experts from universities and R&D institutions in 1995 concluded that

Reduction of discharge of organic matter, a necessary first step in restoring the water quality has been achieved to a fair level GAP as conceived and implemented is an appropriate programme for application to other river basins also

A Cost Benefit Analysis of GAP-I carried out by Harvard Institute of International Development from 1996-98 concluded that

River cleanup programmes involve a long time period and large resources for effective actionIn terms of both the time taken and cost involved, GAP compares favourably with those of other major rivers of the world like Thames, Rhine and Danube

MidMid--term Evaluation of GAPterm Evaluation of GAP--I carried out by experts from I carried out by experts from universities and R&D institutions in 1995 concluded thatuniversities and R&D institutions in 1995 concluded that

Reduction of discharge of organic matter, a necessary first stepReduction of discharge of organic matter, a necessary first step in in restoring the water quality has been achieved to a fair level restoring the water quality has been achieved to a fair level GAP as conceived and implemented is an appropriate GAP as conceived and implemented is an appropriate programmeprogramme for for application to other river basins alsoapplication to other river basins also

A Cost Benefit Analysis of GAPA Cost Benefit Analysis of GAP--I carried out by Harvard Institute I carried out by Harvard Institute of International Development from 1996of International Development from 1996--98 concluded that98 concluded that

River cleanup River cleanup programmesprogrammes involve a long time period and large involve a long time period and large resources for effective actionresources for effective actionIn terms of both the time taken and cost involved, GAP compares In terms of both the time taken and cost involved, GAP compares favourablyfavourably with those of other major rivers of the world like Thames, with those of other major rivers of the world like Thames, Rhine and Danube Rhine and Danube

EVALUATION OF GAP PHASEEVALUATION OF GAP PHASE--II

PRESENT FOCUS OF GANGA ACTION PLAN PHASE-II

PRESENT FOCUS OF GANGA ACTION PRESENT FOCUS OF GANGA ACTION PLAN PHASEPLAN PHASE--IIII

Need for prioritization of works due to financial constraints

Pollution level of river Ganga and its tributaries in the middle stretch is comparatively higher due to:- low river flow resulting in lower dilution effect - higher pollutant contribution from towns located in this

densely populated zoneTherefore, 4 large, important and rapidly expanding towns (2-3% per annum population growth rate) in the critical middle stretch of the river, which are major sources of pollution, are the main focus for taking up pollution abatement works under GAP-II in future

Need for prioritization of works due to financial constraintsNeed for prioritization of works due to financial constraints

Pollution level of river Ganga and its tributaries in the middlPollution level of river Ganga and its tributaries in the middle stretch e stretch is comparatively higher due to:is comparatively higher due to:-- low river flow resulting in lower dilution effect low river flow resulting in lower dilution effect -- higher pollutant contribution from towns located in thishigher pollutant contribution from towns located in this

densely populated zonedensely populated zone

Therefore, 4 large, important and Therefore, 4 large, important and rapidly expanding towns (2rapidly expanding towns (2--3% per 3% per annum population growth rate) in annum population growth rate) in the critical middle stretch of the the critical middle stretch of the river, which are major sources of river, which are major sources of pollution, are the main focus for pollution, are the main focus for taking up pollution abatement taking up pollution abatement works under GAPworks under GAP--II in future II in future

PRESENT FOCUS OF GANGA ACTION PLAN PHASE-II

PRESENT FOCUS OF GANGA ACTION PRESENT FOCUS OF GANGA ACTION PLAN PHASEPLAN PHASE--IIII

Project proposals for the towns of Kanpur, Allahabad and Varanasi on main river Ganga and Lucknow on river Gomti prepared under the JICA (Japan International Cooperation Agency) aided Development Study on ‘Water Quality Management Plan for Ganga river’

These project proposals had been posed to JBIC (Japan Bank for International Cooperation) for assistance

Project proposal for Varanasi has already been approved by JBIC for funding

Project proposals for the other three towns are under consideration of JBIC for funding in future as a part of their ODA Rolling Plan package

Project proposals for the towns of Project proposals for the towns of KanpurKanpur, Allahabad and , Allahabad and VaranasiVaranasi on on main river main river GangaGanga and and LucknowLucknow on river on river GomtiGomti prepared under the prepared under the JICA (Japan International Cooperation Agency) aided Development JICA (Japan International Cooperation Agency) aided Development Study on ‘Water Quality Management Plan for Study on ‘Water Quality Management Plan for GangaGanga river’river’

These project proposals had been posed to JBIC (Japan Bank for These project proposals had been posed to JBIC (Japan Bank for International Cooperation) for assistanceInternational Cooperation) for assistance

Project proposal for Project proposal for VaranasiVaranasi has already been approved by JBIC for has already been approved by JBIC for funding funding

Project proposals for the other three towns are under consideratProject proposals for the other three towns are under consideration of ion of JBIC for funding in future as a part of their ODA Rolling Plan JBIC for funding in future as a part of their ODA Rolling Plan package package

GANGA ACTION PLAN PROJECT AT VARANASI

GANGA ACTION PLAN PROJECT AT GANGA ACTION PLAN PROJECT AT VARANASIVARANASI

Project cost estimated at around Rs. 500 crore (US $ 110 million)

Assistance being received from JBIC for 85% of the project cost.

Project consists of the following components:Sewerage system (laying of new as well as rehabilitating the existing sewerage system)200 mld sewage treatment plant Community toilet complexes in slum areas Construction of dhobi/washermen ghats and bathing ghatsPublic awareness & participation programmeInstitutional development programmefor the local body

Project cost estimated at around Project cost estimated at around RsRs. 500 . 500 crorecrore (US $ 110 million) (US $ 110 million)

Assistance being received from JBIC for 85% of the project cost.Assistance being received from JBIC for 85% of the project cost.

Project consists of the following components:Project consists of the following components:Sewerage system (laying of new as well as rehabilitating the Sewerage system (laying of new as well as rehabilitating the existing sewerage system)existing sewerage system)200 200 mldmld sewage treatment plant sewage treatment plant Community toilet complexes in slum areas Community toilet complexes in slum areas Construction of dhobi/Construction of dhobi/washermen washermen ghatsghats and bathing and bathing ghatsghatsPublic awareness & participation Public awareness & participation programmeprogrammeInstitutional development Institutional development programmeprogrammefor the local body for the local body Ghat at Varanasi

SEWAGE GENERATION & TREATMENT CAPACITY IN INDIA

SEWAGE GENERATION & TREATMENT SEWAGE GENERATION & TREATMENT CAPACITY IN INDIACAPACITY IN INDIA

Total population of India (2001) - 1027 millionPopulation in urban areas - 285 millionClass I Cities (population > 100,000) - 414Class II Cities (population 50,000-100,000) - 489Total sewage generation (2001) - 29129 mldInstalled STP capacity - 6190 mld

(21.3 %)Treatment capacity gap - 22939 mld

(78.7%)Planned treatment capacity - 1742.6 mld

(6.0%)

Total population of India (2001) Total population of India (2001) -- 1027 million1027 millionPopulation in urban areas Population in urban areas -- 285 million285 millionClass I Cities (population > 100,000) Class I Cities (population > 100,000) -- 414414Class II Cities (population 50,000Class II Cities (population 50,000--100,000) 100,000) -- 489489Total sewage generation (2001)Total sewage generation (2001) -- 29129 29129 mldmldInstalled STP capacity Installed STP capacity -- 6190 6190 mldmld

(21.3 %)(21.3 %)Treatment capacity gap Treatment capacity gap -- 22939 22939 mldmld

(78.7%)(78.7%)Planned treatment capacityPlanned treatment capacity -- 1742.6 1742.6 mldmld

(6.0%)(6.0%)

STANDARDS FOR TREATED SEWAGESTANDARDS FOR TREATED SEWAGEUNDER NRCPUNDER NRCP

FOR DISCHARGEFOR DISCHARGE

INTO WATER BODYINTO WATER BODY ON LANDON LAND

BOD (mg/l)BOD (mg/l)

T S S (mg/l)T S S (mg/l)

FAECAL (MPN/100 ml)FAECAL (MPN/100 ml)COLIFORMSCOLIFORMS

3030

5050

10001000

1000010000

100100

200200

(Desirable)(Desirable)

(Maximum)(Maximum)

SELECTION OF APPROPRIATE SEWAGE TREATMENT TECHNOLOGY

SELECTION OF APPROPRIATE SEWAGE SELECTION OF APPROPRIATE SEWAGE TREATMENT TECHNOLOGYTREATMENT TECHNOLOGY

Large number of STPs constructed under GAP Phase-I were based on activated sludge process (ASP) and trickling filter technology

Problems encountered in their proper O&M due to Large power requirementHigh O&M cost Frequent power breakdowns Financial constraints of the maintaining agency/local bodyNon-availability of adequate skilled manpower to run these STPs

This led to the need for selection of appropriate sewage treatment technologies more suited to local conditions under NRCP

Large number of Large number of STPsSTPs constructed under GAP Phaseconstructed under GAP Phase--I were based on I were based on activated sludge process (ASP) and trickling filter technologyactivated sludge process (ASP) and trickling filter technology

Problems encountered in their proper O&M due to Problems encountered in their proper O&M due to

Large power requirementLarge power requirementHigh O&M cost High O&M cost Frequent power breakdowns Frequent power breakdowns Financial constraints of the maintaining agency/local bodyFinancial constraints of the maintaining agency/local bodyNonNon--availability of adequate skilled manpower to run these availability of adequate skilled manpower to run these STPsSTPs

This led to the need for selection of appropriate sewage treatmeThis led to the need for selection of appropriate sewage treatment nt technologies more suited to local conditions under NRCPtechnologies more suited to local conditions under NRCP

SELECTION OF APPROPRIATE SEWAGE TREATMENT TECHNOLOGY

SELECTION OF APPROPRIATE SEWAGE SELECTION OF APPROPRIATE SEWAGE TREATMENT TECHNOLOGYTREATMENT TECHNOLOGY

MAJOR FACTORS AFFECTING CHOICE OF TREATMENT TECHNOLOGY

Wastewater flow and characteristics

Degree of treatment required

Availability, cost and requirement of land

Power requirement for the technology

Ability of a technology to withstand power failures

Capital cost

Ease in maintenance, availability of skilled staff

Extent of sludge production and its disposal requirements (sludge disposal is often difficult and may involve substantial part of the STP cost)

MAJOR FACTORS AFFECTING CHOICE OF TREATMENT TECHNOLOGYMAJOR FACTORS AFFECTING CHOICE OF TREATMENT TECHNOLOGY

Wastewater flow and characteristics Wastewater flow and characteristics

Degree of treatment requiredDegree of treatment required

Availability, cost and requirement of landAvailability, cost and requirement of land

Power requirement for the technologyPower requirement for the technology

Ability of a technology to withstand power failuresAbility of a technology to withstand power failures

Capital cost Capital cost

Ease in maintenance, availability of skilled staff Ease in maintenance, availability of skilled staff

Extent of sludge production and its disposal requirements (sludExtent of sludge production and its disposal requirements (sludge disposal is ge disposal is often difficult and may involve substantial part of the STP costoften difficult and may involve substantial part of the STP cost) )

SELECTION OF APPROPRIATE SEWAGE SELECTION OF APPROPRIATE SEWAGE TREATMENT TECHNOLOGYTREATMENT TECHNOLOGY

Conventional Activated Sludge Process (ASP)Up-flow Anaerobic Sludge Blanket (UASB) + Polishing Pond (+aeration?)Fluidized Aerobic Bio-Reactor (FAB)/Moving Bed Bio-Reactor (MMBR)Aerated Lagoon Waste Stabilization Pond (WSP)Karnal Technology/ Sewage fed agro-forestry

Treatment technologies considered

O & M aspectsCost (Construction and O&M)Land RequirementResource recovery and reuse (gas, sludge and treated water)

Life cycle cost comparison of the various treatment options

UPFLOW ANAEROBIC SLUDGE BLANKET (UASB) PROCESS

UPFLOW ANAEROBIC SLUDGE UPFLOW ANAEROBIC SLUDGE BLANKET (UASB) PROCESSBLANKET (UASB) PROCESS

Process based on upward flow of wastewater through a sludge layeProcess based on upward flow of wastewater through a sludge layer of micror of micro--organisms. organisms. Organic matter digested by microOrganic matter digested by micro--organisms in the digestion compartment.organisms in the digestion compartment.

Mixture of bioMixture of bio--gas, sludge and water enter a three phase separator. Biogas, sludge and water enter a three phase separator. Bio--gas is separated in a gas is separated in a gas collector, sludge particles settle in the settling chamber agas collector, sludge particles settle in the settling chamber and flow back to the digestion nd flow back to the digestion compartment, while the treated effluent is discharged via an ovecompartment, while the treated effluent is discharged via an overflow weir.rflow weir.

AdvantagesLow energy requirement / minimal electro –mechanical devices

Lower HRT and hence more compact installation

Lower production of stabilized excess sludge

Production and recovery of bio-gas (with higher calorific value), which can be used as an energy source

System is resilient to peak loading and power cuts

Relatively simple routine O&M

UPFLOW ANAEROBIC SLUDGE BLANKET (UASB) PROCESS

UPFLOW ANAEROBIC SLUDGE UPFLOW ANAEROBIC SLUDGE BLANKET (UASB) PROCESSBLANKET (UASB) PROCESS

DisadvantagesAdequate post treatment (polishing pond or aerated lagoon) of UASB effluent is required to meet the discharge standards

Anaerobic bacteria (particularly methanogens) are susceptible to inhibition by a large number of toxic compounds

Start-up of the process is relatively slow if seed sludge is not available

Fecal coliform removal in the process is poor

Due to anaerobic activity the structures of the STP are likely to corrode faster. Anti-corrosive treatment is required for various parts of the STP Yamuna Nagar STP

FLUIDIZED AEROBIC BIO-REACTOR (FAB) FLUIDIZED AEROBIC BIOFLUIDIZED AEROBIC BIO--REACTOR (FAB) REACTOR (FAB)

42 mld STP at Lucknow

A submerged attached growth aerobic process having fluidized bed of plastic media as a base for bio-film in deep reactors

Bacterial reaction carried out in two stages for maximizing the BOD removal efficiency

AdvantagesVery low space requirement (nearly 1/5th to

1/8th of ASP process). Thus very compact installation

Low temperature sustaining capability

Does not require sludge recycling

Sludge handling is easy as it is fully digested and is lower than other aerobic technologies

Very high coliform removal. A chlorine dose of around 3 mg/l is sufficient to meet the standards

Existing treatment facilities can be upgraded by conversion of existing tanks to FAB reactors with small modifications

WASTE STABILIZATION PONDSWASTE STABILIZATION PONDSWASTE STABILIZATION PONDS

Process based on solar energy and, therefore, appropriate for Indian climatic conditions

Treatment system comprises of three types of ponds in series (anaerobic pond – 1 day HRT, facultative pond – 5 days HRT and maturation pond – 3 to 4 days HRT)

Anaerobic and facultative ponds enable BOD reduction while maturation ponds enable pathogen removal

Multiple number of facultative and maturation ponds can be provided to suit the treated effluent quality, including fecal coliform standards

The system has very low O&M costs

Requires minimal trained manpower

The system is extremely robust and can withstand hydraulic and organic shock loads

Requires large land area (1.0 – 2.0 Ha./mlddepending upon temperature and sewage characteristics)

KARNAL TECHNOLOGY(Sewage fed Agro-forestry)

KARNAL TECHNOLOGYKARNAL TECHNOLOGY(Sewage fed Agro(Sewage fed Agro--forestry)forestry)

Methodology consists of growing trees on ridges (1 m wide, 50 cm high) and disposing untreated sewage in furrows or shallow trenches (2 m wide)

The total discharge of untreated sewage is regulated (5- 15 cm in depth) so that it is consumed within 12 – 18 hours and there is no standing water left in the trenches

Each tree acts as a bio- pump, absorbing water and nutrients from the sewage and releasing water into the environment through transpiration

Amount of untreated sewage to be applied depends upon the age & type of plants, climatic conditions, soil texture and the quality of sewage

KARNAL TECHNOLOGY(Sewage fed Agro-forestry)

KARNAL TECHNOLOGYKARNAL TECHNOLOGY(Sewage fed Agro(Sewage fed Agro--forestry)forestry)

Application of sewage should be controlled in order to ensure that water is either evaporated or consumed within 12 – 18 hours and there is no water stagnation. This will lower production of foul smell, eliminate mosquito breeding and ensure that wastewater does not percolate down to contaminate groundwater

Species of trees used are Eaucalyptus, Poplar and Leucaena

Trees are fully grown within 7-8 yrs and are used as fuel-wood, timber or pulp, leading to revenue generation

Land requirement is very high (1.5 – 2.0 ha./mld)

TECHNOLOGY OPTIONS FOR DISINFECTION OF TREATED SEWAGE

TECHNOLOGY OPTIONS FOR TECHNOLOGY OPTIONS FOR DISINFECTION OF TREATED SEWAGE DISINFECTION OF TREATED SEWAGE

Fecal coliform standards for treated effluent of STPs being constructed under NRCP introduced in the year 2000

Except for waste stabilization ponds and Karnal technology, other treatment processes require disinfection of treated sewage in order to meet these standards

Various technology options for disinfection tried out on pilot scale under NRCP are

Chlorination - most commonly used, cheap, but likely to lead to formulation of trihalo- methanes if the dosage is high

UV radiation - both capital and O&M costs are very expensive, treated effluentquality needs to be further improved for lowering the SS and BOD levels

DHS (down hanging sponge) system – technology tried out for first time in Karnal UASB STP and appears very promising

Fecal Fecal coliformcoliform standards for treated effluent of standards for treated effluent of STPsSTPs being constructed under NRCP being constructed under NRCP introduced in the year 2000introduced in the year 2000

Except for waste stabilization ponds and Except for waste stabilization ponds and KarnalKarnal technology, other treatment technology, other treatment processes require disinfection of treated sewage in order to meeprocesses require disinfection of treated sewage in order to meet these standardst these standards

Various technology options for disinfection tried out on pilot sVarious technology options for disinfection tried out on pilot scale under NRCP are cale under NRCP are

Chlorination Chlorination -- most commonly used, cheap, but likely to lead to formulation omost commonly used, cheap, but likely to lead to formulation of f trihalotrihalo-- methanesmethanes if the dosage is highif the dosage is high

UV radiationUV radiation -- both capital and O&M costs are very expensive, treated effluentboth capital and O&M costs are very expensive, treated effluentquality needs to be further improved for lowering the SS and BODquality needs to be further improved for lowering the SS and BOD levelslevels

DHS (down hanging sponge) systemDHS (down hanging sponge) system –– technology tried out for first time in technology tried out for first time in KarnalKarnal UASB STP and appears very promisingUASB STP and appears very promising

Technology Land required(Ha./mld)

Capital costs(Rs. lakhs/mld)

O&M costs(Rs. lakhs/mld/year)

Activated Sludge Process 0.2 - 0.25 40 - 45 3.5

Trickling Filter 0.2 - 0.25 35 - 40 3.0 - 3.5

Aerated Lagoons 0.6 20 - 25 2.25 - 2.75

UASB + Polishing Unit 0.2 30 - 35 1.5 - 2.0

Waste Stabilization Ponds 1.0 - 2.0 10 - 15 0.5

Karnal Technology 1.5 - 2.0 2 - 5 0.25 - 0.30

FAB 0.03 35 - 40 2.5 - 3.0

COMPARISON OF VARIOUS TECHNOLOGIES

COMPARISON OF VARIOUS COMPARISON OF VARIOUS TECHNOLOGIESTECHNOLOGIES

Selection of treatment technology for a particular location should be based on life cycle cost comparison of various feasible options

C-TECH (CYCLIC ACTIVATED SLUDGE PROCESS)CC--TECH (CTECH (CYCLICYCLIC AACTIVATEDCTIVATED SSLUDGELUDGE PPROCESS)ROCESS)

Fully aerobic process based on Activated Sludge Fully aerobic process based on Activated Sludge principles where organic matter is digested by microprinciples where organic matter is digested by micro--organisms developed and maintained in the reactor in organisms developed and maintained in the reactor in presence of oxygenpresence of oxygen

Operates in a cyclic mode of Fill, Aeration, Settle and Operates in a cyclic mode of Fill, Aeration, Settle and Decant cycle. The reactor is first filled and aerated. After Decant cycle. The reactor is first filled and aerated. After completion of aeration process, contents are allowed to completion of aeration process, contents are allowed to settle in the same basin which is followed by decanting settle in the same basin which is followed by decanting of clear water from the top using moving weir decanters.of clear water from the top using moving weir decanters.

Unique system design incorporating Oxygen Uptake Unique system design incorporating Oxygen Uptake Rate (OUR) determination and precise treatment for each Rate (OUR) determination and precise treatment for each batch under treatment , achieves optimum efficiency with batch under treatment , achieves optimum efficiency with minimal power consumption. minimal power consumption.

PLC and computer based fully automatic process. Plant PLC and computer based fully automatic process. Plant performance is independent of operator’s attention and performance is independent of operator’s attention and skills.skills.

Gives very good effluent quality – BOD < 5 mg/l, SS < 10 mg/l, NH4-N < 2 mg/l, TP < 1 mg/l. Treated water can be reused for industrial/agricultural purposes

Very compact process. Offers 50% area savings as compared to conventional schemes

Capable of handling wide variation of incoming loads

Power consumption directly proportional to incoming load. Offers 50% power savings against conventional schemes

When offered with gas recovery and power generation features , no external power is required for the plant and the plant generates surplus power which can be sold

Fully Automatic – negligible manpower is required for plant operation

All submerged metal parts in Stainless Steel

Lower maintenance costs as compared to ASP. No chemicals required.

No sludge bulking, pin flocs and rising sludge problems

C-TECH AdvantagesCC--TECH AdvantagesTECH Advantages

12.5 mld STP at Panaji, Goa

SELECTION OF APPROPRIATE SEWAGE TREATMENT TECHNOLOGY

SELECTION OF APPROPRIATE SEWAGE SELECTION OF APPROPRIATE SEWAGE TREATMENT TECHNOLOGYTREATMENT TECHNOLOGY

Try to use use as little mechanization and electric power as possible

Adopt waste stabilization pond and Karnal technology wherever adequate & cheap land is available

Decentralize, wherever feasible (save on transportation costs)

Carry out life cycle cost comparison of various feasible options

Benefit from warmer temperatures in India

Re-use treated effluent for irrigation to the extent possible

Practice resource recovery and try to generate some income to offset part of the O&M cost (pisci-culture, sale of sludge & treated effluent, bio-gas reuse)

Try to use Try to use useuse as little mechanization and electric power as possible as little mechanization and electric power as possible

Adopt waste stabilization pond and Adopt waste stabilization pond and KarnalKarnal technology wherever adequate & technology wherever adequate & cheap land is availablecheap land is available

Decentralize, wherever feasible (save on transportation costs)Decentralize, wherever feasible (save on transportation costs)

Carry out life cycle cost comparison of various feasible optionsCarry out life cycle cost comparison of various feasible options

Benefit from warmer temperatures in India Benefit from warmer temperatures in India

ReRe--use treated effluent for irrigation to the extent possibleuse treated effluent for irrigation to the extent possible

Practice resource recovery and try to generate some income to ofPractice resource recovery and try to generate some income to offset part of fset part of the O&M cost (the O&M cost (piscipisci--culture, sale of sludge & treated effluent, bioculture, sale of sludge & treated effluent, bio--gas reuse)gas reuse)

FOR SUSTAINABLE SEWAGE TREATMENT, NEED TO KEEP IN MIND THE FOLLOWINGFOR SUSTAINABLE SEWAGE TREATMENT, NEED TO KEEP IN MIND FOR SUSTAINABLE SEWAGE TREATMENT, NEED TO KEEP IN MIND THE FOLLOWINGTHE FOLLOWING

Bottlenecks in Project Implementation & MaintenanceBottlenecks in Project Implementation & MaintenanceBottlenecks in Project Implementation & MaintenanceDelays in land acquisition/encroachments Delays in land acquisition/encroachments Inadequate capacity of local bodies/agencies Inadequate capacity of local bodies/agencies Contractual problemsContractual problemsCourt casesCourt casesFinancial constraints of the local bodies, leading Financial constraints of the local bodies, leading to improper O&M of assets createdto improper O&M of assets createdLow level of public awareness & participationLow level of public awareness & participationErratic Power supplyErratic Power supply

LESSONS LEARNT AND STRATEGIES/ LESSONS LEARNT AND STRATEGIES/ INITIATIVES ADOPTEDINITIATIVES ADOPTED

LESSONS LEARNT AND STRATEGIES/ INITIATIVES ADOPTED

LESSONS LEARNT AND STRATEGIES/ LESSONS LEARNT AND STRATEGIES/ INITIATIVES ADOPTEDINITIATIVES ADOPTED

Due to fund constraints, treatment of full pollution load of even major rivers like Ganga has not yet been addressed.

Focus under NRCP to be on large towns, which are gross polluters, so that resources are not spread thinly

Creation of sewerage infrastructure is the primary responsibility of the State Government & the concerned local bodies. Centre can at best supplement the State’s efforts.

Government of India will continue to fund only the down-steam component of the sewerage system ( trunk/intercepting sewers, sewage treatment plants, effluent disposal system) under NRCP

Due to fund constraints, treatment of full pollution load of eveDue to fund constraints, treatment of full pollution load of even major n major rivers like rivers like GangaGanga has not yet been addressed. has not yet been addressed.

Focus under NRCP to be on large towns, which are gross polluters, so that resources are not spread thinly

Creation of sewerage infrastructure is the primary responsibilitCreation of sewerage infrastructure is the primary responsibility of the y of the State Government & the concerned local bodies. Centre can at besState Government & the concerned local bodies. Centre can at best t supplement the State’s efforts.supplement the State’s efforts.

Government of India will continue to fund only the downGovernment of India will continue to fund only the down--steam steam component of the sewerage system ( trunk/intercepting sewers, component of the sewerage system ( trunk/intercepting sewers, sewage treatment plants, effluent disposal system) under NRCPsewage treatment plants, effluent disposal system) under NRCP

Strategies/Initiatives AdoptedStrategies/Initiatives Adopted

LESSONS LEARNT AND STRATEGIES/ INITIATIVES ADOPTED

LESSONS LEARNT AND STRATEGIES/ LESSONS LEARNT AND STRATEGIES/ INITIATIVES ADOPTEDINITIATIVES ADOPTED

All the other upsteam components of sewerage infrastructure in the city (house connections, branch & lateral sewers, etc.) to be funded by State Governments/local bodies from their own resources on priority

State Governments to delegate necessary powers to local bodies under 74th Constitutional Amendment for generation of revenue through levy of user charges, property tax, etc.

Institutional capacities of the local bodies to be strengthened to ensure greater sustainability of the programme

A detailed plan for recovering operation & maintenance costs to become an integral part of the project proposal

All the other All the other upsteamupsteam components of sewerage infrastructure in the components of sewerage infrastructure in the city (house connections, branch & lateral sewers, etc.) to be fucity (house connections, branch & lateral sewers, etc.) to be funded by nded by State Governments/local bodies from their own resources on priorState Governments/local bodies from their own resources on priorityity

State Governments to delegate necessary powers to local bodies under 74th Constitutional Amendment for generation of revenue through levy of user charges, property tax, etc.

Institutional capacities of the local bodies to be strengthened to ensure greater sustainability of the programme

A detailed plan for recovering operation & maintenance costs to become an integral part of the project proposal

Strategies/Initiatives AdoptedStrategies/Initiatives Adopted

LESSONS LEARNT AND STRATEGIES/ INITIATIVES ADOPTED

LESSONS LEARNT AND STRATEGIES/ LESSONS LEARNT AND STRATEGIES/ INITIATIVES ADOPTEDINITIATIVES ADOPTED

Strategies/Initiatives AdoptedStrategies/Initiatives AdoptedCitizens Monitoring Committees to be created and activated for public awareness and education in each town

Greater initiatives to be taken at State/local body level for more involvement & participation of the public in the programme

Uninterrupted power supply through dedicated feeder lines to be provided to the assets created under the programme

Citizens Monitoring Committees to be created and activated for public awareness and education in each town

Greater initiatives to be taken at State/local body level for more involvement & participation of the public in the programme

Uninterrupted power supply through dedicated feeder lines to be provided to the assets created under the programme

LESSONS LEARNT AND STRATEGIES/ INITIATIVES ADOPTED

LESSONS LEARNT AND STRATEGIES/ LESSONS LEARNT AND STRATEGIES/ INITIATIVES ADOPTEDINITIATIVES ADOPTED

Strategies/Initiatives AdoptedStrategies/Initiatives Adopted

State Government/local body to concurrently undertake programmes from their own resources to tackle the other non-point pollution sources

Release of funds to state implementing agencies to be linked with performance

A Tripartite MoU between the Central Government, State Government & local body to be entered into outlining the roles and responsibilities of each party before sanction of the project(under consideration)

State Government/local body to concurrently undertake programmes from their own resources to tackle the other non-point pollution sources

Release of funds to state implementing agencies to be linked witRelease of funds to state implementing agencies to be linked with h performanceperformance

A Tripartite MoU between the Central Government, State Government & local body to be entered into outlining the roles and responsibilities of each party before sanction of the project(under consideration)