Ganesh Patil
Transcript of Ganesh Patil
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Submitted by:
Ganesh U. Patil
MBA-IABMI
AAU, AANAD
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Maize
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Flow of Presentation
Basic Information Regarding Maize.
Indian Scenario.
Soil & Climatic Requirement.
Growth Stages Of Maize.
Varieties.
Time Of Sowing.
Management Practice For Maize.
Harvesting.
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Basic Information
Local name :- Makka
Botanical Name:- Zea mays
Familly:- Gramineae
Origin: - Mexico and Central America.
Queen of Cereals :- Maize is one of the important cereal crops in
the world's agricultural economy both as food for men and feed for
animals, because of its higher yield potential compared to other cereal
it is called as Queen of Cereals.
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1. Flint Corn: Zea mays indurata : High proportion of starch.Colour may be white or yellow. This is the type mostly grown in
India.
2. Pop Corn: Z. mays avertaKernel size is small. Presence of hard
and corneousendosperm.
3. Sweet Corn: Z. mays saccharataThe sugar and starch make
the major componentof the endosperm that results in sweet taste
of kernels.
4. Flour Corn: Z. mays amylaceaeIt resembles to the flint corn in
appearance and earcharacteristics. The grains are composed ofsoft starch and have little or no dent are called as SoftCorn. It
is widely grown in USA and South Africa.
5. Waxy Corn: Z. mays cerabina Starch is similar to that of
Tapioca starch for making adhesive for articles.
Classification of Maize
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Most important cereal crops in the worldsagricultural economy.
85% is consumed as human food.
Several food dishes viz Chapatti are prepared from maize flour.
Green cobs are roasted and eaten by the people.
Popcorn is used for popped form; green cob for table purpose. Corn has low fibre content, more carbohydrate and most
palatable.
Widely used in preparation of cattle feed and poultry feed.
It can be used as green fodder It has no HCN content.
Can be preserved as silage.
Food product: Corn meal, Corn flakes.
Economic Importance and their uses
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Nutritional factors in maize
Protein-10%
Carbohydrates- 70%
Oil-4%
Albuminoides- 10.4%
Crude fibre-2.3%
Maize grain has significant quantity of vitamin A, nicotinic
acid, riboflavin and vitamin E. Maize is low in Calcium, but fairly
high in P.
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Scenario of Maize
Global:- Maize growing
USA > China > Brazil > Mexico > India.
USA ranks 1st in area, production and productivity.
India:-
Area: 130 m.ha. Production: 580 m. tonn.
India occupies 5
th
place in area and 11
th
place in production.
Area : U.P. > Rajasthan > M.P. > Karnataka > M.H..
Production : U.P. > Bihar > Karnataka > M.H.
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Soil & Climatic requirement
Soil:-
well drained sandy loam to silt loam soil.
pH -5.5 to 7.5.
Salinity and water logging are harmful at seeding stage.
Continuous water logging 3 days reduce the yield by 40 to 45%.
Climate:-
This crop is not suitable when night temperature drops below 15.6O C.
moist and warm weather from germination to flowering.
Temperature for germination is 21oC and for growth is 32oC.
Temperature > 35O C. reduce the pollen germination.
Temperature < 15O C. delays silking and tasseling.
Rainfall of 500 to 750 mm of well distributed rain is continue to proper
growth.
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Growth stages of Maize
Seedling stage :
1-14 days
Vegetative phase :
15-39 days.
Flowering phase:40-65 days
Maturity stage:
6-95days
+Ripening stage:-95-110 days
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Hybrids : Amber, Vijay, Kisan, Sona, Vikram, Jawahar.
KharifJuneJuly
RabiOctNovember
Time of sowing
Varieties
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Management Practice For Maize
1. Field preparation:
Ploughed to a depth of 25 to30cm using mould board plough,
followed by 3 or 4 ploughing with plough or harrow.
Chiseling reduces the hard pan formation and there is increase in
yield of 25 to 30%.
2. Method of sowing :
Dibbling Method
Drilling method
3. Seed treatment :Seed treatment with Azospirillum followed by soil @10 pockets
(2 kg/ha) with FYM.
4. Seed rate : Composite:20 kg/ha, Hybrids : 5 kg/ha
5. Spacing : 50x20cm.2/5/2013 12
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10-15 t ofFYM/ha.
NPK at 120:60:60 kg/ha
Method of application : Apply fertilizer 5cm below the soil and 10cm
away from the root zone.
Time of application of fertilizers:
100% P and K should be applied as basal.
N should be applied in 3 splits.
Ist 30-35 days. (Knee high stage)
IInd 50-60 days (Tasselling)
IIIrd 70-80 days (dough stage).
Fertilizer Management
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Water Management
5thMaturity phase:72nd day
1st - At germination: 4th day
Generally4-5 times irrigation require
2nd -Vegetative phase: 20th day
3rd irrigation on 36th day.
4th Flowering phase: 48th day
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Weed Management
Pre-emergence application ofAtrazine (Atratop 50%WP)
0.25 kg/ha .
followed by one hand hoeing and weeding on 30 to 35 DAS.
Post emergence application, 2,4-D at 1.0 kg/ha on 2 or 3rd leaf
stage, should not use when intercropped with legumes.
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Pest Management
Pink Borer:- Larvae of the Sesamiaenter the
plant near the base and cause damage to stem.
C.M:- Spraying ofquinolphos
Stem Borer:- larva of the Chiloenters in thewhorl and cause damage in the leaves
C.M:- Spraying ofCarbaryl 2kg/ha.
Shoot fly:- Attack mainly at seedling stage.The tiny maggots attack on base of the seedlings.After this they cut the growing point or central
shoot.
C.M:- Seed treatment with Imidacloprid @
6ml/kg seed.
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Disease Management
Leaf blight :- Dwarfing and wilting of the
plants, and the tassels often develop earlyand die without completing pollination.
C.M:- Spraying ofMancozeb @ 2.5kg/ha
Eyespot:- A translucent yellow halo formsaround the margin.
killing large portions of leaf tissue.
C.M:- SprayPhorate 2kg /ha.
Rust:- Yellowing of the leaf occurs .brown areas of the leaf.
C.M.:- SprayDithane M-45@ 2-2.5gm/litbeginning from appearance of symptoms.
Wilt:- Bacteria interrupt the water and nutrientmovement.rapid wilting and even death.
C.M:-SprayPhorate 2kg /ha2/5/2013 17
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The grain cob is harvested when cob sheath turns brownish,Grains become hard and they do not contains more than 20%
moisture and they are piled up for 24 hours .
Then dried in the sun for 5 or 6 days to reduce the moisture to 10
to 12%.
Finally harvested with the help of thresher.
Harvesting
Yield
40-45 kg/ha
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Sugarcane
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Local name :- Oas
Botanical name :- Saccharum officinarum
Familly:- Gramineae
Origin :- South east Asia
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Suitability of soil Medium to fine textured, deep (depth > 1 m), rich in organic
matter status,
well drained
pH between 6.5 to 8.0. Black soil .
Climate:
Cloudy & warm climate require after planting.
Soil & Climatic requirement
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Growth Stages of Sugarcane
Germination:15 to 30 day
after planting
Tillering :50 to 120 days
Grand growthphase:121to 210 days
Maturity :210 to 365
days
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A) Preparatory tillage:
Deep ploughing by iron mould board plough drawn by bullocks ortractor
break clods and to make the land smooth and even.
Before last harrowing, recommended dose of organic manure isapplied and mixed well with soil.
B) Planting time:
Management Practices for Sugarcane
Planting HarvestingPre-seasonal (Oct.to Nov.) October to January
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C) Varieties for planting:
Variety Characteristics
CO 86032. Resistant to smut and grassy shoot
diseases, good ratooning, can sustain
water stress, non-flowering
CoC 671 Early maturity, moderately susceptible to
smut, grassy shoot and stem borer.
D) Sets selection & Sets rate:
propagated by cutting
Age should be of 9 to 10 months.
Eye buds should be fully developed.
2 or 3 eye bud methods of planting are in practice about
25000-30000 two eye budded sets/ha.
E) Sets treatment:
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F) Method of planting:
First land should be irrigated.
Sets should be placed 5 cm deep into soil with the help of
labour.
Care should be taken to place eye buds on side and covered.
with thin layer of soil and then irrigation should be given to
the field.
G) Spacing:
4 Ft 4 Ft 4 FtRow to Row---
Sets to Sets :-- 1 Ft
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Nutrient Management
A) Organic manures:
FYM 20 tonns/ha
Sugarcane trash can be used as a mulch and sprayed with 80 kg
urea, 100 kg Single Super Phosphate and 10 kg decomposing
culture/ha for better decomposition
B) Fertilizer application:
Time of application Pre-seasonal ( Kg/ha)
N P K
At planting 90 100 100
6-8 weeks afterplanting 160 - -
12-16 weeks after
planting
90 50 50
At earthing 160 100 100
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C) Spraying of Micronutrient:-
15 kg/ha Boron
25kg/ha Calcium Sulphate
Micro nutrient fertilizers should be mixed with well decomposed
dung manure or compost and applied as basal dose.
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Water Management
25-30 irrigation requires at different stage
1) Tillering phase (35-100 days):@ 10-15 days interval 8-10 irrigation require
2) Grand growth phase (101-270 days)@ 10-15 Days interval 10-12 irrigation require.
3) Maturity phase (271- up to harvest)@ 10-15 Days interval 8-10 irrigation require.
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Weed Management
A) One to two hand weeding :-
1st weeding:- within 68 weeks after planting .
2nd weeding:- 12 16 weeks after planting, one more hand weedingfollowed by hoeing is usually necessary.
Hoeing:- By this time, first light earthing up takes place. Later on tillfinal earthing up, one hoeing isagain usually necessary.
B) Chemical control :-
Pre emergence:- Spraying ofAtrazine @ 2 kg a.i./ha
Post emergence:- Metribuzin + 2-4-D@ 1 kg a.i./ha (8 to 10 weeksafter planting) control weeds effectively.
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Pest Management
I. Shoot borer Late planting of seasonal cane after February
should be avoided.
Removal of dead hearts and destruction of larvae
with cycle spoke in small areas is feasible.
C.M. Spraying of Carbendazim2-2.5kg/ha
II. Leaf hopperClipping and disposal off 2 to 3 affected
leaves with eggs and nymphs followed by two
sprays with Dimethoate (30 EC) 27 ml in 10
litres of water.
C.M, Good drainage helps to reduce the
incidence.
III. Top borerDeep ploughing. Soil application of 10 G Phorate @ 25 kg/ha
or 2% Methyl parathion dust @ 100 kg/ha.
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I. Whip smut
Sett treatment with Bavistin 10 gm
in 10 litres of water for 10 to 15
minutes.
Disease Management
II. Grassy shoot disease
Hot water treatment or moist air
treatment followed by dipping of setts
in Streptocycline or Tetracycline 1 g,
in 10 litres of water for 10-15
minutes.
III. Red rot
C.M. Crop rotation
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A) Signs of maturity:- Yellowing of leaves
Nearly 20-22 nodes formation
Swelling of eye buds
Metallic sound of cane
Breaking of cane at the nodes and
Brix saccharometer reading between above 20.
Irrigation should be stop for about 10 to 15 days prior to harvesting.
The cane should be crushed within 24 hours to get high recovery.
B) Cutting of canes:-
Cane should be cut with the help of labour & finally place at sugar factory.
Harvesting
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Yield
Average yield, pre-seasonal Sugarcane in our farm is :-
150 tonns/ha
Ratoon crop yield:-
1st
ratoon:- 130-150 tonns/ha2nd ratoon:- 100-130 tonns/ha
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Why our production increases?
A. Our main problem :
Most weeds occurs
Low rainfall
Soil poor in nutrient.
It shows decrease in yield in last 3-4 years .
B. Solution for increasing yield:
Mulching :-After cutting cane trash will be remain on field. So
previously we burn all the trash. But then after we trash would
be level and cut in to small powder with the help of machine.
After broadcasting of SSP50kg/acre so these all
converted in manure form.
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So it will increases yield in additional 10 tonn/acre.
Previously burning oftrash
Mulching of trash: Nowwe crush the trash in to
small form .
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Social Activity
NSS ProgrammeI have engaged in social activity during graduation last two year.
I have work in village for crating awareness regarding farming
activity
Total days8-10 day In year.
Activity carried out:-
Giving information regarding new improved technology
of seeds,
Newly developed techniques regarding agriculture.
Animal vaccinationTraining about Organic farming & vermicomposting
We have visit field & all problems would solved .
Tree plantation
Organizing blood donation camp
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THANK YOU
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