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Gandhi in South Africa
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Mrunal http://mrunal.org [World History] Gandhi in South Africa, Transvaal March, Zulu War, Boer War, civil rights movement Posted ByMrunalOn 01/04/2014 @ 10:00 am In IndianHistory | 2 Comments 1. Gandhi in South Africa 2. Gandhi: 1890s till 1900s 3. Gandhi in Boer War (1899) 4. Gandhi in Zulu Wars (1906) 5. 191314: The Peak of protests 6. Transvaal March 1913 7. Sugarcane Protests 8. December Enquiry 9. Evaluation of Gandhi in S.Africa 1. #1: Gandhi as an “Integrationist” 2. #2: Gandhi, the Feminist 3. #3: Gandhi the “Mahatma” 4. #4: Gandhi vs his Critiques 5. #5: Gandhi, the British Patriot 6. #6: Gandhi’s “KesareHind” Gandhi in South Africa Topic in news because Ramachandra Guha released a new book –Gandhi Before India. Later EPW put a review article about this book. And previously even PIB ran an article on Transvaal March (we saw that already) But Since UPSC included world history in General studies Mains paper Ihence topic becomes important what did Gandhi do before coming to India? How did he fight the imperialist powers in South Africa? Gandhi: 1890s till 1900s
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7/15/2015 MrunalSummaryNote:GandhiinSouthAfrica,TransvaalMarch
http://mrunal.org/2014/04/worldhistorygandhisouthafricatransvaalmarchzuluwarboerwarcivilrightsmovement.html/print/ 1/11
Mrunalhttp://mrunal.org
[WorldHistory]GandhiinSouthAfrica,TransvaalMarch,ZuluWar,BoerWar,civilrightsmovement
PostedByMrunalOn01/04/2014@10:00amInIndianHistory|2Comments
1. GandhiinSouthAfrica2. Gandhi:1890still1900s3. GandhiinBoerWar(1899)4. GandhiinZuluWars(1906)5. 191314:ThePeakofprotests6. TransvaalMarch19137. SugarcaneProtests8. DecemberEnquiry9. EvaluationofGandhiinS.Africa
1. #1:GandhiasanIntegrationist2. #2:Gandhi,theFeminist3. #3:GandhitheMahatma4. #4:GandhivshisCritiques5. #5:Gandhi,theBritishPatriot6. #6:GandhisKesareHind
GandhiinSouthAfrica
TopicinnewsbecauseRamachandraGuhareleasedanewbookGandhiBeforeIndia.LaterEPWputareviewarticleaboutthisbook.AndpreviouslyevenPIBrananarticleonTransvaalMarch(wesawthatalready)ButSinceUPSCincludedworldhistoryinGeneralstudiesMainspaperIhencetopicbecomesimportantwhatdidGandhidobeforecomingtoIndia?HowdidhefighttheimperialistpowersinSouthAfrica?
Gandhi:1890still1900s
http://mrunal.org/2014/03/pib-2014-march-week2-transavaal-march-ghadar-vvpat-star-campaigners-indelible-ink-mh-370-sample-questions-answers.html#1365http://www.flipkart.com/gandhi-before-india/p/itmdzcegudmhxyx4?pid=9780670083879&affid=mrunalrugm -
7/15/2015 MrunalSummaryNote:GandhiinSouthAfrica,TransvaalMarch
http://mrunal.org/2014/04/worldhistorygandhisouthafricatransvaalmarchzuluwarboerwarcivilrightsmovement.html/print/ 2/11
1893:GandhiArrivesinSouthAfrica,tofightDadabhaiAbdullascase.IndianbusinessmenadmiredhimforhisfluencyinEnglish,legalmattersandGujaratibackground.ButGandhididnotserveonlythoserichbusinessmen.Healsofoughtcasesforindenturedlaborersmainlypermitrenewaltypelitigations.Interestingly,hewastheonlyIndianbarristerpracticinginNatal.Henceverybusywithwork.
1893 thrownoutofatrainfromDurbantoPretoria,despitehavingavalidtickettotravelinthefirstclass.1894 foundedNatalIndiaCongressandbecameitsfirstSecretary.1899 anotherIndianbarristerRahimKarimKhanarrived.
Gandhisworkloaddecreased,hestartsspendingmoretimereadingaboutreligion,politics.
authors HowdidtheyinfluenceGandhi?HenryDavidThoreau
conceptofCivilDisobedience
JohnRuskin
Untohislastideasofsimpleliving,communityliving.Workbyhandsbetterthanbymachines.(samereflectinhisHindSwarajlateron).
RalfWaldo
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7/15/2015 MrunalSummaryNote:GandhiinSouthAfrica,TransvaalMarch
http://mrunal.org/2014/04/worldhistorygandhisouthafricatransvaalmarchzuluwarboerwarcivilrightsmovement.html/print/ 3/11
Emerson conceptofIndividualism
Tolstoy ThekingdomofGodiswithinyou.
GandhiinBoerWar(1899)
Transvaalwasrichingold,soBritishplottedtooverthrowBoergovernment.ThisledtotheBoerWar(1899)=>Boersweredefeatedbuttheycontinuedtolivehere.DuringBoerwar,GandhiservedfromBritishside,asanassistantsuperintendentoftheIndianvolunteerstretcherbearercorps.GandhiearnedBoerwarmedalforhisservices.
Hewroteintheautobiography:
Whenthewarwasdeclared,mypersonalsympathieswereallwiththeBoers,butmyloyaltytotheBritishruledrovemetoparticipationwiththeBritishinthatwar.Ifeltthat,ifIdemandedrightsasaBritishcitizen,itwasalsomyduty,assuchtoparticipateinthedefenceoftheBritishEmpire.soIcollectedtogetherasmanycomradesaspossible,andwithverygreatdifficultygottheirservicesacceptedasanambulancecorps.
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7/15/2015 MrunalSummaryNote:GandhiinSouthAfrica,TransvaalMarch
http://mrunal.org/2014/04/worldhistorygandhisouthafricatransvaalmarchzuluwarboerwarcivilrightsmovement.html/print/ 4/11
PhoenixFarm
1904:InspiredbyTolstoy,GandhisetupsPhoenixfarm.Therehebeginstreatingallailmentsandpreachingandwritingabouthygiene,sanitation,gooddiet,naturalcures,andsexualabstinence.ThisshedsanimportantlightontheoriginofGandhiAshramsinIndia.1904:startsprintingnewspaperIndianOpinionfromhisfarm.
GandhiinZuluWars(1906)
BritishattackedZulupopulationandmadethemserveaslabourinthediamondminesacrossSouthernAfrica.In1906,theZuluRebellionbrokeoutinNatalprovinceofSouthAfricaZulusdemandedlandrightsandabolitionofheavytaxes.However,thewhitesdeclaredwaragainsttheZulus.InthisZuluwar/rebellion,Gandhi(Again)servedfromBritishside,astheofficerinchargeoftheIndianvolunteerambulancecorpsandearnedZuluWarMedalforhisservices.
FightagainstRegistrationAct
190607
AnewlawrequiredIndianstocarryregistrationcertificatesallthetime.Gandhibeginsfirstpassiveresistancecampaign/Satyagraha.Heaskspeopletoburntheircertificates.
1908 Gandhiarrestedforthiscampaignagainstregistrationact1909 GandhitravelstoLondon,finallyTransvaalregistrationactrepealed.
191314:ThePeakofprotests
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7/15/2015 MrunalSummaryNote:GandhiinSouthAfrica,TransvaalMarch
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March1913
SupremeCourtinCapeTownnullifiedallnonChristianmarriages,anddeclaredallIndianwivesasmistressandtheirkidsasbastards.Gandhiimmediatelydemandedachangeinthelaw,declaringthatdeclaringthatAnynationthatfailstoprotectthehonourofitswomen,anyindividualwhofailstoprotectthehonourofhiswifeisconsideredlowerinlevelthanabrute.Kasturbaspearheadedapassiveresistance.Womenvolunteeredtogotojailontheirowninitiative.
April1913
SouthAfricanUnionsPMGeneralSmutsintroducedevenharsherimmigrationbill.Thebillincludedanongoingprovisionforthe3polltax
May1913
Gandhidemandspolltaxandmarriageissuesbesettledtogether.AllIndiansandTransvaalandNatalrallyupbehindhim.Buttheimmigrationbillsoonpassed.
June1913 KinggivesassenttobillanditbecameanAct.
Sep1913
Gandhilaunchesthepassiveresistancecourtsarrestalongwithhisfollowersincludingwomen.
Oct1913
5000IndiancoalminersofnorthernNatalgoonstrike.Gandhiandhiscoworkerswereinstrumentalinencouragingthestrike.
ThecoalminersstrikeprovidedthecommittedmassofsupporterstoGandhi.
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7/15/2015 MrunalSummaryNote:GandhiinSouthAfrica,TransvaalMarch
http://mrunal.org/2014/04/worldhistorygandhisouthafricatransvaalmarchzuluwarboerwarcivilrightsmovement.html/print/ 6/11
HismovementgainsattentionofIndianpress,GandhistartsreceivingfundsfromGokhale,AurobindoGhoshandWealthyIndians,evenfromprincelystatesofIndia.ThismoneyhelpedhimtolaunchalongTransaavalmarcharrangingfoodandsuppliesforthoseprotestorsandtheirfamilies.
TransvaalMarch1913
Alongwith2000Natalcoalminers,GandhibeganMarchtowardsTransvaal.Atthattime,crossingborderfromNataltoTransvaalrequiredPermitButtheycrossedborderwithoutpermit.Gen.Smutsdownplayedthismarchthinkingitdsooncollapse.(JustlikehowLordIrwinthoughtDandiSaltMarchwouldbean#EPICFAIL).Butsincetheprotestdidnotcollapse,GeneralSmutsorderedpolicetoarrestcoalminers.Minersweresenttohardlabourcamps.GandhiwasthrownintoJailagain.
SA2:TransvaalMarch
Q.DiscusstheeventsleadingtoTransvaalMarchandhowtheyhelpedtransformingGandhiasamassleader?(10marks|200words)Topicimportantbecausecompleted100yearsin2013.Firstbrainstormforideas
1. WhatwastheproblemofIndiansinS.Africa?a. registrationb. migrationdifficultc. marriageinvalid
2. Gen.Smutwasntlistening.Transvalmarch=>Gen.SmutListened.3. IfhetransformedasmassleadertheninwhatwisdomdidhegainduringTransval
March?
Nowletsframetheanswer
EventsLeadingTransvaalMarch:
SincetheearlyyearsofhisstayinS.Africa,GandhihadtriedModeratemethodsofprayersandpetitiontoopposethediscriminatinglawsagainstIndians,butoftenhefailed.1906:AlegislationinTransvaal,requiredtheIndianstoregisterthemselvesandcarryregistrationcertificatesatalltimes.GandhiinitiatedpassiveresistanceorsatyagrahaandcalledtheIndianstoburntheircertificatesinpublic.Later,theauthoritiesevenimposedrestrictionontheinterprovincialmovementofIndians,anddeclaredtheirHindumarriageslegallyinvalid.Finallyin1913,GandhilaunchedaMarchfromNataltoTransvaal,crossingtheborderillegally.TheseMarchersweresenttojailandtreatedbrutally.Butthestrugglepaidoff,andunderGen.SmutGandhiagreement,mostoftheirdemandswereaccepted.
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Gandhistransformation
TolstoyfarmandPhoenixfarmwereprecursortoGandhisashramsinIndia.Helearnedthatcivildisobedienceandpassiveresistanceweremoreeffectivethantraditionalmoderatemethodsofprayersandpetition.Gainedexperiencedofleadingpeoplefrombothgenders,differentreligions,casteandsocialclasseswhilefacingresistancefrombothenemyandfollowers.Thisexperiencemadehimboldenoughtotakeharddecisionsevenatthepeakoftheenthusiasmofthefollowerse.gCallingofftheNCMduetochaurichauraincident.
~209words.Anyways,backtothetopic:
SugarcaneProtests
Time:midNovember1913,afterArrestofGandhi.Place:CoastalareasofNatal,Sugarplantations.Nowherealso,Indianlaborerswentonstrikeandbeganmarchingtowardstowns.Thisprotestwaswhollyselforganised,theywereinspiredfromthenewsofTransvaalMarchandGandhisarrest.AlthoughtheycalledGandhitheirRaja(king!)butmethodswerenotalwaysGandhian.Oftentheseangrystrikerswouldburntplantations,attackpolicemenwithknives,sticksandstones.Manyinjuredanddied.TheIndianlaborersinDurbanalsobegansimilarprotests.
Overall,theirdemandswere:
1. Abolishpolltax2. Righttofreetravelwithoutpermit.3. Votingrights.4. ReleaseGandhifromjail
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7/15/2015 MrunalSummaryNote:GandhiinSouthAfrica,TransvaalMarch
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AsthecommonsensesuggestsGeneralSmutsrefusedandcalledinthearmytoteachthemalesson.
DecemberInquiry
Protestgainsmomentum.LargeamountofdonationsfromIndia.EvenViceroyHardinge(India)criticizedtheSouthAfricangovernment.
December1913
Underpressure,GeneralSmutsordersanenquirycommission.HimselfwroteYoucantputtwentythousandIndiansintojail.
March1914 Commissionreportsaysfollowing:
1. IndianlaborersareimportantforSouthAfricaneconomy2. Givethempermitforthreeyears(insteadofaskingthemtorenewiteveryyear.)3. AllIndianmarriagebelegallyrecognized.4. Abolish3polltax
June1914 Governmentenactedthelawtoimplementthisreport.July1914 GandhileavesforEngland.andfromthere,toIndia.
GeneralSmutquotes
Gandhiapproachedmeonanumberofsmalladministrativepoints,someofwhichIcouldmeethimon,andasaresult,thesainthasleftourshoresIsincerelyhopeforever.
EvaluationofGandhiinS.Africa
#1:GandhiasanIntegrationist
DuringSouthAfricanstruggle,GandhitookhelpofHindus,Muslims,Christian,Jews,Tamils,ParsiandevenChineseimmigrants.Hesoughtthebestinall,believedpeopleofdifferentbackgroundscanlivingtogetherinaunitedspirit.Thisexperiencemadehimbelievethatallfaithscanleadtosalvation.Gandhiwasthusdifferentthanhiscontemporaries.IndianCongressembracedalldifferentracesandreligionsbutinthebeginningCongresswasveryelitistuppercastemaledominatedbody.AlthoughGokhaleandDadabhaiNaorojiwerefreeofsectarianandcastebias,buttheylivedveryprivilegedlife.Contrarytothem,Gandhiembracedawiderangeofcastes,races,religionsbothmaleandfemale,andintegratedthemintothestruggleinSouthAfricaheunitedallAsiansandAfricans,andnotjusttheIndians.
#2:Gandhi,theFeminist
Theideaofawomangoingtojailhadbeenunthinkableformale,uppercasteIndiannationalists.ButwithGandhispassiveresistanceinS.Africa,thisbecameacommonphenomenon,he
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7/15/2015 MrunalSummaryNote:GandhiinSouthAfrica,TransvaalMarch
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askedwomentojointheprotestsandcourtarrests.[wasinfluencedbyfeministMilliePolak]Thus,GandhiplayedacatalystintheentryofIndianwomeninpoliticalprotestsandfreedomstruggle.
#3:GandhitheMahatma
GandhislongtimefriendPranjivanMehtausedthistitle,inalettertoGKGokhale(1912)Hewrote,MahatmaGandhiwasoneofthoseraremenwhoareoccasionallyborntoelevatehumanityinthelandoftheirbirthGuhacomparestheGandhiMehtarelationshiptothatofMarxandEngels.
#4:GandhivshisCritiques
DuringtheIndianfreedomstruggle,weknowthatmanyrevolutionariesandevenCongressleadersdidnotfullyapproveGandhianmethods.SimilarlyeveninS.Africa,GandhifacedcritiquesmainamongthemwasaTamilJournalistPSAiyar.
Gandhi PSAiyarIndianshouldbegivenrighttofreemovementwithinTransvaalregionwithoutrequiringanypermits.
notjustTransvaal,IndianshouldgetrighttofreemovementthroughoutSouthAfrica.
wasagainstthe3polltaxonIndianlaborers.ButhewantedtoprotestinGradualStages:
FirstwesendpetitiontoGovernment,thenmassmeeting,thenpetitiontoBritishparliamentifstillnosolutionthenwerefusetopaythistax.
No,weshouldimmediatelylaunchamassmovementtopressurizethegovernmentintoabolishingthetax.lesstalkingandmoredoing
thusinthelaterphaseofthemovement,thebadrelationbetweenGandhiandAiyerradicalizedthemovementwithpoorsonAiyarssideandwhite/bluecollarIndiansonGandhisside.
#5:Gandhi,theBritishPatriot
1. Untilthe1920s,GandhiwasanardentBritishpatriot2. HefelttheBritishEmpireembodiedtheprinciplesofequalityandlibertythathebelieved
in.3. HeconsideredGeneralSmutsracistpoliciesinSouthAfricaasanaberration,ratherthan
adefiningtraitoftheBritishEmpire.4. GandhisawBritishRajasbenevolentratherthantyrannicaldespiteitsflaws,BritishRaj
hadbeengoodforIndia(comparedtotherulebynativeprinces),andthattheidealsoftheBritishconstitutionmeritedtheloyaltyofallBritishsubjectsacrosstheglobe,white,blackandIndianalike.
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5. GandhievendeclaredthatheandhisfellowIndianswereproudtobeundertheBritishCrown,andEnglandwillproveIndiasdeliverer.
6. GandhiparticipatedinBoerandZuluwarshopingitdearnthetrustofBritishauthoritiesthatIndiansandAsianswereindeedloyalsubjectsofhismajesty,andtheyllbetreatedequallyinSouthAfrica.
7. Somehistoriansevenargue,GandhiparticipatedinthesewarswithhopethatitdendthestruggleinSouthAfricaandhelphimreturnIndia.
#6:GandhisKesareHind
1915:GandhireturnedtoIndia,LordHardingeawardedKesareHindmedalforhisservicesinambulancecorpsduringSouthAfrica.
1920:DuringKhilafatmovement,GandhireturnedthesemedalstoViceroyChelmsfordandwrote,
ItisnotwithoutapangthatIreturntheKaisariHindgoldmedalgrantedtomebyyourpredecessor(LordHardinge)formyhumanitarianworkinSouthAfrica,theZuluWarmedalgrantedinSouthAfricaformyservicesasofficerinchargeoftheIndianvolunteerambulancecorpsin1906andtheBoerWarmedalformyservicesasassistantsuperintendentoftheIndianvolunteerstretcherbearercorpsduringtheBoerWarof18991900.IventuretoreturnthesemedalsinpursuanceoftheschemeofnoncooperationinauguratedtodayinconnectionwiththeKhilafatmovement.Valuableasthesehonourshavebeentome,IcannotwearthemwithaneasyconsciencesolongasmyMussalmancountrymenhavetolabourunderawrongdonetotheirreligioussentiment.EventsthathavehappenedduringthepastonemonthhaveconfirmedmeintheopinionthattheImperialGovernmenthaveactedintheKhilafatmatterinanunscrupulous,immoralandunjustmannerandhavebeenmovingfromwrongtowronginordertodefendtheirimmorality.IcanretainneitherrespectnoraffectionforsuchaGovernment.
Mrunalcomments:ForMCQs,keepinmindGandhiearnedthesemedalsforworkinZuluandBoerwars(andnotWW1),andreturnedthesemedalsforNCMinconnectionwithKhilafatmovementspecifically.(Asevidentfromhisownletterabove.)BecauseatsomepagesinWikipediaandotherbookstheyclaimGandhigotthismedalforserviceinWW1andreturnedthemforJaliawalanmassacre=thatsincorrect.
Overall:
1. InclusionofWomen,allracesandreligions=mustforsuccessinapoliticalstruggle.2. HisAshramsasameetingandtraininggroundforallofthem.3. Passiveresistance,civildisobedience=moresuccessfulthanviolentmethods.4. Therewillbecritiquesandsetbacksbutperseverancewillleadtosuccess.5. MadeGeneralSmutstoabolishpolltax,legallyrecognizeIndianmarriage,andgive
lengthierpermits.6. BecauseofhisachievementsinSouthAfrica,GandhicouldreturntoIndiaasanIndian
nationalherowithanestablishedreputationelicitsupportfromCongress,otherleadersandIndianpeople.
7. Until1920s,aBritishpatriot,asseenfromhisparticipationinZuluwarsandBoerWars.
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ButlaterdisillusionedbytheBritishrajinIndia.
NowRamchandraGuhaisplanningtowritenextbookaboutGandhisworkinIndiafrom191548.
MockQuestions(200wordseach)
1. InSouthAfrica,GandhifoughtagainstpoliciesofGeneralSmutsandnotagainsttheBritishempire.comment.
2. DiscussinbriefSouthAfricaastheexperimentlabofGandhianmethods.3. WriteanoteonhowSouthAfricaturnedMohandasintoMahatma.4. WhydidGandhifoughtagainstthecolonialpowersinSouthAfrica?Evaluatehis
achievementsandfailurestherein.
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