GAMag48 q8 mag41 - Geologists' Association · 12/4/2013 · coming few months from Dorset, Bath,...

MAGAZINE OF THE GEOLOGISTS’ ASSOCIATION

Volume 12 No.4 December 2013

Future Lecture meetings Past LecturesDurham ConferenceCircularAdvertisements:

Oxford ColloquiumGA Conference 2014Puddingstone and relatedsilcretes of the Anglo-Paris BasinHalstead Fund and CouncilNominations

Festival of GeologyThe Marbles of the Hotel RussellBytham River Field Meeting Geology and Churches in Pembrokeshire

Part 2Curry Fund ReportRockwatch NewsCrossword Back Cover: Festival of Geology

photographic competitionwinners

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Published by the Geologists’ Association. Four issues per year. ISSN 1476-7600Production team: City Print, Diana Clements, John Cosgrove, Colin Prosser,Sarah Stafford.Printed by City Print (Milton Keynes) Ltd

The GEOLOGISTS’ ASSOCIATION does not accept any responsibility forviews and opinions expressed by individual authors in this magazine.

The Geologists’ Association

Founded in 1858 The Geologists’ Association serves the interests of bothprofessional and amateur geologists, as well as making geology availableto a wider public. It is a national organisation based in London, but isrepresented by local and affiliated groups around the country.The GA holds monthly lecture meetings, publishes a journal and geologicalguides and organises field excursions both in the UK and abroad.

Subscriptions are renewed annually on November 1. You can join the GA on‐line on our websitewww.geologistsassociation.org.uk/JoiningtheGA.html. By phone 020 7434 9298 or by post to Sarah Stafford, Executive Secretary,The Geologists’ Association, Burlington House, Piccadilly, London W1J 0DU.

President: Professor Rory MortimoreExecutive Secretary: Sarah Stafford

Useful Email contactsPresident: [email protected] Secretary:[email protected] Meetings: [email protected]: [email protected] of Geology: [email protected]: [email protected] Magazine (articles): [email protected] Guides: [email protected] Heritage: [email protected] Fund: [email protected] (junior club of the GA): [email protected]

Magazine of the Geologists’Association

Volume 12, No 4, 2013

LAST Copy dates for the Circular& GA Magazine

ISSUE COPY DATEMarch January 22 June April 22September July 22 December October 22

© The Geologists’ Association. All rights reserved. No part of thispublication may be reproduced, stored ina retrieval system or transmitted, in anyform or by any means, without the priorpermission in writing of the author andthe Geologists’ Association.

Items should be submitted as soon as possible and not targeted on THESE dates.We welcome contributions from Members andothers. [email protected]

Magazine of the Geologists’ Association Vol. 12 No. 4 20132

CONTENTS

3/4 The Association

4 Future Lecture meetings

7 Past Lectures

9 Durham Conference

11 Circular

15 Advertisements:Oxford ColloquiumGA Conference 2014Puddingstone and relatedsilcretes of the Anglo-ParisBasinHalstead Fund and CouncilNominations

16 Festival of Geology

16 The Marbles of the Hotel Russell

17 Bytham River Field Meeting

18 Geology and Churches inPembrokeshire Part 2

20 Curry Fund Report

21 Rockwatch News

23 Crossword

Back cover: Festival of Geologyphotographic competitionwinners

Cover picture: Durham Stanhope Tree - see article on page 9. Image 2

CURRY FUND DATES FOR 2014Applications to be received by Committee DateFebruary 20 March 14May 20 June 13August 20 September 12November 20 December 12

[email protected]

Research Awards Deadlines

15 February and15 September

[email protected]

Earth Heritage Deadlinesfor 2014

1st April for Spring edition1st October for Autum edition

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Magazine of the Geologists’ Association Vol. 12 No. 4 2013 3

It has been good to get positivefeed-back from those GA members notable to attend our evening lectures inLondon who have enjoyed seeing thelectures on-line on the GA website.Gary, from the Geological Society whorecords these talks for us, indicatedthat the Henry Stopes MemorialLecture entitled ‘Confessions of a FlintKnapper’ by Phil Harding, one of thebest talks the GA has had, was theeasiest to record as everyone,especially the President, had at lastlearnt to stand in the correct place forthe filming and the sound recording,including the question and answerdiscussions!

In my last report I announced thatDr John Crocker was retiring aftermany years as Editor of the GAMagazine. I am delighted to reportthat Dr Liam Gallagher has agreed totake on the editorship and we lookforward to his first full edition in theNew Year. Thank you to JohnCosgrove, Diana Clements, ColinProsser, Sarah Stafford, and Sandra atCity Print for producing this issue ofthe Magazine. Contract negotiations forpublishing the Proceedings of theGeologists’ Association have been on-going with Elsevier throughout theSummer and the new contract wassigned in October. Peter Riches (on theGA’s behalf) and Dan Lovegrove fromElsevier are thanked for developing thegood working relationship that has ledto an excellent result for both parties.

Preparation continued through theSummer on the GA Annual Conferenceat Durham entitled Onshore-OffshoreGeology the vital link. The meeting onSeptember 20-22nd went extremelywell thanks to the many peoplehelping, including Lesley Dunlop fromNorthumbria University, DavidBridgland and Jonny Imber at DurhamUniversity and Event Durham (theuniversity event organisers). LesleyDunlop with Jonny Imber managed toget everything together on the daydespite running other events duringthe preceding week. Sarah Staffordand Di Clements managed theregistrations, the GA stand withvarious GA publications and the posterpresentations. Our main sponsors,Elsevier, helped with the Ice-Breaker(including carrying boxes of wine) andShell another of our sponsors had aposter presentation and were wellrepresented at the meeting.Collingwood College put on anexcellent Conference Dinner remarkedupon by everyone as one of the best

meals they had ever had. Eric Johnsonand Brian Young from the North EastGroups led two excellent (andeventful) field meetings on the Sundayon the Permian of the northeast andClassic Geology of the North East. Wewere particularly grateful this year toour sponsors Elsevier, Shell, BP, UKOnshore Geophysical Library (UKOGL)and DECC who enabled us to keepcosts down. Lesley Dunlop receivedmany e-mails following the meetingincluding the following from PaulYounger at Glasgow University whocommented ‘….the whole weekend wasthe finest bit of geological CPD I haveenjoyed in many a long year’ and fromJohn Underhill at Heriot WattUniversity ‘Thank You for your graciousand thoughtful note Lesley - muchappreciated. It was a great day andboth a privilege and a pleasure toattend/participate. On behalf of the GAto Lesley, Jonny, Brian and Eric and toall our speakers thank you for awonderful weekend.

In Response to the NERC review ofthe future of research institutes (NOC,BGS, BAS) and at the request of GAmembers and BGS staff I wrote anarticle for the GA Magazine asking forviews on what people thought of BGSand its place in the future of EarthScience in the UK. I understand thearticle provoked discussion both withinand outside BGS (good to see the GAmagazine being so widely read).Several responses wanted to take thesubject further to their local MPs with abig question mark over theGovernment’s Science Budget andEarth Science. It does affect the GA interms of the links we have beendeveloping to BGS websites andoutlets etc. The discussions are beingtaken forward with the Director of theGeological Survey in December.

On the Friday before the Festival ofGeology the GA Local and AffiliatedGroups representatives met atBurlington House to review the year’sactivities and share views on ourcommon purpose. It was again a veryproductive meeting with many positivesuggestions that we are going todiscuss further at our Council meetingin December and take forward intonext year.

We thought last year’s Festival ofGeology at University College, London,could not be busier. We were wrong!From the moment the first signs forthis year’s Festival went up at theentrance in the morning visitors beganto arrive in ever greater numbers. Itwas brilliant to see so many familiesand students as well as our specialfriends from the local and affiliated

groups from across the country. Thereseemed to be a ‘special ambience’ atthe Festival this year and it was seenin the feedback from visitors andexhibitors alike. This ambience wascreated by the special efforts of the GAteam of Sarah Stafford, GeraldineMarshall, Di Clements and GrahamWilliams and by Wendy Kirk and herundergraduate helpers from UniversityCollege London. Many thanks for allyour efforts in making the venue sowelcoming and for the support fromUCL. The undergraduate student cakeswere excellent the chocolate andorange muffin seemed to be theoutright winner! Susan Brown hadonce again invited wonderful speakersand the lecture theatre was packed.Susan and her Rockwatch team, asalways, inspired the participation offamilies and youngsters in a hallpacked with activities. We had 57submissions for this year’sphotographic competition and the highstandard of the submissions wasreflected in a final short-list of 12 fromwhich three were selected for the finalawards. The others were commended.Our thanks go to University CollegeLondon for the venue and to allhelpers, exhibitors and speakers. Itwas once again a splendid festiveevent.

The Festival field excursions on theSunday were equally well supportedwith 37 attending the RiddlesdownChalk Pit trip. It was great to see somany families and students (from asfar afield as Poland!) joining in. LukeBarley and his team of Rangers fromLondon Council are thanked formanaging the pit so well and providingsecurity and access for us.

There are a number of future eventsto look out for including the GSL/GAHertfordshire Puddingstone Conference16th-19th May 2014 and the GAannual conference in Leicester nextSeptember ‘Palaeo for the People:fossils in the service of Man’ See ourevents calendar on the website.

I am looking forward to meetingmore local and affiliated groups in thecoming few months from Dorset, Bath,the Teme Valley, Cumberland andEssex. This follows an excellent longweekend to France with the FarnhamGroup in mid-October and a longweekend to Dover and Thanet with theOxford OUGS at the end of October.You are keeping me on my toes!

Rory Mortimore

FROM THE PRESIDENT

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Council does not meet in August andSeptember so the October meeting isalways very full. Rory gives details inhis President’s Report with regard to thelengthy discussions that Council has hadabout PGA and the GA Magazine. Awrite-up of the GA conference inDurham can be found on page 9. Wereceived a number of applications forsupport for joint Group Meetings up anddown the country and we are delightedthat these joint ventures are beingarranged. Groups are reminded that wehave a Meetings Grant which offers£350 to joint ventures of Local &Affiliated Societies. If possible the GAalso likes to have a presence at thesemeetings and can advertise them in ourlistings in the GA Magazine and if spacepermits with larger advertisements aswell. We can also advertise them on ourwebsite under News and What’s On orunder Events.

Many thanks to all those groups thatattended the Groups’ Meeting before theFestival on 1st November. Thesemeetings are very useful to Council andenable us to respond to some of theissues raised. At this year’s meeting wediscussed the logistics of addingdescribed Geotrail and Building StoneWalk details to the GA website with theidea of making them more available to awider public. In the first instance we aresending forms to groups for them tocomplete details of any publicationsthey wish to include so do look out for

them. We hope to get them onto thewebsite early in the New Year. In duecourse we intend to link walk details tothe UK map so that they can be easilylocated. Our Senior Vice-President,Haydon Bailey outlined a new GAinitiative of Geolabs aimed at meetingthe needs of our own members andmembers of the public to learn moreabout the basics of geology, followed bya local trip. Many of our Societies areinvolved with geoconservation and ourex-President, David Bridgland urgedmembers to contribute articles abouttheir activities to Earth Heritage whichis now freely available through the GAwebsite. The link will be emailed to GAmembers bi-annually around Januaryand July when the magazine ispublished. If you do not receive this inJanuary, please contact David:[email protected].

At the GA Festival this year we addeda free Building Stone walk around thecampus to the usual fare of talks andRockwatch and Kent Geology Groupactivities for children. The walk wasvery popular and we will probablyrepeat it in future years. There were arecord number of groups attending andmany thanks to them and to all ourspeakers and organisers for making thisa most enjoyable event. Since the lastnewsletter we have had a big call-up forback issues of PGA and we were able togive away all of the residual copies atthe Festival. Now that there is somespace on the shelves we will begin tosort through issues of the GA Magazineto give away to those who want them.

See page 16 for photographs of theFestival and back cover. for the winningentries in the Photographic Competition.

Bernard Leake, Clive Bishop andRichard Howarth have been working onThe Wyley History of the Geologists’Association in the 50 years 1958-2008.This is now published and will be sentby post to those members who have notalready picked up their copy atmeetings.

This is the time of year that we invitenominations for the Halstead Award andfor new Council Members who will beelected at our AGM on 9th May 2014(note 2nd Friday to avoid the LymeRegis Festival). Council are looking to fillsome areas of expertise, namelymarketing, sponsorship, websiteinitiatives and external affairs. Fulldetails can be found on page 15.Notification of the GA Research awardsavailable to members are detailed onpage 18, we look forward to hearingfrom you!

Details of the 2014 trips and talksplanned for 2014 are given in theCircular in the centre pages andsummarised in the Green Card sent outwith this edition of the GA Magazine.We hope to see many of you at ourevents. Please get in touch with SarahStafford in the office to book up.

Best wishes for Christmas and 2014.How about giving a GA Membership as aChristmas Present this year? Applicationforms are on the website.

Diana ClementsGeneral Secretary

January Meeting

REPORT FROMCOUNCIL


Virtual fieldwork using GoogleEarth: exploring global tectonicsfrom your armchairSince its release in 2005, Google Earth has provided freeand accessible imagery of the entire surface of the earth,something previously only available to those with access toexpensive datasets and complex processing software. As atool for gaining rapid, global-reaching and often detailedviews of the earth’s surface (Fig. 1) it is unsurpassed –leading to its widespread use by non-scientists, the media,industry as well as academia.

To the geologist it provides a ready method of visualisingsurface processes, lithological characteristics and structuralfeatures in three dimensions (Fig. 2) comparable to thetraditional method of using stereopairs of air photos. In itsearly days much of the imagery was based on relativelypoor resolution Landsat data, but blocks of high resolutiondata including those acquired by the QuickBird and SPOTsatellites are progressively being added, so that it is nowpossible to undertake ‘virtual fieldwork’ almost anywhereon earth without leaving home (Fig. 3). The imagery canalso be used as a reconnaissance tool to plan realfieldwork, to identify large-scale structures (Fig. 4),pinpoint potential field locations and produce synopticoverviews previously only possible using an aircraft (Fig.5).

Fig. 1: Thrust fault near Borah Peak, Utah

Friday January 3rdGeological Society, Tea at 5.30pm

Dr. Ian WatkinsonTeaching Fellow at Royal Holloway University of London

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Google Earth can be used toinvestigate large-scale features such asfold-and-thrust belts, continental riftsand strike-slip belts. Individual folds,faults (Fig. 6), contractional andextensional detachments andassociated complexities can bevisualised, as well as salt diapirs,sedimentary basins, joints, boudinageand unconformities. Small-scaleobservations otherwise made in thefield are also possible, includingbedding/foliation, cross-bedding, faultslip vectors and rock identification.

Adding extra geospatial data such asearthquake locations, isotopic ages,

published maps (Fig. 7), field data andhistorical surface imagery to GoogleEarth is easy and means the softwarecan also be used in a similar way tomore conventional geographicinformation systems.

Today there is no full substitute forreal fieldwork; but Google Earthprovides a means to access remoteareas (Fig. 8), to rapidly and freelyvisualise text-book field locationsworldwide, to plan and undertake realfieldwork more efficiently and tocommunicate geology more clearly.


Fig. 6: Conjugate strike-slip fault pair,Kazakhstan

Fig. 7: Indian Ocean crust ages(http://nachon.free.fr/GE/Welcome.html)

Fig. 8: Complex Himalayan deformation,Himachal Pradesh

Fig. 3: Antiformal fold, Iran.Fig. 4: Mekong River strike-slip displacement,Myanmar-Lao PDR border.

Fig. 5: The San Andreas Fault at SanFrancisco, California.

Fig. 2: Steeply dipping sandstones, Utah

February Meeting

Japan: volcanic soils and agriculture fromprehistory to presentFriday February 7th - 6pmTea at 5.30pmProf. Gina L. Barnes,SOAS, University of London

Every inch of the Japanese Islands has been covered with tephra from its 108 activevolcanoes and inactive volcanoes dating back to the beginning of Quaternaryvolcanism 700,000 years ago. Much of this tephra has been transformed into clay,but considerable amounts remain as volcanic ash loam and pumice. TraditionalJapanese rice agriculture has been concentrated on the lowland alluvial plains, butwhat about upland areas and their potential for agriculture? We will discover thatthe Japanese story is quite different from the Mediterranean where fertile volcanicsoils support rich farmland.

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Forensic Geology is the application of geology to criminalinvestigations. Forensic geologists may assist the police insome types of crimes to help determine what happened,where and when it occurred, or to help search for homicidegraves or other objects buried in the ground. Forensicgeologists may support the police by providing the analysisof geological (trace) evidence or by conducting groundsearches for burials. Geological (trace) evidence involves thecollection, analysis, interpretation, presentation andexplanation of geological evidence. Geological evidence canvary considerably and may include for example; rockfragments, soils and sediments, which occur naturally on theground, artificial (anthropogenic) man-made materialsderived from geological raw materials (such as bricks,concrete, glass or plaster board), or micro-fossils. Thesemay be transferred onto a body, person or the clothing of avictim or offender. This evidence may then be used to see ifthere could be an association between different items or

objects. Geologists’ may also help the police search for (andsometimes the recovery of) objects buried in the ground,including for example; homicide graves, mass graves relatedto genocide, weapons, firearms, improvised devises,explosives, drugs, stolen items, money, coinage andjewellery. In the past ten years or so there have been atleast 30 international meeting on forensic geology, five textbooks have been published and numerous technical papersand articles. Together, these all demonstrate the wealth ofboth activity and interest in forensic geology in the UK andworld-wide. This lectures provides a general overview of thehistory and recent developments in forensic geology andhow geologists’ have supported the Police with certain typesof crimes including; rapes, murders, robbery, terrorism andthe search for graves, weapon, money & drugs. It draws onoperational case experiences and provides information onthe logistical aspects of working with the Police.

March Meeting

Forensic Geology: The Applications of Geology to Policing and Law Enforcement - The Geologists Association

Friday 7 MarchGeological Society, Tea at 5.30pm

Dr Laurance Donnelly BSc (Hons), PhD, CGeol, CSci, EurGeol, FGS, FGSA Forensic Geologist & Police Search Adviser Chair, International Union of Geological Sciences, Initiative on Forensic Geology

(IUGS-IFG)

GA RESEARCH AWARDSThe next deadline for financial support to individuals for research projects is

15th February 2014

New Researchers’ Scheme: Research projects by undergraduate and postgraduate students at UK universities.

GA Research Awards: Research projects in any area of Earth Sciences

GA Meetings Award: Attendance at meetings

Applicants should normally be members of the Association, although limited funds are available for non-members.

Full details and application forms for the award schemes are given on our website:

www.geologistsassociation.org.uk/Awards.html

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IntroductionThe speaker’s aim was to explain what the UK Onshore

Geophysical Library (UKOGL) is and how to use it byillustrating how to gain access and giving a broad overviewof regional interpretations in order to inspire future researchusing the data.

UKOGL was established in 1994 with assistance from theDepartment of Trade and Industry (the energy interests ofwhich are now covered by the Department of Energy andClimate Change) and the UK Offshore Operators’ Group. Itwas set up to archive and officially release 2- and 3-dimensional seismic data and is a registered charity fundedby data sales and donations. The rise of shale gas hasprovided a bonus in terms of funding.What does UKOGL contain?

UKOGL contains geophysical and geological data derivedprimarily from oil and gas exploration and has uses inplanning and engineering, academic studies and as ateaching resource. No registration is required and alldownloads are free.

The geophysical (seismic) data was recorded byestablishing lines of geophones up to 5km long in groupswith up to 50m spacing. In most cases, hydraulicvibrators using frequencies of 5-120Hz have been used topulse energy into the ground at each group. Reflectionsare recorded then the vibrators and geophones move alongthe line.

The 2-way travel-time from the surface to interfaces thatgive reflections depends on the seismic velocities of therocks through which the waves travel. Younger, softer rockshave low velocities; older, harder rocks have high velocities.Well information is used to identify the horizons and velocitylogs and surveys are run in the wells to tie back to seismiclines enable the 2-way time to be converted to depth. Dataare available only over major sedimentary basins that havebeen the areas of interest to oil companies and a number ofcompiled seismic profiles are also available. 3-dimensionaldata is only available in digital form.

UKOGL can be accessed at www.ukogl.org.uk to obtaindata for seismic lines, wells and shot points. The surface

geology and satellite imagery can also be overlaid. Thespeaker explained how the data is accessed and how, byjoining lines and wells it is possible to produce what iseffectively a topographic map of any particular surfacebelow the ground relative to sea level.Regional profiles

A number of regional profiles have been compiled thatillustrate the geology beneath.

Using the example of profile RG001, Littlehampton tonorth-west Surrey, the speaker showed that the control ofthe Permian to Cretaceous Wealden Basin and its Tertiaryinversion seems to be from underlying Variscan thrusts.Relaxation along the lines of these thrusts controlledsignificant thickening of the Lias, Kimmeridgian and Wealdeninto basins that were inverted by Tertiary (mainly Miocene)compression. Most of the wells in the centre of the Wealdterminate in the Lias so the presence of Permian and LowerTriassic at depth is speculative, as is the age of the pre-Permian. The Variscan thrusts underlie shallow extensionalfaulting in the rocks above. Detail from the North Downsarea shows the pinching out of the Wealden and thethinning of the Jurassic onto the London Platform. As aresult, the Lower Greensand Group sits on thin Oxford Clay,Lias and Old Red Sandstone beneath South London

Profile RG004, Purbeck to Stratford, was used to illustratehow the Purbeck inversion anticline is much larger than thatof Portsdown and that there are several intra-basin highswithin the broad Wessex Basin. The speaker also illustratedthe inversion that occurs at faults, such as the Pewsey Fault.Nearby regional lines through the Lower Palaeozoic rocks inHerefordshire and Gwent were shown to be similar inseismic character to events postulated to be of similar agein the Oxfordshire Basin.

The speaker concluded by urging the audience to accessthe UKOGL website and to use the data within it to furthertheir research interests.

Dr David Brook OBE

GA LECTURE JUNE 2013

Using UK Onshore Geophysical Library data to interpret thesubsurface geology of southern England

Malcolm Butler

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HENRY STOPES MEMORIAL LECTURE 4 OCTOBER 2013

Confessions of a flint-knapperPhil Harding

The Henry Stopes Medal, for outstandingcontribution to the pre-history of homininsand their geological environment wasawarded to Phil Harding, who has been aprofessional archaeologist since 1971. Hefirst worked for Southampton CityCouncil’s Archaeological Unit then spent 5years working with the British Museum atGrimes Graves. Since 1979 he has beenwith Wessex Archaeology and has workedwith Channel 4’s Time team from its firstseries in 1994. A member of the Instituteof Field Archaeology since 1985, he waselected Fellow of the Royal Society ofAntiquaries in 2006, was awarded anHonorary doctorate from SouthamptonUniversity in 2008 and is President of theNautical Archaeological Society.

The speaker opened by confessing that his best subject atschool, the one he enjoyed most and that has proved mostuseful since, was physical geography and especially itsconcern with deltas, meanders and, of course, riverterraces. He gravitated into archaeology because of the joyof “finding stuff”. He also revealed that when awarded theStopes Medal, he knew virtually nothing about HenryStopes. Searching the literature was not terribly helpfuluntil he came across a diary entry by Harrison, a fellowarchaeologist, for 5 February 1893 relating “With H. Stopesto Ash, lunched at the Swan Inn, H. found hand axe”,indicating they at least had common ground.

The speaker then cited his own diary from 17 July 1972,recording his first attempt at flint-knapping, reflecting hisinterest in knowing how flint breaks. It was not entirelysuccessful and probably resulted in more damage to himselfthan to the flint but 3 days later he had produced 2 prettygood hand axes, which he still has. Flint-knapping has givenhim a sense of his ancestors who made stone tools.

Farndon Fields

In the late 1990s, the A46 road scheme on the outskirtsof Newark was to pass through an area know as FarndonFields. Field walking prior to construction found UpperPalaeolithic (13,000BC) flint scatters, prompting furtherinvestigation with a series of trenches put in when the roadwent through, though restricted to the edges of the roadwhere the drainage ditches were to go. Trench 6002, onthe edge of the alluvial field embayment with underlyingterrace gravels, found 4 flints including a patinated blade inthe alluvium and Trench 6007 was opened to the side andalso found flints, mostly within a 1m square, which mayhave been a knapping site or a dump. Very carefulexcavation recorded the position of all flints >10mm (114items), with the other material sieved to extract themicrodebitage (1,300 items, all patinated, down to 1mm).The artefacts were concentrated in a central oval area andthe chip distribution centred on the cluster of artefacts, witha higher concentration to the left hand side. All could becontained within a shallow V with the greatest concentrationnear the point of the V and a wider less dense bandbeyond, suggesting the likelihood of it being a knappingsite. Artefact conjoins were contained in the same cluster.

A denser concentration of chips to the left-hand side possibly indicates a right-handed knapper.

Garten and Jacobi (2009) plotted thelength/breadth ration of all the finds andthis shows that all the blades exceeded a2/1 ratio, while the cluster material hadlesser ratios. This indicates strongly thatit is a heap of waste material produced byknapping. They also published details of 3cores. The conjoining tool blank SF5016and 5017, which was broken and leftbehind will fit on core W7584. Theconjoining blade SF4 and 5033, theconjoining rejuvenation tablets SF312 and346 and faceting chips will also fit on thatcore. Time-lapse photography of thespeaker knapping showed a very similar

distribution, contained within the V of his legs in a densecluster greater in density on the left-hand side and with aless dense spread beyond that cluster.

The speaker then speculated about the tool-makerjourneying (towards Cresswell Crags?) when he cameacross a place that flooded in winter but, being summerwas then dry. He sat down to make some blanks for futureuse as tools. There is some evidence of forward planningas there are no re-touched chips so he did not make thetools there and then. Flint-knapping involves the use ofhands, eyes and ears (the sound is as important as sight) ina reduction strategy to produce useable tools. The FarndonFields flint-knapper was a good knapper as there is not a lotof rubbish and only 2 blades were wasted. Following hisvisit, the area was covered in silt by winter floods and thedebris remained there until the road scheme came through.

At Boxgrove Unit 4b, West Sussex (Roberts and Parfitt,1997), there is a similar concentration of flint debris butmore of it, from making hand axes 0.5M years ago.

Amesbury 42, Wiltshire (Richards 1990) is a Neolithic(3,300BC) long barrow 1 mile south of Stonehenge and hasa similar V-shaped scatter of debris.

Conclusions

4 patterns have been illustrated from knappers sittingdown, 2 making blades, I flakes and I hand axes and theyhave common links in:

• Position – sitting;• Time – not more than 15 minutes for each event;• Plan – the knappers knew what they wanted to make and

how to achieve it;• Hand-eye-audio co-ordination• High standards of workmanship; and • All had a basic understanding of how flint breaks.

The speaker’s final confession was that when asked wherehe would return in a time machine, he would chooseCanonscourt Farm at the time of making the hand axefound by ‘Duffy’ Carter, which was 12⅝ inches (32cm) long.Such a large hand axe is rare, the speaker having onlymade one 8 inches long.

Dr David Brook OBE


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Talks

We were treated to an excellent rangeof talks and all speakers bought into theconcept of the vital onshore-offshoregeology link. Our opening keynotespeaker, Professor John Underhill, setthe scene by illustrating the coastalgeology of Dorset and its importance tounderstanding the tectonics of theoilfields, particularly Wytch Farm. Thistheme was maintained by RachelJamieson who took us through theinversion tectonic structures atFlamborough Head and how these couldbe reinterpreted in the light of onshoreand offshore seismic sections. PeterMcPhee then took this theme into theSolway Basin looking at subsidence inrelation to sedimentation. A change oftheme to the Quaternary of the westernNorth Sea Basin and ice-sheet evolutionwas wonderfully illustrated by BethanDavies. After the coffee break we heardfrom three speakers on the value ofmicropalaeontology in establishing thestratigraphy and ‘event’ frameworkbetween the onshore and offshore fromthe Cretaceous of the North Sea,Haydon Bailey, the Jurassic of Argentinaand the Quaternary of the Faroes-Shetland Basin, Stephen Stukins, topipeline laying from France to theChannel Islands Malcolm Hart.

The afternoon was kicked off by avery entertaining talk from Paul Youngeron the link between onshore andoffshore geothermal brines in NortheastEngland. This naturally led into theprospects for a new polyhalite deep-mine in North Yorkshire which wouldextend out under the North Sea,presented by Jeremy Dearlove. DavidManning then introduced us to the ideaof supermarkets as mining companies inhis quest to see how minerals will feedthe world in the future. In the lastsession Cynthia Burek made the casefor marine geoconservation which led toan interesting discussion and shortpresentation from Philip Wilson of DeepOcean on the possible conflict betweengeoconservation and offshoreconstruction. Vicky Wanstall gave us aninsight into the geologist’s role incharacterising the ground for offshorewind farms. In the closing Address RoryMortimore thanked all speakers for theirvery informative and beautifullyillustrated talks. He also illustrated howimportant the Quaternary was even inChalk engineering onshore and offshore.As Paul Younger commented ‘….the

whole weekend was the finest bit ofgeological CPD I have enjoyed in manya long year’.

Full details of all the abstracts can befound on the GA website:www.geologistsassociation.org.uk/conferences2013.html

Durham classic geology

The Durham classic geology field tripwas led by Brian Young, ex-BGS and anauthor of the County DurhamGeodiversity Audit. Travelling westwardsthrough increasingly attractive scenerywith passage upstream in the Wearvalley, the first site was HarehopeQuarry, close to which excellentexposures of Frosterley Marble arevisible in a waterfall in the BollihopeBurn (image 1). The party then made astop for toilets and shops in the centreof Stanhope, the largest settlement inWeardale, where a prominent local

landmark is a fossil tree stump in thechurchyard wall (image 2). From herethe route continued upstream toEastgate and then turned northwardsinto the tributary Rookhope Burn, toRookhope village, passing relicts from

the former mining industry based onPennine mineralisation, notably theRookhope Arch, a remnant of a lead-smelting flue. A stop was made at thesite of the Rookhope Borehole (image3), which confirmed the existence of the

underground Weardale Granite, aspredicted by Martin Bott from anegative gravity anomaly in the area.The drilling here was supervised by Sir

Kingsley Dunham., whose name isassociated (like Bott’s) with DurhamUniversity but also with the BGS. BrianYoung handed round contrastingborehole samples of Weardale andWenseleydale Granite (image 4), bothknown only from boreholes.

From Rookhope the itinerary took theparty to the moors high above the Wearvalley, where lunch was taken inglorious sunshine overlooking the West

Rigg Open Cutting SSSI. This was aquarry exploiting iron-ore formed eitherside of a mineral vein that hadpreviously been subject to undergroundmining for lead, the narrow shaft fromwhich was visible within the unquarriedquartz–fluorite ‘Slitt Vein’ in the centre

DURHAM CONFERENCE TALKS AND FIELD TRIPS 2013Onshore and Offshore Geology the vital link 21-22 September

Image 1: Frosterley marble

Image 3: Capped Rookhope borehole

Image 4: Prof. Tuncer Demir (HarranUniversity, southern Turkey) with

samples of Weardale (larger diameter)and Wenseleydale Granite during the

excursionImage 2: Stanhope Tree

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Magazine of the Geologists’ Association Vol. 12 No.4 201310

of the quarry. Scars from exploitation ofthis ironstone, formed as a result ofmineralisation of Namurian limestone(linked to the intrusion of the WeardaleGranite), can be traced in a line throughthe landscape hereabouts. Aninformative interpretation board,supplied by the North Pennine AONB,was greatly appreciated.

There was an unfortunate hiatus atthis locality, resulting from the coachbecoming stuck in soft mud whileattempting a turn by reversing into afarm track (the road forwards beingunsuitable for so large a vehicle). Highon the hillside, our plight was spottedby a local farmer, who arrived on aquad-bike and, having assessed thesituation, fetched father, son, Landover,large tractor and towing chains. Thetractor pulled the bus off the mud in a

trice (image 5) and they then expertlyguided the driver on his 3 point turn. Itturned out that Malcolm and JamesNattrass had been nominated for one ofEnglish Heritage’s Angel Awards forrescuing industrial buildings. Theyurged us to vote for the restorationwork they have done on the Low SlitMine on their land and we are delightedto report that they were the winners ofthat category. Many congratulations! Fordetails see www.english-heritage.org.uk/caring/angel-awards/winners-2013/vote2013/best-rescue-of-a-historic-industrial-building-or-site/

The delay was at least offset by thebeautiful weather and glorious viewsalong Weardale. It left no time for thecontinuation to Allendale, however, buta substitute final site was visited wherean exposure of dolerite was seen, albeitthe Little Whin Sill rather than theGreat Whin Sill. This was the disusedand flooded Greenfoot Quarry, anotherCounty Durham geological SSSI, whichwas viewed from the road. Many thanksto Brian for his excellent andknowledgeable explanations and therunning commentary provided as wedrove. Our prolonged stop allowed formuch discussion with ideas put forwardfor future collabarotive work.

The Permian rocks of North EastEngland.

This field excursion was led by EricJohnson, former BGS Geologist, andconcentrated on the area to the east ofDurham. Eric was able to bring localknowledge which added immensely tothe enjoyment of the day. In this areathe succession of carbonate rocksknown as the Magnesian Limestone arethickest and most diverse in North EastEngland. They are well exposed inquarries on a west facing escarpmentinland and in coastal cliff sectionsbetween South Shields and Hartlepool.The onshore outcrops show that therocks were deposited in various near-shore basin margin environments. Theoutcrop extends off-shore and revealsdeeper basin depositional environmentswhere evaporites formed.

During the day we visited fourlocalities working from the earliestPermian of the region to later deposits.At the first locality, Raisby Quarry, wewere able to look at the Marl Slatewhich lies just above the Permian YellowSands of the area (image 6). The MarlSlate forms the base of the quarry andabove it is approximately 50-60m of abuff coloured limestone which is darkgrey at the base. This formation isinterpreted as a basin margin, slopedeposit. At the very top of the quarry acream coloured dolomite was visibleand the quarry manager explained thatthis dolomite, part of the Fordformation, is generally too poor to be ofmuch use as an aggregate.

Moving east and north to the outskirtsof Sunderland we next visited thebarrier reef deposits at Tunstall Hill(image 7). The good weather of the dayallowed excellent views down thecoastline to Teesside and the Jurassichills of the North Yorkshire Moorbeyond. Lunch, including an ice creamfor many, was taken at Roker where thelow tide allowed good examination ofthe cannon ball limestone,concretionary structures, in thedolomite of the Roker formation. Thesecarbonates have been interpreted asplatform and ramp carbonates.

The final locality of the day was atTrow Point, South Shields (image 8).Here the Roker Formation showsbrecciation caused by post depositionalevaporite dissolution of the underlyingHartlepool Anhydrite. When present thiscan be up to 15m thick but here is seenonly as a residue band of about 15cm.The Ford formation at the base of thecliffs is an off reef facies withstromatolites (image 9).

Eris was warmly thanked by all for hisefforts in putting together a mostinformative excursion and for theinformative discussions we had on thiscomplex and interesting area.

Rory Mortimore,David Bridgland,

Lesley Dunlop

Image 5: Rescuing the coach

Image 6: Raisby Quarry

Image 7: Tunstall Hills

Image 8: Trow Point

Image 9: Trow point - base shows FordFormation with slumped and brecciated

Roker

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PLEASE NOTE THE FOLLOWING INFORMATION FOR FIELD MEETINGS

ENQUIRIES & BOOKINGS Geoff Swann organises day and weekendmeetings in the UK. Michael Ridd is responsible for overseas and longerexcursions. Sarah Stafford at the GA office is responsible for bookings,payments and general [email protected]

You must book through the GA office to confirm attendance. Please donot contact the field meeting leader directly. Meeting times and locationswill be confirmed on booking. These are not normally advertised inadvance, as there have been problems with members turning up withoutbooking or paying and maximum numbers being exceeded. Fieldmeetings are open to non‐members although attendance by non‐members is subject to a £5 surcharge on top of the normaladministration fee. Some meetings may have restrictions on age(especially for under 16s) or be physically demanding. If you areuncertain, please ask.

PAYMENTS for day and weekend meetings must be made beforeattending any field meeting via telephone (credit card) or post. Chequesshould be made out to Geologists’ Association. Please give an email andcontact number and please also provide an emergency contact nameand telephone number at the time of booking.

There are separate arrangements for overseas meetings.

TRANSPORT is normally via private car unless otherwise advertised. If youare a rail traveller, it may be possible for the GA office to arrange foranother member to provide a lift or collect you from the nearest railwaystation. This service cannot be guaranteed, but please ask before booking.Please indicate on your booking form if you are able to offer a lift.

PUBLIC LIABILITY INSURANCE for field meetings is provided but personalaccident cover remains the responsibility of the participant. Furtherdetails are available on request from the GA office.

SAFETY IS TAKEN VERY SERIOUSLY. SHOULD YOU BE UNSURE ABOUTEITHER THE RISKS INVOLVED OR YOUR ABILITY TO PARTICIPATE SAFELY,YOU MUST SEEK ADVICE FROM THE GA OFFICE BEFORE BOOKING. PLEASEMAKE SURE THAT YOU STUDY ANY RISK ASSESSMENT OR SAFETYBRIEFING AND THAT YOU HAVE ALL THE SAFETY EQUIPMENT SPECIFIED.YOU MUST DECLARE, AT THE TIME OF BOOKING, ANY DISABILITIES ORMEDICAL CONDITIONS THAT MAY AFFECT YOUR ABILITY TO SAFELYATTEND A FIELD MEETING. YOU MAY BE ASKED TO PROVIDE FURTHERINFORMATION ON ANY PRESCRIPTION DRUGS ETC THAT YOU MAY USEWHILST ATTENDING A FIELD MEETING. IN ORDER TO ENSURE THESAFETY OF ALL PARTICIPANTS, THE GA RESERVES THE RIGHT TO LIMITOR REFUSE ATTENDANCE AT FIELD MEETINGS.

EMERGENCY CONTACT: if you are lost or late for the start of a meeting,an emergency contact is available during UK field meetings by calling theGA mobile phone 07724 133290. The mobile phone will only be switchedon just before and during field meetings. For routine enquiries please callthe GA office on the usual number.

TRAVEL REGULATIONS are observed. The GA acts as a retail agent forATOL holders in respect of air flights included in field meetings. All flightsare ATOL protected by the Civil Aviation Authority (see GA Circular No.942, October 2000 for further details). Field meetings of more than 24hours duration or including accommodation are subject to the PackageTravel Regulations 1992. The information provided does not constitute abrochure under these Regulations.

CIRCULAR No. 997 December 2013

FIELD MEETINGS IN 2014

We are hoping to arrange additional fossilcollecting opportunities during the year. Theremay not be time to advertise these in the Circularso if you would like details when they becomeavailable contact Sarah Stafford at the GA office.

PLEASE ALSO REFER TO OUR WEB SITE(http://www.geologistsassociation.org.uk) FORANY CHANGES TO THE PROGRAMME AND FORFINALISED DATES

THE INFERIOR OOLITE OF DORSETLeader: Bob ChandlerSaturday 1st – Sunday 2nd March (date to beconfirmed)Details have still to be finalised but Bob will betaking us to several temporary exposures of therichly fossiliferous Inferior Oolite. We may alsovisit some coastal outcrops depending on thestate of the beach and cliffs.Equipment: You must have a hard hat,appropriate clothing and footwear.Cost & booking: Numbers will be strictly limitedto 20. Further details will be available from SarahStafford at the GA office. Register with Sarahsending an administration fee of £15 per personto confirm your place.

QUARRIES IN THE SOMERTON AREA, SOMERSETLeader: Simon CarpenterFriday 28th March A day exploring the Upper Triassic and LowerJurassic rocks of the Somerton andLangport area, Somerset. Please note the date –the meeting has been scheduled for Friday toresolve the access problems that led to itspostponement last year.

A number of working quarries in theSomerton and Langport areas of Somerset will bevisited where rocks of predominantly UpperTriassic age are exposed. At Ashen Cross quarrythese rocks are carefully extracted, cut andpolished for ornamental purposes. The limestonecontains a restricted invertebrate assemblage aswell as occasional isolated marine reptile bones.There are also many interesting sedimentaryfeatures. Pub lunch or sandwiches. Equipment: Hard hat and hi‐vis jacket.Appropriate clothing and footwear. Attendeesshould be capable of dealing with the conditionsin working quarries.

Cost & booking: Numbers will be limited to 25.Further details will be available from SarahStafford at the GA office. Register with Sarahsending an administration fee of £5 per person toconfirm your place.

THE CHALK OF THE HERTFORDSHIRE ANDCAMBRIDGESHIRE BORDERLeader: Haydon BaileySaturday 12th AprilThe purpose of this meeting is to provide anoverview of the Chalk in the Steeple Morden andAshwell village area on theHertfordshire/Cambridgeshire border. We willvisit two quarries at Steeple Morden, AshwellSprings (River Rhee/Cam rising from TotternhoeStone source), Ashwell Church (Totternoe Stonebuilding & fascinating graffiti) and a brief stop toadmire Plenus marl section in a private garden.Packed or pub lunch (to be arranged).The start point will be the car park at Ashwelland Morden station – it may be possible to meetattendees travelling by train. The total walking

distance is 2 ‐ 3 km. No major slopes or otherproblems. Attendees should be capable of dealingwith conditions in working quarries.

Equipment: You must have a hard hat, high visjacket and safety glasses.Cost & booking: Numbers will be strictly limitedto 20. Further details will be available from SarahStafford at the GA office. Register with Sarahsending an administration fee of £5 per person toconfirm your place.

GEOLOGICAL GEMS OF THE SOUTH DOWNSLeader: Rory Mortimore Saturday 14th – Sunday 15th JuneThis weekend meeting celebrates Rory’s twoyears as GA president and also the publication ofhis revised GA Chalk Guide.The programme has still to be finalised but atpresent on the Saturday we will start at BeachyHead and end in the Cuckmere valley. Sundaywill be a walk on the Downs probably aroundFirle and Glynde.The itinerary is partly determined by commentsRory has had back from GA members who findwalking too far difficult but would still love to getinto the field. So the itineraries will be designedwith everyone in mind – stopping points foroverviews as well as shorter and flat walks. Themost strenuous will be Beachy Head which, fromexperience, most people seem to manage. Wewill be based in the Lewes area. If there issufficient interest we will arrange a group mealfor the Saturday evening.Equipment: You must have a hard hat,appropriate clothing and footwear. Cost & booking: Numbers will be limited to 25.Further details will be available from Sarah

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Stafford at the GA office. Register with Sarahsending an administration fee of £10 per personto confirm your place.

DEVON GEOLOGY WEEKENDLeader: Richard ScrivenerSaturday 28th – Sunday 29th JuneOn Saturday we will look at the Permian red bedsand the lamprophyric and alkali‐basalt lavas(Exeter Volcanics) of the Crediton Trough. Detailshave still to be decided but localities mayinclude West Sandford (Bow Breccia and KnowleSandstone – early Permian), Knowle Hill Quarry(lamprophyric lava – early Permian), Posbury orUton quarries (alkali basalt ‐ early Permian),Cromwell’s Cutting, Crediton (Newton St. CyresBreccia – mid‐ to late Permian) and Newton StCyres Golf Course (Crediton Breccia – latePermian). In addition to the sedimentary andvolcanic features, there will be a demonstrationof the unroofing history of the Dartmoor Granite.On Sunday we will look at the Dartmoor Graniteand its mineralisation commencing at Haytor. Wewill look at sections on the tor and in nearbyquarries in coarse‐grained megacrystic and non‐megacrystic biotite granites. We will then travelon to the Birch Tor and Vitifer Tin mines ofcentral Dartmoor to examine the open workingsand assemblages of quartz‐tourmaline‐cassiterite‐haematite. In the afternoon we willmove to either the Hemerdon Tugsten Mine(depending on operational constraints) oranother quarry. Packed or pub lunch both daysEquipment: You must have a hard hat and hi‐visjacket and suitable clothing and footwear. Cost & booking: Numbers will be strictly limitedto 20. Further details will be available from SarahStafford at the GA office. Register with Sarahsending an administration fee of £15 per personto confirm your place.

WEALDEN EXCURSION ‐ joint meeting with theHastings & District Geological SocietyLeaders: Ken Brooks, Peter Austen and EdJarzembowskiSaturday 20th July Following last year’s field visit to Cliff End, east ofHastings, we will be visiting another section ofthis classic five mile lower Wealden coastline.The exact details of the field trip will not beknown until nearer the time as it will depend onaccess conditions at a number of points along thecoast.Equipment: You must bring a hard hat andsuitable footwear. Packed lunch. We will bewalking along the beach over shingle and somerocks which may be slippery. Care should alsobe taken to keep away from the base of thecliffs in case of rock‐falls, particularly after wetweather. Total return distance 5–6 km. Cost & booking: Further details will be availablefrom Sarah Stafford at the GA office. Registerwith Sarah sending an administration fee of £5per person to confirm your place.

THE GEOLOGY OF THE ISLE OF MANLeaders: Dave Quirk and Dave BurnettFriday 19th ‐ Monday 22nd SeptemberThis meeting celebrates the new GA guide to theIsle of Man written by the leaders. Both havebeen closely involved with hydrocarbonexploration in the surrounding areas. Theprogramme will include excursions to view topart of the Iapetus Suture, diverse LowerPalaeozoic turbidites, Caledonian folds andgranite, Devonian continental sediments, aSurtseyan volcanic centre and Carboniferous

reefs plus Viking carved stones, medieval castlesand industrial archaeological sites. Attendeeswill need to make their own arrangements fortravel to and from the island – either by ferry orair. Travel on the island will be by minibus. Wehope to block book rooms in a suitable hotel sothat we can easily meet everyone and pickup/drop off is easier. Those who wish to arrangetheir own accommodation will need to be able toget to the hotel in order to get the minibus.Equipment: Hard hats are essential. Moderatelystrenuous walks, some clambering and possiblywet and windy weather on exposed coastalexposures should be expected – attendeesshould ensure that they can cope with theseconditions and have suitable clothing andfootwear.Cost & booking: The attendance fee will be setonce we have details of minibus costs etc.Further details will be available from SarahStafford at the GA office. Please register yourinterest with Sarah as soon as possible so that wecan gauge numbers.

DORSET COAST WEEKENDLeader: Prof John C.W. Cope September/October (date to be confirmed)Following the success of the previous twomeetings to the west Dorset coast we will bebased in Weymouth and will be looking mainly atthe Upper Jurassic. We will finish at about 16:00on Sunday.Equipment: Participants should be equipped forvery rough beaches and should have stoutfootwear with ankle support. Helmets areessential but HI vis. jackets will not be required.There may well be some steep ascents (anddescents) dependent on the weather.Cost & booking: Numbers will be limited to 25.Register with Sarah Stafford at the GA officesending an administration fee of £15 to confirmyour place. Two meetings have been carried overfrom 2013 having had to be postponed due toaccess problems:

BUCKS GEOLOGYLeader: Jill Eyers(date to be confirmed)We will visit several quarries, one of which hasbeen restored in part by a grant from the CurryFund. Packed or pub lunch, car sharing may benecessary.Equipment: Hard hat and hi‐vis jacket.Appropriate clothing and footwear. Attendeesshould be capable of dealing with the conditionsin working quarries.Cost & booking: Numbers will be limited to 20.Further details will be available from SarahStafford at the GA office. Register with Sarahsending an administration fee of £5 per person toconfirm your place.

BARTON CLIFFS ‐ FOSSILS ANDGEOENGINEERINGLeader: Peter Reading(date to be confirmed)The cliffs at Barton on sea provide an excellentopportunity to view the Barton Beds close up.The section between Avon Beach and Hordleprovide an excellent opportunity to view thesequence and one of the South’s most impressivecoastal landslides. On a good day there are alsopanoramic views across to the Isle of Wight andThe Needles to the east and Swanage to thewest. The cliff top provides an ideal position toview what was once the Solent River valley. Thelarge landslip at Barton Cliff provides an excellent

location for fossil collecting with fresh materialbeing exposed on a regular basis the beds includeimportant horizon markers . The section atHighcliff is also a good location to see moderncoastal defence management. Access to some parts of the Barton landslip maybe restricted at high tide also during and afterwet weather the landslip can be hazardous.However there are plenty of good locationswhich are safe and will provide good viewing andfossil collection points.Bring a packed lunch.Equipment: Please bring a hard hat, appropriateclothing and footwear. The cliffs can be verymuddy and uneven in places.Cost & booking: Further details will be availablefrom Sarah Stafford at the GA office. Registerwith Sarah sending an administration fee of £5per person to confirm your place.

IN THE PIPELINE (Dates and details to bearranged)...........................

THE BUILDING STONES OF TOTTENHAM COURTROADLeader: Ruth SiddallTHE BUILDING STONES OF ST ALBANS Leader: Diana Smith

OVERSEAS TRIPS 2014Crete and SantoriniThis will take place 13‐16 September, and will beled by Dr Paul Olver.

New ZealandStarting in Auckland and finishing in Christchurch,this trip will take place in November 2014 andwill be led by Dr Mike Ridd.

Lisbon and the Geological, Natural History andScience MuseumsThu. 16th – Mon. 20th OctoberLeaders: Dr Maria Cristina Cabral & Dr AnaCristina Azerêdo (University of Lisbon), Dr LuisDuarte (University of Coimbra) and ProfessorMiguel Ramalho (Geological Museum).

We continue our series of ‘behind the scenes’tours of international standard geologicalmuseums, arranged by Alan Lord and David &Anne Bone. In 2014, we will be visiting theGeological Museum and the Natural History andScience Museum (part of the University ofLisbon), also in Lisbon. Museum websites can befound at: Geological Museum ‐http://www.lneg.pt/MuseuGeologico/ Museum of Natural History and Science (of theUniversity of Lisbon) ‐ http://mnhnc.ul.ptOctober, we gather in the evening for dinner(cost not included) and an introduction to theweekend. The programme includes museumtours and behind the scenes on Friday, a coachexcursion to a variety of important field sites onSaturday (the geology of the Lisbon area is veryvaried!) and free time and optional guided citywalk on Sunday, return home on Monday 20thOctober.Cost & booking: Please make and pay for yourown travel arrangements to Lisbon, once the triphas been confirmed as viable. The estimated costis £300 per person (twin or double room) and£430 (single), excluding flights and transfers. Theprice includes 4 nights hotel bed & breakfast,leaders’ expenses, coach hire, entrance fees andadministration.Registration closing date is 6th April 2014 withfull payment by 1st May 2014. Further detailsfrom at [email protected] (preferred) orby post at 4 Kensington Road, Chichester, West

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Sussex PO19 7XR; a non‐refundable deposit of£50 per person by cheque payable to theGeologists’ Association to the above address willbe required to confirm your booking. These tripsare popular and numbers will be limited so bookearly.FOR FINALISED DATES AND FOR ANY CHANGES TOTHE PROGRAMME PLEASE REFER TO OUR WEBSITE WWW.GEOLOGISTSASSOCIATION.ORG.UK

GEOLOGISTS’ ASSOCIATION LOCAL GROUPS (LG) AND AFFILIATED SOCIETIES

Amateur Geological SocietyContact Julia Daniels 020 8346 1056.Field trips: [email protected]

Bath Geological SocietyDecember 5 Coastal sea surface temperature trendsand the impact on sedimentation ‐ Professor CarlLeonetto Amos. February 6 AGM and Naxos ‐geological evolution of a gneiss dome ‐ Dr DougRobinson. March 6 The Stonehenge PhosphaticChalk ‐ Prof Rory Mortimore.www.bathgeolsoc.org.uk

Belfast Geologists’ SocietyDecember 18 Uncovering the Glacial History ofIreland’s Continental Shelf – Dr Paul Dunlop.January 20 Refining the Radiocarbon Timescale –Prof Paula Reimer. February 10 Neanderthals –The Irish Connection – Dr John MurrayContact Email: [email protected];www.belfastgeologists.org.uk

Black Country Geological SocietyDecember 9 BCGS Members’ Evening andChristmas Social. January 27 Testing the BythamRiver hypothesis ‐ Professor Philip Gibbard,Cambridge Quaternary Department ofGeography. February 24 Precambrian ofShropshire (tbc). ‐ Dr Alex Liu. For informationcontact Barbara Russell 01902 650168.www.bcgs.infoBrighton & Hove Geological SocietyDecember 18 Christmas ConglomerateHeld at the Booth Museum, all contributions,geological and/or festive food and drink.January 8 Sussex Marine Life, Chalk, Sandstone,Sediment and Wrecks – Dr Gerald Legg.February 5 tba. March 5 Chalk , Black Shales,Climate change and Sea Level Change:unravelling Late Cretaceous history ‐ Prof IanJarvis. Contact John Cooper 01273 292780 email: john.cooper@brighton‐hove.gov.ukBristol Naturalists’ Society Contact 01373 474086Email: [email protected]/Cambridgeshire Geology Club (LG)Contact – Ken Rolfe on 01480 496973, mobile07777 678685.www.cambridgeshiregeologyclub.org.ukCarn Brea Mining SocietyContact Lincoln James 01326 311420. Furtherdetails www.carnbreaminingsociety.co.ukCheltenham Mineral and Geological SocietyFor more information on lectures contact AnnKent 01452 610375. For more information onField trips contact Kath Vickers 01453 827007http://cmgs.yolasite.com/Cumberland Geological SocietyDecember 11 Members evening. January 22 IronOre Mine Shaft collapse at Egremont ‐ DennisR.E. Dickens. February 12 Rhyolitic Eruption atCordon Caulle, Chile: a glacier of volcanic glass –Dr Hugh Tuffen. For details on the activities ofthe Cumberland Geological Society

www.cumberland‐geol‐soc.org.uk/Cymdeithas Daeaereg Gogledd Cymru: NorthWales Geology Association (LG)January 25 AGM followed by a Guest Lecture(Details to be confirmed) Contact JonathanWilkins 01492 583052 [email protected] www.ampyx.org.uk/cdgcCymdeithas Y Daearegwyr Grwp De Cymru:South Wales Group Geologists’ Association (LG)Contact Lynda Garfield at [email protected] Devonshire Association (Geology Section)Contact Jenny Bennett 01647 24033 email JennyBennett [email protected] Dinosaur Societywww. Dinosaursociety.com. Contact: Prof RichardMoody [email protected] Group of the Geologists’ Association (LG)December 7 Christmas Workshop and buffetlunch. Contact Doreen Smith 01300 320811 Email: [email protected] Natural History & Archaeological SocietyContact Jenny Cripps email: jenny@dor‐mus.demon.co.ukEarth Science Teachers AssociationFor membership contact: Mike [email protected]. Tel 014804 57068ESTA website www.esta‐uk.netEast Herts Geology ClubCheck website for venue or contact Diana Perkins01920 463755.www.ehgc.org.uk email: [email protected] Visitors most welcome ‐ £2East Midlands Geological SocietyDecember 7 Landslides ‐ Helen Reeves and ClaireDashwood. To be followed by the ChristmasBuffet – please remember to bring a glass!January 18 Shale Gas ‐ Nick RileyFebruary 15 Professor Iain Stewart of PlymouthUniversity has kindly agreed to give theFoundation Lecture on this the 50th Anniversaryof the founding of the Society ‐ the title of histalk will be confirmed as soon as possible.The talk will be followed by a special 50thAnniversary Dinner which it is hoped that asmany members as possible will attend.www.emgs.org.ukEdinburgh Geological SocietyEmail: [email protected]; Web:www.edinburghgeolsoc.orgEssex Rock and Mineral SocietyDecember 10 Social, refreshments, raffle, quiz.Contact Ros Smith [email protected],01245 441201or see www.erms.orgFarnham Geological Society (LG)November 8 Devonian Igneous Intrusions in KolaPeninsula, Russia – Mr Chris Fone.December 6 Devonian Fishes – Dr Peter Forey.Field Trip Contact – Dr Graham Williamstel: 01483 573802. Emailsecretary@farnhamgeosoc.org.ukwww.farnhamgeosoc.org.ukContact – Judith Wilson:[email protected] of the Sedgwick Museum, CambridgeContact: Dr Peter Friend 01223 333400.www.sedgwickmuseum.org/activities/friends.htmGeological Society of GlasgowContact Dr Iain Allison email: [email protected]

Geological Society of NorfolkDecember 5 Testing the Bytham River hypothesis –Prof Phil Gibbard. January 16 The Origins of theCromer Ridge Moraine Complex in North Norfolk –Dr Jonathan Lee. February 20 Conquering the North:the early human colonisation of Britain – Dr NickAshton. March 20 The Bytham River Story: keyevidence for understanding pre‐glacialenvironmental change and early human occupancyin Britain – Professor Jim Rose. Contact Email:Martin Warren; [email protected] www.norfolkgeology.co.ukHampshire Gem, Fossil & Mineral Society Mr Roger BrownEmail: [email protected] & Hillingdon Geological Society (LG)December 11 Energy for the Future – Dr TonyGrindrod. Email: [email protected]: 020 8422 1859. Field trip information AllanWheeler 01344 455451www.hhgs.org.uk Hastings and District Geological SocietyContact email: [email protected] http://hastingsgeology.btck.co.uk/Hertfordshire Geological Society (LG)December 5 From Polar Bears to deep‐sea seeps,a palaeontologist’s view of Greenland – Dr SimonKelly. Contact Lesley Extonemail: [email protected] Geological Field Club December 7 Christmas Party.Contact Mrs Gill Woodhatch 01403 250371www.hgfc.uwclub.net/Index.html Hull Geological SocietyDecember 10 Members Evening.January 14 Dirty Dancing – fine sedimentdynamics and the rock record – Prof DanParsons. February 13 Interpreting Nature’sBarcode: from the atoms of river deposits to theWorld’s largest rivers – Arjan Reesink.For Further Details please contact Mike Horne,28 Salisbury Street, Hull, HU5 3HA,tel 01482 346784, or e‐mail [email protected]: www.hullgeolsoc.org.ukThe Jurassic CoastDetails are available on the web site atwww.jurassiccoast.comKent Geologists’ Group of the Geologists’Association (LG)Contact Indoor Secretary Mrs Ann Barrett tel:01233 623126 email: [email protected] The Kirkaldy Society (Alumni of Queen MaryCollege) (LG)Contact Mike Howgate 020 8882 2606 or [email protected] or [email protected] Group of the Geologists’ Association(LG) Contact Secretary Jennifer Rhodes 01204811203 Email: [email protected]‐geologists.co.ukLeicester Literary & Philosophical Society(Geology)December 11 Christmas Meeting, New WalkMuseum, Leicester. January 15 The Planet in aPebble ‐ Dr Jan Zalasiewicz.January 20 Parent Body Lecture, Hugh AstonBuilding, De Montfort University, Leicester.Living Fossils ‐ Prof Richard Fortey.January 29 A History of London’s WaterResources ‐ Jonathan Paul February 12 MembersEvening. February 26 The Fall and Rise ofDinosaurs: A Macro‐evolutionary Perspective ‐ DrRoger Benson March 1 Annual SaturdaySeminar “Seaside Rock: Classic British Holiday

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Geology” ‐ Ken Edwards LT1, Leicester University,10am – 5pm. Tickets £18 (£24 with lunch) March 12 The Disposal of Radioactive Waste : AGeological Perspective ‐ Dr Richard Shaw March 26 AGM and Chairman’s Address by DrJoanne Norris. More Tales from the Riverbank.Contact Joanne Norris 0116 283 3127email: [email protected]. www.charnia.org.ukLeeds Geological AssociationDecember 5 AGM and conversazione.Visitors welcome; tea and biscuitsDetails : Judith Dawson 0113 2781060www.leedsga.org.ukLiverpool Geological SocietyContact: Joe Crossley 0151 426 1324 or email [email protected]/Manchester Geological AssociationDecember 11 Mining the Yard Seam in New Millsin the 18th and 19th Centuries ‐ Dr DerekBrumhead MBE. January 25 The BroadhurstLectures: The ‘Avian Dinosaurs’: Latest Researchon some early fossil birds. Secrets ofArchaeopteryx revealed by Synchrotron Analysis ‐Dr John Nudds, University of Manchester. TheGliding Flight of Feathered Dinosaurs and theEvolution of Bird Flapping ‐ Dr Gareth Dyke,University of Southampton. February 12 AGMfollowed by Presidential Address: Peter delStrother MBE, Quicklime, Cement and a ShortHistory of Quarrying ‐ Manchester GeologicalAssociation. March 5 Joint Meeting with theGeographical Association: Living in Europe’sSupervolcano: Volcanic hazard and emergencymanagement in the Bay of Naples ‐ Dr MartinDegg. Contact email: Sue Plumb 0161 427 5835email [email protected] All meetings in the Williamson Building,University of Manchesterwww.mangeolassoc.org.ukMid Wales Geology ClubContact Bill Bagley 01686 412679www.midwalesgeology.org.uk Mid Week Geology Club in [email protected] http://mwggyorkshire.webspace.virginmedia.com/Mole Valley Geological Society (LG)January 9 Fracking shale Gas: what on Earth isthat all about? Prof Dick Selley. February 13Members evening of micro‐lecturettes.Secretary: Judith Robson, email:[email protected] 01208 3931004. Full details on:www.radix.demon.co.uk/mvgsNewbury Geological Study GroupField Meetings season runs from October to July.Normally meets on the third Sunday of themonth. Details Mike & Helen Weideli 0163542190. www.ngsg.org.ukNorfolk Mineral & Lapidary SocietyMeetings at St Georges Church Hall, ChurchfieldGreen, Norwich. 19.30hrs every first Tuesday ofthe Month except August. Secretary: ColinLansdell Contact: [email protected]://norfolkminandlapsoc.homestead.com/North Eastern Geological SocietyDetails: [email protected]; ChristineBurridge email: [email protected]‐geolsoc.50megs.com North Staffordshire Group of the Geologists’Association (LG)December 12 Christmas social. January 9 The BigChill…. Life, death and destruction, a story fromthe end of the Ordovician – Keith Nicholls.

February 13 Rebuilding terrestrial ecosystemsafter the end – Devonian mass extinction: amajor turning point in terrestrial evolution – DrSarah Davies. Contact for details Eileen Fraser01260 271505 www.esci.keele.ac.uk/nsgga/ Open University Geological SocietyEvents ‐ listed on http://ougs.org, or [email protected]. The membership secretaryis Phyllis Turkington and can be contacted by e‐mail at [email protected] or by phone 0289081 7470Oxford Geology Group (LG)The Oxford Colloquium March 8, 20142014 Speakers See Advertisement page 15.Ravensbourne Geological Society (LG)December 10 Christmas festivities andcompetitions. January 14 Space – Ashley King.February 11 The Dinosaurs of Crystal Palace Park– Joe Cain. March 11 Minerals of Morocco – JohnPearce. April 8 Sussex Dinosaurs – John Cooper.Contact Carole McCarthy Secretary: 020 81276104 email: [email protected] or VernonMarks: 020 8460 2354web: www.ravensbourne‐geology.org.ukReading Geological SocietyDecember 2 Darwin’s Lost World The earlyhistory of life on Earth ‐ Prof Martin Brasier.Monday 6 January 2014 AGM and MembersEvening. Presentation by Jim House. Social event‐ short lecture, food, wine and discussionsFebruary 3 Permo‐Triassic mass extinctions,Russia ‐Searching for the cause and effect of theWorld’s largest mass extinction in the Permo‐Triassic of Russia ‐ Dr Andrew Newell.March 3 Presidential Address Geology of theGalapagos Islands, From Charles Darwin to thepresent. Professor Peter Worsley.Hilary Jensen, General Secretary – for moredetails and general information tel: 0118 9841600. email: [email protected];Contact David Ward ‐ for field trips 01344483563 www.readinggeology.org.uk/Royal Geological Society of CornwallContact email: [email protected] 860410 Web: www.rgsc.org.ukThe Russell SocietyEmail Frank Ince [email protected] Geological Societywww.shropshiregeology.org.uk Sidcup Lapidary and Mineral Societycontact: G. Bell 020 8300 4770.Meets every Monday evening at Sidcup ArtsCentre. Contact Nicola Claxton 01322 227 057E‐mail: [email protected]

Southampton Mineral and Fossil SocietyDecember 17 Recenseo Annus – Gary Morsereviews the year in pictures and words.Contact: Gary Morse, 01489 787300Email: [email protected] Website: www.sotonminfoss.org.uk Stamford and District Geological Societywww.stamfordgeolsoc.org.ukTeme Valley Geological SocietySeptember 23 Talk by John Clatworthy of theLapworth Museum. Email: John [email protected] www.geo‐village.eyUssher SocietyContact Elaine Burt [email protected]: www.ussher.org.ukWarwickshire Geological Conservation GroupDecember 11 Christmas SocialJanuary 15 Mud: a guide to drilling for Oil – HughJones.February 19 The Cambrian Explosion: news fromthe far North – Prof Paul Smith. Contact FrankWells 01926 512696email: [email protected] www.wgcg.co.ukWest of England Group of the Geologists’Association (LG)Contact Bobby Oliver [email protected] www.wega.org.uk West Sussex Geological Society (LG)December 13 Members Christmas meeting.January 17 Andean Highlands –QuaternaryPalaeoenvironments – Dr Mick FrogleyFebruary 21 AGM. February 23 Behind thescenes at the Booth Museum – John Cooper.Contact Betty Steel 01903 209140 Email: [email protected]; www.wsgs.org.ukWestmorland Geological SocietyContact Brian Kettleemail: [email protected] Woolhope HerefordJanuary 24 Structural mapping and interpretationof complex unconventional gas unconventionalgas discovery – Tim Wright and Sarah Pearce.Contact Sue Hay on 01432 357138 [email protected];www.woolhopeclub.org.ukYorkshire Geological SocietyDecember 7 AGM and Presidential Address.Contact Trevor Morse 01833 638893www.yorksgeolsoc.org.uk

Woodward 150 symposium:fossil fishes and fakesWednesday 21 May 2014

Celebrate the life, influences and legacy of fossil fish specialist SirArthur Smith Woodward at this all-day symposium.

Arthur Smith Woodward contributed widely to ou knowledge of fossilfish, extinct animals and regional geology. the symposium considershis influence on palaeontology and the legacy of his work at theMuseum.

Flett Theatre, Natural History Museum, South Kensington

Open to everyione Free, but registration required:http://www.nhm.ac.uk/research-curation/earth-sciences/fossil-vertebrates/fossil-vertebrate-research/fishes/woodward150/index.html

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Puddingstone and relatedsilcretes of the Anglo-Paris Basingeological and archaeological perspectives

Burlington House, London, UK

A joint meeting of the Geological Society, the Geologists Association and the Society of Antiquaries

16-19 May 2014

Conveners: Jenny Huggett (Petroclays)

Chris Green (Society of Antiquaries)

Rory Mortimore(Geologists Association)

Hertfordshire Puddingstone and its regional counterparts havelong been of interest to both geologists and archaeologists,while recent developments in the understanding of modernsilcrete and recent petrographic and stable isotope studies ofthe puddingstone silica cements are providing new insightsinto the origin of puddingstone. Even though HertfordshirePuddingstone is a remarkably tough rock, it has been found inplace in only a few locations. In contrast, puddingstone that hasbeen moved and used by humankind is much more common. Inparticular, Roman puddingstone querns are found over a widearea and are of particular interest to archaeologists. In the lastsix years there has been growing cooperation betweengeologists and archaeologists on puddingstones studies, toinvestigate both the Hertfordshire Roman puddingstone quarryand to look further afield. In 2011 a second Romanpuddingstone quarry was found in Northern France, in an areaof the Paris Basin that includes fossiliferous Paleogenepuddingstone. The meeting will cover puddingstones andsilcretes of similar age in both the Hampshire and Paris Basins,and the weekend field trip will include East Hertfordshire/Essex, then Saint-Saëns and Sotteville in Northern France. It isanticipated that both the meeting and the post-conferencefield trips will lead to further co-operative research betweenarchaeologists and geologists.

Speakers include:Bryan Lovell, David Nash, Mike Parker Pearson, Jane Tubb, Chris Green, Jenny Huggett, Tony Brown

For further information please contact:Georgina Worrall, The Geological Society, Burlington House, Piccadilly, London W1J 0BG

T: 020 434 9944E: [email protected]: www.geolsoc.org.uk/puddingstone14

HALSTEAD PRIZE & COUNCIL NOMINATIONS

Nominations are invited for the following:

Halstead MedalThe Halstead Medal is awarded for outstanding merit,deemed to further the objectives of the Association and topromote geology. Open to Members and non-Members.

New Recruits for CouncilNominations for new Council Members to be elected at theAGM on May 9th 2014 are now being sought (note theAGM will be the 2nd Friday in May). Nominations must besupported by at least three members of not less than oneyear’s standing, and accompanied by a brief statement onthe nominee and by the nominee’s written consent.Council members due to retire in May are Peter Riches andRichard Howarth. Elaine Bimpson has resigned and MikeRidd will resign as Oversseas Field Trip officer after his tripto New Zealand in November 2014.

Nominations for the Halstead Fund and for newCouncil Members must reach the General Secretary

by 31st January 2013

Please email (or send by post) your nominations to the GeneralSecretary c/o Sarah Stafford at the GA office

([email protected])

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As a member of the North StaffsGroup of the GA we have alwaysmade a point of having someoneattend the Local Groups Meetingin Burlington house. This year itfell to myself, Vice Chair of thegroup and my wife Janet who isalso a member of the committee.

There is the constant moan thatthe GA is too London centric. Ifwe fail to turn up we are addingto this problem and, we in NorthStaffordshire, have always triedto play as full a part as possible.We all share basically the sameobjectives of promoting Geologyand enjoying and learning asmuch as we can about the subject.

Why should we take the troubleto travel a not inconsiderabledistance and at a cost that drawsan intake of breath from ourtreasurer (though we did take the slow train to reduce thecost)? There are a number of reasons why we consider it aworthwhile exercise.

By attending we are able to meet other members of GAgroups and affiliates, make new friends and renew oldacquaintances. See and be seen by the committee of theGA and join in the discussions about the aims and directionsof the Association.

We always produce a report for our committee highlightingthe topics that have been discussed. This year, of particularinterest was the proposal to organise and give talks tointroduce geology to 16 plus age group. Giving a selectionof four topics, so as to promote an interest in the subject.This is something that I think our group will take up withenthusiasm.

David OsbornNorth Staffordshire Group of the G.A.

TRIP TO LONDON TO THE GA LOCAL GROUPS MEETINGAND THE FESTIVAL OF GEOLOGY

EVENING TRIP AROUND THE ‘MARBLES’ OF THE HOTEL RUSSELL9th JULY 2013 - Led by Ruth Siddall, University College London

The Hotel Russell is a gem.Completed in 1898 it is theepitome of high Victorianopulence. The entrance lobby,stair well and dining room areclad in a rich array of exoticmarbles and limestones, many ofthem French. It was designed byarchitect Charles Fitzroy Dollfrom whom we get theexpression ‘dolled up’. You cansee why! We are fortunate thattwo sources, Renwick (1909) andElsden & Howe (1923) gave thenames of the stones used andRuth Siddall has managed toidentify them and find details ofwhere they have come from,sometimes down to the veryquarry. She was thus able toguide us expertly through thestones and added a great feel forthe fashions at the time ofconstruction. Ruth has written upthe details which are available onher website:

www.ucl.ac.uk/~ucfbrxs/Homepage/UrbanGeology.htm.

Ruth has also written upbuilding stone walks inTottenham Court Road, HydePark Corner, the Angel Islington,St. Pancras New Church,Gresham Street & the Guildhalland the British Museum. Wehope she will lead the GA onsome of these walks in thefuture.

Our thanks to Ruth and to theHotel Russell who made us mostwelcome and also showed us theprivate dining rooms on whichthe Titanic State Rooms weremodelled by Doll. It was a hotday and it was good to relax inthe bar afterwards with a coolbeer or a glass of Pimms.

Diana Clements

John Lonerganreceiving goodluck from theHotel’s mascotdragon ‘LuckyGeorge’who stands on astaircase builtfrom Breche deSt Maximin.

The marble-clad foyer of the Hotel Russell

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The two-day GA tour ofEast Anglian sites in mid-September turned out tobe a wonderful travellingseminar. With variedevidence to hand in eightlocations, the tour leaders- plus a number of post-doc researchers - providedan unparalleled insight intocurrent understanding ofthe ‘lost’ Bytham River.

The mix of geologists,archaeologists andgeographers made thetour and discussions allthe more fascinating andmeaningful. Jim Rose is tobe congratulated on hisclear and dynamicexplanations of theevidence, problems andmysteries in revealing thisonce-mighty river. Some ofthe archaeologicalevidence and artifactspresented by Terry Hardaker werequite stunning; they demonstrated thehigh degree of people’s abilities andcraftsmanship hundreds of thousandsof years ago.

We crossed the breadth of EastAnglia from Kings Lynn to Lowestoft toview the variety of deposits andstructures, visiting four sites on eachday following the course of the lowerBytham River (Fig. 1). The advancingAnglian ice sheet destroyed the rivercomplex around 430,000 years agoand created the lowlands of the Washand Fen basin; artefacts found withinthe Bytham River deposits aretherefore older than the date of this iceadvance.

Our first stop, at Tottenhill, with itsfine succession of peat and estuarinesands, revealed the scene afterBytham River times. At Feltwell thegravel pit geology reveals where theriver carved its course across the Chalk

bedrock (Fig. 2). Here, artefacts havebeen found on or close to the Chalksurface, including the quartzite choppershown in Fig. 3.

Geological study of the area istypified by study in working pits andrelatively small and sometimes

temporary exposures. Thegeology is of complexsedimentary structures subjectto argument and re-interpretation in the light ofcontinuing collecting, researchand observation in theimmediate and widersurrounding areas. This is allfertile ground for scientificdisagreement. For instance, atFeltwell, both Bytham RiverSands and Gravels andglaciofluvial sands and gravels(Fig. 5) are recognized, butthe relationship between themis subject to conflictinginterpretations.

Also, during our visits, wesaw evidence of glacialdeposits that stimulated ourthoughts about the glacialhistory of East Anglia. Inparticular the fact that atFakenham Magna a temperateclimate palaeosol was seen

between two tills, showing that therehad been at least two glaciations atthis site and that they were separatedby a time that included a long periodof temperate climate (Fig. 6).

At Flixton, sandy, till-like depositsdistinct from the Lowestoft Till wereseen in Wroxham Crag sedimentsindicating the possibility of a glaciation

Travelling Down the Bytham River

Fig. 1. The course of the Bytham River across East Anglia

Fig 2. Feltwell pit. Bytham Sands and Gravels overliethe scoured Chalk riverbed, seen in the distance,upon which artefacts have been found.

Fig 3. The surface of this quartzite chopper fromFeltwell pit reveals evidence of testing andfabrication by an expert toolmaker.

Fig 4. Handaxe collectors have left these irregularspoil heaps over the Bytham Sands and Gravels atWarren Hill. Many flint flakes were found at thesurface during our visit.

Fig 6. At Fakenham Magna, Jim Rose explains theresearch evidence for soil development between twotills. Clay coatings of voids indicate a warm andmoist climate whereas carbonate coatings reflect awarm and seasonally moist and dry regime.

Fig 5. Jim Rose explains the sequence ofglaciofluvial deposits at the far side of the disusedFeltwell pit. Cross-bedded sands are associated withchalky till.


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in East Anglia much earlier than theAnglian (Fig. 8).

To round off the weekend, a jawbone with teeth – probably that of a

small herbivore - was discovered nearthe base of the Pakefield cliff, in theBytham River floodplain sediments, theCromer Forest Bed (Fig. 9).

This whole area of research is anexciting as well as a complicated anddetailed study that should be at theforefront of scientific research today,particularly in the light of its evidencefor the style and speed of climatechanges in the past and their bearingon future climates. Key sites forfurther work and enlightenment needto be preserved and work isproceeding to try to ensure this.

Our ‘travelling seminar’ style of fieldtrip, involving varied expert views, wasan invaluable help, not least to thoseof us who are trying to ‘get their eye

in’ on this soft, messy, intriguinggeology. Our understanding was helpedenormously by the excellent handoutof maps, photos, plans, sections anddescriptions together with detailedresearch commentaries on variousaspects of this fast-changing branch ofour subject. Congratulations andthanks are due to the leaders JimRose, David Bridgland, Rob Westawayand Terry Hardaker, as well as to PeterAllen and the various researchers onhand who all gave a great insight intothis rather active area of erosion andsedimentation.

Ian Mercer and Ros Smith

Fig 9. Cliff at Pakefield looking north towards Lowestoft. The reddish CronerForest Bed is overlain by glaciofluvial sands and gravels topped by theLowestoft Till. A small remnant of Bytham Sands and Gravels was seen justbeyond the group.


Fig 7. In theworking face ofKirby CaneQuarry at LeetHill we sawgravel bars andcross-beddedsand units withinthe Bytham River deposits. Analysis of non-opaqueheavy minerals helped distinguish Bytham Riversediments from glaciofluvial sediments

Fig 8. Glacial deposit of clasts in a grey clay areseen within the Wroxham Crag at Flixton.

On our third field day in Pembrokeshire, as on previous days, we commencedour studies with a visit to a church; on this occasion the church was disused and ithad to be opened. With the cessation of the coal mining the Martletwy Church (SN033 105) congregation dwindled and the church eventually closed in January2011. Although the earliest records for the church extend back to 1231, and thename Martletwy probably refers to ‘merthyr’ and, therefore, a possible martyr’sburial site, first impressions are that the church is not that old. Until, that is, Johnpersuaded us to look more closely at the structure. The narrow chancel arch witha round head as well as some of the stonework (of local Upper Carboniferoussandstone) to the north porch certainly looked old.

As on previous days we next drove to the west coast and on this occasion tothe Marloes peninsula where we were to learn something of the complexities ofthese rocks. The area displays rocks of the Skomer Volcanic Group which originallythe Geological Survey believed to be Arenig in age. These are well displayed onthe island of Skomer as well as on the Wooltack peninsula. In these areas theyare mainly basalts and soda-rich lavas (mugearites, keratophyres, etc) with somequartzitic sandstones. In Marloes Bay, the sedimentary sequence occasionallycontains fossils which provide evidence of them being of Silurian age. The Surveyand others have in more recent years proposed that the two sequences arerelated and at the earliest all the rocks are of Upper Llandovery age. Many yearsago, before the new interpretation evolved, John had mapped the Wooltack-Marloes area and in doing so entered all the individual bays to find that because offaulting and unconformities, it proved impossible to link the two sequences. We

GEOLOGY AND CHURCHES IN PEMBROKESHIRE - Part 210th - 13th JUNE 2013

Fig. 8. Ann Sayer considers the contact betweenbasalt and the overlying lava (considered by someauthors as a grey sandstone), in Marloes Bay.

The jaw bone of a small herbivorewas found in the overbanksediments at the top of the CromerForest Bed.

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viewed several Wooltack bays, includeMartin’s Haven (SM 760 092) andJeffrey’s Haven (SM 755 092), butfound all exceedingly complex, leavingus in need of liquid sustenance and oursandwich lunch.

We were able to admire Marloes Bayfrom its fine stretch of sand after lunchfor it was now low tide. Taking the pathfrom the car park we arrived at thecentre of the bay. From that point theSilurian rocks could be seen passing upinto Old Red Sandstone in theheadlands to the west (Gateholm) andthe east (Red Cliff). It all looked prettysimple! The Silurian rocks making thecliffs of the bay had in the past beensubdivided into three: the‘Conglomerate Series’ (UpperLlandovery), but now attributed to theSkomer Volcanic Group; the‘Coralliferous Series’ (Wenlock) and the‘Sandstone Series’ (Ludlovian - now re-named the ‘Gray Sandstone Group’).We walked towards the east and soonfound the succession, with itsnumerous faults, tension gashes,sedimentary structures and general lackof fossils, difficult to interpret. East ofMatthew’s Slade (SM 785 073) afaulted basalt dyke (?) is present in thecliff. It appears to be about 20 metresthick (very much thinner than thebasalts seen at Wooltack 2 km away).The relationship of these igneous rocks(there appear to be two rock types atMarloes Bay –Fig.8) was closelyexamined for their occurrence doesmuch to confuse the overallstratigraphy of the area. There was,however, insufficient time to form aconsensus view. We progressed furtheralong the beach to the famous ThreeChimneys where three vertical ribs ofsandstone are divided by clay richsofter sandy layers. The near verticalrocks in this vicinity of the clifffrequently exhibited a fracture cleavagein the more clay rich layers. With theaid of sketches on the beach, Johnshowed how the direction of thecleavage, much in the style of dragfolds, could be used to determine whichlimb of a fold was being viewed. With

some sequences of rock apparently‘younging’ to the west there was asuspicion that these rocks might wellbe isoclinally folded. Clearly, theMarloes area requires much moreintensive study.

We had decided that we should tryto have one evening as a party diningtogether socially. With the Marloes Innunable to take us, we drove the shortdistance to St Ishmael’s where first weviewed the church (SM 830 067) tuckedinto a wooded glen in the Old RedSandstone. This rock provided much ofthe building stone in a church wheredocumentary evidence has suggested apre-Conquest origin. From the twotranseptal chapels of different ages,squint passages of different sizes giveaccess to the chancel; which, in turn,had a slight weep. Beneath the northtransept, two arches on opposing sideslow in the lateral walls probably oncetransported the local stream beneaththe church (Fig. 9). The public house inthe village provided our venue fordinner.

On the morning of day 4, assemblingat West Angle Bay (SM 854 033) wewere welcomed with winds of gale forceand horizontal rain (or was it sprayfrom the sea?!). However, we followedthe cliff path northwards towards ThornIsland and Milford Haven viewing theLower Carboniferous (Mississippian)limestone succession until it wasgradually replaced by the underlyingUpper Devonian rocks of the SkrinkleSandstone and below it the RidgewayConglomerate. Our persistence paid off,for by that time the bad weather wasabating, and we were to finally end theday with blue skies. As a result weviewed the cliff sections and the smallbays in more detail on our return. TheDevonian rocks were steeply inclinedand faulted, whereas the CarboniferousLimestones, first passing through themore impure Lower Limestone Shales(Cleistopora Zone) and on then to theMain Limestone (Zaphrentis Zone),showed in particular en echelon andother folding. Back into the north sideof the West Angle Bay, with the tidelower; the thrust plane, where theLower Limestone Shales overthrusts the

Main Limestone was now much moreevident (Fig. 10), as were bothdistinguishing fossils and minor folds(Fig. 10). It was soon time to adjournto our pre-ordered sandwich lunch inthe village.

We next drove the short distance toFreshwater West car park (SR 886 998)situated on an area of Blown Sand.With the tide now low, the magnificentwave-cut platform along the coast tothe south of the car park was fullyexposed. We descended to the beachand John started searching. It becameapparent that the very rarely seen up-faulted strip of Llanvirn Shales at thenorth end of the platform which hadbeen present four days earlier haddisappeared! It became obvious thatthese rocks were again covered bybeach sands (probably as a result ofthe gales of our previous day). Theexposed succession now commencedwith Upper Silurian rocks of the ‘Gray

Sandstone Group’ in which fossils aresometimes discovered (none werefound) and irregularly upon this a thick,polygenetic conglomerate rests dippingat about 50 degrees. Only with the nextseries of rocks could the typical redcolour of the Old Red Sandstone beobserved. Running N-S parallel to thecliff, the Flimston Bay Fault, increasingin displacement towards the south,passes through a gap in the smallpeninsula of Little Furznip. This faultdisplaced the rocks to the south on thecliff side (east). The results of the faultand a short fault off-shoot were clearlyevident on the beach outcrops. As LittleFurznip (SR 885 994) was approachedcalcretes in the red sandstones becameincreasingly abundant. We passedthrough the fault gap, where therewere many subsidiary faults as well asmarked structural kink-bands in thesandstones (Fig. 12) as a result of therocks being constrained under pressure.From here, the southward extent of thewave-cut platform was viewed, but wethen retraced our steps. Moving ourcars to Gupton Burrows (SR 888 892)we viewed the sea shore from the cliff


Fig. 9. Mary Heath investigates the arch low in thewest wall of the north transept at St Ishmael’sChurch.

Fig. 10. Some of our ladies test the thrust plane atWest Angle Bay for comfort!

Fig. 11. And Terry Blackler tries this CarboniferousLimestone syncline as an armchair!

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top and saw the marked and veryobvious impact of the Flimston BayFault on the platform rocks.

Our next stop should have been theChapel set in the CarboniferousLimestone cliff at St Govan’s (SR 967929) but having arrived at Boshertonwe found the road closed for Armyranges’ use. Our drive then continuedto the car park at Stackpole Quay (SR993957). In this area the CarboniferousLimestone displays some excellent foldsand faults. One of these plunging foldson the foreshore is particularlyrenowned in geological circles for it wasdrawn by Lady Murchison, wife SirRoderick Impey Murchison andillustrated in his Silurian System. We

saw other similar structures in the oldquarry just inland of the famousplunging syncline (Fig.13). Furtherstructures could be seen in the vicinityof the quay.

Our excursion ended as it had begunwith a church, this time at Gumfreston(SN 109 011), tucked in a wooden glenmuch as St Ishmael. Constructed ofCarboniferous Limestone, but with somesandstones from the Carboniferous andDevonian, the earliest record of thechurch was in 1291. The church hadsome unusual features, an early westporch, a north transept over which atthe end a tower had been built, a skewpassage and a chapel on the south ofthe chancel which had access to theholy well. The north nave wall has analcove which pre-dates the use forwhich, in Victorian times, it wassubsequently used to insert a heatingstove. John advised that the church haddeteriorated in the year since hepreviously visited, the wall painting wasnow barely visible and ivy was nowgrowing through a number of walls. Hebelieved that the earliest features nowpreserved were the narrow roundchancel arch and the jambs of the westdoorway to the nave which were eachbuilt with just three stones set to whatis known as ‘Escomb Style’ (from the

Anglo-Saxon church which had beenvisited in Durham on the comparabletrip in 2011).

In the car park it was time to say ourau revoirs, some were to departhomewards, others were to stay untilSunday, all were aware of some of thecomplexities of the rocks ofPembrokeshire. ReferencePotter, J. F. 2013. Searching for EarlyWelsh Churches: a study inecclesiastical geology. BritishArchaeological Reports, British Series,No 578. Archaeopress, Oxford.

John Potter

Fig. 13. A section through an anticline in C2 Zone,Carboniferous Limestone at Stackpole, leaves much todescribe.

The Committee received three new applications and hadsix matters arising to deal with at its September meeting.Of the new applications one was offered a grant, onerefused and one deferred pending submission of additionalinformation.

The University of Plymouth requested £315 for travelexpenses for its keynote speaker at its 2013 Centre forResearch in Earth Sciences (CRES) Student Conference. Theapplication was refused because travel expenses of salariedstaff are not normally within the remit. But in our responsewe suggested to the organisers that in future years, anapplication in relation to other aspects of the conferencewould be welcome by the Committee. Elizabeth Devon wasoffered a grant of £909 towards the cost of producinginformation leaflets for Box Rock Circus, the excitinggeological rock structure she masterminded in therecreation ground in Box village, Wiltshire. During theconstruction period of the Rock Circus, Elizabeth wasawarded a Curry Fund grant for the fossil rubbings whichare a permanent fixture at the site. The Circus is well wortha visit if you are ever near the village: it can keep childrenand adults busy for hours as we discovered on a recentRockwatch visit! Check it out at: www.boxrockcircus.org.uk.The Lancashire Group of the GA requested funding of£4,000 to upgrade its website. The application was deferreduntil the December meeting pending additional information,but in our response, we suggested to the applicant that anew section of the Heritage Lottery Fund, its SharingHeritage section, might also be a possible option forfunding.

Of those applications discussed under matters arising, theJurassic Coast Trust withdrew its application as it wasseeking donations, not interest-free loans which it had been

offered by the Curry Fund. Although the Sperrins Gatewayapplicant had provided further information, the Committeesaid that the project was not sufficiently advanced at thisstage, but our response indicated that we were supportiveof the project in principle and they were invited to return tothe December meeting with more detailed information. Dr.Mike Tuke whose application to the June meeting for supportfor web-based Earth science teaching resources was, afteradditional information was submitted, offered a grant of£750 towards this project. An interim payment of £500 wasagreed by the Committee to the Sheffield General CemeteryTrust for work already done by the stone mason. Therevisions requested by the Committee for GeoconservationStaffordshire’s revised Hamps & Manifold Geotrail leafletwere approved and agreed, so reprinting is now goingahead. For people visiting this area, or indeed, any readerliving nearby, do take the opportunity to walk the trail withthe aid of this leaflet: it’s a fascinating and interesting walkand the leaflet adds greatly to the enjoyment. Finally, thedraft text of the Ellie Ness information boards along the Fifecoast has now been approved by the Committee and theyshould be erected shortly. When they are in situI will note it in my Curry Fund report.

Once again, this shows a varied and interesting collectionof projects supported and funded by the Curry Fund. Ourlast meeting this year willbe on 13th December, so if you are minded to apply forfunding, papers need to be submitted by 20th November.Forms and Guidelines for Applicants can be downloadedfrom the GA website: www.geologistsassociation.org.ukWe look forward to your applications.

Susan Brown Curry Fund Secretary

CURRY FUND REPORT

Fig. 12. Dee Dukett and Bob Wright indicate a kink-band in the Lower Old Red Sandstones (calcretes)at Little Furznip.

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NEWS

Our week’s annual residential field tripto the UNESCO World Heritage JurassicCoast of Dorset and East Devon, now inits 11th year, was a huge success with31 people registered. The group was ahealthy mix of returners and new faces.Rockwatchers, ranging from 8 to 17years, generated superb groupdynamics, with parents, grandparentsand youngsters all enjoying each other’scompany. As ever, the staff of LeesonHouse ensured that our stay wentsmoothly and once again we were mademost welcome. Our excellent team oflocal geologists, Richard Edmonds, SamScriven, Alan Holiday and BarryCullimore ensured that the theme Ichose this year – Economic Geology –was highlighted at every opportunityand supported by the broad-baseditinerary we followed.

Everyone was thrilled with the visit toHorn Park Quarry, a National NatureReserve, where the superb ammonitesfrom the Inferior Oolite were eyedenviously by the youngsters! Ourmembers were highly privileged to visitthis quarry, long since closed and wherecollecting is no longer allowed. Theywere thrilled to see some excellentspecimens and amazed to realize thatthe limestones once quarried here hadbeen used for building in times past. Forsome, this posed the challenge of wherethey might spot the stone in buildings in

the locality and many geodetectiveswere born! Our first day concluded witha walk around the Fleet at TidmoorCove where everyone found lots offossils, similar to the ones collectedduring our trip there earlier in the year(highlighted in the September issue).

We spent one morning on a tour ofWytch Farm oilfield, the largest on-shore oilfield in western Europe. Thiscomplex has a very low environmentalfootprint and the group was amazed tosee how carefully local environmentalrequirements had been managed – evento the colour of the paint used oninstallations! Later that day we had afascinating tour of one of the Imerysball clay quarries on Purbeck. Here thegroup learnt just how much their dailylife is made easier by products madefrom ball clay, including tiles, sanitaryware (so when they use the loo, or evenhave a shower…!), crockery, claydrainage pipes, spark plugs andinsulation ware, to mention just a few.Field trips such as these really do raiseawareness of just how much of our dailylives rely on exploration geologistslocating a range of raw materials thatcan subsequently be won and used in somany ways to enhance the quality ofour lives.

We spent a whole day on the Isle ofPortland exploring its heritage oflimestone quarrying. In the disusedKingbarrow Quarry, now a naturereserve, we saw the remains of a “fossilforest”: fossilized stromatolites some145 million years old, which surroundedthe trunks of long gone trees from theJurassic Period. There is a superb fossiltree trunk from this quarry, standing inthe grounds of the Portland HeightsHotel close by, which gave the groupsome idea of flora from that period.Later we walked around Albion Quarrywhere the youngsters found somefossils to add to their collections andthen down to the South West Coastpath below the quarry to observerotational landslips clearly visible in thePortland strata below. Finally we headed

to the tip of the island to enjoy icecreams in the sunshine whilst the oldermembers of the group explored thesuperb Pleistocene raised beachsediments some 15 metres above thepresent sea level on the cliff edge,certainly the best example of a raisedbeach I have seen.

Our final morning was spent makingexotic clay plaques with fossil imprintsand some highly amusing team-buildingactivities, before we left for all parts ofthe country, vowing to return next year!

We had an excellent trip to Ecton Hillcopper mine and Field Studies Centre inthe Peak District National Park withPeter Kennett and Tim Coleman. First,we walked the hillside above the mineexploring the old mine workings,spotted the original Boulton and Wattengine house, the black powder houseand investigated some of the rockstructures which we would see later, inthe mine. We also managed to do somecollecting on the hills high above themine where the youngsters found a fewfossils from the Carboniferouslimestones and mineral ores of copper,

Albion Quarry Portland

Is this a new dinosaur species - Imerys Ball ClayQuarry, Dorset

Looking for gold at Ecton

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lead and zinc and, of course, calcite.After a picnic lunch in brilliant sunshine,half the group did some experimentalwork such as jigging, buddling andmaking rocks, whilst the other halfexplored the mine, then the groupsswapped. The entire site is an SSSI(Site of Special Scientific Interest)where copper and lead deposits wereworked for some 3,500 years from theBronze Age until 1891 and definitelywell worth a visit.

We had a delightful public day atWare Museum with our radio controlledtrilobites happily “policing” the gardens,

much to the delight of visitors. We tookscary eurypterids and Jurassic dioramasto make, wax fossil rubbings to do anda range of paper games to challenge

older visitors. There were some splendidgeology displays in the Museum to keepvisitors happy and interested, a replicabedpost from the Great Bed of Ware(now in the V&A Museum), a WW2bunker and much other local history,which enabled visitors to have a hugerange of activities during their visit. Ourthanks to volunteers from the Museumand from Rockwatch for their sterlinghelp at the event.

Our final public event of the summerwas the annual Open Day with BGS atMurchison House in Edinburgh. Onceagain, this was a fantastically successfulday for Rockwatch offering visitors thechance to circumvent geological time bymaking their own fossils – and they did,in their dozens! On checking resourcesat the end of the event, I estimatearound 300 fossil replicas were made byour visitors, which meant anexceedingly busy day for Anne Harris(wife of my BGS colleague, for whosehelp I am really grateful) and myself!This annual event, like its sister one atKeyworth every March which celebratesthe National Science and EngineeringWeek, attracts many regular visitors forboth the BGS and Rockwatch activitiesand both events are highly popular inthe Rockwatch calendar.

We still have a number of otherevents, both public and members only,before the end of the year, butpublication dates for this issue of theGA Magazine mean you will have to wait’till the spring to read about those! Inthe meantime, I am busy planning ouractivities for next year which I hope willbe as successful and exciting for ourmembers and visitors as this one hasbeen.

I also wish to give my thanks toeveryone who has been kind enough tohelp and support Rockwatch over thepast year, including our sponsors, ourparent organization - the GA, our

members and their families who help atpublic events (and act as greatRockwatch ambassadors), the manygeologists who so willingly give theirtime and expertise to mentor andsupport our young members on fieldtrips, our 1st Rockwatch Ambassador,Professor Iain Stewart and many formermembers who keep in touch with us

and help in many ways to support andpromote Rockwatch to the world atlarge. We are indeed fortunate to havesuch fantastic support from all theseand indeed many others, too numerousto mention, but whose support isgreatly valued and appreciated. Wecould not do it without you. Thank youall.

Susan BrownRockwatch Chair

Observing rotational landslip Portland

Peter & Susan discussing a fossil find at Ecton Hill.Photo Becca Nelson

Peter demonstrating rock deformation at Ecton.Photo Becca Nelson

The winning team at Leeson House

Raised beach on Portland deposited when sea levelwas some 15 metres above its present level.

Portland raised beach

Peter demonstrating an experiment at Ecton Hill

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1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8

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30 31

October Crossword Puzzle by ‘Longshanks’

Across

1. A new dawn for the London Clay (6).4. Breed them here to stop slipping on the mud (4-4). 10. Begins with head protection but becomes a tearaway (7).11. Mammals, reptiles and birds have a membrane which puts

them into this group (7).12. In tubes, now we see the light (4).13. Dinosaurs and fish, yes, but brachiopods and bivalves are

outsiders (10).15. Undergo metamorphosis and finish as these (6).16. Process is just a breeze (7).20. All is sweetness here for a certain kind of insect (7).21. Met Cheddar contained on a marked surface (6).24. Wolves and dogs are said to be able to do this (10).26. A monthly date in Rome (4). 28. Wandering after smart-phone programs gets agreement (7).29. Changed and hardened around a granite (7).30. Sounds like haberdashery but is quite wearing (8).31. Theory or statement, or a degree submission (6).

Down

1. In Japanese cuisine and common in the chalk (8).2. Thank the Aztecs for this, although a bit tardy at the end (9).3. White or blue, when mixed it flows north (4).5. Shortened beefsteak grows high in the tropics (4-4).6. Instructions in time for an appointment (4,2,4).7. Sounds like a race from India, and can smell nice (5).8. Milder and less threatening (6).9. Pretty golden girl gets washed up on the beach (5).14. In the US it’s good, like apple pie (10).17. Chemically short of water (9).18. Starts above and then viewed by supervisor (8).19. Wanderings began in Greece (8).22. Buzz up a tree after seventeen years under ground (6).23. A great leap forward from flints (5).25. Odd-toed and sounds a bit wedge-shaped in the SE Asian

forest (5).27. Deliberately playful curving above (4).

Solutions to September Crossword

ACROSS:1. PILLOW, 4. ASTEROID, 9. ITS, 11. OUTCROP, 12. THRUST-PLANE, 16. LOT, 17. THALIDOMIDE, 20. PLAGIOCLASE,22. LAP, 23. ODDS-AND-ENDS, 29. IGNEOUS, 30. TOY, 32. EULOGISE, 33. ENERGY.

DOWN:1. PLANT, 2. LOWER, 3. WET, 5. STOMA, 6. EXTREME, 7. OKRA, 8. DEPARTURE, 10. SAP, 13. UCL, 14. TIDAL, 15. LIMOGES, 16. LAVA, 17. TRILOBITE, 18. ATOP, 19. DROWN, 20. PROLONG, 21. LIE, 24. DISCS, 25. AFT,26. NADIR, 27. SANDY, 28. ANAL, 31. ORE

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PhotographicCompetitionWinners

Left1st Prize

Soft Sediment deformationGraham Bull

Right2nd Prize

Well Seasoned ValleyLinda McArdell

Left3rd Prize

Chalcedony in flint - Stanway, Essex

Gerald Lucy

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GAMag48 q8 mag41 - Geologists' Association · 12/4/2013 · coming few months from Dorset, Bath,...

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