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Cell Membran

e A sandwiched double layer of phospholipids, called a

plasma membrane or phospholipid bilayer

Separates the cell from its surroundings.

Controls cellular traffic – acts as the “gatekeeper,” regulating what can come in and go out, so as to maintain homeostasis

Also integrates many different kinds of proteins and signaling molecules

Found in BOTH plants and animals

Cell Wall Provides support and protection

Surrounds the cell membrane

Allows some things to pass through

Made of cellulose

Found in plants, fungi, and some bacteria. NOT FOUND in animal cells!

MITOCHONDRIA(singular: mitochondrion)

Cellular powerhouse

Changes chemical energy from food into another form of energy, called ATP, which can be used by the body. This process is called cellular respiration.

Has two membranes

Has some of its own DNA (different from nuclear DNA)

Found in BOTH plants and animals

CHLOROPLASTS

Cellular powerhouses for plants

Converts sunlight and CO2 into food for the plant (sugars), through the process of photosythesis

Has three membranes

Made of components called stroma and granum.

Stroma: spaces inside the chloroplasts that contain a protein-containing fluid

Granum: stacked disks that contain chlorophyll, the substance that gives plants their green color

Found in ONLY plants and green algae

RIBOSOME

NOT an organelle, but rather a large conglomeration of RNA and protein

Where protein is made (through a process called protein synthesis)

Composed of RNA and proteins

Made in the nucleolus

Some are attached to the Endoplasmic reticulum (ER) and others are floating freely around the cell

Found in BOTH plants and animals

LYSOSOMES

Small organelles filled with digestive enzymes

Responsible for breaking down the “cellular junk”

Like clean-up crews or the Pac Man of the cell

Found in BOTH plants and animals

GOLGI APPARATU

S Look like stacks of pancakes

They modify, sort, and package proteins

Particularly important for proteins that are going to be secreted from the cell

Found in BOTH plants and animals

Found in BOTH plants and animals

ENDOPLASMIC

RETICULUM (ER)

Materials are transported from the nucleus by a system of channels or canals called the endoplasmic reticulum

Many materials also receive significant modification and/or preparation for their final purpose

Smooth ER has no ribosomes attached

Rough ER has ribosomes attachedRough ER

Smooth ER

VACUOLE

Membrane-bound sacs that contain a variety of different materials such as: Food Water Waste

Plants have larger vacuoles than animals do

They provide storage, support, and homeostasis

Found in BOTH plants and animals

CYTOSKELETON

Provides shape and support for the cell

Like the scaffolding that holds up a tent

Made of microtubules and microfilaments

Things move along the cytoskeleton within the cell

Found in BOTH plants and animals

NUCLEUS

It’s the large, dark, circular body in cells

The nucleus is the control center of the cell

Presence or absence of a nucleus divides organisms into two primary categories:

1. PROKARYOTES- don’t have a nucleus, or any membrane-bound organelles for that matter! THEY DO HAVE DNA THOUGH!!!

2. EUKARYOTES- have a nucleus and membrane-bound organelles

Parts of the nucleus:1. NUCLEAR ENVELOPE: Two membranes

surrounding the nucleus 2. NUCLEAR PORES: passageways in and

out of the nucleus – formed by protein(s)3. CHROMOSOMES: DNA attached to

special proteins, large structures.4. NUCLEOLUS: see separate slide

Found in BOTH plants and animals

PEROXISOME Contain chemicals and enzymes that are

important in metabolic pathways

Particularly important in breaking down long fatty acid chains, either to extract energy, or to create intermediate length fatty acid chains for use elsewhere in the cell

Some have a crystallized core due to the density of enzymes present

Found in BOTH plants and animals