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AAbbasid caliphate, 1:186

Abu Bakr, Caliph, 1:95

Acre, siege of, 1:158, 160, 168–169,171–173

Actium, Battle of, 1:52

Ad Salices, Battle of, 1:77–78

Adams, John, 2:430, 432

Adhemar of Le Puy (Bishop), 1:162

Adolphus, Gustavus (Lion of theNorth), 1:353–356, 355, 362

Adrianople, Battle of, 1:78

Advocate of the Holy Sepulchre(title), 1:152

Adwa, Battle of, 2:570–572

Aelle (King of Northumbria), 1:121

Aerial bombingsaircraft carriers, 2:672–673German Luftwaffe, 2:622, 624,

626, 650–652, 655, 661Soviet MIG aircraft, 2:688–689in Spanish Civil War, 2:618, 619,

621–622

Afghanistanaerial bombardment of,

2:722–723First Afghan War, 2:538, 546,

558–559, 560invasion of (2001), 2:713, 716Robert’s invasion of, 2:546rulership of Shah Shuja,

2:538–539Second Afghan War, 2:546

Afrika Korps, 2:631, 638

Agadir Crisis, 2:586

Agent Orange, 2:703–704

Agincourt, Battle of, 1:227–229, 228

Agnes (Countess of Dunbar), 2:383

Aguilar, Geronimo de, 1:294

Ahab (King of Israel), 1:2–3, 9

Ahaz (King of Judah), 1:4

Ahura-Mazda, 1:20

Aidan (Saint), 1:130

Air transport, 2:622–623

Aix-la-Chapelle Treaty, 2:389, 397

Akbar (The Great Mogul),1:278–280

al-Andalus kingdom, 1:97–98, 99

al-Hara, Battle of, 1:97

al-Qaeda, 2:713, 715, 716, 717, 718,720. See also al-Zawahiri, Ayman;Bin Laden, Osama; Global War onTerrorism

al-Zawahiri, Ayman, 2:715–716

Alabaster reliefs, of Assyria, 1:8

Alaric, 1:81–82

Alatheus, 1:77–78

Aleppo, Battle of, 1:199–200

Aleppo, siege of, 1:95

Alesia, 1:58

Alessandro (opera), 1:43

Alexander (movie), 1:43

Alexander the Great (Alexander III)campaigns in India, 1:43conquests, 1:40–52defeat of Porus, 1:44–45entering Asia Minor, 1:41–42marble bust, 1:42mosaic depiction, 1:44victories in Asia, 1:41–42

Alexander the Great (Alexander III),battles fought by

Crocus Plain, 1:40early battles, 1:41Gaugamela, 1:44, 47–48Granicus, 1:45–46Hydaspes, 1:45, 45, 48–49Issus, 1:46–47

Alexander the Great (movie), 1:43

Alexius (Emperor), 1:150, 151

Alfred the Great, 1:121–122, 126, 133

Algerian Crisis, 2:635

Alma, Battle of, 2:503–504

Almagro, Diego de, 1:292, 295,300–302

Almaric (King of Jerusalem), 1:157

Alp Arslan (Lion Hero), 1:101–102

Altmark Treaty, 1:354

Alvarado, Pedro de, 1:291–292, 293

Amaru, Tupac, 1:307–308

Ambrose (Bishop of Milan)Theodosian Decrees, 1:79

American Revolution, 2:427–442Articles of Confederation, 2:427Bill of Rights, 2:427, 430Boston Tea Party, 2:431, 436Continental Army, 2:429Declaration of Independence,

2:427, 431–432First Continental Congress,

2:428, 431, 436impact of, 2:441–442Intolerable Acts, 2:431mercenaries, 2:439–440Second Continental Congress,

2:427, 429, 436

American Revolution, battlesBunker Hill, 2:437–438Flamborough Head, 2:434Fort Duquesne, 2:428Lexington and Concord, 2:427,

436–437Saratoga, 2:434Yorktown, 2:427, 435, 438–439

Americas (15th/16th centuries),conquest of, 1:289–318

Almagro, expeditions of, 1:301–302arquebuses/matchlock guns,

1:316–317

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Blood Lake (Yaguarcocha), 1:303Cajamarca, Battle of, 1:299,

312–314executions/trials by Amaru,

1:308Great Pyramid, 1:246Guatemala, conquest of,

1:291–292Honduran campaign, 1:291Huitzilopochtli (war god), 1:295impact of, 1:317–318introduction of smallpox,

1:296–297La Noche Triste, Battle of, 1:290,

291, 296, 308–310Mexico, conquest of, 1:291, 292Otumba, Battle of, 1:310–311Peru, 1:298, 299, 300Pizarro, expeditions of,

1:298–299ransoming of Atahualpa, 1:314rebellion by Manco Inca,

1:306–307sacking of Vilcabamba, 1:307Sacsahuaman fortress, 1:306Seven Cities of Cibola, 1:291slavery, 1:294Tenochtitlan, siege of, 1:294,

297–298, 308Villa Rica de la Vera Cruz, found-

ing of, 1:290warhorses, 1:314–316

Amiens, Peace of, 2:446

Amyntas IV, 1:40

Anatolia (Turkey), 1:19

Andronikos III Palaeologus, 1:244

Anglican High Church, 2:372

Anglo-Ashanti Wars, 2:555–556

Anglo-Boer War, 2:586

Anglo-Burmese Wars, 2:554–555

Anglo-Saxon Chronicles, 1:120

Anglo-Zulu War, 2:541–542, 551,566–568

Ankara, Battle of, 1:204–205

Anne (Queen of England), 2:372

Anti-Semitism, 1:153

Antietam, Battle of, 2:483,485–487

Antioch, 1:150creation of, 1:147siege, 1:162–163

Antiochus III, 1:55

Antonius, Marcus, 1:52

Apollo (god), 1:22, 41

Archers, mounted, 1:205–207, 206,236–237

Arches of Rome, 1:60

Archimedes, 1:66, 67

Arcole, Battle of, 2:456–457

Argentinadefense of, by Urquiza,

2:520–522takeover by Rosas, 2:519, 520victories of San Martın, 2:516

Aristotle, 1:41

Armenia, 1:253–254

Armiesprofessional, of Rome, 1:71–72standing, Thirty Years War,

1:367–368

Armorfull steel-plate, 1:237–238of hoplites, 1:17, 22, 28, 35–36Tudor, 1:237

The Army of the Future (De Gaulle),2:633

Arnold, Benedict, 2:433–434, 435

Arquebuses/matchlock guns,1:316–317

Arras, Battle of, 2:631

Artaphernes, 1:22

Artaxerxes III Ochus, 1:41

Articles of Confederation, 2:427

Arverni tribe, 1:57

Ascalon, Siege of, 1:166–168

Ashanti War, 2:548

Ashdown, Battle of, 1:121

Ashingdon, Battle of, 1:137–138

Ashur-umballit II, 1:13

Ashurbanipal, 1:8–9

Asiavictories of Philip II of Macedo-

nia, 1:41–42

Asia Minor, 1:25, 28Bayezid’s rise to power, 1:245visits by Caesar, 1:55, 56

AssassinationsAlmagro, 1:299attempt on Bolıvar, 2:515Dingiswayo, 2:539Ferdinand, Franz, 2:552Henry III, 1:326Henry IV, 1:327ibn Affan, Uthman, 1:95Julius Caesar, 1:57Lincoln, Abraham, 2:479Oda Norbunaga, 1:340Philip II of Macedonia, 1:41

Assassins, Mongol battles with,1:185–186

Assaye, Battle of, 2:553–554

Assegai spears, 2:539

AssyriaAhab’s march to, 1:2defeat of Kingdom of Urartu, 1:3engineers of, 1:14fall of, 1:8Medes invasion of, 1:12periods of dominance, 1:1

Rusas’s campaigns against, 1:6Ukin-zer’s uprising against, 1:4uprising by Babylonia, 1:7

Assyrian conquests, 1:2–16Ahab (King of Israel), 1:2–3Ashurbanipal, 1:8–9elements of warcraft, 1:13–14impact of Assyrian empire,

1:15–16Lachish, 1:10–11Nineveh, 1:11–13Qarqar, 1:2–3, 9–10Sargon II, 1:4–6Sennacherib, 1:7–8Tiglath-Pileser (III), 1:3–4

Aston, Arthur, 2:381

Atahualpa, 1:303–305, 314

Ataturk, deathbed of, 1:243

Atomic bomb, 2:671–672,674–676

Attila, 1:82–83. See also Chalons,Battle of; Huns

defeat at Battle of Chalons,1:85–87

Auerstadt, Battle of, 2:447

Aurangzeb, 1:281–283

Austerlitz, Battle of, 2:463–464

Austrian Succession, War of, 2:389,398, 402, 403, 406, 409, 411, 412,417

Austro-Hungarian Empire,2:580–581

Austro-Prussian War, 2:500

Avaricum, siege by Caesar, 1:58

Avila, Pedro Arias de, 1:300

Axayacatl, 1:295, 296

Ayacucho, Battle of, 2:530–531

Ayn Jalut, Battle of, 1:200–201

Aztec Empirebattle at La Noche Triste,

1:308–309founding of, 1:289rule by Moctezuma II,

1:294–296smallpox plague, 1:311war with Spaniards, 1:296–297, 308

BBabur, Zahir-ud-din Muhammad,

1:276–277

Babylondestruction by Sennacherib, 1:7expedition of Sargon II, 1:6surrender to Alexander the Great,

1:42

Babyloniaresurgence of, 1:12revisitation by Tiglath-Pileser III, 1:4and rise of Merodach-Baladan, 1:6

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The Babylonian Captivity of theChurch (Luther), 1:321

Babylonian Chronicle, 1:13

Bacon, Francis, 1:324

Baden-Powell, Robert, 2:552–553

Baghdad, battles with Mongols,1:186, 187, 198–199

Baghnakh (tiger claws) blades, ofIndia, 1:286

Bahamonde, Francisco Franco. SeeFranco, Francisco

Balaclava, Battle of, 2:500, 501, 503,504–506, 505

Baldwin of Bourcq, 1:150

Barbarossa, Frederick, 1:159, 160

Barrett, James, 2:436

Basel, Peace of, 2:516

Battle axes, of Vikings, 1:142–144

Battles, Assyrian conquestsLachish, 1:10–11Nineveh, 1:11–13Qarqar, 1:2–3, 9–10

Battles, conquest of Americas (15th/16th centuries)

Cajamarca, 1:299, 312–314La Noche Triste, 1:290, 291, 296,

308–310Otumba, 1:310–311Tenochtitlan, 1:294, 297–298,

308, 310, 311–312

Battles, conquests of Alexander theGreat

Crocus Plain, 1:40Granicus, 1:45–46Gaugamela, 1:44, 47–48Hydaspes, 1:43, 45, 48–49Issus, 1:42, 46–47Zama, 1:51

Battles, Crusades (1096-1291)Acre, 1:168–169, 171–173Antioch, 1:162–163Ascalon, 1:166–168Bouvines, 1:161Constantinople, 1:169–170Dorylaeum, 1:161–162Edessa, 1:166Edessa massacre, 1:156, 166Harran, 1:165–166Hattin, 1:167Mansurah, 1:170–171

Battles, England, Civil Wars,2:371–388

Cirencester marketplace blood-shed, 2:378

Coldstream Guards, 2:386Drogheda, 2:381Dunbar, 2:371, 375, 381–383, 383Edgehill, 2:376First English Civil War, 2:371Glorious Revolution, 2:387

impact on world history,2:386–387

Marston Moor, 2:371, 372,377–379

Naseby, 2:371, 379, 379–381New Model Army, 2:371, 372,

375, 379, 384–386Royalist Army, 2:373Second English Civil War, 2:371Self-Denying Ordinance, 2:375Third English Civil War, 2:371Worcester, 2:375, 2:383–384

Battles, Europe, Dynastic Wars,2:389–406

Beachy Head, 2:389, 398–399Blenheim, 2:400–401Convention of Kloster Zeven,

2:397Culloden, 2:396, 403–404Dettingen, 2:393, 402–403Fontenoy, 403Franco-Dutch War, 2:392, 2:393Glorious Revolution, 2:387, 389,

2:393, 393Grand Alliance War, 2:391, 392Hastenbeck, 2:397impact of, 2:406Malplaquet, 2:401–402Neerwinden, 2:391, 399–400Poison Affair, 2:391, 392Seven Years War, 2:397Spanish Succession, War of,

2:392, 393Third Anglo-Dutch War, 2:393Utrecht Treaty, 2:392, 396Year of Disaster, 2:393

Battles, Europe, religious wars,1:319–334

Brill, 1:329Cadiz, 1:329–331Catholic League, 1:326Dreux, 1:327–329Dutch Revolt, 1:319Eighty Years War, 1:319galleons, 1:332–333Glen Coe Massacre, 1:327Gunpowder Plot, 1:324Lepanto, 1:323Nemours Treaty, 1:326Peasants War, 1:321Spanish Armada, 1:331–332St. Bartholomew’s Day Massacre,

1:326St. Edward’s Crown, 1:322Thirty Years War, 1:319, 334War of Three Henrys, 1:326Wars of Religion, 1:319

Battles, French Revolution andNapoleonic War

Arcole, 2:456–457Auerstadt, 2:447Austerlitz, 2:463–464Cape St. Vincent, 2:457–458Egyptian Campaign, 2:458–459

Eylau, 2:467–468Fleurus, 2:445, 455–456Genoa, 2:448Jena, 2:447, 464–466Jenappes, 2:453Leipzig, 2:470–471Ligny, 2:471–472Peninsular, 2:468–470Pyramids, 2:446Salamanca, 2:446St. Vincent, 2:449Stockach, 2:446Thirty-Third Regiment, 2:450Toulon, Siege of, 2:453–454Toulouse, 2:450Trafalgar, 2:462–463Ulm, 2:460–462Valmy, 2:452–453Vitoria, 2:450Wagram, 2:466–467Waterloo, 2:448, 2:472–473

Battles, Greek-Persian WarsMarathon, 1:26–28Plataea, 1:33–35Salamis, 1:31–33Thermopylae, 1:28–31

Battles, Hundred Years’ WarAgincourt, 1:227–229, 228Calais, 1:224–225Castillon, 1:221, 231–232Crecy, 1:222–224Najera, 1:226–227Orleans, 1:229–231Patay, 1:232Poltiers, 1:225–226Sluys, 1:222Somme, 1:228

Battles, Islam (600-1200)al-Hara, 1:97Bedr, 1:92Camel, 1:96Constantinople, 1:106–107Covadonga, 1:107–108Dandanqan, 1:110–111Manzikert, 1:111–112Poitiers, 1:97, 108–109Qadasiyya, 1:104–105Roncesvalles, 1:109Siffin, 1:96–97Talas, 1:109Tarain, 1:103, 112Uhud, 1:93Yarmouk, 1:95, 103–104

Battles, Japanese warsNagashino, 1:338, 343Okehazama, 1:340, 342–343Sekigahara, 1:335, 341, 345–347Shizugatake, 1:345Warring States Period, 1:338Yamazaki, 1:343–345

Battles, Mogul conquest of IndiaHaldighati, 1:280, 285–286Panipat, 1:276–277, 1:283–284,

283–284

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Rakshasi-Tengadi, 1:281Talikota, 1:284–285Tungabhadra, 1:281

Battles, Mongolian EmpireAleppo, 1:199–200Ankara, 1:204–205Assassins, battles with, 1:185–186Ayn Jalut, 1:200–201Baghdad/Syria, battles with,

1:186, 187, 198–199Central Europe invasions, 1:181China, invasions of, 1:184Egypt, invasion of, 1:187–188European invasions, 1:182Isfahan, 1:194Japan (attempted), 1:202–204Kaifeng, 1:193–194Kalka, 1:191–193Kalka River, 1:180Khwarazmian, 1:179, 180Liegnitz, 1:195–197Middle East invasions, 1:184,

185, 187Mohi or Sajo River, 1:197–198Red Turban Revolt, 1:204Russia, invasions of, 1:181,

182, 183Sit River, 1:183Vladimir, 1:194–195Xi Xia, 1:177, 179, 180Xiangyang, 1:201–202Zhongdu, 1:190–191

Battles, Ottoman EmpireChaldiran, 1:254, 262–263Constantinople, 1:261–262Kosovo, 1:244, 245, 257–259Kosovo, Second Battle, 1:248Lepanto, 1:266–267Malta, 1:265–266Maritsa River, 1:244Nicopolis, 1:259–260Rhodes, 1:263–264Tunis, 1:264–265Varna, 1:260–261Vienna, 1:267–268Zenta, 1:268–269

Battles, religious wars of EuropeDutch Revolt, 1:319Eighty Years War, 1:319Thirty Years War, 1:319Wars of Religion, 1:319

Battles, Rome (3rd century BCE–2ndcentury CE)

Britain, 1:69–70Cannae, 1:53, 65Dacian campaigns, 1:70–71Drepana, 1:61–62Gaul, 1:57, 67–69Lake Trasimeno, 1:53, 63–65Mylae, 1:61Pharsalus, 1:56siege of Syracuse, 1:65–67Tapae, 1:70Trebia, 1:53, 62

Battles, Rome (4th/5th centuries)Ad Salices, 1:77–78Adrianople, 1:84–85Chalons, 1:85–87Milvian Bridge, 1:76

Battles, Spanish Civil WarBrunette, 2:618–619Ebro, 2:620–621, 621Guadalajara, 2:616–617Guernica, 2:617–618Teruel, Battle of, 2:619–620

Battles, Thirty Years WarAltmark Treaty, 1:354Bois-le Duc siege, 1:357Breitenfeld, First Battle,

1:361–362Breitenfeld, Second Battle, 1:356,

364–365Danish War, 1:353Dasau Bridge, 1:352Devolution, War of, 1:358, 2:376,

390, 392Dutch War, 1:358Jankau, 1:356La Mothe siege, 1:357Lens, 2:390Lutzen, 1:353, 355, 362–363Magdeburg, 1:355, 359–361Rocroi, 1:363–364Sasbach, 1:358Sinsheim, 1:358White Mountain, 1:352, 358,

358–359Wittstock, 1:356Zusmarshausen, 1:357, 365–367

Battles, World War IBelleau Wood, 2:600–601Chemin des Dames, 2:553, 2:583,

591Gallipoli, 2:597–598Marne, Battle of, 2:589, 595–596Somme, Battle of, 2:598–600Tannenberg, 2:591U-boat attack on Lusitania,

2:588–589, 596–597

Battles, World War IIArras, 2:631Britain, 2:654–655of the Bulge, 2:664–666Coral Sea and Midway, 2:656–658Dunkirk, 2:651–653Eastern Solomons, 2:637Flanders, 2:650–651France, 2:653–654Germany attack of Soviet Union,

2:636Guadalcanal, 2:658–659Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor,

2:627, 637, 640, 655–656Leyte Gulf, 2:666–667Normandy, 2:662–664Okinawa, 2:668–669Operation Dynamo, 2:638Stalingrad, 2:659–662

U.S. bombing of Hiroshima/Nagasaki, 2:671–672

Battles, Viking Raids and NormanConquests (8th to 11th centuries)

Ashdown, 1:121Civitate, 1:138–139Constantinople, 1:132–133Edington, 1:122, 133–134Hastings, 1:115, 125, 127,

139–140Lindisfarne, sacking of,

1:130–132Maldon, 1:135–137siege of Paris, 1:122–123,

134–135Stamford Bridge, 1:115, 125,

127–128

Batu, 1:182

Bayezid I (Lightning Bolt),1:189–190, 190, 204, 244–245

Beachy Head, naval battle, 2:389,398–399

Bedouin tribes, 1:93, 95

Bedr, battle of, 1:92

Belgian Revolution, 2:552

De Bello Gallico (Caesar), 1:58

Bernard of Clairvaux, 1:153

Bhuj (elephant dagger) blades, ofIndia, 1:286–287

Bichwa (scorpion) blades, of India,1:286

Bill of Rights, 2:408, 427, 430

Bin Laden, Osama, 2:718–720. Seealso Global War on Terrorism; Iran-Iraq War

Bismarck, Otto von, 2:500, 580

Black Death, 1:212, 213, 214

Blenheim, Battle of, 2:400–401

Blood River, Battle of, 2:556–557

Blue Mosque (Istanbul, Turkey),1:247

Boer Wars, 2:544, 546, 551, 552,574–575

Bogue Treaty, 2:557

Bohemund of Antioch, 1:150–151,152, 162, 164

Bohemund of Taranto, 1:149, 152

Boleyn, Anne, 1:324

Bolingbroke, Henry (Henry (IV),1:148, 216, 217

Bolıvar, Simon (The Liberator),2:514–515, 523, 527–530

Bonaparte, Napoleon. See Napoleon I(Napoleon Bonaparte)

Boniface IX (Pope), 1:246

Book of Canons (Anglicans), 2:372

Book of Common Prayer (Anglicans),2:372

Boston Tea Party, 2:431, 436

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Boudicca (Celtic queen), 1:70

Boulogne-sur-Mer uprising, 2:499

Bourbon dynasty of France, 2:389

Bouvines, battle of, 1:161

Boyaca, Battle of, 2:527–528

Boyars (aristocrats) of Hungary,1:248

Braddock, Edward, 2:409–410

Braun, Eva, 2:627

Breitenfeld, First Battle of,1:361–362

Breitenfeld, Second Battle of, 1:356,364–365

Bretigny Treaty, 1:216

Brill, Battle of, 1:329

Britain, conquest of, 1:69–70

British East India Company, 2:415,417, 537

Bronze helmet, Corinthian, 1:34

Brown, John, 2:477

Brudenell, James Thomas (SeventhEarl of Cardigan), 2:500–502

Brunette, Battle of, 2:618–619

Bucharest Treaty, 2:451

Buddhist White Lotus secret society,1:204

Bulge, Battle of the, 2:664–666

Bull Run, Battle of, 2:479, 483

Buller, Redvers, 2:551–552

Bunker Hill, Battle of, 2:437–438

Burial ships, of Vikings, 1:142

Bush, George W., 1:149, 2:713,716–718

Byzantine Empire, 1:94, 118, 153,241, 242

Andronikos III Palaeologus,1:244

Byzantine Orthodox Church,1:244

John V Palaeologus, 1:244, 246John VI Cantacuzenus, 1:244

CCadiz, Battle of, 1:329–331

Caesar, Augustus (Octavian), 1:57

Caesar, Julius, 1:52, 55–57, 58,2:515

Cajamarca, Battle of, 1:299,312–314

Calais, Siege of, 1:224–225

Caligula, 1:52

CaliphsAbbasid caliphate, 1:186–187,

194, 198–199Abu Bakr, 1:95al-Mustansir, 1:198

al-Mustarshid Billah, 1:152al-Nasir, 1:102al-Qaim, 1:101Ali ibn abi Talib, 1:95Fatimid caliphate, 1:157, 163,

166Muawiya, 1:95, 96–97Mustasim, 1:186–187Sulayman ibn Abd al-Malik,

1:106–107Umar ibn al-Khattab, 1:95, 102Umar II, 1:107

Callistus II (Pope), 1:250

Calpulalpan, Battle of, 2:525

Calvin, John, 2:394

Campo Formio, Peace of, 2:446

Cannae, Battle of, 1:53, 65

Capac, Huayana (Hualpa, Titu Cusi),1:302–305, 306

Cape Artemesium, 1:32

Cape St. Vincent, Battle of,2:457–458

Carabobo, Battle of, 2:528–530

Carlos IV (King of Spain), 2:518

Carolingian dynasty, 1:98, 115,116–117, 124, 125

Carrera, Jose Miguel, 2:518

Caseros, Battle of, 2:520, 521,531–532

Castillon, Battle of, 1:221, 231–232

CastlesBran, 1:246Caerlaverock, 1:174Castel Nuovo, 1:325Dunbar, 2:383Dunstanburgh Castle, 1:217Kerak, 1:167Krak des Chevaliers, 1:232–233Montreal (Shawbak), 1:167Nagashino Castle, 1:343Osaka Castle, 1:340Shuri, 2:669Stokesay Castle, 1:223Tintagel Castle, 1:221Wartburg Castle, 1:321Windsor, 2:570

Castrioti, George (Skanderbeg),1:247

Catapults, 1:50, 106, 134, 164, 169,171, 195, 207

Catholic Church, 1:220, 319,320–321, 334, 339, 2:372, 394,443, 611, 614

Catulus, Gaius Lutatius, 1:62

Cell phones, 2:727–728

Celtillus, 1:57

Cesarini, Giuliano, 1:248

Cetshwayo, 2:540–541

Chacabuco, Battle of, 2:526–527

Chaeronea, Battle of, 1:41

Chaghatayid Khanate, 1:188

Chakra (war quoit) blades, of India,1:287

Chaldean dynasty, 1:12

Chaldiran, Battle of, 1:254,262–263

Chalons, Battle of, 1:83, 85–87

Chamberlain, Neville, 2:587, 626

‘‘Charge of the Light Brigade, The’’(Tennyson), 2:506

Charlemagne, 1:109, 111, 116–118,119

Charles I (King of England),2:372–373, 374

Charles I (of Anjou), 1:325

Charles II (King of England),2:376–377, 389

Charles IX (King of France, 1:325,326

Charles the Bald (Charles II ofFrance), 1:118, 1:118–119

Charles the Fat, 1:123, 135

Charles the Simple (Charles III),1:123–124, 125

Charles V, 1:215–216

Charles VII (Dauphin of France),1:219, 220–222, 229, 231

Charles X (King of France, 1:326

Chatillon, Reynald de, 1:167

Chauhan Dynsaty, 1:103

Chemin des Dames, Battle of, 2:583,591

Chileexpeditdion by Pizarro, 1:302independence movement, 2:517

Chimu, conquered by Incas, 1:297

ChinaBuddhist White Lotus secret soci-

ety, 1:204Ming Empire, 1:204Song Empire, 1:184–185use of war elephants,

1:50Yuan Dynasty, 1:204

Chivalry, 1:234–235

Chlorus, Constantius, 1:76

Christian IV, 1:353

Christianity. See also Crusades;Luther, Martin

championed by Constantine,1:76, 77

conversions to, 1:16–117, 122,124–125, 197, 290

forced conversions to, 1:116–117importance of Antioch, 1:162spread to Central/South America,

2:513

Churchill, John (Duke of Marlbor-ough), 2:394–395

GALE ENCYCLOPEDIA OF WORLD HISTORY: WAR xlix

Index