Galaxies
description
Transcript of Galaxies
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GalaxiesChapter 16
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Galaxies
• Star systems like our Milky Way• Contain a few thousand to tens of billions of
stars.• Large variety of shapes and sizes
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Galaxy Diversity
The Hubble Deep Field:
10-day exposure on an apparently empty field in the sky
Even seemingly empty regions
of the sky contain
thousands of very faint, very distant galaxies Large variety of
galaxy morphologies:
Spirals EllipticalsIrregular
(some interacting)
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Galaxy ClassificationSa
Sb
Sc
E0 = Spherical
Small nucleus; loosely
wound arms
E1
E6
E0, …, E7 Large nucleus;
tightly wound arms
E7 = Highly elliptical
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Gas and Dust in GalaxiesSpirals are rich in
gas and dustEllipticals are almost
devoid of gas and dust
Galaxies with disk and bulge, but no dust are termed S0
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Barred Spirals
• Some spirals show a pronounced bar structure in the center
• They are termed barred spiral galaxies
• Sequence:
SBa, …, SBc,
analogous to regular spirals
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Irregular GalaxiesOften: result of galaxy collisions / mergers
Often: Very active star formation (“Starburst galaxies”)
Some: Small (“dwarf galaxies”) satellites of larger galaxies
(e.g., Magellanic Clouds)
Large Magellanic
Cloud
NGC 4038/4039
The Cocoon Galaxy
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Galaxy Types
(SLIDESHOW MODE ONLY)
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Distance Measurements to Other Galaxies: The Hubble Law
E. Hubble (1913):
Distant galaxies are moving away from our Milky Way, with a recession velocity, vr, proportional to their distance d:
vr = H0*d
H0 ≈ 70 km/s/Mpc is the Hubble constant
• Measure vr through the Doppler effect infer the distance
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Galaxy Sizes and Luminosities
Vastly different sizes and luminosities:
From small, low-luminosity irregular galaxies (much smaller and less luminous than the Milky Way) to giant ellipticals and large spirals, a few times the Milky Way’s size and luminosity
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Supermassive Black HolesFrom the measurement of stellar velocities near the center of a galaxy:
Infer mass in the very center central black holes!
Several million, up to more than a billion solar masses!
Supermassive black holes
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Dark MatterAdding “visible” mass in:• stars, • interstellar gas, • dust,
…etc., we find that most of the mass is “invisible”!
• The nature of this “dark matter” is not understood at this time.
• Some ideas: brown dwarfs, small black holes, exotic elementary particles.
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Clusters of Galaxies
Galaxies generally do not exist in isolation, but form larger clusters of galaxies.
Rich clusters:
1,000 or more galaxies, diameter of ~ 3 Mpc,
condensed around a large, central galaxy
Poor clusters:
Less than 1,000 galaxies (often just a few),
diameter of a few Mpc, generally not condensed
towards the center
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Our Galaxy Cluster: The Local Group
Milky Way Andromeda galaxy
Small Magellanic Cloud
Large Magellanic Cloud
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Neighboring GalaxiesSome galaxies of our local group are difficult to observe because they are located behind the center of our Milky Way, from our view point.
Spiral Galaxy Dwingeloo 1
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Interacting GalaxiesCartwheel Galaxy Particularly in rich
clusters, galaxies can collide and interact.
Galaxy collisions can produce
ring galaxies and
tidal tails.
Often triggering active star formation:
starburst galaxies
NGC 4038/4039
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Tidal TailsExample for galaxy interaction with tidal tails:
The MiceComputer simulations produce similar structures.
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Simulations of Galaxy Interactions
Numerical simulations of galaxy
interactions have been
very successful
in reproducing
tidal interactions like bridges,
tidal tails, and rings.
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Mergers of Galaxies
NGC 7252: Probably result of merger of two galaxies, ~ a billion years ago:Small galaxy remnant in the center is rotating backward!
Radio image of M 64: Central regions rotating backward!
Multiple nuclei in giant
elliptical galaxies
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Galactic Cannibalism• Collisions of large
with small galaxies often result in complete disruption of the smaller galaxy.
• Small galaxy is “swallowed” by the larger one.
• This process is called “galactic cannibalism”
NGC 5194
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Starburst Galaxies
Starburst galaxies are often very rich in gas and dust; bright
in infrared:
ultraluminous infrared galaxies
M 82
Cocoon Galaxy
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The Farthest Galaxies
The most distant galaxies visible by HST are seen at a time when the universe was only ~ 1 billion years old.
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Hubble
(SLIDESHOW MODE ONLY)
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“Lookback Time”
• The more distant an object, the farther in its past we are observing its light.
• The image of galaxies in the Hubble Deep Field are “baby pictures”. Many have already merged, been destroyed through galactic cannibalism, or evolved.