Galapagos a Paradise in Peril: Ecological Restoration as a ... · Galapagos a Paradise in Peril:...
Transcript of Galapagos a Paradise in Peril: Ecological Restoration as a ... · Galapagos a Paradise in Peril:...
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Galapagos a Paradise in Peril:Ecological Restoration as a
Conservation ToolPatricia Jaramillo, Leader Galapagos Verde 2050 Project, Charles Darwin Foundation([email protected])
Washington Tapia, Director Giant Tortoise Restoration Initiative, Galapagos Conservancy([email protected])
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Location
equator
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Why isGalapagos an
uniqueecosystem?
Why isGalapagos an
uniqueecosystem?
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For its completely volcanic origin
All the islands were formed by volcaniceruptions and isolation
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• 100 % reptiles
• 79% mammals
• 56% insects
• 49% birds
• 42% plants
Endemism
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But, there areThreats and
problems
But, there areThreats and
problems
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Tourism and populationexplosion
1
12
144
1,728
20,736
248,832
0
5,000
10,000
15,000
20,000
25,000
30,000
1950
1955
1960
1965
1970
1975
1980
1985
1990
1995
2000
2005
2010
2015
Popu
latio
n
Tour
ism
- Exponential increase of population- Steady increase in tourism
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1974
1980
1980
1974
Accelerated population growth
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Spatial foot prints
Red Gravel Mine
Abandoned farms
Photo: Daniel ShermanPhoto: Daniel Sherman
Problem 1: Change in land use
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Problem 2: Introduced species
• 900 plant species (+50%)
• 536 invertebrate species
• 30 vertebrate species
• 19 avian diseases
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Trueman et al. (2010) Biological Invasions.
Floreana
Santa Cruz
San Cristobal
Isabela407 (36%)
248 (47%)
708 (29%)
633 (28%)
Invasive plants on National Park boundary
Weedy time bomb!
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Weedy time bomb!
Because people have introduced speciesin their farms, those spread to the otherparts of the island
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So, what do we need now?
o Control and quarantine
o Biological control
o New methods of restoration Threatened species in natural areas Promoting sustainable agriculture
o Control and quarantine
o Biological control
o New methods of restoration Threatened species in natural areas Promoting sustainable agriculture
We need interdisciplinaryand applied research
We need interdisciplinaryand applied research
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Galápagos Verde 2050:
Technology Innovation in support of EcologicalRestoration
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• 11.012 species of birds and plants
• 2050: >50% of species reduce >45% climatic niches; 10% will be extinct
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The Galapagos Verde 2050 project combines appliedresearch and management actions to contribute to the
sustainability of Galapagos
The Galapagos Verde 2050 project combines appliedresearch and management actions to contribute to the
sustainability of Galapagos
1Restoration of
species and degradedecosystems
2Ecosystem Services
(sustainableagriculture)
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GalápagosVerde 2050
DPNG
ABG
ECOGAL
GobiernoParroquialFloreana
FAE
CNG
Capitaníade Puerto
Ayora
Strategic partners
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Galapagos Verde: Goals for 2050
2014 - 2017
2017 - 2027
2027 - 2050
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What is this innovativetechnology?
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Groasis(Waterboxx)
Constant dailywater supply
Cocoon
Recyclerain water
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Species used for restoration
0
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ControlGroasis
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Planting with Groasis and Cocoon
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Planting with Groasis and Cocoon
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Virtual Platform and Android Application
www.galapagosverde2050.com
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Background of each islandand preliminary results
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Santa Cruz
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Scalesia affinis
Establishing a new population of Scalesia affinis, athreatened endemic shrub
- Is known to be self-incompatible, cross pollinationwas carried out in the wild to try and augment viableseed production.
- Average seed viability from 22 artificial crosses was0.58 (SE ± 0.043)
- Survivorship from germination was low, with only17% of plants surviving to three months postgermination.
- Survival following transplanting out in the wildwas also low, with just 19% of plants (11 out of 57)alive after one year.
Atkinson, R. Tapia, W. and Jaramillo, P. 2010
We walked all over theisland using equidistant
points
Last 71 Scalesia affinis individuals
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Garrapatero: Impact of invertebratesfor a year of drought (2016)
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Santa Cruz: preliminary results
• 10,000 seeds of Scalesia affinis were collected• 250 plants from Garrapatero and El Mirador locations are monitored monthly,
with their biological data inputted by the CDF team into the virtual platformmade for the project.
Survival analysis
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Floreana
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Restoredfarm
Basurero
Black Granite Mine
Garbage Dump Black Granite Mine
Garbage Dump
Phase 1
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Floreana: Mine
Agosto 2014 Agosto 2015Agosto 2016
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Floreana: preliminary results
• 116 native and endemic plants were planted
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Baltra and South Plaza
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SOUTH PLAZA
Referenceecoystem
(Control): NorthSeymour
Referenceecoystem
(Control): NorthPlaza
Phase 1: Baltra and SouthPlaza
Phase 12014-2017
Phase 12014-2017
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FamilyNombrecientífico
Commonname
Origen Ecological or functional role
BurseraceaeBursera malacophylla
palo santo Endemic Food and bird nest
AsteraceaeScalesia crockeri
lechoso EndemicHost of native and endemic invertebrates. Attract
pollinators
Boraginaceae Cordia lutea muyuyo Native Food and bird pollination
CaesalpinaceaeParkinsonia aculeata
palito verde NativeNitrogen fixation, with showy flowers that attract
endemic butterflies
SimaroubaceaeCastela galapagensis
amargo EndemicPioneer species in arid zone, facilitate the colonization of
other target species such as Scalesia and Opuntia.
Cactaceae Opuntia echios echiosopuntia Endemic Food for land iguanas and birds
Mimosaceae
Solanum cheesmaniae
acacia NativeNitrogen fixation, with showy flowers that attract
endemic butterflies
VerbenaceaeAcacia macracantha
rodilla de caballo NativeFood for land iguanas and birds. Fruits three times a year
every four months.
MimosaceaeProsopis juliflora
algarrobo NativeNitrogen fixation, with showy flowers that attract
endemic butterflies
Solanaceae Ipomoea triloba Lycium EndemicAttract pollinators and provides soil stability and coverageprotection. Fruits two times a year .
Key species to restore
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Quarantine processes
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Baltra
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Iguana populations• Declined in the early XIX• Habitat destruction by introduced goats• Population went extinct after World War II• During 1932 to 1933, 70 individuals were transferred from Baltra to
North Seymour
Background
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Current situation in Baltra Island
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Ecological restoration ofBaltra
20 Km ²Restorable
Starting with5 Ha
Minimum
3000plants ofdifferentspecies
Minimum
3000plants ofdifferentspecies
Background
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Location of plots Phase 12014-2017
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Site 2: Old garbage dump
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Jan-Apr 2016: 2850 seedlings planted between
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Garbage Dump Eolico site
2.93 Ha
Baltra
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Preliminary results with Cocoon
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Soil variation different sites(Cocoon)
Species selectionCocoon = planting tool for early tree
establishmentTimely connecting to moist substrata for
independent tree life
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General analysis in Baltra
Good
Bad
Dead
Regular
Status
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South Plaza
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Background
a) (Above), central part of the island, aphotograph taken in 1967 by RobertBowman,
b) (Below), photograph taken from thesame position as Bowman (S00 ° 35.005,W90 ° 09.941 W) now Sulloway in 2007.Of the 340 cactus visible in the image,1967, 181 (53%) died over a period of40 years (Sulloway et al. , 2013).
Surviving plants
New recruits
(Snell, et al. 1994)
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Ecological restoration ofPlaza Sur
13 HaMinimum
600cacti
Minimum
600cacti
Background
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426
We serveyet entere island
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12
3
410 seedlings O. varechios echios wereplanted in threeareas of South Plaza
South Plaza
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South Plaza
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Española
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Viability and germination tests
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Isabela Norte
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- N = 1600 seeds (100%)- N = 160 viability test (10%)
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Research community Action
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Social
Environment
Economy
Ecoturism
Education
Galápagos Verde 2050 is part of the solution
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¡Thank you very much!
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Restoring theGiant Tortoise Dinastyof the Galápagos
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Seed DispersersEcological Engineers
Why is recovering this population necessary?
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Originally there were 15 different species of thesame Genus (Chelonoidis)
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C. Zeigler NGS
Carapace Adaptations
Actually, Saddlebackcarapace is an adaptation thatcan only be found inGalapagos
Domed form: Humid andhigh islands
Saddleback form: low and dryislands
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Unfortunately Giant tortoises are Endangered
1: Up until the 19th century, they were often hunted bysailors (Pirates and Whalers) who needed fresh meat to eat
Pirates
Whale hunters
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Unfortunately Giant tortoises are Endanger
Habitat destroyed by goats
3: From pirates age to the present introduced speciesdestroy their eggs and habitat
2: Until 1959 colonists killed them for meat and oil
Killed tortoises by Colonist(1905)
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Tortoise Population Decline
It is estimated that the population could have beenas high as 200000, dropping to 3000 in the 1970
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Now = 11 living species
porteri
donfaustoi
and 4 extinct
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X
XTortoise Restoration 50years ago became aConservationChallenge
With 4 extinct species and ~ 10% of historicalnumbers
X
X
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How could we recover this species complex?One island at a time…and all islands at once!
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1965-Charles DarwinFoundation and GalapagosNational Park ServiceEstablished a CaptivityBreeding and RearingProgram as aconservation strategy
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Basically with Españolaand Pinzón tortoises
This program was very succesfuland helped to recover thesespecies
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After 50 Years, starting with 15 adults (12Females and 3 males)
Now we have 2000 repatriated toEspañola
~ 50% survival20% offspring now from repatriates
But we don´t really know what happenedwith the other populations not included inthe program
Española Tortoises Case
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2014
Giant TortoiseRestoration Initiative
(GTRI)
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2014 - 2024This program overthe next 10 yearsseeks to restorepopulationsthroughout theGalapagos Islands,combining appliedresearch withmanagement
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2014 - 2024
Using thefollowingstrategies
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Repatriation
1. Continue with breeding, rearing andrepatriation programs with 3 centres
Breeding Rearing
(Santa Cruz = 5 species)(Isabela = 2 species)
(San Cristóbal = 1 species)
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2. Population monitoring andcensus
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3. Use exclosures to study ecosystem changesand interactions between tortoises, cacti andwood vegetation
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4. Use “analogue” tortoisesto repopulate islands
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Use genetics asa tool fortortoisesconservationand restoration
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Example 1:Description a new species of Galapagostortoises, help to take management decisions
Poulakaskis et al. 2015
SANTA CRUZ
LA CASETAporteri
CERRO FATALdonfaustoi
Puerto Ayora
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Example 2: In a sample of nearly 1700 C. beckitortoises…
Above: Purple = tortoises with C. elphantopus ancestry which are extinct
Wolf Volcano
Opportunity to take animals with partial ancestry ofFloreana from Wolf to start a breeding program andrecover a species that has been extinct for 150 years
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And opportunity to discover tortoiseswith partial ancestry of other extinctspecies like Pinta
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Giant TortoiseRestoration Initiativemain Conservationtarget…
Contribute to recover tortoises population~ 90% of historical numbers and originaldistribution by year 2200
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These projects are possible thanks to thecoopeation of many institutions andresearchers
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Many thanks for your atention
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Oppotunities to colaborationand voluntering
• Galápagos Verde 2050 contact to: PatriciaJaramillo [email protected]
• Giant Tortoise Restoration Initiative contactto: Washington Tapia [email protected] www.galapagos.org