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Bee Issues in Agriculture and Potential Impacts on the
Processing Industry
Hannah Gaines Day and Claudio GrattonDepartment of Entomology
University of Wisconsin-Madison
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Thiamethoxam ImidaclopridClothianidin
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Is the US next?
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What makes systemic pesticides different?
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Traditional pesticides
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Traditional pesticides
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Traditional pesticides
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Traditional pesticides
X
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Traditional pesticides
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Traditional pesticides
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Systemic pesticides
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Systemic pesticides
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Systemic pesticides
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Systemic pesticides
X
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Systemic pesticides
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Systemic pesticides
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Systemic pesticides
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Systemic pesticides
• Benefits– Very effective– Less toxic to birds and mammals– Effective longer
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Systemic pesticides
• Benefits– Very effective– Less toxic to birds and mammals– Effective longer
• Drawbacks– Present in nectar and pollen– Remain in environment longer– Toxic to bees
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• 85% of all flowering plants (Ollerton et al. 2011)
• 35% of global crop production (Klein et al. 2007)
R. Winfree
How important are bees?
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One in every three bites you eat is dependent on insect pollination.
DIRECTLY
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One in every three bites you eat is dependent on insect pollination.
INDIRECTLY
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With bees
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Without bees
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Pollinators
• Birds, bats, bees, moths, butterflies• Bees are the MOST IMPORTANT pollinators
– Actively collect pollen– Floral constancy– Branched hairs
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Result of poor pollination
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Bees and Midwest agriculture
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Crop pollination by honey bees
Photo: USDA-ARS/Scott Bauer
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www.gallery.photo.net
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Native bees are also great crop pollinators
• Active earlier in season and day
• Collect both pollen and nectar
• Buzz pollination• No rental fees• Keep honey bees
moving• Not susceptible to
honey bee diseases
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Solitary bee life cycleSpring
Summer
Fall
Winter
(Photos: Dennis Briggs)
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Bee diversity in Wisconsin
• Cranberry ~180 species (H. Gaines Day, unpubl.)
• Pickling cucumber ~60 species (Lowenstein et al. 2012)
• Apple ~70 species (R. Mallinger, unpubl.)
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Photo: Bob Hammond, CSU Coop Ext
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Photo: Rachael WinfreeWinfree, R. et al.. 2008. Wild bee pollinators provide the majority of crop visitation across land-use gradients in New Jersey and Pennsylvania, USA. Journal of Applied Ecology 45:793-802.
Native bees and crop pollination
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Fruit set increases with bee diversity
Klein et al. 2003
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Bees are in decline worldwide
© Derrick Ditchburn© Johanna James-Heinz
© Jodi DeLong
© Peter Schroeder
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Causes of bee decline
• Mites, disease, pesticide exposure
Photo: USDA-ARS/Scott Bauer
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vanEngelsdorp et al. (in prep)
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Honey bee rental rates (CA)
1995-2005
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Honey bee rental rates (CA)
1995-2005, plus almonds, 2006-20082006
2007
2008
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Colony Collapse Disorder
• Disease/pathogen?• Viruses?• Pests?• Stress?• Not cell phones or Bt
crops (Duan et al. 2008)
• Poor diet?• Insecticide exposure?
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Colony Collapse Disorder
• Disease/pathogen?• Viruses?• Pests?• Stress?• Not cell phones or Bt
crops (Duan et al. 2008)
• Poor diet?• Insecticide exposure?
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Honey bee decline and diet (Alaux et al. 2010)
=
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Honey bee decline and diet (Alaux et al. 2010)
• Bees diet is made of pollen and nectar• Diverse diet = healthier bees, stronger immune
system
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Honey bee decline and diet (Alaux et al. 2010)
=
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Modern agricultural landscapes are food deserts for bees.
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Even small flower patches can provide vital floral resources for bees
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Honey bee decline and pesticides
• 118 different pesticides found in honey bee hives (Mullin et al. 2010)
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Honey bee decline and pesticides
Risk = toxicity x exposure
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Honey bee decline and pesticides
Risk = toxicity x exposure
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Honey bee decline and pesticides
• Lethal effects• Sub-lethal effects
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Honey bee decline and pesticides
• Synergism between chemicals– Combinations of pesticides more toxic
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Honey bee decline and pesticides
• Synergism between chemicals– Combinations of pesticides more toxic
• Unexpected effects of “safe” chemicals– Inerts, Fungicides, Insect Growth Regulators (IGRs)
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Honey bee decline and pesticides
Risk = toxicity x exposure
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Honey bee decline and pesticides
• Multiple routes of exposure (Krupke et al. 2012)
– Planter dust, contaminated soil
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Honey bee decline and pesticides
• Multiple routes of exposure (Krupke et al. 2012)
– Planter dust, contaminated soil– Weedy flowers near treated fields
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Honey bee decline and pesticides
• Multiple routes of exposure (Krupke et al. 2012)
– Planter dust, contaminated soil– Weedy flowers near treated fields– Contaminated pollen and nectar
Purdue extension Photo: Bob Hammond, CSU Coop Ext
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Honey bee decline and pesticides
• Multiple routes of exposure (Krupke et al. 2012)
– Planter dust, contaminated soil– Weedy flowers near treated fields– Contaminated pollen and nectar– Contaminated water
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How are we addressing these issues?
• Research• New EPA labeling• Corn Dust Research Consortium
– Industry, government, university, non-profit– Develop new lubricants and polymers to reduce
dust and contamination in dust
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Why do these issues matter to you?
• Pollinator-dependent crops• Your actions have broader effects than the
field boundaries• Everyone needs to eat
Purdue extension
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What can you do to help?
• Identify and preserve native bees and bee habitat already present on your farm.
© NRCS Lynn Betts
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What can you do to help?
• Identify and preserve native bees and bee habitat already present on your farm.
• Provide flowers and nesting resources.
K. UllmannPhoto: Bob Hammond, CO Coop Ext
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What can you do to help?
• Identify and preserve native bees and bee habitat already present on your farm.
• Provide flowers and nesting resources.• Adjust current practices to protect bees.
– Spray timing, drift, chemistries
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Small actions by many people can make a big change.
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Further resources
The Xerces Society (www.xerces.org)
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Further resources
The Xerces Society (www.xerces.org)
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Further resources
Gratton Lab at UW-Madisonhttp://gratton.entomology.wisc.edu/
My contact information:Email: [email protected]: 774-392-0498