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Transcript of Gaines day stevenspoint-bee-talk-5-21-14-final
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The Buzz on Bees
Hannah Gaines DayDepartment of Entomology
University of Wisconsin, Madison
H. Gaines Day
H. Gaines DayR. Mallinger
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Protecting wildlife through the conservation of invertebrates and their habitat since 1971.
Major Programs: •Pollinator conservation•Endangered species • Aquatic invertebrates
www.funet.fi
Advocacy, Education, Restoration, and Applied Research
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Outline
• Pollination and Pollinators• Biology and natural history of bees• Resource requirements of native
bees• Crop pollination by bees• Threats to native bees• Native bee conservation strategies• Further resources
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Pollination
• Transfer of pollen from anthers to stigma
• Wind, gravity, or animal mediated
© Bruce Newhouse
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Pollinators
• Birds, bats, bees, moths, butterflies
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Pollinators
• Birds, bats, bees, moths, butterflies• Bees are the MOST IMPORTANT
pollinators– Actively collect pollen– Floral constancy– Branched hairs
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• 85% of all flowering plants • 35% of global crop production
R. Winfree
How important are bees?
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Poor fruit set resulting from poor pollination
Poor pollination
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One in every three bites you eat is dependent on insect pollination.
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One in every three bites you eat is dependent on insect pollination.
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One in every three bites you eat is dependent on insect pollination.
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With bees
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Without bees
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Bees and Wisconsin agriculture
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Outline
• Pollination and Pollinators• Biology and natural history of bees
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What is a bee?
• Hymenoptera– Ants, bees, wasps
•6 legs, 4 wings• Vegetarian
– Provision nests with pollen
• Great pollinators!– Pollen sticks to
feather-like hairs
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Bees versus wasps
• Carnivorous• Simple hairs• More aggressive• Examples: yellow
jackets, hornets, paper wasps
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Bees versus flies
• Feed on decaying matter, feces, and blood
• Also feed on nectar • 2 wings, short stubby
antennae• Prominent eyes• Examples: house flies,
hover flies
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Native bees versus honey bees• Single, non-native species• Perennial colony with queen• Wax hives• Produce honey
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Honey bees are not native, but• Generalist pollinators• “Easy” to manage• Work well with modern agricultural
system
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Social behavior of bees
• Solitary (majority of species)• Social (only 10%)
– Honey bees (NOT native)– Bumble bees
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Solitary bee life cycleSpring
Summer
Fall
Winter
(Photos: Dennis Briggs)
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Social bee life cycle (bumble bee)Spring
Summer
Fall
Winter
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Nesting behavior of bees
GroundStem
S. Camarzine
Cavity
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Ground nesting (~70% of bees)
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P.Westrich
Ground nesting (~70% of bees)
K. Ullmann
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© Edward Ross
Stem nesting (~30% of bees)
K. Ullmann
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Silk cocoons with dormant bees inside
Mud cap closure
Larva
Pupa
Adult
Pollen mass
Egg
Mud wall
Cross-section of silk cocoons
Stem nesting
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Stem nesting bees
www.pestweb.comwww.warrenphotographic.co.uk
• Leaf-cutter bees (Megachile sp.)
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Stem nesting bees
• Leaf-cutter bees (Megachile addenda)
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Stem nesting bees
www.agf.gov.bc.ca
T. Stoehr
• Mason bees (Osmia sp.)
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Stem nesting bees
• Mason bees (Osmia avosetta)
J. Rozen, AMNH
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Stem nesting bees
• Mason bees (Osmia avosetta)
J. Rozen, AMNH
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Stem nesting bees
• Mason bees (Osmia avosetta)
J. R
oze
n,
AM
NH
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Stem nesting bees
• Mason bees (Osmia avosetta)
J. Rozen, AMNH
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S. Camarzine
Cavity nesting (bumble bees)
K. Ullmann
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Cavity nesting (bumble bees)• 45 species in North America• Annual colony with 100-300 workers• Specialist pollinators of red clover,
blueberry, cranberry, eggplant, tomato
Photos:Eric Mader, Elaine Evans
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How many bees are there?
• ~20,000 species worldwide• ~4000 species native to North
America• ~500 species native to Wisconsin
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Photos: James Cane; Steve Javorek (Ag Canada); Edward S. Ross
Honey bee (Apis mellifera)
Bumble bee (Bombus edwardsii) Leafcutter bee (Megachile sp.)
Polyester bee (Colletes sp)
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Photos: Bruce Newhouse; Edward S. Ross; Mace Vaughan; USDA-ARS/Jack Dykinga
Metallic sweat bee (Agapostemon sp.) Yellow-faced bee (Hylaeus sp.)
Mason bee (Osmia sp.) Sweat bee (Halictus sp.)
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Metallic sweat bee (Agapostemon sp.)
Mason bee (Osmia sp.)
Sunflower bee (Svastra sp.)
Long-horned bee (Mellisodes sp.)
Photo: Bob Hammond, CSU Coop Ext
Photo: Bob Hammond, CSU Coop Ext
Carpenter bee (Xylocopa sp.)
Photo: Gene Barickman, IL NRCS
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Photo: Stephen L. Buchmann
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Bee diversity in Wisconsin
• Cranberry ~180 species (H. Gaines Day, unpubl.)
• Pickling cucumber ~60 species (Lowenstein et al. 2012)
• Apple ~70 species (R. Mallinger, unpubl.)
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Outline
• Pollination and Pollinators• Biology and natural history of bees• Resource requirements of native
bees
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Resource requirements
• Flower availability– Early spring through fall
• Nesting resources– Undisturbed soil, woody habitat, or nest
boxes
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Landscapes
• Some landscapes already provide adequate resources.
A. Bennett
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Landscapes
• Some do not.
A. Bennett
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Why is the landscape important?• Central place foragers• Flight distance proportional to size of
bee
Photo: Stephen L. Buchmann
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Outline
• Pollination and Pollinators• Biology and natural history of bees• Resource requirements of native
bees• Crop pollination by bees
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Crop pollination by bees
• One in every three bites…
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Crop pollination by bees
Photo: USDA-ARS/Scott Bauer
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H. RosnerScientific American 2013
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US Agriculture – vast monocultures
www.gallery.photo.net
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Modern agricultural landscapes are food deserts for bees.
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Honey bee decline
• Mites, disease, Colony Collapse Disorder
Photo: USDA-ARS/Scott Bauer
Varroa mite
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Acceptable range
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Honey bee rental rates (almond)
BEFORE CCD
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Honey bee rental rates (almond)
AFTER CCD
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Colony Collapse Disorder
• Disease/pathogen?• Viruses?• Pests?• Stress?• Not cell phones
or Bt crops (Duan et al. 2008)
• Insecticide exposure?– Neonicotinoids?
• Poor diet?
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Colony Collapse Disorder
• Disease/pathogen?• Viruses?• Pests?• Stress?• Not cell phones
or Bt crops (Duan et al. 2008)
• Insecticide exposure?– Neonicotinoids?
• Poor diet?
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Systemic pesticides (e.g. neonicotinoids)
• Benefits– Very effective– Less toxic to birds and mammals– Effective longer
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Systemic pesticides (e.g. neonicotinoids)
• Benefits– Very effective– Less toxic to birds and mammals– Effective longer
• Drawbacks– Present in nectar and pollen– Remain in environment longer– Toxic to bees
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What makes systemic pesticides different?
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Traditional pesticides
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Traditional pesticides
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Traditional pesticides
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Traditional pesticides
X
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Traditional pesticides
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Traditional pesticides
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Systemic pesticides
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Systemic pesticides
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Systemic pesticides
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Systemic pesticides
X
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Systemic pesticides
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Systemic pesticides
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Systemic pesticides
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Systemic pesticides (e.g., neonicotinoids)
• Commonly used in commercial nurseries – ASK BEFORE BUYING PLANTS WHETHER THEY HAVE BEEN TREATED
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Systemic pesticides (e.g., neonicotinoids)
• Active ingredients to avoid:– Imidachloprid– Clothianidin– Thiamethoxam
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Colony Collapse Disorder
• Disease/pathogen?• Viruses?• Pests?• Stress?• Not cell phones
or Bt crops (Duan et al. 2008)
• Insecticide exposure?
• Poor diet?
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Honey bee decline and diet
=
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Honey bee decline and diet
• Bees diet is made of pollen and nectar• Diverse diet = healthier bees, stronger
immune system
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Honey bee decline and diet
=
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Native bees and crop pollination- Native bees provide insurance
against honey bee decline - Efficient crop pollinators
R. Winfree
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Native bees and crop pollination• Active earlier in
season and day • Collect both pollen
and nectar• Buzz pollination• No rental fees• Keep honey bees
moving
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Photo: Bob Hammond, CSU Coop Ext
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Photo: Rachael WinfreeWinfree, R. et al.. 2008. Wild bee pollinators provide the majority of crop visitation across land-use gradients in New Jersey and Pennsylvania, USA. Journal of Applied Ecology 45:793-802.
Watermelon in New Jersey
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Photo: Mace VaughanKremen, C. et al. 2004. The area requirements of an ecosystem service: crop pollination by native bee communities in California. Ecology Letters 7:1109-1119.
Watermelon in California
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Fruit set increases with bee diversity
Klein et al. 2003
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Outline
• Pollination and Pollinators• Biology and natural history of bees• Resource requirements of native
bees• Crop pollination by bees• Threats to native bees
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Native bees also in decline
© Derrick Ditchburn
© Johanna James-Heinz
© Jodi DeLong
© Peter Schroeder
Yellow-bandedFranklin’s
Rusty-patchWestern
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Images: The Xerces Society
Native bees also in decline
- Yellow Banded Bumble Bee (Bombus terricolla) once very common, now gone
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Native bee decline
Pesticide exposure
Loss of habitat
Disease and pathogens
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Outline
• Pollination and Pollinators• Biology and natural history of bees• Resource requirements of native
bees• Crop pollination by bees• Threats to native bees• Native bee conservation strategies
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Pollinators need habitat
Photo: Rollin Coville
• Nesting• Foraging
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What can you do to help?
• Identify and preserve bee habitat already present in your area.
© NRCS Lynn Betts
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What can you do to help?
• Identify and preserve bee habitat already present in your area.
• Provide flowers and nesting resources.
K. UllmannPhoto: Bob Hammond, CO Coop Ext
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Floral resources - diversity
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Floral resources - timing
TAXA APRIL MAY JUNE JULY AUG SEP OCT
Colletes (inaequalis, validis)Andrena
Augochlora pura
Augochlorella striataHalictus (females)
Lasioglossum (females)Osmia
Bombus © Data from Steve Javorek, Agriculture Canada
• Bee flight periods in Nova Scotia
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Floral resources
• How to select good bee plants– Locally native plants are better for
native bees– Minimum of 3 blooming plants at all
times throughout the season (spring, summer, fall)
– PLANT IN CLUMPS FOR BEST RESULT!
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Protecting the bees• Restrict insecticide use
•Use active ingredients with least impact on bees
•Spray at night
•Consider alternatives
•Restrict herbicide use
K. Ullmann
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Small actions by many people can make a big difference.
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Further resources
The Xerces Society (www.xerces.org)
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Further resources
The Xerces Society (www.xerces.org)– Pollinator Conservation Resource
Center•Plant lists•Conservation
guidelines•Pesticide
guidelines
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Further resources
The Xerces Society (www.xerces.org)– Attracting Native Pollinators:
Protecting North America’s Bees and Butterflies•Natural history•Creating habitat•Bee identification•Plant lists
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Further resources
Honey bee health• Bee Informed Partnership
(www.beeinformed.org)• Project Apis m
(www.projectapism.org)
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Further resources
Insect identification• Bug Guide (www.bugguide.net)• Discover Life (www.discoverlife.org)
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Get involved!
The Great Sunflower Project (www.greatsunflower.org)
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Get involved!
Bee Spotter (http://beespotter.mste.uiuc.edu/)
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Gratton Lab at UW-Madisongratton.entomology.wisc.edu
My contact information:Email: [email protected]: 774-392-0498