3/3/2015 GabrielGarcaMrquezWikipedia,thefreeencyclopedia

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gabriel_Garc%C3%ADa_M%C3%A1rquez 1/20

GabrielGarcaMrquez

GabrielGarcaMrquezin2002

Born GabrielJosdelaConcordiaGarcaMrquez6March1927Aracataca,Colombia

Died 17April2014(aged87)MexicoCity,Mexico

Nationality Colombian,Mexican(naturalizedin1982)

Almamater UniversidaddeCartagena

Genre Novels,shortstories

Literarymovement

LatinAmericanBoom,magicrealism

Notableworks

OneHundredYearsofSolitude,TheAutumnofthePatriarch,LoveintheTimeofCholera

Notableawards

NeustadtInternationalPrizeforLiterature1972NobelPrizeinLiterature1982

Spouse MercedesBarchaPardo

Children Rodrigo,Gonzalo

Signature

GabrielGarcaMrquezFromWikipedia,thefreeencyclopedia

GabrielJosdelaConcordiaGarcaMrquez(/rsimrks/[1]AmericanSpanish:[ajelarsi.amarkes] audio6March192717April2014)wasaColombiannovelist,shortstorywriter,screenwriterandjournalist,knownaffectionatelyasGabothroughoutLatinAmerica.Consideredoneofthemostsignificantauthorsofthe20thcentury,hewasawardedthe1972NeustadtInternationalPrizeforLiteratureandthe1982NobelPrizeinLiterature.[2]Hepursuedaselfdirectededucationthatresultedinhisleavinglawschoolforacareerinjournalism.Fromearlyon,heshowednoinhibitionsinhiscriticismofColombianandforeignpolitics.In1958,hemarriedMercedesBarchatheyhadtwosons,RodrigoandGonzalo.[3]

GarcaMrquezstartedasajournalist,andwrotemanyacclaimednonfictionworksandshortstories,butisbestknownforhisnovels,suchasOneHundredYearsofSolitude(1967),TheAutumnofthePatriarch(1975)andLoveintheTimeofCholera(1985).Hisworkshaveachievedsignificantcriticalacclaimandwidespreadcommercialsuccess,mostnotablyforpopularizingaliterarystylelabeledasmagicrealism,whichusesmagicalelementsandeventsinotherwiseordinaryandrealisticsituations.SomeofhisworksaresetinafictionalvillagecalledMacondo(thetownmainlyinspiredbyhisbirthplaceAracataca),andmostofthemexplorethethemeofsolitude.

OnhisdeathinApril2014,JuanManuelSantos,thePresidentofColombia,describedhimas"thegreatestColombianwhoeverlived".[4]

Contents

1Biography1.1Earlylife1.2Journalism

1.2.1TheStoryofaShipwreckedSailor

1.3QAP1.4Marriageandfamily

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA_for_English#Keyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA_for_Englishhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/One_Hundred_Years_of_Solitudehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Macondohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA_for_English#Keyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA_for_Englishhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colombian_peoplehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA_for_English#Keyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solitudehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA_for_English#Keyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Es-Gabriel_Garcia_Marquez.ogghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juan_Manuel_Santoshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA_for_English#Keyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magic_realismhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aracatacahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rodrigo_Garc%C3%ADa_(director)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Universidad_de_Cartagenahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA_for_English#Keyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA_for_English#Keyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/One_Hundred_Years_of_Solitudehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neustadt_International_Prize_for_Literaturehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nobel_Prize_in_Literaturehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA_for_English#Keyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rodrigo_Garc%C3%ADa_(director)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mexico_Cityhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colombian_peoplehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Love_in_the_Time_of_Cholerahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Gabriel_Garcia_Marquez.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA_for_English#Keyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Love_in_the_Time_of_Cholerahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Autumn_of_the_Patriarchhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA_for_English#Keyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA_for_English#Keyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latin_American_Boomhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA_for_English#Keyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neustadt_International_Prize_for_Literaturehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magic_realismhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Gabriel_Marquez_Signature.pnghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA_for_English#Keyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aracatacahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Autumn_of_the_Patriarchhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA_for_Spanishhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nobel_Prize_in_Literaturehttp://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d7/Es-Gabriel_Garcia_Marquez.ogg

3/3/2015 GabrielGarcaMrquezWikipedia,thefreeencyclopedia

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gabriel_Garc%C3%ADa_M%C3%A1rquez 2/20

1.5LeafStorm1.6OneHundredYearsofSolitude1.7Fame1.8AutumnofthePatriarch1.9ChronicleofaDeathForetold1.10LoveintheTimeofCholera1.11NewsofaKidnapping1.12LivingtoTelltheTaleandMemoriesofMyMelancholyWhores1.13Filmandopera1.14Laterlifeanddeath

1.14.1Declininghealth1.14.2Deathandfuneral

2Style2.1Realismandmagicalrealism

3Motifs3.1Solitude3.2Macondo3.3Laviolencia

4Legacy4.1NobelPrize

5Listofworks5.1Novels5.2Novellas5.3Shortstorycollections5.4Nonfiction5.5Films

6Seealso7References

7.1Notes7.2Bibliography7.3Furtherreading

8Externallinks8.1Films

Biography

Earlylife

3/3/2015 GabrielGarcaMrquezWikipedia,thefreeencyclopedia

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gabriel_Garc%C3%ADa_M%C3%A1rquez 3/20

GarcaMrquezbillboardinAracataca:"IfeelLatinAmericanfromwhatevercountry,butIhaveneverrenouncedthenostalgiaofmyhomeland:Aracataca,towhichIreturnedonedayanddiscoveredthatbetweenrealityandnostalgiawastherawmaterialformywork".GabrielGarcaMrquez

GabrielGarcaMrquezwasbornon6March1927[5]inAracataca,Colombia,toGabrielEligioGarcaandLuisaSantiagaMrquezIguarn.[6]SoonafterGarcaMrquezwasborn,hisfatherbecameapharmacistandmoved,withhiswife,toBarranquilla,leavingyoungGabitoinAracataca.[7]Hewasraisedbyhismaternalgrandparents,DoaTranquilinaIguarnandColonelNicolsRicardoMrquezMeja.[8]InDecember1936,hisfathertookhimandhisbrothertoSinc,whileinMarch1937,hisgrandfatherdiedthefamilythenmovedfirst(back)toBarranquillaandthenontoSucre,wherehisfatherstartedupapharmacy.[9]

Whenhisparentsfellinlove,theirrelationshipmetwithresistancefromLuisaSantiagaMrquez'sfather,theColonel.GabrielEligioGarcawasnotthemantheColonelhadenvisionedwinningtheheartofhisdaughter:he(GabrielEligio)wasaConservative,andhadthereputationofbeingawomanizer.[10][11]GabrielEligiowooedLuisawithviolinserenades,lovepoems,countlessletters,andeventelephonemessagesafterherfathersentherawaywiththeintentionofseparatingtheyoungcouple.Herparentstriedeverythingtogetridoftheman,buthekeptcomingback,anditwasobvioustheirdaughterwascommittedtohim.[10]Herfamilyfinallycapitulatedandgaveherpermissiontomarryhim[12][13](ThetragicomicstoryoftheircourtshipwouldlaterbeadaptedandrecastasLoveintheTimeofCholera.[11][14])

SinceGarcaMrquez'sparentsweremoreorlessstrangerstohimforthefirstfewyearsofhislife,[15]

hisgrandparentsinfluencedhisearlydevelopmentverystrongly.[16][17]Hisgrandfather,whomhecalled"Papalelo",[16]wasaLiberalveteranoftheThousandDaysWar.[18]TheColonelwasconsideredaherobyColombianLiberalsandwashighlyrespected.[19]HewaswellknownforhisrefusaltoremainsilentaboutthebananamassacresthattookplacetheyearafterGarcaMrquezwasborn.[20]TheColonel,whomGarcaMrquezdescribedashis"umbilicalcordwithhistoryandreality,"[21]wasalsoanexcellentstoryteller.[22]HetaughtGarcaMrquezlessonsfromthedictionary,tookhimtothecircuseachyear,andwasthefirsttointroducehisgrandsontoicea"miracle"foundattheUnitedFruitCompanystore.[23]Hewouldalsooccasionallytellhisyounggrandson"Youcan'timaginehowmuchadeadmanweighs",[24][25]remindinghimthattherewasnogreaterburdenthantohavekilledaman,alessonthatGarcaMrquezwouldlaterintegrateintohisnovels.

GarcaMrquez'spoliticalandideologicalviewswereshapedbyhisgrandfather'sstories.[24]Inaninterview,GarcaMrqueztoldhisfriendPlinioApuleyoMendoza,"mygrandfathertheColonelwasaLiberal.Mypoliticalideasprobablycamefromhimtobeginwithbecause,insteadoftellingmefairytaleswhenIwasyoung,hewouldregalemewithhorrifyingaccountsofthelastcivilwarthatfreethinkersandanticlericswagedagainsttheConservativegovernment."[26][27]Thisinfluencedhispoliticalviewsandhisliterarytechniquesothat"inthesamewaythathiswritingcareerinitiallytookshapeinconsciousoppositiontotheColombianliterarystatusquo,GarcaMrquez'ssocialistandantiimperialistviewsareinprincipledoppositiontotheglobalstatusquodominatedbytheUnitedStates."[28]

GarcaMrquez'sgrandmother,DoaTranquilinaIguarnCotes,playedanequallyinfluentialroleinhis

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sinc%C3%A9http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Aracataca1.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sucre,_Sucre_Departmenthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Banana_massacrehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colombian_Liberal_Partyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aracatacahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barranquillahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Fruit_Companyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aracatacahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Love_in_the_Time_of_Cholerahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thousand_Days_Warhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colombian_Conservative_Party

3/3/2015 GabrielGarcaMrquezWikipedia,thefreeencyclopedia

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gabriel_Garc%C3%ADa_M%C3%A1rquez 4/20

upbringing.Hewasinspiredbythewayshe"treatedtheextraordinaryassomethingperfectlynatural."[29]Thehousewasfilledwithstoriesofghostsandpremonitions,omensandportents,[30]allofwhichwerestudiouslyignoredbyherhusband.[16]AccordingtoGarcaMrquezshewas"thesourceofthemagical,superstitiousandsupernaturalviewofreality".[21]Heenjoyedhisgrandmother'suniquewayoftellingstories.Nomatterhowfantasticorimprobableherstatements,shealwaysdeliveredthemasiftheyweretheirrefutabletruth.Itwasadeadpanstylethat,somethirtyyearslater,heavilyinfluencedhergrandson'smostpopularnovel,OneHundredYearsofSolitude.[31]

Journalism

GarcaMrquezbeganhiscareerasajournalistwhilestudyinglawattheNationalUniversityofColombia.In1948and1949hewroteforElUniversalinCartagena.Later,from1950until1952,hewrotea"whimsical"columnunderthenameof"Septimus"forthelocalpaperElHeraldoinBarranquilla.[32]GarcaMrqueznotedofhistimeatElHeraldo,"I'dwriteapieceandthey'dpaymethreepesosforit,andmaybeaneditorialforanotherthree."[33]DuringthistimehebecameanactivememberoftheinformalgroupofwritersandjournalistsknownastheBarranquillaGroup,anassociationthatprovidedgreatmotivationandinspirationforhisliterarycareer.HeworkedwithinspirationalfiguressuchasRamonVinyes,whomGarcaMrquezdepictedasanOldCatalanwhoownsabookstoreinOneHundredYearsofSolitude.[34]Atthistime,GarcaMrquezwasalsointroducedtotheworksofwriterssuchasVirginiaWoolfandWilliamFaulkner.Faulkner'snarrativetechniques,historicalthemesanduseofrurallocationsinfluencedmanyLatinAmericanauthors.[35]TheenvironmentofBarranquillagaveGarcaMrquezaworldclassliteraryeducationandprovidedhimwithauniqueperspectiveonCaribbeanculture.From1954to1955,GarcaMrquezspenttimeinBogotandregularlywroteforBogot'sElEspectador.Hewasaregularfilmcriticwhichdrovehisinterestinfilm.

InDecember1957GarcaMrquezacceptedapositioninCaracasinthenewspaperElMomento.HearrivedtotheVenezuelancapitalon23December1957,andbeganworkingrightawayatElMomento.GarcaMrquezalsoassistedinthe1958Venezuelancoupd'tat,leadingtotheexileofthepresidentMarcosPrezJimnez.Followingthisevent,GarcaMrquezwroteanarticle,"Theparticipationoftheclergyinthestruggle",describingtheChurchofVenezuelaoppositionagainstJimnez'sregime.InMarch1958hemadeatriptoColombia,wherehemarriedMercedesBarchaandtogethertheycamebacktoCaracas.InMay1958,disagreeingwiththeownerofMomento,heresignedandbecameshortlyafterwardseditorofthenewspaperVenezuelaGrfica.

TheStoryofaShipwreckedSailor

Endingincontroversy,hislastdomesticallywritteneditorialforElEspectadorwasaseriesoffourteennewsarticles[34][36]inwhichherevealedthehiddenstoryofhowaColombianNavyvessel'sshipwreck"occurredbecausetheboatcontainedabadlystowedcargoofcontrabandgoodsthatbrokelooseonthedeck."[37]GarcaMrquezcompiledthisstorythroughinterviewswithayoungsailorwhosurvivedtheshipwreck.[36]Thepublicationofthearticlesresultedinpubliccontroversy,astheydiscreditedtheofficialaccountoftheevents,whichhadblamedastormfortheshipwreck,andglorifiedthesurvivingsailor.

InresponsetothiscontroversyElEspectadorsentGarcaMrquezawaytoEuropetobeaforeigncorrespondent.[38]HewroteabouthisexperiencesforElIndependiente,anewspaperwhichhadbrieflyreplacedElEspectadorduringthemilitarygovernmentofGeneralGustavoRojasPinilla[39]andwas

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/El_Universal_(Cartagena)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Faulknerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virginia_Woolfhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barranquillahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barranquilla_Grouphttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gustavo_Rojas_Pinillahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marcos_P%C3%A9rez_Jim%C3%A9nezhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/El_Heraldo_(Barranquilla)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marcos_P%C3%A9rez_Jim%C3%A9nezhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1958_Venezuelan_coup_d%27%C3%A9tathttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_University_of_Colombiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bogot%C3%A1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caracashttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/El_Espectadorhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/One_Hundred_Years_of_Solitudehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cartagena,_Colombia

3/3/2015 GabrielGarcaMrquezWikipedia,thefreeencyclopedia

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gabriel_Garc%C3%ADa_M%C3%A1rquez 5/20

latershutdownbyColombianauthorities.[35]GarcaMrquez'sbackgroundinjournalismprovidedafoundationalbaseforhiswritingcareer.LiterarycriticBellVilladanoted,"Owingtohishandsonexperiencesinjournalism,GarcaMrquezis,ofallthegreatlivingauthors,theonewhoisclosesttoeverydayreality."[40]

QAP

GarcaMrquezwasoneoftheoriginalfoundersofQAP,anewscastthatairedbetween1992and1997.[41]Hewasattractedtotheprojectbythepromiseofeditorialandjournalisticindependence.

Marriageandfamily

GarcaMrquezmetMercedesBarchawhileshewasatschooltheydecidedtowaitforhertofinishbeforegettingmarried.WhenhewassenttoEuropeasaforeigncorrespondent,MercedeswaitedforhimtoreturntoBarranquilla.Finallytheymarriedin1958.[42][43]Thefollowingyear,theirfirstson,RodrigoGarca,nowatelevisionandfilmdirector,wasborn.[43]In1961,thefamilytraveledbyGreyhoundbusthroughoutthesouthernUnitedStatesandeventuallysettledinMexicoCity.[44]GarcaMrquezhadalwayswantedtoseetheSouthernUnitedStatesbecauseitinspiredthewritingsofWilliamFaulkner.[45]Threeyearslaterthecouple'ssecondson,Gonzalo,wasborninMexico.[46]

GonzaloiscurrentlyagraphicdesignerinMexicoCity.[45]

LeafStorm

LeafStorm(LaHojarasca)isGarcaMrquez'sfirstnovellaandtooksevenyearstofindapublisher,finallybeingpublishedin1955.[47]GarcaMrqueznotesthat"ofallthathehadwritten(asof1973),LeafStormwashisfavoritebecausehefeltthatitwasthemostsincereandspontaneous."[48]Alltheeventsofthenovellatakeplaceinoneroom,duringahalfhourperiodonWednesday12September1928.Itisthestoryofanoldcolonel(similartoGarcaMrquez'sowngrandfather)whotriestogiveaproperChristianburialtoanunpopularFrenchdoctor.Thecolonelissupportedonlybyhisdaughterandgrandson.Thenovellaexploresthechild'sfirstexperiencewithdeathbyfollowinghisstreamofconsciousness.ThebookalsorevealstheperspectiveofIsabel,theColonel'sdaughter,whichprovidesafemininepointofview.[34]

OneHundredYearsofSolitude

SinceGarcaMrquezwaseighteen,hehadwantedtowriteanovelbasedonhisgrandparents'housewherehegrewup.However,hestruggledwithfindinganappropriatetoneandputofftheideauntilonedaytheanswerhithimwhiledrivinghisfamilytoAcapulco.Heturnedthecararoundandthefamilyreturnedhomesohecouldbeginwriting.Hesoldhiscarsohisfamilywouldhavemoneytoliveonwhilehewrote,butwritingthenoveltookfarlongerthanheexpected,andhewroteeverydayforeighteenmonths.Hiswifehadtoaskforfoodoncreditfromtheirbutcherandtheirbakeraswellasninemonthsofrentoncreditfromtheirlandlord.[49]Fortunately,whenthebookwasfinallypublishedin1967itbecamehismostcommerciallysuccessfulnovel,OneHundredYearsofSolitude,whichsoldmorethan30millioncopies.[50](Cienaosdesoledad)(1967EnglishtranslationbyGregoryRabassa1970).ThestorychroniclesseveralgenerationsoftheBuendafamilyfromthetimetheyfoundedthefictionalSouthAmericanvillageofMacondo,throughtheirtrialsandtribulations,instancesofincest,birthsanddeaths.ThehistoryofMacondoisoftengeneralizedbycriticstorepresentruraltownsthroughoutLatinAmericaoratleastnearGarcaMrquez'snativeAracataca.[51][52]

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/QAP_(Colombia)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rodrigo_Garc%C3%ADa_(director)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greyhound_Lineshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Faulknerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Macondohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gregory_Rabassahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aracatacahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acapulcohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mexico_City

3/3/2015 GabrielGarcaMrquezWikipedia,thefreeencyclopedia

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gabriel_Garc%C3%ADa_M%C3%A1rquez 6/20

GarcaMrquezsigningacopyofOneHundredYearsofSolitudeinHavana,Cuba

ThisnovelwaswidelypopularandledtoGarcaMrquez'sNobelPrizeaswellastheRmuloGallegosPrizein1972.WilliamKennedyhascalledit"thefirstpieceofliteraturesincetheBookofGenesisthatshouldberequiredreadingfortheentirehumanrace,"[53]andhundredsofarticlesandbooksofliterarycritiquehavebeenpublishedinresponsetoit.Despitethemanyaccoladesthebookreceived,GarcaMrqueztendedtodownplayitssuccess.Heonceremarked:"Mostcriticsdon'trealizethatanovellikeOneHundredYearsofSolitudeisabitofajoke,fullofsignalstoclosefriendsandso,withsomepreordainedrighttopontificatetheytakeontheresponsibilityofdecodingthebookandriskmakingterriblefoolsofthemselves."[52]

Fame

AfterwritingOneHundredYearsofSolitudeGarcaMrquezreturnedtoEurope,thistimebringingalonghisfamily,toliveinBarcelona,Spain,forsevenyears.[46]TheinternationalrecognitionGarcaMrquezearnedwiththepublicationofthenovelledtohisabilitytoactasafacilitatorinseveralnegotiationsbetweentheColombiangovernmentandtheguerrillas,includingtheformer19thofAprilMovement(M19),andthecurrentFARCandELNorganizations.[54][55]Thepopularityofhiswritingalsoledtofriendshipswithpowerfulleaders,includingonewithformerCubanpresidentFidelCastro,whichhasbeenanalyzedinGaboandFidel:PortraitofaFriendship.[56]ItwasduringthistimethathewaspunchedinthefacebyMarioVargasLlosainwhatbecameoneofthelargestfeudsinmodernliterature.InaninterviewwithClaudiaDreifusin1982GarcaMrqueznoteshisrelationshipwithCastroismostlybasedonliterature:Oursisanintellectualfriendship.ItmaynotbewidelyknownthatFidelisaveryculturedman.Whenweretogether,wetalkagreatdealaboutliterature.[57]ThisrelationshipwascriticizedbyCubanexilewriterReinaldoArenas,inhis1992memoirAntesdequeAnochezca(BeforeNightFalls).[58]

DuetohisnewfoundfameandhisoutspokenviewsonU.S.imperialismGarciaMrquezwaslabeledasasubversiveandformanyyearswasdeniedvisasbyU.S.immigrationauthorities.[59]AfterBillClintonwaselectedU.S.president,heliftedthetravelbanandcitedOneHundredYearsofSolitudeashisfavoritenovel.[60]

AutumnofthePatriarch

GarcaMrquezwasinspiredtowriteadictatornovelwhenhewitnessedtheflightofVenezuelandictatorMarcosPrezJimnez.Heshares,"itwasthefirsttimewehadseenadictatorfallinLatinAmerica."[61]GarcaMrquezbeganwritingAutumnofthePatriarch(Elotoodelpatriarca)in1968andsaiditwasfinishedin1971however,hecontinuedtoembellishthedictatornoveluntil1975whenitwaspublishedinSpain.[62]AccordingtoGarcaMrquez,thenovelisa"poemonthesolitudeofpower"asitfollowsthelifeofaneternaldictatorknownastheGeneral.ThenovelisdevelopedthroughaseriesofanecdotesrelatedtothelifeoftheGeneral,whichdonotappearinchronologicalorder.[63]Althoughtheexactlocationofthestoryisnotpinpointedinthenovel,theimaginarycountryissituatedsomewhereintheCaribbean.[64]

GarcaMrquezgavehisownexplanationoftheplot:

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Book_of_Genesishttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/19th_of_April_Movementhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fidel_Castrohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Havanahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Government_of_Colombiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_imperialismhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Gabogarciamarquez1.pnghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_J._Kennedyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dictator_novelhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bill_Clintonhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/R%C3%B3mulo_Gallegos_Prizehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dictator_novelhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mario_Vargas_Llosahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cuban_exilehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Before_Night_Fallshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barcelonahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Claudia_Dreifushttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/One_Hundred_Years_of_Solitudehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marcos_P%C3%A9rez_Jim%C3%A9nezhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Facilitatorhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FARChttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reinaldo_Arenashttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Liberation_Army_(Colombia)

3/3/2015 GabrielGarcaMrquezWikipedia,thefreeencyclopedia

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gabriel_Garc%C3%ADa_M%C3%A1rquez 7/20

MyintentionwasalwaystomakeasynthesisofalltheLatinAmericandictators,butespeciallythosefromtheCaribbean.Nevertheless,thepersonalityofJuanVicenteGomez[ofVenezuela]wassostrong,inadditiontothefactthatheexercisedaspecialfascinationoverme,thatundoubtedlythePatriarchhasmuchmoreofhimthananyoneelse.[64]

AfterAutumnofthePatriarchwaspublishedGarcaMrquezandhisfamilymovedfromBarcelonatoMexicoCity[46]andGarcaMrquezpledgednottopublishagainuntiltheChileanDictatorAugustoPinochetwasdeposed.However,heultimatelypublishedChronicleofaDeathForetoldwhilePinochetwasstillinpowerashe"couldnotremainsilentinthefaceofinjusticeandrepression."[65]

ChronicleofaDeathForetold

ChronicleofaDeathForetold(Crnicadeunamuerteanunciada)recreatesamurderthattookplaceinSucre,Colombiain1951.ThecharacternamedSantiagoNasarisbasedonagoodfriendfromGarcaMrquez'schildhood,CayetanoGentileChimento.[66]Pelayoclassifiesthisnovelasacombinationofjournalism,realismanddetectivestory.[67]

TheplotofthenovelrevolvesaroundSantiagoNasar'smurder.Thenarratoractsasadetective,uncoveringtheeventsofthemurdersecondbysecond.[68]LiterarycriticRubenPelayonotesthatthestory"unfoldsinaninvertedfashion.Insteadofmovingforward...theplotmovesbackwards."[69]Inthefirstchapter,thenarratortellsthereaderexactlywhokilledSantiagoNasarandtherestofthebookislefttounfoldwhy.

ChronicleofaDeathForetoldwaspublishedin1981,theyearbeforeGarcaMrquezwasawardedthe1982NobelPrizeinLiterature.[66]ThenovelwasalsoadaptedintoafilmbyItaliandirectorFrancescoRosiin1987.[68]

LoveintheTimeofCholera

LoveintheTimeofCholera(Elamorenlostiemposdelclera)wasfirstpublishedin1985.Itisconsideredanontraditionallovestoryas"loversfindloveintheir'goldenyears'intheirseventies,whendeathisallaroundthem".[70]

LoveintheTimeofCholeraisbasedonthestoriesoftwocouples.TheyoungloveofFerminaDazaandFlorentinoArizaisbasedontheloveaffairofGarcaMrquez'sparents.[71]However,asGarcaMrquezexplainsinaninterview:Theonlydifferenceis[myparents]married.Andassoonastheyweremarried,theywerenolongerinterestingasliteraryfigures."[71]TheloveofoldpeopleisbasedonanewspaperstoryaboutthedeathoftwoAmericans,whowerealmost80yearsold,whometeveryyearinAcapulco.Theywereoutinaboatonedayandweremurderedbytheboatmanwithhisoars.GarcaMrqueznotes,"Throughtheirdeath,thestoryoftheirsecretromancebecameknown.Iwasfascinatedbythem.Theywereeachmarriedtootherpeople."[72]

NewsofaKidnapping

NewsofaKidnapping(Noticiadeunsecuestro)wasfirstpublishedin1996.ItisanonfictionbookthatexaminesaseriesofrelatedkidnappingsandNarcoterroristactionscommittedintheearly1990sinColombiabytheMedellnCartel,adrugcartelfoundedandoperatedbyPabloEscobar.Thetext

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sucre,_Colombiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Augusto_Pinochethttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francesco_Rosihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Narcoterrorismhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pablo_Escobarhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medell%C3%ADn_Cartelhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kidnappinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mexico_City

3/3/2015 GabrielGarcaMrquezWikipedia,thefreeencyclopedia

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gabriel_Garc%C3%ADa_M%C3%A1rquez 8/20

GarcaMrquezwiththeColombianCultureMinisterPaulaMoreno(left)attheGuadalajaraInternationalFilmFestival,inGuadalajara,Mexico,inMarch2009

recountsthekidnapping,imprisonment,andeventualreleaseofprominentfiguresinColombia,includingpoliticiansandmembersofthepress.TheoriginalideaofthebookwasproposedtoGarcaMrquezbytheformerministerforeducationMarujaPachnCastroandColombiandiplomatLuisAlbertoVillamizarCrdenas,bothofwhomwereamongthemanyvictimsofaPabloEscobar'sattempttopressurethegovernmenttostophisextraditionbycommittingaseriesofkidnappings,murdersandterroristactions.[73]

LivingtoTelltheTaleandMemoriesofMyMelancholyWhores

In2002,GarcaMrquezpublishedthememoirVivirparacontarla,thefirstofaprojectedthreevolumeautobiography.EdithGrossman'sEnglishtranslation,LivingtoTelltheTale,waspublishedinNovember2003.[74]October2004broughtthepublicationofanovel,MemoriesofMyMelancholyWhores(Memoriademisputastristes),alovestorythatfollowstheromanceofa90yearoldmanandapubescentconcubine.MemoriesofMyMelancholyWhorescausedcontroversyinIran,whereitwasbannedafteraninitial5,000copieswereprintedandsold.[75][76]

Filmandopera

CriticsoftendescribethelanguagethatGarcaMrquez'simaginationproducesasvisualorgraphic,[77]andhehimselfexplainseachofhisstoriesisinspiredby"avisualimage,"[78]soitcomesasnosurprisethathehadalongandinvolvedhistorywithfilm.Hewasafilmcritic,hefoundedandservedasexecutivedirectoroftheFilmInstituteinHavana,[77]wastheheadoftheLatinAmericanFilmFoundation,andwroteseveralscreenplays.[35]ForhisfirstscriptheworkedwithCarlosFuentesonJuanRulfo'sElgallodeoro.[77]HisotherscreenplaysincludethefilmsTiempodemorir(1966),(1985)andUnseormuyviejoconunasalasenormes(1988),aswellasthetelevisionseriesAmoresdifciles(1991).[77][79]

GarcaMrquezalsooriginallywrotehisErndiraasathirdscreenplay.However,thisversionwaslostandreplacedbythenovella.Nonetheless,heworkedonrewritingthescriptincollaborationwithRuyGuerraandthefilmwasreleasedinMexicoin1983.[80]

Severalofhisstorieshaveinspiredotherwritersanddirectors.In1987,theItaliandirectorFrancescoRosidirectedthemovieCronacadiunamorteannunciatabasedonChronicleofaDeathForetold.[81]SeveralfilmadaptationshavebeenmadeinMexico,includingMiguelLittin'sLaViudadeMontiel(1979),JaimeHumbertoHermosillo'sMariademicorazn(1979),[82]andArturoRipstein'sElcoronelnotienequienleescriba(1998).[83]

BritishdirectorMikeNewell(FourWeddingsandaFuneral)filmedLoveintheTimeofCholerainCartagena,Colombia,withthescreenplaywrittenbyRonaldHarwood(ThePianist).ThefilmwasreleasedintheU.S.on16November2007.[84]

HisnovelOfLoveandOtherDemonswasadaptedanddirectedbyaCostaRicanfilmmaker,HildaHidalgo,whoisagraduateoftheFilmInstituteatHavanawhereGarcaMrquezwouldfrequentlyimpartscreenplayworkshops.Hidalgo'sfilmwasreleasedinApril2010.Thesamenovelwasadapted

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cartagena,_Colombiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Love_in_the_Time_of_Cholera_(film)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francesco_Rosihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maruja_Pach%C3%B3n_Castrohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carlos_Fuenteshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Gabriel_Garcia_Marquez_(2009).jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruy_Guerrahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Un_se%C3%B1or_muy_viejo_con_unas_alas_enormeshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guadalajara_International_Film_Festivalhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Pianist_(2002_film)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Memories_of_My_Melancholy_Whoreshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luis_Alberto_Villamizar_C%C3%A1rdenashttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A_Time_to_Die_(1985_film)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miguel_Littinhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chronicle_of_a_Death_Foretold_(film)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Extraditionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edith_Grossmanhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mike_Newell_(director)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Four_Weddings_and_a_Funeralhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Living_to_Tell_the_Tale

3/3/2015 GabrielGarcaMrquezWikipedia,thefreeencyclopedia

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gabriel_Garc%C3%ADa_M%C3%A1rquez 9/20

byHungariancomposerPterEtvstoformtheoperaLoveandOtherDemons,premieredin2008atGlyndebourneFestival.

Laterlifeanddeath

Declininghealth

In1999,GarcaMrquezwasdiagnosedwithlymphaticcancer.[60]ChemotherapyprovidedbyahospitalinLosAngelesprovedtobesuccessful,andtheillnesswentintoremission.[60][85]ThiseventpromptedGarcaMrqueztobeginwritinghismemoirs:"Ireducedrelationswithmyfriendstoaminimum,disconnectedthetelephone,canceledthetripsandallsortsofcurrentandfutureplans",hetoldElTiempo,theColombiannewspaper,"...andlockedmyselfintowriteeverydaywithoutinterruption."[85]In2002,threeyearslater,hepublishedLivingtoTelltheTale(VivirparaContarla),thefirstvolumeinaprojectedtrilogyofmemoirs.[85]

In2000,hisimpendingdeathwasincorrectlyreportedbyPeruviandailynewspaperLaRepblica.Thenextdayothernewspapersrepublishedhisallegedfarewellpoem,"LaMarioneta,"butshortlyafterwardsGarcaMrquezdeniedbeingtheauthorofthepoem,whichwasdeterminedtobetheworkofaMexicanventriloquist.[86][87][88]

Hestatedthat2005"wasthefirst[year]inmylifeinwhichIhaven'twrittenevenaline.Withmyexperience,Icouldwriteanewnovelwithoutanyproblems,butpeoplewouldrealisemyheartwasn'tinit."[89]

InMay2008,itwasannouncedthatGarcaMrquezwasfinishinganew"noveloflove"thathadyettobegivenatitle,tobepublishedbytheendoftheyear.[90]However,inApril2009hisagent,CarmenBalcells,toldtheChileannewspaperLaTercerathatGarcaMrquezwasunlikelytowriteagain.[89]ThiswasdisputedbyRandomHouseMondadorieditorCristobalPera,whostatedthatGarcaMrquezwascompletinganewnovelcalledWe'llMeetinAugust(Enagostonosvemos).[91]

InDecember2008,GarcaMrqueztoldfansattheGuadalajarabookfairthatwritinghadwornhimout.[89]In2009,respondingtoclaimsbybothhisliteraryagentandhisbiographerthathiswritingcareerwasover,hetoldColombiannewspaperElTiempo:"Notonlyisitnottrue,buttheonlythingIdoiswrite".[89][92]

In2012,hisbrotherJaimeannouncedthatGarcaMrquezwassufferingfromdementia.[93]

InApril2014,GarcaMrquezwashospitalizedinMexico.Hehadinfectionsinhislungsandhisurinarytract,andwassufferingfromdehydration.Hewasrespondingwelltoantibiotics.MexicanpresidentEnriquePeaNietowroteonTwitter,"Iwishhimaspeedyrecovery".ColombianpresidentJuanManuelSantossaidhiscountrywasthinkingoftheauthorandsaidinatweet"AllofColombiawishesaspeedyrecoverytothegreatestofalltime:GabrielGarcaMrquez".[94]

Deathandfuneral

GarcaMrquezdiedofpneumoniaattheageof87on17April2014inMexicoCity.[95][96]HisdeathwasconfirmedbyhisrelativeFernandaFamiliaronTwitter,[97]andbyhisformereditorCristbalPera.[98]

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enrique_Pe%C3%B1a_Nietohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/La_Tercerahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glyndebourne_Festivalhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juan_Manuel_Santoshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chemotherapyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/El_Tiempo_(Colombia)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/La_Rep%C3%BAblicahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pneumoniahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carmen_Balcellshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/P%C3%A9ter_E%C3%B6tv%C3%B6shttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dehydrationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Love_and_Other_Demonshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lymphatic_cancerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Living_to_Tell_the_Talehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lung_infectionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dementiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antibioticshttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=We%27ll_Meet_in_August&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urinary_system

3/3/2015 GabrielGarcaMrquezWikipedia,thefreeencyclopedia

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gabriel_Garc%C3%ADa_M%C3%A1rquez 10/20

"Gabo"wearinga"sombrerovueltiao"hat,typicaloftheColombianCaribbeanregion.MostofthestoriesbyGarcaMrquezrevolvearoundtheidiosyncrasyofthisregion.

TheColombianpresidentJuanManuelSantosmentioned:"OneHundredYearsofSolitudeandsadnessforthedeathofthegreatestColombianofalltime".[97]TheformerColombianpresidentlvaroUribeVlezsaid:"MasterGarcaMrquez,thanksforever,millionsofpeopleintheplanetfellinlovewithournationfascinatedwithyourlines".[99]Atthetimeofhisdeath,hehadawifeandtwosons.[98]

GarciaMarquezwascrematedataprivatefamilyceremonyinMexicoCity.On22April,thepresidentsofColombiaandMexicoattendedaformalceremonyinMexicoCity,whereGarciaMarquezhadlivedformorethanthreedecades.AfuneralcortegetooktheurncontaininghisashesfromhishousetothePalaceofFineArts,wherethememorialceremonywasheld.Earlier,residentsinhishometownofAracatacainColombia'sCaribbeanregionheldasymbolicfuneral.[100]

Style

WhiletherearecertainaspectsreaderscanalmostalwaysexpectinGarcaMrquez'swriting,likeinstancesofhumour,hedidnotsticktoanyclearandpredeterminedstyletemplate.InaninterviewwithMarliseSimons,GarcaMrqueznoted:

IneverybookItrytomakeadifferentpath[...].Onedoesn'tchoosethestyle.Youcaninvestigateandtrytodiscoverwhatthebeststylewouldbeforatheme.Butthestyleisdeterminedbythesubject,bythemoodofthetimes.Ifyoutrytousesomethingthatisnotsuitable,itjustwon'twork.ThenthecriticsbuildtheoriesaroundthatandtheyseethingsIhadn'tseen.Ionlyrespondtoourwayoflife,thelifeoftheCaribbean.[101]

GarcaMrquezwasalsonotedforleavingoutseeminglyimportantdetailsandeventssothereaderisforcedintoamoreparticipatoryroleinthestorydevelopment.Forexample,inNoOneWritestotheColonel,themaincharactersarenotgivennames.ThispracticeisinfluencedbyGreektragedies,suchasAntigoneandOedipusRex,inwhichimportanteventsoccuroffstageandarelefttotheaudience'simagination.[102]

Realismandmagicalrealism

RealityisanimportantthemeinallofGarcaMrquez'sworks.Hesaidofhisearlyworks(withtheexceptionofLeafStorm),"NobodyWritestotheColonel,InEvilHour,andBigMama'sFuneralallreflecttherealityoflifeinColombiaandthisthemedeterminestherationalstructureofthebooks.Idon'tregrethavingwrittenthem,buttheybelongtoakindofpremeditatedliteraturethatofferstoostaticandexclusiveavisionofreality."[103]

Inhisotherworksheexperimentedmorewithlesstraditionalapproachestoreality,sothat"themostfrightful,themostunusualthingsaretoldwiththedeadpanexpression".[104]AcommonlycitedexampleisthephysicalandspiritualascendingintoheavenofacharacterwhilesheishangingthelaundryouttodryinOneHundredYearsofSolitude.Thestyleoftheseworksfitsinthe"marvellousrealm"describedbytheCubanwriterAlejoCarpentierandwaslabeledasmagicalrealism.[105]LiterarycriticMichaelBellproposesanalternativeunderstandingforGarcaMrquez'sstyle,asthecategorymagicrealismiscriticizedforbeingdichotimizingandexoticizing,"whatisreallyatstakeisapsychologicalsuppleness

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Gabriel_Garcia_Marquez_1984.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/One_Hundred_Years_of_Solitudehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antigone_(Sophocles)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juan_Manuel_Santoshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caribbean_Region_of_Colombiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/No_One_Writes_to_the_Colonelhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sombrero_vueltiaohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%81lvaro_Uribe_V%C3%A9lezhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alejo_Carpentierhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magical_realismhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oedipus_Rex

3/3/2015 GabrielGarcaMrquezWikipedia,thefreeencyclopedia

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gabriel_Garc%C3%ADa_M%C3%A1rquez 11/20

whichisabletoinhabitunsentimentallythedaytimeworldwhileremainingopentothepromptingsofthosedomainswhichmodernculturehas,byitsowninnerlogic,necessarilymarginalisedorrepressed."[106]GarcaMrquezandhisfriendPlinioApuleyoMendozadiscusshisworkinasimilarway,

"Thewayyoutreatrealityinyourbooks...hasbeencalledmagicalrealism.IhavethefeelingyourEuropeanreadersareusuallyawareofthemagicofyourstoriesbutfailtoseetherealitybehindit....""Thisissurelybecausetheirrationalismpreventsthemseeingthatrealityisn'tlimitedtothepriceoftomatoesandeggs."[107]

Motifs

Solitude

ThethemeofsolituderunsthroughmuchofGarcaMrquez'sworks.AsPelayonotes,"LoveintheTimeofCholera,likeallofGabrielGarcaMrquez'swork,exploresthesolitudeoftheindividualandofhumankind...portrayedthroughthesolitudeofloveandofbeinginlove".[108]

InresponsetoPlinioApuleyoMendoza'squestion,"Ifsolitudeisthethemeofallyourbooks,whereshouldwelookfortherootsofthisoverridingemotion?Inyourchildhoodperhaps?"GarcaMrquezreplied,"Ithinkit'saproblemeverybodyhas.Everyonehashisownwayandmeansofexpressingit.Thefeelingpervadestheworkofsomanywriters,althoughsomeofthemmayexpressitunconsciously."[109]

InhisNobelPrizeacceptancespeech,"SolitudeofLatinAmerica"(http://www.nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/literature/laureates/1982/marquezlecture.html),herelatesthisthemeofsolitudetotheLatinAmericanexperience,"Theinterpretationofourrealitythroughpatternsnotourown,servesonlytomakeusevermoreunknown,everlessfree,evermoresolitary."[110]

Macondo

AnotherimportantthemeinmanyofGarcaMrquez'sworkisthesettingofthevillagehecallsMacondo.HeuseshishometownofAracataca,Colombiaasacultural,historicalandgeographicalreferencetocreatethisimaginarytown,buttherepresentationofthevillageisnotlimitedtothisspecificarea.GarcaMrquezshares,"Macondoisnotsomuchaplaceasastateofmind,whichallowsyoutoseewhatyouwant,andhowyouwanttoseeit."[111]EvenwhenhisstoriesdonottakeplaceinMacondo,thereisoftenstillaconsistentlackofspecificitytothelocation.Sowhiletheyareoftensetwith"aCaribbeancoastlineandanAndeanhinterland...[thesettingsare]otherwiseunspecified,inaccordancewithGarcaMrquez'sevidentattempttocaptureamoregeneralregionalmythratherthangiveaspecificpoliticalanalysis."[112]Thisfictionaltownhasbecomewellknownintheliteraryworld.AsStavansnotesofMacondo,"itsgeographyandinhabitantsconstantlyinvokedbyteachers,politicians,andtourdepictsistagents..."makesit"...hardtobelieveitisasheerfabrication."[113]InLeafStormGarcaMrquezdepictstherealitiesoftheBananaBoominMacondo,whichincludeaperiodofgreatwealthduringthepresenceoftheUScompaniesandaperiodofdepressionuponthedepartureoftheAmericanbananacompanies.[114]Aswell,OneHundredYearsofSolitudetakesplaceinMacondoandtellsthecompletehistoryofthefictionaltownfromitsfoundingtoitsdoom.[115]

http://www.nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/literature/laureates/1982/marquez-lecture.htmlhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Macondo

3/3/2015 GabrielGarcaMrquezWikipedia,thefreeencyclopedia

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gabriel_Garc%C3%ADa_M%C3%A1rquez 12/20

Inhisautobiography,GarcaMrquezexplainshisfascinationwiththewordandconceptMacondo.HedescribesatriphemadewithhismotherbacktoAracatacaasayoungman:

Thetrainstoppedatastationthathadnotown,andashortwhilelateritpassedtheonlybananaplantationalongtheroutethathaditsnamewrittenoverthegate:Macondo.ThiswordhadattractedmyattentioneversincethefirsttripsIhadmadewithmygrandfather,butIdiscoveredonlyasanadultthatIlikeditspoeticresonance.Ineverheardanyonesayitanddidnotevenaskmyselfwhatitmeant...IhappenedtoreadinanencyclopediathatitisatropicaltreeresemblingtheCeiba.[116]

Laviolencia

InseveralofGarcaMrquez'sworks,includingNoOneWritestotheColonel,InEvilHour,andLeafStorm,hereferencedLaViolencia(theviolence),"abrutalcivilwarbetweenconservativesandliberalsthatlastedintothe1960s,causingthedeathsofseveralhundredthousandColombians".[36][117]Throughoutallofhisnovelstherearesubtlereferencestolaviolencia.Forexample,charactersliveundervariousunjustsituationslikecurfew,presscensorship,andundergroundnewspapers.[118]InEvilHour,whilenotoneofGarcaMrquez'smostfamousnovels,isnotableforitsportrayaloflaviolenciawithits"fragmentedportrayalofsocialdisintegrationprovokedbylaviolencia".[119]AlthoughGarcaMrquezdidportraythecorruptnatureandtheinjusticesoftimeslikelaviolencia,herefusedtousehisworkasaplatformforpoliticalpropaganda."Forhim,thedutyoftherevolutionarywriteristowritewell,andtheidealnovelisonethatmovesitsreaderbyitspoliticalandsocialcontent,and,atthesametime,byitspowertopenetraterealityandexposeitsotherside.[118]

Legacy

Whetherinfictionornonfiction,intheepicnovelortheconcentratedstory,MrquezisnowrecognizedinthewordsofCarlosFuentesas"themostpopularandperhapsthebestwriterinSpanishsinceCervantes".Heisoneofthoseveryrareartistswhosucceedinchroniclingnotonlyanation'slife,cultureandhistory,butalsothoseofanentirecontinent,andamasterstorytellerwho,asTheNewYorkReviewofBooksoncesaid,"forcesuponusateverypagethewonderandextravaganceoflife."[120]

GarcaMrquez'sworkisanimportantpartoftheLatinAmericanBoomofliterature.[121]HisworkhaschallengedcriticsofColombianliteraturetostepoutoftheconservativecriticismthathadbeendominantbeforethesuccessofOneHundredYearsofSolitude.InareviewofliterarycriticismRobertSimsnotes,

GarcaMrquezcontinuestocastalengthyshadowinColombia,LatinAmerica,andtheUnitedStates.Criticalworksonthe1982Nobellaureatehavereachedindustrialproportionandshownosignsofabating.Moreover,GarcaMrquezhasgalvanizedColombianliteratureinanunprecedentedwaybygivingatremendousimpetustoColombianliterature.Indeed,hehasbecomeatouchstoneforliteratureandcriticismthroughouttheAmericasashisworkhascreatedacertainattractionrepulsionamongcriticsandwriterswhilereaderscontinuetodevournewpublications.NoonecandenythatGarcaMrquezhashelpedrejuvenate,reformulate,andrecontextualizeliteratureandcriticisminColombiaandtherestofLatinAmerica.[122]

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carlos_Fuenteshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latin_American_Boomhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/La_Violenciahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cervanteshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ceibahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_York_Review_of_Books

3/3/2015 GabrielGarcaMrquezWikipedia,thefreeencyclopedia

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gabriel_Garc%C3%ADa_M%C3%A1rquez 13/20

NobelPrize

GarcaMrquezreceivedtheNobelPrizeinLiteratureon8December1982"forhisnovelsandshortstories,inwhichthefantasticandtherealisticarecombinedinarichlycomposedworldofimagination,reflectingacontinent'slifeandconflicts".Hisacceptancespeechwasentitled"TheSolitudeofLatinAmerica".[123]GarcaMrquezwasthefirstColombianandfourthLatinAmericantowinaNobelPrizeforLiterature.[124]AfterbecomingaNobellaureate,GarcaMrquezstatedtoacorrespondent:"Ihavetheimpressionthatingivingmetheprize,theyhavetakenintoaccounttheliteratureofthesubcontinentandhaveawardedmeasawayofawardingallofthisliterature".[65]

Listofworks

Novels

InEvilHour(1962)OneHundredYearsofSolitude(1967)TheAutumnofthePatriarch(1975)LoveintheTimeofCholera(1985)TheGeneralinHisLabyrinth(1989)OfLoveandOtherDemons(1994)

Novellas

LeafStorm(1955)NoOneWritestotheColonel(1961)ChronicleofaDeathForetold(1981)MemoriesofMyMelancholyWhores(2004)

Shortstorycollections

EyesofaBlueDog(1947)BigMama'sFuneral(1962)OneofTheseDays(1962)TheIncredibleandSadTaleofInnocentErendiraandHerHeartlessGrandmother(1978)CollectedStories(1984)StrangePilgrims(1993)

Nonfiction

TheStoryofaShipwreckedSailor(1970)TheSolitudeofLatinAmerica(1982)TheFragranceofGuava(1982,withPlinioApuleyoMendoza)

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Solitude_of_Latin_Americahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strange_Pilgrimshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/In_Evil_Hourhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chronicle_of_a_Death_Foretoldhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Story_of_a_Shipwrecked_Sailorhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Memories_of_My_Melancholy_Whoreshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leaf_Stormhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/One_Hundred_Years_of_Solitudehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Big_Mama%27s_Funeralhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Collected_Stories_(Gabriel_Garc%C3%ADa_M%C3%A1rquez_book)&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Solitude_of_Latin_Americahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nobel_Prize_in_Literaturehttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Fragrance_of_Guava&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/One_of_These_Dayshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Love_in_the_Time_of_Cholerahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Of_Love_and_Other_Demonshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/No_One_Writes_to_the_Colonelhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Autumn_of_the_Patriarchhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Incredible_and_Sad_Tale_of_Innocent_Erendira_and_Her_Heartless_Grandmotherhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_General_in_His_Labyrinth

3/3/2015 GabrielGarcaMrquezWikipedia,thefreeencyclopedia

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gabriel_Garc%C3%ADa_M%C3%A1rquez 14/20

ClandestineinChile(1986)NewsofaKidnapping(1996)ACountryforChildren(1998)LivingtoTelltheTale(2002)

Films

TheBlueLobster(1954)[125]

Seealso

McOndoTheHandsomestDrownedManintheWorldVallenato

References

Notes

1. ^"GarcaMrquez"(http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/garcia+marquez).RandomHouseWebster'sUnabridgedDictionary.

2. ^"TheNobelPrizeinLiterature1982"(http://www.nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/literature/laureates/1982/).Retrieved18April2014.

3. ^AuthorGabrielGarciaMarquezdies(http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/worldlatinamerica27073911),BBCNews,17April2014.

4. ^http://www.theguardian.com/books/2014/apr/19/gabrielgarciamarquezcolombia5. ^"OnSunday6March1927,at9am,inthemidstofanunseasonalrainstorm,ababyboy,GabrielJos

GarcaMrquez,wasborn."(Martin2008,p.27)6. ^Martin2008,p.277. ^Martin2008,p.308. ^GarcaMrquez2003,p.119. ^Martin2008,pp.5866

10. ^abSaldvar1997,p.82

11. ^abGarcaMrquez2003,p.4512. ^ApuleyoMendoza&GarcaMrquez1983,pp.111213. ^Saldvar1997,p.8514. ^Saldvar1997,p.8315. ^Saldvar1997,p.87

16. ^abcSaldvar1997,p.10217. ^ApuleyoMendoza&GarcaMrquez1983,p.9618. ^Saldvar1997,p.3519. ^Saldvar1997,p.10320. ^Saldvar1997,p.105

21. ^abSimons1982

http://www.nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/literature/laureates/1982/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vallenatohttp://www.theguardian.com/books/2014/apr/19/gabrielgarciamarquez-colombiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=La_langosta_azul&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BBC_Newshttp://dictionary.reference.com/browse/garcia+marquezhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/McOndohttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=A_Country_for_Children&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Random_House_Webster%27s_Unabridged_Dictionaryhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Handsomest_Drowned_Man_in_the_Worldhttp://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-latin-america-27073911http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clandestine_in_Chile:_The_Adventures_of_Miguel_Littinhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Living_to_Tell_the_Talehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/News_of_a_Kidnapping

3/3/2015 GabrielGarcaMrquezWikipedia,thefreeencyclopedia

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gabriel_Garc%C3%ADa_M%C3%A1rquez 15/20

21. ^abSimons198222. ^Saldvar1997,p.10623. ^Saldvar1997,p.104

24. ^abSaldvar1997,p.10725. ^ApuleyoMendoza&GarcaMrquez1983,p.1326. ^ApuleyoMendoza&GarcaMrquez1982,p.9627. ^Saldvar1997,p.9828. ^BellVillada1990,p.6329. ^ApuleyoMendoza&GarcaMrquez1983,p.1230. ^Saldvar1997,p.9631. ^Saldvar1997,pp.979832. ^Bell1993,p.633. ^BellVillada2006,p.84

34. ^abcPelayo2001,p.5

35. ^abcBell1993,p.7

36. ^abcMcMurray1987,p.637. ^McMurray1987,p.738. ^Pelayo2001,p.639. ^LlerasCamargo,Alberto(http://www.lablaa.org/blaavirtual/biografias/lleralbe.htm)(inSpanish),Biblioteca

LuisngelArango,retrieved2December200840. ^BellVillada1990,p.6241. ^"LaltimaemisindeQAP."ElTiempo30December1997:link

(http://www.eltiempo.com/archivo/documento/MAM711688)42. ^Saldvar1997,p.372

43. ^abPelayo2001,p.744. ^BellVillada2006,pp.xxxxi

45. ^abPelayo2001,p.8

46. ^abcBellVillada2006,p.xxi47. ^"Ofloveandotherdemons"

(http://us.penguingroup.com/static/rguides/us/of_love_and_other_demons.html).PenguinGroup.48. ^Pelayo2001,p.2849. ^ApuleyoMendoza&GarcaMrquez1983,pp.747550. ^"BBCNewsTributespourinforColombianauthorGabrielGarciaMarquez"

(http://www.bbc.com/news/worldlatinamerica27076562).Bbc.com.20140418.Retrieved20140424.51. ^Pelayo&GarcaMrquez2001,p.97

52. ^abApuleyoMendoza&GarcaMrquez1983,p.7253. ^GarcaMrquez,OneHundredYearsofSolitude

(http://www.harpercollins.com/books/9780060883287/One_Hundred_Years_of_Solitude/index.aspx),HarperCollins,ISBN0873525353

54. ^Vargas,Alejo,GabrielGarcaMrquezylapazcolombiana.(http://www.elcolombiano.com.co/BancoConocimiento/G/gabriel_garcia_marquez_y_la_paz_colombiana/gabriel_garcia_marquez_y_la_paz_colombiana.asp?CodSeccion=46)(inSpanish),ElColombiano.com,retrieved5February2008

55. ^GarcaMrquezmediaporlapaz(http://news.bbc.co.uk/hi/spanish/latin_america/newsid_6444000/6444281.stm)(inSpanish),BBCMundo,13

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-87352-535-3http://www.bbc.com/news/world-latin-america-27076562http://www.lablaa.org/blaavirtual/biografias/lleralbe.htmhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Numberhttp://news.bbc.co.uk/hi/spanish/latin_america/newsid_6444000/6444281.stmhttp://www.elcolombiano.com.co/BancoConocimiento/G/gabriel_garcia_marquez_y_la_paz_colombiana/gabriel_garcia_marquez_y_la_paz_colombiana.asp?CodSeccion=46http://www.harpercollins.com/books/9780060883287/One_Hundred_Years_of_Solitude/index.aspxhttp://www.eltiempo.com/archivo/documento/MAM-711688http://us.penguingroup.com/static/rguides/us/of_love_and_other_demons.htmlhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HarperCollins

3/3/2015 GabrielGarcaMrquezWikipedia,thefreeencyclopedia

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gabriel_Garc%C3%ADa_M%C3%A1rquez 16/20

(http://news.bbc.co.uk/hi/spanish/latin_america/newsid_6444000/6444281.stm)(inSpanish),BBCMundo,13March2007,retrieved5February2008

56. ^Esteban&Panichelli200457. ^BellVillada2006,p.10058. ^Arenas1993,p.27859. ^BellVillada1990,p.67

60. ^abcBellVillada2006,p.xxii61. ^ApuleyoMendoza19842,p.8162. ^Kennedy197663. ^Williams1984,p.112

64. ^abWilliams1984,p.111

65. ^abMaurya1983,p.58

66. ^abPelayo2001,p.11167. ^Pelayo2001,p.115

68. ^abPelayo2001,p.11269. ^Pelayo2001,p.11370. ^Pelayo2001,p.11

71. ^abBellVillada2006,p.15672. ^BellVillada2006,p.15773. ^MarujaPachnexministradeEducacin,EnfoqueEdicinImpresaSemana.comltimasNoticias

(http://www.semana.com/enfoque/articulo/marujapachonexministraeducacion/1034343)(Spanish)74. ^GarcaMrquez200375. ^Sarkouhi,Faraj(26November2007)."Iran:BookCensorshipTheRule,NotTheException"

(http://www.payvand.com/news/07/nov/1244.html).Payvands'IranNews.Retrieved29March2008.76. ^Ron,Jesus(4December2007)."MayheminParis,authorbannedfromIran,Chavezatoddsw/Colombia

&Spain"(http://media.www.rutgersobserver.com/media/storage/paper822/news/2007/12/04/News/Mayhem.In.Paris.Author.Banned.From.Iran.Chavez.At.Odds.W.Colombia.Spain3129071.shtml).RutgersObserver.Retrieved29March2008.

77. ^abcdStavans1993,p.6578. ^ApuleyoMendoza&GarcaMrquez1983,p.2679. ^Gonzalez1994,p.4380. ^Aufderheide,Patricia,Crossculturalfilmguide

(http://www.library.american.edu/subject/media/aufderheide/erendira.html),AmericanUniversityLibrary81. ^Gonzales1994,p.3382. ^Mraz199483. ^delaMora&Ripstein1999,p.584. ^Douglas2007

85. ^abcForero200286. ^GarcaMrquez:"Loquemepuedemataresquealguiencreaqueescribunacosatancursi."

(http://elpais.com/diario/2000/06/01/cultura/959810408_850215.html),ElPas,retrieved10July201287. ^GarcaMrquez:"Loquememataesquecreanqueescriboas"

(http://www.elsalvador.com/noticias/EDICIONESANTERIORES/2000/JUNIO/junio2/ESCENARIOS/escen3.html),Elsalvador.com,retrieved26March2008

http://www.payvand.com/news/07/nov/1244.htmlhttp://www.semana.com/enfoque/articulo/maruja-pachon-ex-ministra-educacion/103434-3http://www.elsalvador.com/noticias/EDICIONESANTERIORES/2000/JUNIO/junio2/ESCENARIOS/escen3.htmlhttp://news.bbc.co.uk/hi/spanish/latin_america/newsid_6444000/6444281.stmhttp://elpais.com/diario/2000/06/01/cultura/959810408_850215.htmlhttp://media.www.rutgersobserver.com/media/storage/paper822/news/2007/12/04/News/Mayhem.In.Paris.Author.Banned.From.Iran.Chavez.At.Odds.W.Colombia.Spain-3129071.shtmlhttp://www.library.american.edu/subject/media/aufderheide/erendira.html

3/3/2015 GabrielGarcaMrquezWikipedia,thefreeencyclopedia

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gabriel_Garc%C3%ADa_M%C3%A1rquez 17/20

88. ^GarcaMrquezFarewellLetter(http://www.museumofhoaxes.com/marquez.html)(inSpanish),MuseumofHoaxes,retrieved26March2008

89. ^abcdHamilos,Paul(2April2009)."GabrielGarcaMrquez,literarygiant,laysdownhispen"(http://www.guardian.co.uk/books/2009/apr/02/columbiagabrielgarciamarquezbooks).TheGuardian.Retrieved2April2009.

90. ^Keeley,Graham(8May2008)."MagictriumphsoverrealismforGarcaMrquez"(http://books.guardian.co.uk/news/articles/0,,2278421,00.html).TheGuardian.Retrieved11May2008.

91. ^Yin,Maryann(29October2010),GabrielGarcaMrquezWritingNewNovel(http://www.mediabistro.com/galleycat/gabrielgarciamarquezwritingnewnovel_b15480),Galleycat

92. ^Flood,Alison(6April2009)."GabrielGarcaMrquez:I'mstillwriting"(http://www.guardian.co.uk/books/2009/apr/06/gabrielgarciamarquezstillwriting?INTCMP=ILCNETTXT3487).TheGuardian.Retrieved6April2009.

93. ^Alexander,Harriet(7June2012)."GabrielGarciaMarquezsufferingfromdementia"(http://www.telegraph.co.uk/culture/culturenews/9383928/GabrielGarciaMarquezsufferingfromdementia.html).TheTelegraph.

94. ^"LiterarygiantGabrielGarcaMrquezhospitalized"(http://edition.cnn.com/2014/04/03/showbiz/gabrielgarciamarquezhospitalized/index.html).Edition.cnn.com.Retrieved20140418.

95. ^Torres,Paloma(17April2014)."GabrielGarcaMrquezDies:FamedColombianAuthorAndNobelLaureateDeadAt87FromPneumonia"(http://www.latintimes.com/gabrielgarciamarquezdiesfamedcolombianauthorandnobellaureatedead87pneumonia166280).LatinTimes.Retrieved17April2014.

96. ^Castillo,E.EduardoBajak,Frank(17April2014)."GarciaMarquez,NobelLaureate,Diesat87"(http://hosted.ap.org/dynamic/stories/L/LT_OBIT_GARCIA_MARQUEZ?SITE=AP&SECTION=HOME&TEMPLATE=DEFAULT&CTIME=20140417173800).AssociatedPress.Retrieved17April2014.

97. ^ab"AuthorGabrielGarciaMarquezdies"(http://www.bbc.com/news/worldlatinamerica27073911).BBC.17April2014.Retrieved17April2014.

98. ^abKandell,Jonathan(17April2014)."GabrielGarcaMrquez,LiteraryPioneer,Diesat87"(http://www.nytimes.com/2014/04/18/books/gabrielgarciamarquezliterarypioneerdiesat87.html?_r=0).TheNewYorkTimes.Retrieved17April2014.

99. ^"EladisaGabrielGarcaMrquezenTwitter"[ThegoodbyetoGarcaMrquezonTwitter](http://www.lanacion.com.ar/1683084eladiosagabrielgarciamarquezentwitter)(inSpanish).LaNacin.17April2014.Retrieved17April2014.

100. ^WillGrant."BBCNewsMexicoandColombiaholdGabrielGarciaMarquezmemorials"(http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/worldlatinamerica27103052).Bbc.co.uk.Retrieved20140424.

101. ^Simons,Marlise(21February1988)."GabrielMrquezonLove,PlaguesandPolitics"(http://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=940DEFD61E30F932A15751C0A96E948260).TheNewYorkTimes.Retrieved30July2008.

102. ^BellVillada1990,p.75103. ^ApuleyoMendoza&GarcaMrquez1983,p.56104. ^McMurray1987,p.18105. ^Maurya1983,p.57106. ^Bell1993,p.49107. ^ApuleyoMendoza&GarcaMrquez1983,p.35108. ^Pelayo2001,p.136109. ^ApuleyoMendoza&GarcaMrquez1983,p.54

http://www.museumofhoaxes.com/marquez.htmlhttp://www.guardian.co.uk/books/2009/apr/06/gabriel-garcia-marquez-still-writing?INTCMP=ILCNETTXT3487http://www.lanacion.com.ar/1683084-el-adios-a-gabriel-garcia-marquez-en-twitterhttp://www.telegraph.co.uk/culture/culturenews/9383928/Gabriel-Garcia-Marquez-suffering-from-dementia.htmlhttp://www.latintimes.com/gabriel-garcia-marquez-dies-famed-colombian-author-and-nobel-laureate-dead-87-pneumonia-166280http://www.nytimes.com/2014/04/18/books/gabriel-garcia-marquez-literary-pioneer-dies-at-87.html?_r=0http://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=940DEFD61E30F932A15751C0A96E948260http://www.mediabistro.com/galleycat/gabriel-garcia-marquez-writing-new-novel_b15480http://www.bbc.com/news/world-latin-america-27073911http://books.guardian.co.uk/news/articles/0,,2278421,00.htmlhttp://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-latin-america-27103052http://www.guardian.co.uk/books/2009/apr/02/columbia-gabriel-garcia-marquez-bookshttp://hosted.ap.org/dynamic/stories/L/LT_OBIT_GARCIA_MARQUEZ?SITE=AP&SECTION=HOME&TEMPLATE=DEFAULT&CTIME=2014-04-17-17-38-00http://edition.cnn.com/2014/04/03/showbiz/gabriel-garcia-marquez-hospitalized/index.html

3/3/2015 GabrielGarcaMrquezWikipedia,thefreeencyclopedia

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gabriel_Garc%C3%ADa_M%C3%A1rquez 18/20

Bibliography

109. ^ApuleyoMendoza&GarcaMrquez1983,p.54110. ^GarcaMrquez1982111. ^ApuleyoMendoza1982,p.77112. ^Bell1993,p.70113. ^Stavans1993,p.58114. ^McMurray1987,p.15115. ^McMurray1987,p.17116. ^GarcaMrquez2003,p.19117. ^Pelayo2001,p.43

118. ^abMcMurray1987,p.16119. ^McMurray1987,p.25120. ^OneHundredyearsofSolitude,byGabrielGarciaMarquez,2003,HarperCollins:NewYork,ISBN006

0883286,postscriptsectionentitled:'P.S.Insights,Interviews&More'pgs212121. ^Bacon2001,p.833122. ^Sims1994,p.224123. ^GarcaMrquez1982,seePelayo2001,p.11124. ^Maurya1983,p.53125. ^(http://www.filmaffinity.com/es/film910715.html)FilmAffinityprofile

ApuleyoMendoza,PlinioGarcaMrquez,Gabriel(1983),TheFragranceofGuava,London:Verso,ISBN0860917657.Arenas,Reinaldo(1993),BeforeNightFalls,NewYork:Viking,ISBN9780670840786.Bacon,Susan(December2001),"ReviewofConversationswithLatinAmericanWriters:GabrielGarciaMarquez",Hispania(AmericanAssociationofTeachersofSpanishandPortuguese)84(4):833,doi:10.2307/3657872(https://dx.doi.org/10.2307%2F3657872),JSTOR3657872(https://www.jstor.org/stable/3657872).Bell,Michael(1993),GabrielGarcaMrquez:SolitudeandSolidarity,Hampshire:Macmillan,ISBN0333537653.BellVillada,GeneH.(1990),GarcaMrquez:TheManandHisWork,NorthCarolina:UniversityofNorthCarolinaPress,ISBN0807818755.BellVillada,GeneH.,ed.(2006),ConversationswithGabrielGarcaMrquez,Jackson:UniversityPressofMississippi,ISBN1578067847.Bhalla,Alok,ed.(1987),GarcaMrquezandLatinAmerica,NewDelhi:SterlingPublishersPrivateLimited.Bloom,Harold,ed.(2007),GabrielGarcaMrquez,NewYork:ChelseaHouse,ISBN0791093123.Cebrian,JuanLuis(1997),RetratodeGabrielGarcaMrquez,Gutenberg:CrculodeLectores,ISBN8422655721.Douglas,Edward,MikeNewellonLoveintheTimeofCholera(http://www.comingsoon.net/news/movienews.php?id=39181),retrieved25March2008.Esteban,AngelPanichelli,Stephanie(2004),GaboYFidel:elpaisajedeunaamistad,PlanetaPublishing.Forero,Juan(9October2002),"AStorytellerTellsHisOwnStoryGarcaMrquez,FightingCancer,IssuesMemoirs"(http://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9507EEDC113BF93AA35753C1A9649C8B63),TheNewYorkTimes,retrieved21March2008.

http://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9507EEDC113BF93AA35753C1A9649C8B63http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-57806-784-7http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7910-9312-3http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-670-84078-6http://www.filmaffinity.com/es/film910715.htmlhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8078-1875-5http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Numberhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTORhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Numberhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FilmAffinityhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_object_identifierhttp://www.jstor.org/stable/3657872http://dx.doi.org/10.2307%2F3657872http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Numberhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Numberhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0060883286http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Numberhttp://www.comingsoon.net/news/movienews.php?id=39181http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-86091-765-7http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Numberhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-333-53765-3http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Numberhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/84-226-5572-1

3/3/2015 GabrielGarcaMrquezWikipedia,thefreeencyclopedia

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gabriel_Garc%C3%ADa_M%C3%A1rquez 19/20

TheNewYorkTimes,retrieved21March2008.GarcaMrquez,Gabriel(1982),"Nobellecture"(http://www.nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/literature/laureates/1982/marquezlecture.html),inFrngsmyr,ToreAllen,Sture,NobelLectures,Literature19811990,Singapore:WorldScientificPublishingCo.(published1993)Missing|last2=inEditorslist(help).GarcaMrquez,Gabriel(1968),NoOneWritestotheColonel(1sted.),Harper&Row,ISBN0060114177.GarcaMrquez,Gabriel(2003),Livingtotellthetale,NewYork:AlfredA.Knopf,ISBN1400041341.Gonzales,Nelly(1994),BibliographicGuidetoGabrielGarcaMrquez,19861992,Oxford:GreenwoodPublishingGroup,ISBN0313288321.Hernndez,Consuelo."ElAmorenlostiemposdelcleraesunanovelapopular."DiariolaPrensa:NewYork,4October.1987.Kennedy,William(31October1976),"AStunningPortraitofaMonstrousCaribbeanTyrant"(http://www.nytimes.com/books/97/06/15/reviews/marqueautumn.html),TheNewYorkTimes,retrieved24March2008.Martin,Gerald(2008),GabrielGarcaMrquez:ALife,London:Penguin,ISBN9780143171829.Maurya,Vibha(January1983),"GabrielGarcaMrquez",SocialScientist(SocialScientist)11(1):5358,doi:10.2307/3516870(https://dx.doi.org/10.2307%2F3516870),ISSN09700293(https://www.worldcat.org/issn/09700293),JSTOR3516870(https://www.jstor.org/stable/3516870).McMurray,GeorgeR.(1987),CriticalEssaysonGabrielGarcaMrquez,Boston:G.K.Hall&Co.,ISBN0816188343.delaMora,SergioRipstein,Arturo(Summer1999),"ACareerinPerspective:AnInterviewwithArturoRipstein",FilmQuarterly(UniversityofCaliforniaPress)52(4):211,doi:10.1525/fq.1999.52.4.04a00020(https://dx.doi.org/10.1525%2Ffq.1999.52.4.04a00020),ISSN00151386(https://www.worldcat.org/issn/00151386),JSTOR1213770(https://www.jstor.org/stable/1213770).Mraz,John(August1994),"ReviewofCinemaofSolitude:ACriticalStudyofMexicanFilm,19721983,byCharlesRamirezBerg"(http://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=ufh&AN=9411104759&site=ehostlive),HistoricalJournalofFilm,RadioandTelevision14(3),ISSN01439685(https://www.worldcat.org/issn/01439685),retrieved27March2008.Oberhelman,HarleyD.(1995),GarcaMrquezandCuba:AStudyofitsPresenceinhisFiction,Journalism,andCinema,Fredericton:YorkPressLtd.,ISBN0919966950.Pelayo,Ruben(2001),GabrielGarcaMrquez:ACriticalCompanion,Westport:GreenwoodPress,ISBN0313312605.Saldvar,Dasso(1997),GarcaMrquez:Elviajealasemilla:labiografa,Madrid:Alfaguara,ISBN8420482501.Simons,Marlise(5December1982),"ATalkWithGabrielGarcaMrquez"(http://www.nytimes.com/books/97/06/15/reviews/marqueztalk.html),TheNewYorkTimes,retrieved24March2008.Sims,Robert(1994),"Review:Dominant,Residual,andEmergent:ReventCriticismonColombianLiteratureandgabrielGarciaMarquez",LatinAmericanResearchReview(LatinAmericanStudiesAssociation)29(2):223234,JSTOR2503601(https://www.jstor.org/stable/2503601).Stavans,Ilan(1993),"GaboinDecline",Transition(IndianaUniversityPress)62(62):5878,doi:10.2307/2935203(https://dx.doi.org/10.2307%2F2935203),ISSN00411191(https://www.worldcat.org/issn/00411191),JSTOR2935203(https://www.jstor.org/stable/2935203).Williams,RaymondL.(1984),GabrielGarcaMrquez,Boston:TwaynePublishers,ISBN0805765972.

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Serial_Numberhttp://www.jstor.org/stable/2503601http://dx.doi.org/10.1525%2Ffq.1999.52.4.04a00020http://www.nytimes.com/books/97/06/15/reviews/marque-autumn.htmlhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Numberhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTORhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Serial_Numberhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Numberhttp://www.nytimes.com/books/97/06/15/reviews/marquez-talk.htmlhttp://www.worldcat.org/issn/0970-0293http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Numberhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-06-011417-7http://www.worldcat.org/issn/0143-9685http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_object_identifierhttp://dx.doi.org/10.2307%2F2935203http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-4000-4134-1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTORhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8057-6597-2http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_object_identifierhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Numberhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_object_identifierhttp://www.jstor.org/stable/3516870http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-313-28832-1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8161-8834-3http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Serial_Numberhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/84-204-8250-1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#missing_namehttp://www.nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/literature/laureates/1982/marquez-lecture.htmlhttp://www.jstor.org/stable/2935203http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTORhttp://dx.doi.org/10.2307%2F3516870http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Numberhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/No_One_Writes_to_the_Colonelhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-313-31260-5http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Numberhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTORhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Serial_Numberhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0143171829http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-919966-95-0http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Numberhttp://www.worldcat.org/issn/0015-1386http://www.worldcat.org/issn/0041-1191http://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=ufh&AN=9411104759&site=ehost-livehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Consuelo_Hern%C3%A1ndezhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Numberhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Numberhttp://www.jstor.org/stable/1213770

3/3/2015 GabrielGarcaMrquezWikipedia,thefreeencyclopedia

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gabriel_Garc%C3%ADa_M%C3%A1rquez 20/20

Furtherreading

Martin,Gerald(2008),GabrielGarcaMrquez.ALife,London:Bloomsbury,ISBN9780747594765.

Externallinks

GabrielGarcaMrquez(http://www.imdb.com/name/nm0305781/)attheInternetMovieDatabaseWorksbyGabrielGarcaMrquezatOpenLibraryWorksaboutGabrielGarcaMrquez(http://worldcat.org/identities/lccnn7963441)inlibraries(WorldCatcatalog)GabrielGarcaMrquez(http://www.nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/literature/laureates/1982/)atNobelprize.orgGabrielGarcaMrquez(http://www.antesydespues.com.ar/en/gabrielgarciamarquez/)BeforeandAfterGarcaMrquez,Gabriel."ColombianwriterGabrielGarcaMrquezreadingthefirstchapterofOneHundredYearsofSolitude"(http://sedici.unlp.edu.ar/handle/10915/32972)(inSpanish).

Films

Documentary52':GabrielGarcaMrquez(http://www.documen.tv/asset/Gabriel_Gracia_Marquez_Film.html)

Retrievedfrom"http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Gabriel_Garca_Mrquez&oldid=649474935"

Categories: GabrielGarcaMrquez 1927births 2014deaths 20thcenturynovelists21stcenturynovelists ColombianexpatriatesinMexico ColombianNobellaureatesColombiannovelists Colombianshortstorywriters Colombiansocialists MestizowritersDeathsfrompneumonia Lgiond'honneurrecipients MagicrealismwritersNobellaureatesinLiterature PeoplefromMagdalenaDepartment PostmodernwritersPeoplewithAlzheimer'sdisease

Thispagewaslastmodifiedon2March2015,at02:30.TextisavailableundertheCreativeCommonsAttributionShareAlikeLicenseadditionaltermsmayapply.Byusingthissite,youagreetotheTermsofUseandPrivacyPolicy.WikipediaisaregisteredtrademarkoftheWikimediaFoundation,Inc.,anonprofitorganization.

http://www.antesydespues.com.ar/en/gabriel-garcia-marquez/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Mestizo_writershttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:L%C3%A9gion_d%27honneur_recipientshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Colombian_novelistshttp://sedici.unlp.edu.ar/handle/10915/32972http://www.nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/literature/laureates/1982/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Nobel_laureates_in_Literaturehttp://wikimediafoundation.org/wiki/Privacy_policyhttp://worldcat.org/identities/lccn-n79-63441http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gerald_Martinhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WorldCathttp://www.imdb.com/name/nm0305781/http://wikimediafoundation.org/wiki/Terms_of_Usehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:20th-century_novelistshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:People_from_Magdalena_Departmenthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Deaths_from_pneumoniahttp://www.documen.tv/asset/Gabriel_Gracia_Marquez_Film.htmlhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Colombian_short_story_writershttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7475-9476-5http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Magic_realism_writershttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:2014_deathshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Categoryhttp://openlibrary.org/authors/OL4280793Ahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:People_with_Alzheimer%27s_diseasehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open_Libraryhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet_Movie_Databasehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Colombian_expatriates_in_Mexicohttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Gabriel_Garc%C3%ADa_M%C3%A1rquez&oldid=649474935http://www.wikimediafoundation.org/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Colombian_socialistshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:21st-century_novelistshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Numberhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Postmodern_writershttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Text_of_Creative_Commons_Attribution-ShareAlike_3.0_Unported_Licensehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:1927_birthshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Colombian_Nobel_laureateshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Gabriel_Garc%C3%ADa_M%C3%A1rquez